Mauricio Celis v. Honorable Guy Williams et al
Filing
37
ORDER ADOPTING MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATIONS re: 12 First MOTION for Summary Judgment .(Signed by Judge Randy Crane) Parties notified.(jengonzalez, 7)
United States District Court
Southern District of Texas
ENTERED
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI DIVISION
MAURICIO CELIS,
Petitioner,
VS.
GUY WILLIAMS, et al,
Respondents.
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March 22, 2017
David J. Bradley, Clerk
CIVIL ACTION NO. 2:14-CV-335
ORDER ADOPTING IN PART MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION
Now before the Court is Respondent’s Motion for Summary Judgment, (Dkt. No. 12). On
August 4, 2015, United States Magistrate Judge Jason B. Libby issued his Memorandum and
Recommendation, (Dkt. No. 17), recommending that the motion be granted. After considering
the Memorandum and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge, Petitioner’s Objections, (Dkt.
No. 23), and the responsive briefing, (Dkt. Nos. 24, 25), the Court is of the opinion that the
Memorandum and Recommendation should be adopted in part.
I.
Factual and Procedural Background
Petitioner Mauricio Celis was convicted in Texas state court of fourteen counts of
holding himself out as a lawyer in violation of Texas Penal Code § 38.122(a). After appealing to
the Thirteenth Court of Appeals and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, his conviction was
affirmed and he is currently serving two concurrent ten-year terms of probation. He brings this
habeas corpus action complaining that his conviction was unconstitutional because (1) the trial
judge demonstrated bias against him in violation of his Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendment
rights to a fair trial and due process; and (2) the statute on which he was convicted is overbroad
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and vague, thus infringing on his First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment freedom of speech
and due process rights.
Respondent, Javed Syed, Director of the Nueces County Community Supervision &
Corrections Department, in his official capacity, filed his Motion for Summary Judgment on
November 21, 2014, (Dkt. No. 12), to which Petitioner timely filed a Response in opposition,
(Dkt. No. 16). Magistrate Judge Libby issued his Memorandum and Recommendation on
August 4, 2015, (Dkt. No. 17). After obtaining two extensions of time, Petitioner timely filed
his objections, (Dkt. No. 23). Respondent timely filed a response, (Dkt. No. 24), to which
Petitioner replied, (Dkt. No. 25).
On March 9, 2016, United States District Judge Nelva Gonzales Ramos issued an Order
Adopting Memorandum and Recommendation, overruling Petitioner’s objections and granting
Respondent’s Motion for Summary Judgment, (Dkt. No. 26). After a Final Judgment was issued
in favor of Respondent, (Dkt. No. 27), Petitioner filed a Motion to Alter Judgment and for
Disqualification, seeking disqualification of Judge Ramos and reasserting some of his
objections to the Memorandum and Recommendation, (Dkt. No. 28). Judge Ramos
subsequently recused herself from the case, (Dkt. No. 29), and vacated the Order Adopting
Memorandum and Recommendation and the Final Judgment, (Dkt. No 31). After the case was
reassigned to United States District Judge Hilda G. Tagle, (Dkt. No. 32), Judge Tagle recused
herself. (Dkt. No. 32). Subsequently, the case was reassigned to this Court. (Dkt. No. 33).
The Court considers that the previous Order Adopting the Magistrate’s Memorandum and
Recommendation satisfactorily addressed the Petitioner’s objections. Furthermore, Petitioner’s
Motion to Alter and Amend the Judgment raises arguments that are substantially identical to
those already asserted in his Objections to the Memorandum and Opinion. Accordingly, with
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minimum discussion of Petitioner’s Motion to Alter and Amend the Judgment, the Court
substantially adopts the substance of the previous Order.
II.
Standard of Review
Any challenge to a state court’s holding conviction is reviewed under the Antiterrorism
and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), (e), which limits the
scope of this Court’s review as well as placing a high burden on the petitioner to demonstrate
constitutional infirmity in the state court judgment. “Section 2254(d) reflects the view that
habeas corpus is a ‘guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems,’ not
a substitute for ordinary error correction through appeal.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86
(2011) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 332 & n.5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring in
judgment)). As relevant here, a habeas challenge must show an unreasonable determination of
the facts sufficient to overcome a presumption that they are correct. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). A
question of law must be shown to have been decided in a manner contrary to clearly established
federal law. Id., § 2254(d)(1). And a mixed question of law and fact must be shown to constitute
an unreasonable application of clearly established law. Id.
A.
Decision Subject to Review
The Court looks to the last adjudication on the merits, or “last reasoned state court
decision.” Batchelor v. Cain, 682 F.3d 400, 405 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting Wood v. Quarterman,
491 F.3d 196, 202 (5th Cir. 2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). While the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals denied review of the issues under consideration in a manner presumed to be a
decision on the merits, it did so without opinion. Thus, this Court considers the intermediate
Thirteenth Court of Appeals’ (Court of Appeals’) written opinion pursuant to the “look through”
doctrine. This enables a federal habeas court “to ignore—and hence, look through—an
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unexplained state court denial and evaluate the last reasoned state court decision.” Bledsue v.
Johnson, 188 F.3d 250, 256 (5th Cir. 1999).
B.
Unreasonable Determination of Facts.
In reviewing the Court of Appeals’ decision, this Court presumes that the state court’s
evaluation of fact findings is correct. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Celis’s burden in challenging the
facts is to rebut those findings with a showing that they are contrary to clear and convincing
evidence. Garcia v. Quarterman, 454 F.3d 441, 444 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing Hughes v. Dretke,
412 F.3d 582, 589 (5th Cir. 2005) and 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)). This deference extends not only
to express findings of fact, but to the state court's implicit findings, as well. Garcia, 454 F.3d at
444–45 (citing Summers v. Dretke, 431 F.3d 861, 876 (5th Cir. 2005); Young v. Dretke, 356 F.3d
616, 629 (5th Cir. 2004)). Even where the state court record is ambiguous, the state court’s
factual findings supporting the judgment are nevertheless entitled to deference if there is fair
support in the record. Patton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1039-40 (1983) (ambiguity and juror
testimony insufficient to overcome presumption of correctness as to the trial court’s finding of
impartiality).
C.
Decision Contrary to Federal Law.
A state court decision is contrary to Supreme Court precedent if: (1) the state court's
conclusion is opposite that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of law; or (2) the state
court decides a case differently than the Supreme Court has on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts. Allen v. Stephens, 805 F.3d 617, 625 (5th Cir. 2015) (internal citations
omitted). It is not enough for the petitioner to show merely that his interpretation of Supreme
Court precedent is more plausible than the state court’s analysis. Rather, the petitioner must
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demonstrate that Supreme Court precedent requires the contrary outcome. See Matteo v.
Superintendent, SCI Albion, 171 F.3d 877, 888 (3d Cir. 1999) (en banc).
D.
Unreasonable Application of Federal Law.
A state court’s decision is an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent if: (1)
it unreasonably applies the correct legal rule to the facts of a particular case; or (2) it
“unreasonably extends a legal principle from [Supreme Court] precedent to a new context where
it should not apply or unreasonably refuses to extend that principle to a new context where it
should apply.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407 (2000). The issue is whether the
application was objectively unreasonable. Id. at 365. A prisoner cannot obtain relief if the state
court’s decision, although incorrect, was not objectively unreasonable. Even a strong case for
relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unreasonable. Harrington, 562
U.S. at 102-03 (requiring no possibility for fairminded disagreement).
III.
Discussion
Celis presents his objections in five parts, objecting to the M&R regarding its
recommendations on: (1) judicial bias; (2) statutory overbreadth; (3) statutory vagueness; (4)
appealability of this decision; and (5) the final result. The first three each begin with an omnibus
objection that the Magistrate Judge did not directly address any of his bases for relief under
AEDPA: (a) that the state court decision was contrary to clearly established federal law; (b) that
the state court decision was an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law; and
(c) that the state court decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light
of the evidence presented in the state court proceedings. (Dkt. No. 23, pp. 5, 24, 32). These are
restatements of the AEDPA standard of review, clearly recited in the M&R and applied to the
analysis supporting the recommendations. (Dkt. No. 17, pp. 5–6). The Magistrate Judge applied
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the correct standard of review and considered all of Celis’s grounds for relief. This omnibus
objection is OVERRULED.
A.
Judicial Bias
Celis argues that he was denied his Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights to a
fair trial and the administration of due process because Judge Mark Luitjen, who presided over
the trial, exhibited bias against him. This is a structural due process claim so fundamental to the
operation of the criminal justice system that a harmless error rule does not apply, regardless of
the strength of the evidence of guilt. Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641, 647 (1997); Arizona v.
Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309–10 (1991).
Celis objects to the Court of Appeals and the Magistrate Judge’s findings regarding
judicial bias and presents evidence of the jury’s perception of his trial, along with Judge
Bañales’s findings of fact and conclusions of law made in his favor in the context of his post-trial
motion to recuse. (Dkt. Nos. 1, 23). Celis, emphasizing the uncontroverted nature of the
evidence, asks this Court to do one of three things: (1) re-weigh the evidence admitted at the trial
level to determine whether it was sufficient to show bias, thus overruling the Court of Appeals’
view of the evidence; (2) review and reject the Court of Appeals’ procedural failure to defer to
Judge Bañales’s findings; or (3) find that the Court of Appeals acted improperly in discounting
the juror testimony and bias.
The first two requests are clearly outside the AEDPA standard of review and cannot be
indulged. The third request may be considered if the discounting of the jurors’ testimony was not
just improper but was contrary to clearly established federal law or an improper application of
that law. Celis has not addressed that specific point. While a fair trial requires an impartial jurist,
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Celis has not demonstrated that the Court of Appeals’ analysis of the evidence was unreasonable
or contrary to any clearly established law.
The Court of Appeals discounted the jurors’ assessment of the trial judge’s demeanor as
conclusory, as lay opinion, or as addressing a type and level of bias that is insufficient to
implicate the fairness of the trial under clear Supreme Court precedent. Pursuant to constitutional
standards, a successful challenge would include evidence demonstrating a deep-seated favoritism
or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible. Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540,
555 (1994). That standard is not met in the evidence admitted here because the evidence (a) does
not explain the jurors’ interpretation of “bias,” rendering it improperly conclusory on a question
of law; (b) shows inconsistent concerns or complaints about the judge as between jurors, making
it apparent that even the fair-minded jurors could reach different conclusions about the import of
specific proceedings; or (c) addresses only incidental matters not traditionally considered
sufficient to make bias actionable, such as evidentiary rulings and courtroom administration.
(Dkt. No. 1-3, pp. 48–49); see Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555–56.
In light of Celis’s Motion to Alter and Amend Judgment, (Dkt. No. 28), it bears
clarifying that the M&R correctly reads Liteky nearly to bar—absent some extrajudicial source of
bias—consideration of the trial judge’s unfavorable rulings as evidence of bias in themselves. In
his Motion, Celis makes much of the Court of Appeal’s (and the M&R’s) failure to consider
evidence of bias other than the affidavits of the jurors. Based on his Original Petition, the Court
considers such additional evidence to have been limited to Judge Luitjen’s unfavorable rulings
themselves—rulings regarding the admissibility of certain evidence, sentencing, and conditions
of bond. (Dkt. No. 1, pp. 60–61). However, and despite Celis’s repeated assertions otherwise, it
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is far from unreasonable for a state court, reviewing the Supreme Court jurisprudence on the
issue, to have refused to consider those rulings as evidence of unconstitutional bias.
Celis has not demonstrated that clearly established federal law, pursuant to Supreme
Court precedent, requires that the juror affidavits and other evidence regarding that testimony be
taken at face value. Neither has he demonstrated that the totality of the evidence presented
exceeds that which was found insufficient in Liteky. The objections to the M&R as they apply to
the recommendation on judicial bias are OVERRULED.
B.
Statutory Overbreadth
Celis next challenges the penal statute on which his conviction was based as being
unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of his First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
Celis makes three objections: (1) the M&R failed to separately analyze his facial and as-applied
challenges; (2) the M&R failed to treat the penal statute as content-based, requiring strict
scrutiny review; and (3) the M&R’s reliance on a commercial speech review fails because the
statute does not require, and the jury was not asked to find, that Celis had engaged in false or
misleading speech. Each objection fails.
1.
Facial Versus As-Applied Challenges
The Court of Appeals separately analyzed both Celis’s facial challenge and his as-applied
challenge based on overbreadth. (Dkt. No. 1-3, pp. 63–67). In both contexts, the Court of
Appeals treated the penal statute as regulating commercial speech and noted that the conviction
was based upon the use of business cards, letterhead, and a website as a means to solicit a
commercial transaction—lawyer advertising. It concluded that the Supreme Court has refused to
recognize an overbreadth challenge to lawyer advertising. Id., p. 64 (citing Bates v. State Bar of
Arizona, 433 U.S. 350, 381 (1977)). It further held that the state has a compelling interest in
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regulating the commercial speech of those who hold themselves out as lawyers. Id., pp. 64–65.
The Court of Appeals came to the same conclusion with respect to the as-applied challenge.
Both overbreadth challenges, being governed by the recognition that Celis’s speech was a
commercial transaction properly regulated for the benefit of the people of the state, did not
require separate treatment in the M&R. Moreover, Celis argues that it is “entirely unclear” that
his business card, letterhead, and website proposed commercial transactions. (Dkt. No. 23, pp.
26, 31). Thus, he concedes that he cannot meet the AEDPA standard of review that the Court of
Appeals’ decision is contrary to clearly established law. If the matter is not fully foreclosed by
clear federal law, then this Court cannot effect relief.
2.
Strict Scrutiny
Citing Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc., 131 S. Ct. 2653, 2664 (2011), Celis argues that strict
scrutiny may still apply despite any finding that the penal statute regulated commercial speech.
In Sorrell, the State of Vermont restricted the sale, disclosure, and use of pharmacy records that
revealed the prescribing practices of individual doctors. While accepting that the law regulated
commercial speech, the Supreme Court also held that it was content-based, subject to strict
scrutiny, with a presumption of unconstitutionality that had to be overcome by a legitimate state
interest and a showing that the regulation was narrowly tailored to meet that interest. Celis asks
this Court to apply the same analysis and argues for a result holding the law unconstitutional.
The Court of Appeals, holding that the statute regulated commercial speech, also noted
that it had only an incidental impact on speech. (Dkt. No. 1-3, p. 64). It then concluded that the
impact was justified by the state interest in regulating lawyers. The opinion quotes Celis as
conceding that the regulatory nature of the statute “makes perfect sense” with respect to lawyers
licensed within the state. His only complaint is its adverse effect on lawyers licensed in other
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states or other countries. The Court of Appeals dismissed this concern, treating the interests of all
persons holding themselves out as lawyers to the general public in Texas equally. And it clearly
held that the statute regulated only the commercial aspect of the speech, not any expressive
speech.
Celis has not met his AEDPA burden to show that the Court of Appeals’ rulings were
contrary to clearly established federal law. Even Sorrell acknowledges that the state may
permissibly regulate commercial speech in a content-neutral manner despite the regulation’s
imposition of an incidental burden on protected speech. Sorrell, 131 S.Ct. at 2664–65. The
Sorrell court held that the pharmacy-related statute went beyond that incidental measure. It
targeted the categorical identity of the speaker (pharmacists) and prohibited the dissemination of
information in their hands that is of public interest (data about physicians prescribing
medications compiled for government regulation of pharmaceuticals). Consequently, the speech
was protected and the regulation was content-based.
The same concerns do not govern this case. Texas Penal Code § 38.122 regulates
commercial speech in which persons who are not lawyers try to profit from holding themselves
out as lawyers with the right to practice in this state. Celis has not articulated any type of
expressive speech or matters of interest to public discourse that the statute supposedly restricts.
His argument that his business promotional materials are also educational does not state any
clearly established law in support and does not meet the AEDPA standard of review. Thus, it
does not trigger strict scrutiny pursuant to Sorrell or this Court’s power to order relief.
Furthermore, even if it did, the Court of Appeals held that the statute furthered a legitimate
governmental interest and was narrowly tailored to that purpose, conclusions that Celis has not
demonstrated are contrary to clearly established federal law.
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3.
No False or Misleading Finding
Celis objects that the Court of Appeals treated the penal statute as regulating false or
misleading speech even though its terms do not support that limitation and when no jury finding
was sought or obtained on falsity or any misleading nature of his conduct. The statute requires
that one may not profit as a lawyer in the practice of law unless one is licensed and in good
standing with the State Bar of Texas and his or her licensing jurisdiction. Celis’s argument
makes a distinction without a difference. The statute’s requisite intent to obtain an economic
benefit by representing oneself as enjoying a professional privilege that has not been conferred
was met here and is sufficient to justify the state’s interest in regulating the practice of law.
4.
Conclusion
For the reasons described above, the Court OVERRULES all of Celis’s objections to the
M&R’s recommendation to deny habeas relief on his unconstitutional overbreadth arguments.
C.
Statutory Vagueness
Celis objects to the M&R’s treatment of his vagueness challenges because: (1) the fact
that the statute may have appropriate application in one instance does not pretermit the
challenge; (2) the M&R fails to consider his as-applied challenge based on its application to a
foreign lawyer, such as himself, who does not require a cedula or license to practice law in his
licensing jurisdiction; and (3) the vagueness of the statute is evidenced by its discriminatory
enforcement.
The Fifth Amendment provides that “[n]o person shall . . . be deprived of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Our cases establish that the
Government violates this guarantee by taking away someone's life, liberty, or
property under a criminal law so vague that it fails to give ordinary people fair
notice of the conduct it punishes, or so standardless that it invites arbitrary
enforcement.
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Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2556 (2015) (citing Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S.
352, 357–358 (1983)). For the reasons below, each objection fails.
1.
Facial Challenge and One Appropriate Application.
This Court approaches Celis’s facial challenge with caution. The Supreme Court has
written,
Facial challenges are disfavored for several reasons. Claims of facial invalidity
often rest on speculation. As a consequence, they raise the risk of “premature
interpretation of statutes on the basis of factually barebones records.” Facial
challenges also run contrary to the fundamental principle of judicial restraint that
courts should neither “‘anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of
the necessity of deciding it’” nor “‘formulate a rule of constitutional law broader
than is required by the precise facts to which it is to be applied.’” Finally, facial
challenges threaten to short circuit the democratic process by preventing laws
embodying the will of the people from being implemented in a manner consistent
with the Constitution. We must keep in mind that “‘[a] ruling of
unconstitutionality frustrates the intent of the elected representatives of the
people.’”
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442, 450-51 (2008)
(citations omitted).
The Court of Appeals determined that the penal statute survived the facial challenge,
using the Salerno test: whether there is no set of circumstances under which the statute would be
valid. United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987). While Celis is correct that the
Supreme Court rejected the Salerno test in Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2251, that does not end this
Court’s inquiry. Now, a facial challenge must fail where the statute has a “‘plainly legitimate
sweep.’” See Washington State Grange, 552 U.S. at 449 (quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521
U.S. 702, 739–740, and n. 7 (1997) (Stevens, J., concurring in judgments)).
In applying the plainly legitimate sweep test, the Court is not to engage in hypothetical or
imaginary fact scenarios and must exercise judicial restraint to avoid unnecessary or premature
pronouncement on constitutional issues. Washington State Grange, 552 U.S. at 450. The inquiry
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is akin to an overbroad challenge in that the facial challenge based on vagueness succeeds only
when the ordinary application of the statute is so broad that it will regularly encompass what is
constitutionally protected conduct. See United States v. Stevens, 559 U.S. 460, 473 (2010).
As set out above, the Court has determined that the statute is not overbroad. Exercising
restraint in addressing the facial validity challenge, it is appropriate to deny the challenge
because the statute has a plainly legitimate sweep that does not ordinarily threaten protected
conduct. Thus, while the Court of Appeals used the wrong test, it arrived at the correct result.
Consequently, Celis has not sustained his AEDPA burden to show that the result is contrary to
established law or is an unreasonable application of the law.
2.
As-Applied Challenge of Foreign Lawyer.
Celis’s as-applied challenge requires that the Court find that he was fully qualified to
practice law in Mexico and was not required to have a cedula or license to do so. The evidence
on this issue was conflicting. The Court, on this record, cannot conclude that no reasonable fact
finder would find Celis guilty of violating the statute. Neither has Celis demonstrated that the
Court of Appeals’ holding is contrary to any clearly established federal law. Thus his as-applied
challenge must fail.
3.
Discriminatory Enforcement.
Celis offers a single instance of what he considers discriminatory enforcement of §
38.122 in that the state’s expert witness was allegedly guilty of the same conduct, yet was not
prosecuted. Assuming for purposes of argument that the expert witness was guilty of violating
the statute, this argument fails. A single example of non-prosecution does not demonstrate that
the reason for the failure to prosecute is that the law is vague. Celis has not demonstrated that
any failure to prosecute is necessarily related to the alleged vagueness of the statute. Neither has
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he met the AEDPA standard of review to show that the Court of Appeals’ decision is contrary to
clearly established law or is an unreasonable application of such law.
4.
Conclusion.
For the reasons described above, the Court OVERRULES all of Celis’s objections to the
M&R’s recommendation to deny habeas relief on his unconstitutional vagueness arguments.
D.
Appealability
Celis objects to the M&R’s recommendation to deny a certificate of appealability because
he believes that his objections have merit and because any decision on appealability would be
premature prior to a ruling on his objections. Although the Court has overruled all of his
objections, the Court considers it unnecessary to rule sua sponte on the appealability issue.
Celis’s objections to the denial of a certificate of appealability are therefore SUSTAINED.
E.
The Final Result
Celis objects to the M&R’s recommendations in their totality, requesting de novo review
by both the Magistrate Judge and this Court. The Court has conducted its review and has
overruled each of the objections as to the merits of Celis’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus.
The summary objection to the recommended result is likewise OVERRULED.
IV.
Conclusion
Having reviewed the findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations set forth
in the Magistrate Judge’s Memorandum and Recommendation, as well as Petitioner’s objections,
and all other relevant documents in the record, and having made a de novo disposition of the
portions of the Magistrate Judge’s Memorandum and Recommendation to which objections were
specifically directed, the Court OVERRULES Petitioner’s objections and ADOPTS as its own
the findings and conclusions of the Magistrate Judge as modified or supplemented herein, with
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exception to its recommendations on the issue of appealability. Accordingly, Respondent’s
Motion for Summary Judgment, (Dkt. No. 12), is GRANTED IN PART and this action is
DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. Respondent’s Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED
only with respect to the request for sua sponte denial of a certificate of appealability.
SO ORDERED this 21st day of March, 2017, at McAllen, Texas.
___________________________________
Randy Crane
United States District Judge
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