Berry, Jr. v. Seterus, Inc. et al
Filing
24
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO REMAND terminating as moot 10 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim; terminating as moot 13 Motion to Dismiss; denying 16 Motion to Remand.(Signed by Judge Nelva Gonzales Ramos) Parties notified.(mserpa, 2)
United States District Court
Southern District of Texas
ENTERED
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI DIVISION
WILLIAM H. BERRY, JR.,
Plaintiff,
VS.
SETERUS, INC., et al,
Defendants.
March 31, 2017
David J. Bradley, Clerk
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§ CIVIL ACTION NO. 2:17-CV-5
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ORDER DENYING MOTION TO REMAND
Plaintiff William H. Berry, Jr. (Berry) filed this action on January 2, 2017, to
prevent the foreclosure of a lien against his homestead property located at 13702 A La
Entrada Calle, Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas. In the Nueces County Court at
Law No. One, he sued Defendant Seterus, Inc. (Seterus) (the mortgage servicer for his
note), the Trustees1 named on the Notice of Foreclosure Sale, and the Attorneys2 who
represented Seterus in its collection efforts.
He alleges causes of action for
(1) negligence, (2) breach of contract, (3) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair
dealing, (4) violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA), (5) wrongful
notices of acceleration and trustee’s sale, (6) violation of the Texas Fair Debt Collection
Act (FDCA), (7) unreasonable debt collection, (8) negligent misrepresentation, (9) accord
and satisfaction, (10) fraud, (11) gross negligence and malice, and (12) breach of
fiduciary duty. Berry seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, in addition to an accounting
1
Defendants, Vicki Hammonds, Leslye Evans, Arnold Mendoza, W.D. Larew, Michael W. Zientz, and AVT Title
Services, LLC (AVT).
2
Law Firm of Mackie Wolf Zientz & Mann, P.C., Brandon Wolf, L. Keller Mackie, Lori Liane Long, Tracey
Midkiff, and Joseph Modric.
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and actual and punitive damages, attorney’s fees and pre-and post-judgment interest.
D.E. 1-1. He also alleges certain affirmative defenses to an anticipated counterclaim to
collect on his note.
On January 4, 2017, the County Court issued a temporary restraining order
enjoining the planned foreclosure sale. D.E. 1-1. Thereafter, on January 10, 2017,
Defendant Seterus removed the case to this Court pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, 28
U.S.C. § 1332. Seterus asserts that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. It
further asserts that its citizenship is diverse from that of Berry.
It disregards the
admittedly non-diverse citizenship of all of the other Defendants, arguing that they are
improperly joined. More specifically, Seterus contends that the Trustees and Attorneys
are merely agents of Seterus whose citizenship is disregarded and/or they should be
dismissed from this case based upon immunity from liability for work done on behalf of
their principal.
Before the Court is Berry’s Motion to Remand (D.E. 16). He challenges this
Court’s diversity jurisdiction on the basis of both the amount in controversy and the
argument that the Trustees and Attorneys are improperly joined. The Court agrees with
Seterus that the non-diverse parties are improperly joined and that the amount in
controversy is sufficient to sustain diversity jurisdiction. For the reasons set out below,
the Court DENIES the motion to remand.
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DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review.
On a motion to remand, “[t]he removing party bears the burden of showing that
federal jurisdiction exists and that removal was proper.” Manguno v. Prudential Prop. &
Cas. Ins. Co., 276 F.3d 720, 723 (5th Cir. 2002). “Any ambiguities are construed against
removal because the removal statute should be strictly construed in favor of remand.” Id.
The strict construction rule arises because of “significant federalism concerns.” See
generally, Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 108–09 (1941).
“The party seeking removal bears a heavy burden of proving that the joinder of the
in-state party was improper.” Smallwood v. Illinois Cent. R.R. Co., 385 F.3d 568, 574
(5th Cir. 2004) (en banc).
The removing party proves improper joinder by
demonstrating: (1) actual fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional facts; or (2) the inability
of the plaintiff to establish a cause of action against the non-diverse defendant in state
court. See Crockett v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 436 F.3d 529, 532 (5th Cir. 2006)
(citing Travis v. Irby, 326 F.3d 644, 646–47 (5th Cir. 2003)); see also Boone v. Citigroup,
Inc., 416 F.3d 382, 388 (5th Cir. 2005). Only the second method is at issue here. The
motion to remand must be granted unless “there is absolutely no possibility that the
plaintiff will be able to establish a cause of action against the non-diverse defendant in
state court.” Griggs v. State Farm Lloyds, 181 F.3d 694, 699 (5th Cir. 1999).
B. Amount in Controversy.
Berry contends that the amount in controversy is less than $75,000 because the
amount Seterus demanded to pay off the balance owed on the note secured by his
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residence is only $47,127.40. That is the amount he is fighting in this lawsuit. He allows
that his allegations could, at most, involve $55,294.69, if certain escrow funds in dispute
were added to the principal amount due. D.E. 16, pp. 10-11. Berry challenges any
attempt to use his denial of owing the original principal amount of the note ($183,250) as
the amount in controversy because his allegations state that he has paid down the note
and he clearly is fighting a lesser amount.
Berry’s arguments disregard the two actual amount-in-controversy arguments
made in Seterus’s removal, echoed in its response to the motion to remand: (1) that
Berry’s request for declaratory or injunctive relief, affecting Seterus’s right to foreclose,
places the entire value of the property in controversy, which value greatly exceeds
$75,000; and (2) that Berry’s request for actual damages, together with additional,
exemplary, or punitive damages and attorney’s fees reasonably exceeds $75,000 on the
face of the petition. The Court agrees with Seterus.
In his state court petition, Berry explains that he purchased the property in 1991,
has made monthly payments toward principal and interest since that date, and made
extensive improvements to the property, such that he refinanced his mortgage debt in
2003 in the total amount of $183,250. The land alone, he alleges, has a tax appraisal
value of $140,000. D.E. 1-1, p. 13. Seterus has offered evidence that the property is
worth $250,000: $140,000 for the land and $110,000 for the improvements. D.E. 1-1, p.
108. “‘In actions seeking declaratory or injunctive relief, it is well established that the
amount in controversy is measured by the value of the object of the litigation.’” Farkas
v. GMAC Mortg., L.L.C., 737 F.3d 338, 341 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Hunt v. Wash. State
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Apple Adver. Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333, 347 (1977) and applying the holding to a
foreclosure action). Here, Berry’s admission that the value of the property is $140,000
satisfies the $75,000 threshold.
Berry also seeks extensive damages which include actual and exemplary damages,
under at least 12 causes of action that include fraud, gross negligence, DTPA, and FDCA
claims.
He prays for his pecuniary losses, mental anguish, his time and expense
addressing this matter in the past and future, and attorney’s fees. The number and kind of
theories alleged make this case an expensive one to prosecute in terms of attorney’s fees.
At no time has Berry suggested that he seeks less than $75,000 when all of his categories
of damages are aggregated. Thus, it is not a stretch to interpret these damages as totaling
more than $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, on the face of his complaint. E.g., St.
Paul Reinsurance Co. v. Greenberg, 134 F.3d 1250, 1253 (5th Cir. 1998) (attorney’s fees
and punitive damages are included in the amount in controversy calculation).
Seterus has satisfied the amount in controversy requirement of diversity
jurisdiction to support its removal of the case to this Court.
C. Diversity of Citizenship and Improper Joinder.
Berry’s complaints, as detailed in the factual portion of his state court petition,
focus on the lender’s and servicer’s acts: unauthorized force-placed insurance, duplicate
payment of property taxes, maintenance of an unauthorized escrow account, improper
administration of the escrow account, incorrectly addressing notices to him, assessment
of inapplicable fees and penalties, improper application of payments, refusal to provide
an accounting, and the unlawful acceleration of the indebtedness, resulting in the notice
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of foreclosure. All of the conduct complained of has to do with the lender-borrower
relationship and the terms of the note and deed of trust.
Berry named the Trustees and Attorneys under the “Parties” section of his
complaint.
However, the subsequent allegations are made against Seterus or
“Defendants,” without identifying any wrongful acts of any particular Trustee or
Attorney other than that they as a group worked on behalf of Seterus in collecting the
alleged indebtedness against Berry. Seterus complained of this pleading defect (failing to
state a claim upon which relief could be granted) in the notice of removal, reciting the
federal fact pleading standards. D.E. 1, ¶ 10 (citing Iqbal v. Ashcroft, 556 U.S. 662
(2009) and Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
Berry has failed to cure his pleading defects or identify additional facts that might
support his claims in connection with his motion for remand. Instead, he repeats the
conclusory and formulaic allegations of his complaint. Thus there is no indication that
any particular Trustee or Attorney Defendant engaged in any specific wrongful conduct.
This failure applies with respect to all legal theories under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 8. But it is particularly acute with respect to fraud allegations, governed by
Rule 9(b). “‘At a minimum, Rule 9(b) requires allegations of the particulars of time,
place, and contents of the false representations, as well as the identity of the person
making the misrepresentation and what he obtained thereby.’ Put simply, Rule 9(b)
requires ‘the who, what, when, where, and how’ to be laid out.” Benchmark Elecs., Inc.
v. J.M. Huber Corp., 343 F.3d 719, 724 (5th Cir.), opinion modified on other grounds on
denial of reh'g, 355 F.3d 356 (5th Cir. 2003).
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Because Berry fails to provide any factual basis for his claims against
the Trustees and Attorneys, he has failed to meet the Twombly/Iqbal
pleading standard as to any of his claims, most particularly those
regarding fraud, malice, and misrepresentation.
Because he complains of the Attorneys as adversaries trying to collect a
debt against him, he has identified no factual basis for a relationship—
certainly no relationship of trust or confidence—to support any
negligence or breach of fiduciary duty theory. Nabors Drilling, U.S.A.,
Inc. v. Escoto, 288 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. 2009) (elements of
negligence); Priddy v. Rawson, 282 S.W.3d 588, 599 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (relationship as element of
breach of fiduciary duty theory).
Because the lien against the property has not been foreclosed, none of
Berry’s complaints state a claim against the Trustees.
Although a trustee under a deed of trust owes neither a
fiduciary duty nor a duty of good faith and fair dealing
to the mortgagor, the trustee does have “a duty to ‘act
with absolute impartiality and fairness to the grantor in
performing the powers vested in him by the deed of
trust.’” This duty is breached when the trustee fails to
comply strictly with the terms of the deed of trust or
the notice and sale provisions of § 51.002 of the Texas
Property Code. Breach of the trustee's duty under a
deed of trust is not itself an independent tort. Instead,
“breach of this duty may be stated under Texas law as
a claim for wrongful foreclosure.” A claim for
wrongful foreclosure requires that the property in
question be sold at a foreclosure sale.
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Marsh v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 760 F. Supp. 2d 701, 708 (N.D. Tex.
2011) (citations omitted) (applying Texas law).
Because Berry has failed to set out any specific factual reliance on any
alleged misrepresentation, he has not stated a claim for negligent
misrepresentation. E.g., McCamish, Martin, Brown & Loeffler v. F.E.
Appling Interests, 991 S.W.2d 787, 791 (Tex. 1999).
Because he has not alleged facts to show that the Trustees or Attorneys
had actual, subjective awareness of an extreme degree of risk or a
specific intent to cause harm to Berry, he has not stated a claim for gross
negligence or malice to support exemplary damages. Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code §§ 41.001, 41.003.
Because he has not supplied any factual allegation of any agreement
with the Trustees or Attorneys, he has not laid the foundation for a
breach of contract, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing,
wrongful act in accelerating the note or noticing the property for
foreclosure, or accord and satisfaction theory. E.g., Davis v. Texas
Farm Bureau Ins., 470 S.W.3d 97, 104 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2015, no pet.) (breach of contract theory requires a contract); Solar
Applications Eng’g v. T.A. Oper. Corp., 327 S.W.3d 104, 108 (Tex.
2010) (breach of covenant requires an agreement); Lopez v. Munoz,
Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d 857, 863 (Tex. 2000) (accord and
satisfaction requires an agreement).
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Because he has not alleged facts to show that he sought goods or
services from the Trustees or Attorneys, he has not pled that he is a
consumer entitled to DTPA protections.
Doe v. Boys Clubs, 907
S.W.2d 472, 478 (Tex. 1995).
Because he complains only of the ordinary demands and notices3
associated with debt collection and foreclosure and does not factually
address any specific Trustee or Attorney’s wrongful conduct, he has not
sufficiently pled a violation of the FDCA or an unreasonable debt
collection practice. Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001, et seq.
Berry has failed to demonstrate a plausible claim against the Trustees and Attorneys both
generally, with respect to pleading claims and specifically, with respect to at least one
element of each liability theory. His claims for declaratory and injunctive relief address
only remedies without underlying theories of liability.
See generally, Proctor v.
Andrews, 972 S.W.2d 729, 734 (Tex. 1998) (addressing a constitutional claim as
providing standing to seek declaratory relief); Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d
198, 204 (Tex. 2002) (temporary injunctive relief requires showing an underlying cause
of action); Frey v. DeCordova Bend Estates Owners Ass'n, 632 S.W.2d 877, 881 (Tex.
App. 1982) (permanent injunction requires proof of wrongful act), aff'd, 647 S.W.2d 246
(Tex. 1983).
3
Under the Texas Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the conduct prohibited must rise to the level of threats or
coercion, harassment or abuse, unfair or unconscionable means, or fraudulent, deceptive, or misleading
representations as to the debt collector’s identity, the lender’s identity, the collector’s credentials, the amount of debt
claimed by the lender and the like. See Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001, et seq.
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Seterus has satisfied its burden to show that Berry has not alleged a claim upon
which relief may be granted against any of the Trustees or Attorneys. They are thus
improperly joined.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set out above, the Court holds that Defendants Vicki Hammonds;
Leslye Evans; Arnold Mendoza; W.D. Larew; Michael W. Zientz; AVT Title Services,
LLC; the Law Firm of Mackie Wolf Zientz & Mann, P.C.; Brandon Wolf; L. Keller
Mackie; Lori Liane Long; Tracey Midkiff; and Joseph Modric are improperly joined
because Plaintiff has failed to state a claim against them upon which relief may be
granted. The Court ORDERS that all claims against these Defendants are DISMISSED
and the motions to dismiss (D.E. 10 and 13) are terminated as moot. Plaintiff’s motion to
remand (D.E. 16) is DENIED.
ORDERED this 31st day of March, 2017.
___________________________________
NELVA GONZALES RAMOS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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