Booth v. Galveston County et al

Filing 267

MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION entered. The Court RECOMMENDS that the Motion for Preliminary Injunction [Dkt. 3-1] be DENIED and the Motion for Preliminary Injunction Requiring Counsel at Initial Bail Hearings [Dkt. 205] be GRANTED to the extent described in this Memorandum and Recommendation. Objections to M&R due by 8/21/2019. (Signed by Magistrate Judge Andrew M Edison) Parties notified. (wbostic, 4)

United States District Court
Southern District of Texas

ENTERED
UN I
TED STA TES D I
STRI COURT
CT
SOU TH ERN D I
STRI O F TEX AS
CT
GA LVESTON DI I ON
V SI

August 07, 2019
David J. Bradley, Clerk

A ARON BOOTH

Pl i if
antf .
V S.

CI L ACTI N O .3: 8-CV-001
VI
ON
1
04

GALVESTON COU NTY ,ET A L.
l
D ef nda s.
e nt

M EM O M N DU M A ND RECO M M EN DATI N
O

Pe ngbeo et Co t r t spaaemoinsf rprlmi r ij ncinfld
ndi fr he ur a e wo e rt to o ei nay n u to ie
b Pli ifAa o 80 h (% o t '. The fr tm o i Pli tf sM oto f Pr lm i r
y antf r n 0t û o h'
)
is ton, an if
in or ei nay

lj ncin,c ne s ta Gavetn Cou y' bals se vilts t Unie Stts
nu to o tnd h t l so
nt s i y tm oae he td ae
Consiuton a as t s Cour t i s an or r quii ce t n pr edur lc nges i
tt i nd ks hi
t o s ue
der e rng rai oc
a ha
n
ho Gal t Count sse ed m one bai s t m oper es Se Dkt 3-1 The s
w
ves on
y' eur
y l ys e
at . e
. .
econd

mo i n Pli tf M o in f Pr lmi r I c i (i)Re uii Cou e a I iil i
to , a n ifs to or e i na y nun ton sc q rng ns l t n ta Ba l
Hea i ,s ks an or r rng Gal t Count t pr de couns at i talbai
rngs ee
der equii
ves on
y o ovi
el nii
l
hea i f t e f ony a r t es who cannotaf or r pr e a i See D kt 205. The
rngs or hos el
r es e
f d e es nt ton.
.
pari s have s it e ensve brefng on t l gal i s s i ve pr de
te
ubm ted xt i
i i
he e
s ue nvol d, ovi d
vol i
um nous exhi t , a pr e ed lve t tm ony fom 11 w ine es at a day-ong
bis nd es nt i es i
r
t ss
l

1On M ar 19, 201 Couns lf t G a ves on Count D i ti tCour J
ch
9,
e or he l t
y src
t udge pr vi d t Cour
s o de he
t

wihnotcet t (l Dee ntM ihel M .Slught ,f me J
t i ha: ) fnda
c le
a er or r udgeoft 405t DititCour,
he h src
t
ha a s das a ont Te CourofCrmi lAppe l'2)J e Robi onhasbee a nt
s sume e t he xas t i na
as ( ard
,
ns
n ppoi ed
a c i d a t ne J
nd onfnne s he w udgeoft 405hDititCoul;a ()purua t Fe r Rul of
he t src
' nd 3 s nt o deal e
t
Ci lPr dur 25( ,J J e Robi oni auomaial s tt e a apat Se Dkt 2l
vi oce e d) udge ard
ns s t tc ly ubsiutd s ry. e . 5.

prlmiay ij cin he rng. Afe tor ghl rviwi t b ifng a ay i t
ei n r nun to ai
tr h ou y e e ng he re i , n lzng he
a i e l ,c i rng t evi nta y s i s ons ent t ni lve t tm ony,a
pplcabl aw onsde i he de i r ubm s i , erai ng i esi
nd
hea i ar ent f om couns , t Cour RECO M M END S t t t M oton f
rng gum
r
el he
t
ha he
i or

Pr lmi r lj to ( .3 1 beDENI a t M oto f rPr lmi r lun to
ei nay nuncin Dkt - )
ED nd he in o ei nay n cin
(il Re uii Co e a I ta Ba l He rng ( . 205 be GRANTED. Th s
sc q rng uns l t nii l i a i s Dkt
)
i
M e or
m andum and Recom m endaton cons iut t Cour ' fndi
i
tt es he
ts i ngs of f t a
ac s nd
concl i oflw pur uantt Rul 52 oft Feder Rul ofCi lPr dur
usons a
s
o
e
he
al es
vi oce e.
I
NTR OD U CTI N
O
l r ntye s a num be of l w s t ha bee fl d al ac os t s gr na i
n ece
ar ,
r
a uis ve
n ie l r s hi eat ton

c l ng l esabls d bai pr ctces. Thi cas i one oft e lw s t I f us
halengi ong- t i he
l a i
s es
hos a uis. t oc es
on Gal t Count spr t i de enton s t m f f ony a r t sand r r t sCour
ves on
y' e ral t i ys e or el
r es ee
equies hi
t
t as es t consiutonalt oft tpr ti det nton s t .
o s s he
tt i iy ha e ral e i ys em

800t w asa r t d i Apr l2018 f an alege f ony.A pr ec orr com m e d
h
r es e n
i
or
l d el
os ut e
nde

Boot sbalbes at$20, 00.Afe bei booked i o Gal t Count J l 800t
h' i
et
000.
tr ng
nt
veson
y ai,
h
a
ppea ed bef e a m agitat The m agit a e i or ed 800t oft c r a ns hi ,
r
or
s r e.
sr t nf m
h he ha ges gai t m
a s hi ofhi r ght ,a s bai. M or s t aly,t m agitat s gned an or
dvi ed m
s i s nd et l
e peciic l he
sr e i
der

r q ii g 80 h t po ta$ 0 0 bo t b r la e fo j i pe di t r s l i
e u rn 0t o s 20,00.0 nd o e e e s d r m al n ng he e outon
ofhi c i i cas 800t di notha a a t ney a t tm e ba lw as s t Onl afer
s rm nal e.
h d
ve n tor
t he i
i
e.
y t
t hea i atwhi h bai w as det m i di 800t have t opporuniy t com pl t t
he rng
c
l
er ned d
h
he
t t o
e e he

pa wor dem ons r tng hi fna ali lt t hie couns . 800t r i a c t
per k
ta i
s i nci nabiiy o r
el
h eceved ourappoi ed couns t da aferhi ba lhearng.8 00t cl m st he coul notafor t
nt
el he y t s i
i
h ai hat
d
f d he

am ountr r d f hi r eas and,as a r s t s nt 54 da i cus ody bef e a bai
equie or s el e
e ul, pe
ys n
t
or
l
r duc i hearng w ashel
e ton
i
d.
800t brngs t s l ui on beha f of hi s f and a1 ot s sm ia l s t ed,
h i
hi aws t
l
m el
1 her i l ry iuat

a lgng t tGave t Co t a gr p ofGav so Co t DititCo tJ ge (h
le i ha l son un y, ou
le t n un y src ur ud s t e
ç itit Co r J ge ' ,s ve a Gave t Co t M a itae J ge ,a Gav so
r src u t ud s' e r l l son un y g sr t ud s nd le t n
)
Co nt DititAto ne J c Ro d (he û ititAto ne ' a la tt ehe t e o
u y src t r y a k a y t r src t r y' l c og t r o mply
)
an uncons iutonalbai polc t tr uls i t r i det nton of Gal t Count
tt i
l i y ha es t n he outne e i
veson
y
f l a r t sbef et i s el duet t ri biiy t pay bai.800t a s alege t t
e ony r es ee
or ral ol y
o hei na lt o
l
h l o l s ha
t s m epolc de esa r t st rc tt i
he a
i y ni r es ee hei onsiutonalrghtt couns a a ûcrtcalsage' of
i o
el t û ii t '
t pr ec i .t i talba lhea i
he os uton' he nii i r ng.

800hs e sboh ij nci a d caao yr le .
t e k t nu tve nd e lrtr eif
H ISTO R Y O F BAI
L

Blc s La Dito a y de i s û i' a t a s c iy s h a c s a bo o
a k' w c i n r fne û l s t ) e urt uc s a h, nd, r
ba ' l
pr t e p. s urt r r by acoul f t r eas ofa c i i de e
opery; s , ec iy equied
' or he el e
t
rm nal f ndantwho m us
t

a pe ri c ur a a f t r tme' l BL
p a n o t t uu e i .
'Bai, ACK' LAW DI ONARY ( 1h e 201 ) Se
S
CTI
1 t d. 9 . e
alo TE CODE CRI PR ART.1 01 ( e i ng l i' s ûhe s c i gi n b t
s X.
M. O.
7. d fni û l'a ç e urt ve y he
ba
t
y
a us t he w ila
cc ed hat
l ppea a ans
r nd
wer bef e t pr
or he oper cour t a aton br
t he ccus i
ought

a i thi , n i l de aba l d o ape s na bon '.
gans m a d nc u s i bon r r o l d'
)
G i n t t scas conc nst us ofbai i G al t Count a brefhi t y of
ve hat hi
e
er he e
ln
veson
y, i sor

bai i a opra e t s tt sage f t anal i t com e.
l s ppr i t o e he t
or he
ys s o
Bai orgi t i m edi
l i na ed n
evalEngl nd as a de ce t f e unti pr s r .
a
vi o r e
red ione s
The pe t f m os crm esw as a fne pai ascom pens ton t t vi i .
naly or
t i
i
d
a i o he ctm
W hen ca t and cor alpuni hm e r pl ed fnes a es i t del y
pial
por
s nt e ac i , bus n he a
3

be w ee ar es and ti bega t em e ge.I r pons t com m on l w rght
t n r t
r al
no
r
n es
e, he
a i
t bai w a c fed i o Engls l w ,and t prnci es t an accus i
o l s odii nt
ih a
he i pl hat
ed s
pr um e i
es d nnocent a e il d t per onal lbe t pe ng t i w e e
nd ntte o
s
i ry ndi ral r
i por ed i o t M a Cara.
ncor at nt he gna
t

Bufnv Ci a C/ o anFr cs o No.1 - 0 9fî . t nd y. fs
y
an ic ,
5 CV-495 YGR,201 W L 1 75 ,a
9
01 37 t
*11( D. l M a . 201 (n e na q tto ma ks f t ot,a ctto omit d .
N. Ca . r 4, 9) it r l uo ai n r , oo n e nd iai ns te )
ûAm e i hit y m a cl t t s tl r br
t rcan s or
kes ear hat he e te s oughtt spr tc w ih t
hi ac i e t hem t
o

Ame ia. Je i gs v Ro i e ,1 S.Ct 8 8 ( 01 )( e r J,dis n i .
rc ' nn n . drgu z 38
'
. 30, 63 2 8 Br ye , . s e tng)
Col alconsiutons t N orhw es Or nance of 1787,t Judi i y A c of 1789,and
oni
tt i , he
t
t di
he
c ar
t

tevatmao iyofsaec siu instr ug thitr ha pr tce arg t balby
h s j rt tt on ttto h o hou so y ve oe td iht o i
s fci nts e i . See i at863-64. The Unied St t Consiuton alo a es e t
uf i e ur tes
d.
t
a es
tt i
s ddr s s he
us ofbai.TheEi h Am e
e
l
ght
ndm e ,whi h pr bisûexces i ba l' r
nt
c ohi t û
sve i,' ecogni bot t
zes h he

o o lbe t it r s ofpr ti l t i e (ho ea c s d, tno ye c n ce )a t
bvius i ry n e e t era deane s t s c u e bu t t o vit d nd he
gover e ' l tm at i er ti e urng t acc ed' appear e a ti .U . CONS
nm nts egii e nt es n ns i he us s
anc t ral S.
T.
A MEND. 11 l doe s by e urng t tû he fxi ofbai f a i vi
V 1. t s o
ns i ha t i ng
t
l or ny ndi dualdef
endant
m us be bas d upon s a r r evant t t pur e of as urng t pr e
t
e
t nda ds el
o he
pos
s i he es nce of t t
ha

de e a t' St kv Bo e 3 U. 1 5 ( 951 .Ac o d n y, hea un ofbalc n t
f nd n . ac . yl, 42 S. , 1 ) c r i gl t mo t
'
i a no
be texces i ' t i ,ûhi
û
sve' hat s ç ghert n ...r onabl cal at t 'ens e t accus s
ha
eas
y cul ed o' ur he
ed'

a pe r n e 1 .( ia i o te )
p a a c . d ct ton mit d .
The pr um pton of i
es
i
nnoc e i a bedr k prnci e of t Am ercan c i i
enc s
oc i pl
he
i
rm nal

j sies tm.Ast Su e Co t se ane i e st e rgh t ba l e o eti l
u tc yse
he pr me ur ha xpli d:û s hg l i t o i b f r ra
unl
i pr er
s es ved,t pr um pton ofi
he es
i
nnocence,s ed onl a t cent i ofsr e, oul
ecur
y fer
ures t uggl w d
l e is m e ng. 1 at4. Thus i our s t ,m onet r bai i t m e ni m t t
os t
ani ' d.
'
,n
ysem
ay
l s he cha s ha

4

pr ec s t w el- t bls trghtt f e
ot t he
les a ihed ûi o r edom bef e convi i ' w hie alo pr ectng
or
cton,' l s ot i
s i t s i er t i ens i t def nda s a w e t c ges agai t t m .
oc e y' nt es n
urng hat e nt ns r he har
ns he
A c di y,tlbe t i t nor ,a de enton ...i t car uly lm ied e pton.'
cor ngl li ry s he m nd t i
s he ef l i t xce i '

Unie St e v Salr 481U . 73 755( 98 .
td ats . e no,
S. 9,
1 7)
TH E OD ONN ELL O PI I N
N O

J t l t year t Fit Cic ti s
us as
, he fh r ui s ued a l
andm ar opi on i a cas chale ng
k
ni n
e
l ngi

Har i Count s s t of s tng bai f poorm i de e
rs
y'z ysem
eti
l or
s m anorar e t . Se OD onnel v
r s ees e
l
.

Ha rsC/ ( nn l1. 89 F.d 1 ( t Ci. 01 )3Asar s t ODo e l p o d s
r i y. ODo e l 1, 2 3 47 5 h r 2 8 .
)
e ul, nn lS r vi e
t fam e or by w hi t c tt i iy of a pr ralde e i s t w ihi t
he r w k
ch he onsiutonalt
ny eti
t nton ysem t n he

Fit Cic tmus bem e ur I ODonnel h t pl ntfsbr
fh r ui t
as ed. n
ll he ai if oughtacl saci lws t
as ton a ui
a ns Har i Count a s r ofis ofi a s alegi t tH a rs Count s s t m of
gai t rs
y nd eve al t fci l l ng ha
ri
y' ys e

s ti ba lf i ge m i dem eanora r t esvi a ed Texas sat or and c tt i
etng i or ndi nt s
r es e
ol t
t ut y
onsiutonal
l
aw, as w e l as t Equal Pr ec i a Due Pr
l
he
ot ton nd
oces Cl es of t Foureent
s aus
he
t h

Ame me t Afe a e g td ypr lmi r ij c in he rng,heDititCou t r n e
nd n . tr n i h - a e i na y n un to a i t src
r g a td
t er q s f rapr lmi r ij c i fndngt tt pl itfswe elkeyt p e i o
h e ue t o
ei na y n un ton, i i ha he an if r i l o r va l n
t r Equal Pr e i and D ue Pr es cl m s. See i a 1
hei
ot cton
oc s ai
d. t 52. The Di ti t Cour '
sr c
ts

ij ncinrquie tei e ntto ofs fg r t prv n t a o tci ii
nu to e rd h mplme ain ae uads o e e t he utmai mposton

2 Har i Count , w hi h i c i
rs
y
c s ontguous w ih Gal t n Count i t t r l r s co y i t
t
ves o
y, s he hi d a ge t unt n he
U nie St t .
t d a es
3 ODonne l1 lr l afi med ChifJ
l 1 a ge y tr
e udge Le Ros nt ' underyi de son i OD o l v
e
e hals
l ng cii n
nnel .

Har i C/ (
rs y. ODonnel1 251F.Supp.3d 1 ( D. x. 7 .Afe is ngODonnelI,t
l ),
052 S. Te 201 ) tr sui
l 1 he
Fi t Cic tr l s d a s e ntr a ed opi on i whi h i e m i t t
fh r ui e ea e
ubs que el t
ni n
c t xa ned he enns of a pr pos d
o e

p ei n r ij n to is e i t wa eo ODo n l 1.Se ODo n l v Go d a t( n el
r l ay nu cin su d n he k f n el I e
mi
n el . o h r ODo n l
1 1 , F. 220(t Ci. 8 .
1 ) 900 3d
5h r 201 )
.

5

of pr t i de enton on i ge m i dem eanor ar esees and t r eas of num e ous
e ral t i
ndi nt s
r t
he el e
r

deane ss j ce t HarsCo nt sc nsiuinal deiintbals tm. S e i a
ti e ube td o ri u y' o ttto ly fce i yse
e d. t

TheFit Cic tlr l u l t ij ncin, o l n t tii c nsi i al
fh rui agey phed he n u to c ncudig ha t s o tt on ly
ut
i pe m i sbl t aut a i l i pos pr t i det nton on i ge m idem ea
m r si e o
om tcaly m e e ral e i
ndi nt s
nor
a r t . On t due pr s font t Fit Cic thel t pr
r esees
he
oce s r , he fh r ui d hat ocedur m us be i pl ce
es
t n a

t t ûs fci nty pr ect de ai
ha ûuf i e l ot
t nees f om m agita e i posng bai as a ûnsr e of
r
sr t s m
i
l
n i t um nt
oppr s on.' 1 at159. Beca e bai f i ge a r t i H ar i Count w asal os
es i '' d.
us
l or ndi nt r es ees n
rs
y
m t

al
wayss ta a am ountt de ai t def nt t Fi Cic tf
e tn
hat t ned he enda , he hh r ui ound a vi aton of
ol i
t Due Pr sCl e. Se i I t m s oft EqualPr ecton Cl e t Fi t Cic t
he
oces aus
e d. n er
he
ot i
aus , he fh r ui
af im e t Di ti tCour ' hol ng t Har i Count sbai- e tng pr
fr d he sr c
ts di hat rs
y' ls ti
ocedur vi a ed
es ol t
t EqualPr ec i Cl e becaus çt tea ot wi e si ia l s t e m i dem eanor
he
ot ton aus
e ûhey r t her s m l ry- iuat d s
ar esee dif enty bas s el on t rr a i wealh.' 1 at161. A st Fi t Cic t
r t s fer l
ed ol y
hei el tve
t ' d.
he fh r ui
expl ned'
ai .
I s ,t ess
n um he ence of t di ti cour ' equa pr e i anal i c be
he srct
ts
l ot cton
ys s an
boied down t t f l ng:t t o m i dem eanor ar esees who a e
l
o he olowi
ake w
s
r t
r
i i i eve y w a s e c r , s m e crm i backgr
dentcal n
r
y- am ha ge a
i nal
ounds s m e
, a
cic s a
r um t nces e c. e pt t t one i w ealhy and one i i gent
, t - xce ha
s
t
s ndi .
A ppl ng t Count s cur e cusom and pr tce w ih t i l ck of
yi he
y'
r nt t
ac i , t he r a
i vi i as es m e a m ec cal a i aton of t s cur bai
ndi dualzed s s nt nd
hani
pplc i
he e ed l
s hedul bot ar eseesw oul al os cerai y r ve i ntcals edbai
c
e, h r t
d m t t nl ecei de i ecur
l
a ount . O ne ar esee i a et pos bond,and t ot i not A sa r s t
m
s
r t s bl o t
he her s .
e ul,
t w e t a r t i l s lkel t pl d guit m or lkel t r cei a
he alhy r es ee s es i y o ea
ly,
e i y o e ve
s tr s enc or be ac ted,and l s lkel t bea t s alcos s of
hore ent e
quit
es i y o
r he oci
t
i r er i
nca c aton. The poor a r t e,by cont as,m us bea t br ofal of
r es e
r t
t r he unt
1
t e,sm pl beca e he hasl s m oney t hi w e t count pa . The
hes i y
us
es
han s alhy
er rt
diti tc thel t t ss a e ofaf aisvi at t equal ot ton cl e,
sr c our d hat hi t t
f r ol es he
pr ec i
aus
a we agr
nd
ee.

6

1 at1 .
d. 63

l a r s i g t a r prae s o o t ij c i n t Fit Cic thed t a
n dd e sn he pp o it c pe f he n un to , he fh r ui l h t
i vi i
ndi dualzed hea i
rngs ahe whi h m a sr t had t ts ii l e
r
c
git a es
o tpec fcaly nunci t t r
a e hei

i viuai e , a e s c fcr a o f r(mposngbal i as fi in r me y. 1 a 1 0.
ndi d lz d c s -pe ii e s ns o i i il s u fce t e d ' d. t 6
'
The pr
ocedur r r f s h hea i i ude û i an opporuniy t behea d a
es equied or uc
rngs ncl
û ce,
not
t t o
r nd
s i evi nce w ihi 48 hour of a r t a a r soned de s on by an i pari
ubm t de
t n
s
r es , nd
ea
ci i
m tal
deci onm a . 1 a 163. The Fit Cic tt pr de det l d gui
si
ker' d. t
'
fh r ui hen ovi d aie
dance on how a

p o ry catd ij to s oud l k,c uini t ti s ul no S mou l t t
r pel r fe nuncin h l oo a to ng ha t ho d t t ntl o he
a
out i elm i ton ofs cur bai f i ge m i dem eanorar es e ' 1
rght i na i
e ed l or ndi nt s
r t es.' d.
TH E BA I SY STEM FO R FELO NY AR R ESTEES I G A LV ESTO N C O UNTY
L
N

The pr
ocedur gove ni how t Gal t Count bai s t f i f
es
r ng
he
ves on
y l ys em unctons or
f ony ar e t have cha
el
r s ees
nged dr m a i ly s nce t s l w s tw as i taly fl
a tca l i
hi a ui
nii l ied. A s a
r ul,t f t des rbed bel a e aranged i t ca e i Pas Bai Schedul Polc
es t he ac s c i
ow r r
n wo t gores: t l
e iy
a Cur entBai Schedul Polcy. Pas Ba lSche e Polcy r e st t s t i pl e
nd r
l
e i
t i
dul
i ef r o he ys em n ac
att tm e ofBoot s a r ti Aprl201 Cur e Bai Sche e Polc r e s t t
he i
h' r es n
i
8.
r nt l
dul
i y ef r o he

pr edur utlzed t
oc es ii oday.
Pas Bai Schedul Polc
t l
e i y.A tt tm e ofBoot sa r t G al t Count sbai
he i
h' r es, veson
y'
l
s t m f f l ar es e f toned i t f l i m anner
ys e or e ony r t es unc i
n he olow ng
:

*

A fe a f ony ares ee w ast ken i o c t
tr el
r t
a
nt us ody,t a r tng of i r
he r es i
fce
w oul pr r a pr prnt bai or r f m i ntf ng t c ges
d epa e
e i ed l de or de iyi he har
l vi d agai tt ar es e asw el as abai a ountf ea c ge.
e e
ns he r t e,
l
lm
or ch har

*

I s ti t bai am ount f f ony c ges t a r tng ofi r
n e tng he l
s or el
har , he r es i
fce
w oul cal t i a dit ita t ne w ho w oul t n r
d l he nt ke src tor y,
d he ecom m e a
nd
bond am ountba ed on am ount r l t i a s hedul pr pa ed by
s
s etec ed n c
e e r
7

t Dit i Ator f us by a t neysi hi ofi l t a r t e
he srct t ney or e
tor
n s fce. f he r es e
ha m uli e cha ges t r
d
tpl
r , he ecom m e
nded bai am ount f eac cha ge
l
s or h r
w er added t her
e
oget .
@

Afe t a r tng ofk e compl t t bai or f m ,t f ony
tr he r es i
t r
e ed he l der or he el

a r se c ul bebo e i ot Gave t n Co t j i.
re te o d
ok d nt he l so un y a l
@

Us ly w ihi 24 hour ofi r r ton,a ar esee a
ua l t n
s nca ce a i
n r t ppea ed bef e
r
or
am a s r e f apr
gitat or ocee ng r e r t astm agitaton.' Thi w as
di ef r ed o t
sr i '
4
s

t frttmea ar se wo d a a beo eaj ca ofie . At
he is i n rete ul ppe r f r udiil fc r
m a sr ton,t m agitat w oul brety e ai t cha ge l vi d
git a i he
sr e
d i l xpl n he r s e e
a ns t a r t e,i or t ar esee ofhi basc rght ,i l ng
gai t he r es e nf m he r t
s i i s nc udi

t rg tt r ma n sl n ,a a k t ar se a f w q si ns( e
he i h o e i ie t nd s he re te e ue to Ar
you a Unie St t c tzen? H a you s ved i t ar e f ces
t d a es ii
ve
er
n he m d or ?

Ar yo ou o ba l ora t rofe e ) Th ma itaea s s tbal
e u t n i f nohe f ns ? . e g sr t lo e i
a t s pr
t hi ocee ng. H ow e , t m agit a e di not pos es any
di
ver he
sr t d
s s
fnanci i or a i i catng a a r t s abiiy or i lt t
i
al nf m ton ndi i n r esee'
lt
nabiiy o
m ake bai,nordi t m agi tat i r i o t ar es e sfna al
l
d he
sr e nquie nt he r t e' i nci
sat . A sapr i m at ,t m a sr t r i y adopt t bai
t us
actcal ter he git a e outnel
ed he l
am ount c ai on t bai or f m ,w hi had been com pl t
s ont ned
he l der or
ch
e ed

b t a r sig o fc ri c n unci nwiht i a d src at r y.
y he re tn fi e n o j to t he ntke itit to ne
*

Ar es e w e e notr es ed by couns durng m a sr ton.
r t es r
epr ent
el i
git a i

@

A fe m agi ta i a ar esee woul fnaly ha a opporuniy t
tr
sr ton, n r t
d i l ve n
t t o
com pl t a pa
ee
uper s oat dec arng hi i ge y and r
'
h, l i
s ndi nc
equesi a
tng
courta
ppoi ed a t ney.
nt tor

*

Thene he i w hi woul bet fr the i t ar eseew oul
xt arng, ch
d
he is arng he r t
d
ha cour a
ve
t ppoi ed c
nt ouns ,w oul occura he ef om af w days
el
d
nyw r r
e
t a f w w ee afer m agitaton. Accor ngl i an ar e t w as
o e
ks t
sr i
di y, f
r s ee
unabl t pa t bai s ta m agitaton,t a r t m i be hel
e o y he l e t
sr i he r es ee ght
d
f w ee s el bas on hi i biiy t pay.
or ks ol y ed
s na lt o

4 ( a s r ton' i at nn notf und i t Texa Code ofCr m i lPr dur or e s w he e i t
t git a i ' s e
M
o
n he
s
i na oce e
l e r n he
l w . I Te , t t r s l agit a i ' û nii a
a
n xas he e m s
m s r ton,' û tal ppea a ,' û oba e c e he r ng,'a
i
r nce ' û
pr bl aus a i ' nd
( te e 15.7 he lng' a e ofe us it r ha bl t des rbe t frttme a a r t i
û il
Ar
1 ai ' r l n ed n e c ngea y o e i he is i n resee s

brughtbeor amagitae.Aril l 1 a oft Te CodeofCrmi lPr dur rquie
o
fe
srt
tce 5.7() he xas
i na oce e e r s
a of i rm a ng a a r tt t ihoutunne s a y de a ... a t pe s a r t d ...be or
n fce ki n r es o t t
w
ce s r l y
t ke he r on r es e
f e
s e m agit a e oft count w he e t a c e was a r t d. A ri l 1 1 al o s t f r h t
om
sr t
he
y
r he c us d
r es e ' tc e 5. 7 s e s o t he
'
ba i r s
s c e pons biii and dute ofa m agi ta e a t si ta a ar nc
i ltes
is
sr t t hi nii l ppe a e.

8

Curr Bai Schedul Polc Som e i e a t Boot s ar es a durng t
ent
l
e
i y.
tm fer
h' r t nd
i he
pende y of t s l w s t sgnii nt cha
nc
hi a ui, i fca
nges w e e m a t G al s on Count s
r
de o
ve t
y'
m a sr ton s t m wih t e es goalt brng i i o com plance w ih OD onnel 1
git a i ys e
t he xpr s
o i t nt
i
t
l 1.
The new s t f i asf l s:
ys em unctons olow

@

A fe a f ony a r t i t ken i o cus ody,t ar esi of i r
tr el
r esee s a
nt
t
he r tng fce
pr par a ba lor f m i iyi t cha ges l vi aga ns t
e es
i der or dentf ng he r
e ed i t he
ar e t ,aswel asa bai a ountf e c ge.
r s ee
l
lm
or ach har

@

l s ti t bai am ount f f ony c r ,t ar esi of i r
n e tng he l
s or el
ha ges he r tng fce
cals t i ake dit i a t ney,who r
l he nt
srct tor
ecom m ends a bond am ount
ba ed on am ount r l t i a s dul pr r by t D iti t
s
s efec ed n che e epa ed
he sr c
Ator f us by a t neysi hi of i I t ar e t hasm uli e
t ney or e
tor
n s fce. f he r s ee
tpl
c ge t r om m ended bai a ount f ea c r ar added
har s, he ec
l m
s or ch ha ge e
t her
oget .

@

A fert a r tng of i er com pl es t bai or r f m ,t f ony
t he r es i
fc
et he l de or he el

a r se i bo e i ot Gave t n Co nt j i.
re te s ok d nt he l so u y a l
@

The frt tme a ar se a a s be o e a j c a o sc r i a
is i n re te ppe r f r udiil f e s t
m a sr i
gitaton. Gal t Count m agi ta i occ t i a day at
ves on
y
sr tons ur w ce
7: a. .a 7: p. .G i n t sdaiy s hedul a a r t us l
00 m nd 00 m
ve hi l c
e, n r es ee ualy
a
ppear f m agitaton wihi 1 hour ofi r r ton. Som e i e
s or
sr i
tn 2
s nca ce a i
tm
prort m a s r ton, hear e t i i e vi w ed by a i vi
i o git a i t
r s ee s nt r e
n ndi dualfom
r
t Pe s
he r onalBond Of i e. Cr at d i J y 201 t Per onalBond
fc
e e n ul
8, he s
Of i i r ponsbl f i e e i i vi sa
fce s es
i e or nt rviw ng ndi dual boutt rfna al
hei i nci

c ndii n a t y a e boo d it j i. Durn t s i e v e t
o to s he r
ke n o al
ig hi ntr iw, he
ar esee com pl es a de aied fna al af i vi. Thi de aied
r t
et
t l i nci
fda t
s t l
fna a af i ti i ude i t pac tpr ent t t m a sr t
i nci l fdavi s ncl d n he ke es ed o he git a e
bef e m agi taton.
or
sr i
@

A t m agi ta i t m agi ta e s il e ai t c ges l vi d
sr ton, he
sr t tl xpl ns he har
e e
a ns t ar esee,pr des s at or w a ni s h as t rghtt
gai t he r t
ovi
t ut y r ngs uc
he i o
r m ai sl nt as a f w que tons and s sbai.H ow e ,unde t
e n ie , ks e
si ,
et
l
ver
r he
ne s t m ,a t tm e bai i s tt m a sr t now pos es es t
w ys e
t he i
l s e he git a e
s s he
de a l fnanci afi vi t a r t e com pl e
t ied i
al fda t he r es e
et d.

*

A tt i talbai hea i hel a m a sr i G al s on Count does
he nii
l rng d t gi taton, ve t
y
not pr de def e couns t t e ar esees who ar fna aly
ovi
ens
el o hos r t
e i nci l

9

unabl t af or r pr ent i The e i a wrte polc of i i l
e o f d e es aton.
r s
it n i y fc aly
adopt by t D iti Cour J
ed
he s rct
t udges ef e i Oc obe 1 2018,t t
, f ctve t r ,
ha
m akes cl r t t i gent a r t es do not r ve a nt
ea ha ndi
r es e
ecei
ppoi ed
r es nt ton durng t i talbai hearng.
epr e a i
i he nii
l
i
*

G a ves on Count s w rten polcy pr des t tw ihi 48 hour of
l t
y' it
i
ovi
ha t n
s
m agi ta i ar esees whos fnanci af i t i ca e t t y
sr ton, r t
e i
al fdavis ndi t hat he
w oul notbe abl t pos t am ounts tasbai a e br
d
e o t he
e
l r oughtbef e a
or
m agi ta e f a bai r e hea i A s a pr tcalm ater t sbai
sr t or
l eviw
rng.
ac i
t , hi
l
r ew hea i t caly occ s 1 hour aferm agit a i e t a
evi
rng ypi l
ur 2
s t
sr ton, iher t
7: a. .or 7: p. . The bai r ew hearngs t pl r ght
00 m
00 m
l evi
i
ake ace i
be or t i talm agit a i .
f e he nii
s r tons

*

Att bai r vi w he i G al t Count pr des an i gent
he l e e
arng, veson
y ovi
ndi
ar e t e w ih couns . M or s fcaly,t D it i Cour J
r se
t
el
e pecii l he srct
t udges
a nta sngl def ns l
ppoi
i e e e awyert a
o ppearate l ba lr e docket
ve' i eviw
y
,
a t tator i avaia e t a s a r pr s ar esees a t
nd ha t ney s
l bl o dvi e nd e e ent r t
t he
bai r e hearng. Pror t t bai r vi hearng,a r t ca
l evi w
i
i o he l e ew
i
r es ees n
m ee prvat l w ih t lw ye t di c s t r fna alst ton i
t i e y t he a r o s us hei i nci iua i n
pr r ton f t ba l r vi w hea i
epa a i or he i e e
rng. The def e l wyer i
ens a
s
a nt d f t lm ied pur e ofhandlng t bai r vi hea i
ppoi e or he i t
pos
i he l e ew
rng.

*

A tt bai r ew hea i def
he l evi
rng, ense couns l a a pr ecut m a
e nd
os or ke
a gum e s a pr e evi nce t eiher r
r
nt nd es nt de
o t
educe or m ai ai t
nt n he
pr ous y s tbai a ount Them a sr t i s
evi l e
lm
.
git a e s uppos t e ai t
ed o xpl n he
r on f hi or her deci i eiher i wrtng or ver ly f t
eas or s
son t
n ii
ba l or he
r d.
ecor
PRELI I AR Y ISSUES TO CO N SI
M N
DER

Bef e addr sng t s t i l
or
es i he ubs antve egal i ues whi h w il de e m i whe he
ss ,
c
l t r ne
t r

ij tve r le i a r prae i t s c s ,t Cou tmus r e on s me pr lmi r
n unci eif s pp o it n hi a e he r
t ul
o
e i na y
m aters.
t

A.

EVI
DENTI
ARY I UES
SS

TheDititCou t u e h vefldlng hyo j c i t t de lr to s te
src r J dg s a ie e t b e tons o he c a a ins ubmitd
i s p r ofPlitf sM o in f Pr lmi r I un ton (iqRe uii Co e a I ta
n u po t an if
to or ei na y n c i sc q rng uns l t nii l
Bai H ea i
l rngs.SeeD kt 235.A m ong ot rt ngs t Di ti tCour J
.
he hi , he sr c
t udgescom pl n t t
ai ha
10

t de a a i
he cl r tons l k pr r f
ac
ope ounda i cont i ir e
ton,
a n r elvant i or aton, a adva
nf m i
nd
nce

i o rlg lo nin tsi n n c nsd rn te eo j cins t Cou ti mi f
mprpe e a pi o etmo y.I o ieig h s b e to , he r s ndul
t thepr e ursgo r ngap ei nayij ci aemo er lxe ta t s utlz d
ha t oc d e veni
rlmi r nun ton r r ea d h n ho e iie
a til Aste Unie Sae Su e Co tha n td:û( pr lmi r ij cin i
t ra.
h
td tts prme ur s oe tA1 ei nay nun to s
c t a iy gr nt on t bassofpr
us om r l a ed
he i
ocedur t ta el sf m aland evi neet ti l s
es ha r es or
de
ha s es

c mplt ta i atilo t me is' Uni.o Te .v Came s h,451U. 39 ,39
o ee h n n ra n he rt.
' v f x .
nic
S. 0 5
( 9 1 . TheFit Cic tha f lowe s t sai g û tt pr lmi r ij to sa e
18 )
fh r ui s o l d ui, ttn t he e i na y n unci n t g ,
a
t pr dur s i t di ti cour ar l s f m al a t dit i cour m ay r l on
he oce e n he srct
t e es or , nd he srct
t
ey
ot wie i
her s nadm i s bl e de
s i e vi nce,i udi hea s y evi nce.' Si r Cl Lone St
ncl ng
ra
de ' e ra ub,
ar

Ch ptr v FDI 99 F.d 5 551 ( t Ci.1 3)( iai n omit d . Ditit c u t
a e . C, 2 2 45,
5h r 99 ctto
te ) src s o rs
a os t St e of Te have unior l f l e t gui
cr s he at
xas
f m y olow d he dance pr de by t Fi t
ovi d
he fh

Cic t a c nsd r d e de e a t t mpo a y ij to ph s t two d no b
r ui nd o i e e vi nc t he e r r n unci n a e ha ul t e
adm is bl a ti l Se eg. Compas Bank v D i N o.1 - 576,2018 W L 6733018,
s i e t r a . e, . ,
s
. xon,
1 17-1

a 11n. ( D. x. v.1 ,2 8)tt t t r e o e d n e a we la t pr e r l
t 2 S. Te No 6 01 û h he ul s f vi e c , s l s he oc du a
Bo

prdc ts fr t a miso o e d nc ,c n be rlxe i t ij to c ne t'
e iae o he d sin f vie e a
ea d n he nuncin o tx.)
'
( ia in o te l Tu a ev Ad i s No. 1 - 631 201 W L 481 9 a *1n. ( D.
ctto mit d ; j gu . k n , 4: 8 CV- , 8
60 4, t 2 E.

Te Oc . 201 ) BarJ B Co,I .v x De 'o Tr s ,No.3: 8 CV- 76 201
x. t 4, 8 ,
.
- . nc .Fc . p t f anp.
1 - 05 , 8
WL 2 11 , t11 ( D. x. a 1 , 01 ) Gui db t elnin e i nta ysa da d
97 57 a 1 N. Te M y 5 2 8 . de y h e e t v de i r t n r
i pl ce a t s ea l s a of t pr
n a t hi ry t ge
he oceedi , t Cour s r uct nt t e ude t
ngs he
ti el a o xcl
he
dec a a i pr ded by 800t The Coul,t ef e,ove r est D iti tCour J
l r tons ovi
h.
' her or
t
r ul he s rc
t udges'

e de tayo j ci s
vi n ir be ton .

B.

APPROPRI
ATENESS OFINJUNCTI RELI A GAI T THE DI TRI A TTORNEY
VE
EF
NS
S CT

Pro t a d ig t p ei nay ij ncin he rn t DititAto n y
ir o, nd urn he r lmi r n u to aig, he src tr e
sr n usy a g d t t80 h s ul n tbepe mitd t purue ij tver le a ans
te uo l r ue ha 0t ho d o
r te o s n unci ei f g i t
hi s nce 800t had pr ous y r pr e e t he woul not be s ki a pr i i r
m i
h
evi l e es nt d hat
d
ee ng
elm na y

ij c in a i tt DititAto n y.I ma n t s a g n ,t DititAto n y
n un to gans he src t r e n ki g hi r ume t he src t r e
pr s ed c ea a unm it bl e dence of s h r pr e atons See Dkt 170-1 at 1
e ent l r nd
saka e vi
uc e es nt i .
.

( malfo Boo h' c uns lc fr i t t80 h l e notmo f rr le a a n t(he
e i rm
t s o e on im ng ha 0t l s
do
ve o eif g i s t
Ditit t r e l';1 0- a 1( ma l r m Booh' c uns l tngt tû t nga t he
src Ato n y ' 7 2 t e i fo
l
t s o e no i ha t hi bou t
no

prlmiay ij to h aig c nc r st DititAtor y.... f ryo qu si s
ei n r nuncin e rn o en he src t ne
As o ur e ton
a u ij nci rle a i tt DititAto n y, c n c nfnnt tweaeno s e ng
bo t nu tve eif gans he src tr e 1 a o i ha
r t e ki
pr lmiay ij tver le fo t DA.)
ei n r nunci eif r m he ' .Thefrttmet DititAtone lane
'
is i he src tr y e r d
t a 80 t i tnde t s e ij nc i r le a a n thi i t i c s wa r ug y 1 da
h t 0 h n e d o e k n u tve e if g i s m n h s a e s o hl 0 ys

beo e t tmpo ay ij ton he rng whe 80 t s mie a pr po e ode f r
fr he e rr nunci
ai
n 0h ub t d
t
o sd r r o
ij nci r le a k n t r sr i t DititAtor y,a we la ot rpa te . l lgh
n u tve e if s i g o e tan he src t ne s l s he ri s n i t
oft cl arr es nt tonsm adeby Boot scouns ,on w hi h t D it i A tor r i
he e epr e a i
h'
el
c he srct t ney eled

b no s bmitngab ifo sn t o i na prlmi r ij to mo in,iwoul b
y t u ti
re ppo ig he rgi l ei nay nuncin to t d e
pa enty unf r t alow 800t t c
t l
ai o l
h o hange cour e at t l t m i e a ac i y s k
s
he as nut nd tvel ee

ij nci er le a i tt DititAto ne Ac o digl t e Cou tr f s st c nsd r
n u tv ei f gans he src t r y. c r n y, h
r eu e o o ie
Booh' e e nt ho r q s f rij nci r le a i t heDititAto n y.
t s lve h ur e ue t o n u tve e if gans t
src t r e
I
NJUN CTI N STAN DA RD
O

To o t i pr lmi r ij tver le , t h st b de o d mon ta i ( )
b a n e i na y n unci eif 800h a he ur n f e sr tng: 1
as sa i llk lho t the wilpr valo t e m e is ( a s t n i lt r a t a he
ub tnta i e i od ha
l e i n h rt ; 2) ubsa ta h e t h t

wils fe irpaa eij yi t ij nci i no g a e ( t thi t e tne ij y
l u fr re rbl nur f he nu ton s t rntd; 3) ha s hrae d nur
o weg t tr ae d ham t t e he s e t e j n'a ( t tg a tng t
ut ihs he h e tne r o hos
e ks o noi , nd 4) ha rni he
p ei na y ij nci n i i t pu i ' i e e t Se PC1Tr ns ,l c v Fo tWo t t
r lmi r n u to s n he blc s ntr s. e
a p. n . . r rh t
IlR. Co , 8F.d 5 5 ( t Ci. 05 .l 80 t f ist c ry t ebu d n t n a
' R. . 41 3 35, 45 5 h r 20 ) f 0 h al o a r h r e t ny
r
'
o

o ofghee furp ee uiie , prlmi r ij ci ma n is , n i is d wil
ne t s) o rr q sts a ei nay nun ton y otsue a d f sue , l
beva a e ' An r o v Do gl s & Lo s n Co ,8 F. 1 1 ( t Ci.1 8)
c t d. de s n . u a
'
ma o . 35 2d 28, 33 5 h r 98
(n ena q tto ma ksa ct ton o te .
i tr l uo ai n r nd ia i mit d)
The U nie St t Supr m e Cour and t Fit Cicui ha ca i
t d a es
e
t
he fh r t ve utoned r pea edl
e t y

t taprlmiayij ncin i apo rulrme yt beusds rngl i c s swihas t
ha ei n r nu to s wef e d o
e pai y n a e t e
o e ta r naycru tnc s Se Wi e v NatRe . f Cou i, nc, U. 7 22
f xro di r ic msa e . e ntr . . s De
nclI .555 S. ,
(00 )(t j tver le gs a e ta di r rme t tma o y bea r e upo a
2 8 tnunci eif ij n xror nay e dy ha y nl
i
wad d n
c e rs o ng t tt pl itf i e tte t s c r le .)( iai n omit d ;ODon l 1,
la h wi ha he an if s n ild o u h e if' ctto
'
te l
nel 1

8 2 F. a 1 5 (t j nci rle i a d atcrme y,n t b a id a amatrof
9 3d t 5 tn u tve eif s rsi e d ot o e pple s
i
te
c ure' (ntr l q t ton ma ks a ct ton o itdl Ho l nd Am. I . Co v
o s ' i ena uo a i
)
r nd ia i m te ; la
ns . .

Su c sino y, 7F.d9 , 7(t Ci.1 5)(ûnunci rle i a e ta r nay
c e so fRo 77 2 92 99 5h r 98 i j tve eif s n xro di r
l
and dr tc r m edy,not t be gr ed r i y,but onl w he t m ova ,by a cl
as i e
o
ant outnel
y
n he
nt
ear

s wig,c rist b de o pe s so ' ( ia in omit d . Eve i 800 h e t bls e
ho n a re he ur n f rua i n.) ctto
'
te )
n f t sa ih s

a1o prrqustst apr lmi r ij ncin,hed cso t grn o de aprlmi r
lfur ee iie o ei nay nu to t e iin o a t r ny ei nay
ij nci n r mansd s r ton r wih t dititc r. Se Mis Po r t Li Co.v
n u to e i ic e i a y t he src ou t e s . we f ght
.
Unie Ga Pi ln Co. 76 F. 6l ,6 1( t Ci.1 5) I s r,ûll d c so t
td s pe ie , 0 2d 8 2 5 h r 98 . n ho t û he e iin o
t

grntapr l nay ij c i n i t b te td a t e e e to r t rt n t r e' f .
a
ei r n un to s o e r a e s h xc p in ahe ha he ul. J
mi
'
( ia in omit d .
ctto
te )

LEG A L A NA LY SIS

I hi r q s f r a pr lmi r ij c i n, 80 t s e t vi c t t e
n s e ue t o
ei na y n un to
0 h e ks o ndiae hr e
s bsa tve f de a rg s ( )t e rgh a ans we lh ba e de e in,a ii o tofa
u tn i e r l i ht : 1 h i t g i t at - s d t nto rsng u
conver nce oft Fourtent A m endm ents EqualPr ecton and Due Pr s Cl es;
ge
he
e h
'
ot i
oces aus

( t rgh a ans t d prvai n o t f a nt li e e ti pr ti llbe t aii
2) he i t g i t he e i to f he und me a nt r s n era i ry, rsng
u e t e DuePr c s Clus a o ;a d ( t e rg tt c ns l a ii u rt Sit
nd r h
o e s a e l ne n 3) h i h o ou e , rsng nde he x h
Am endm ent
.
A.

W EALTHBASED I PRI
M
SONM ENT:D UE PROCESSAND EQUAL PROTECTI
ON
I t s cas ,800t cl m s t Gal t Count s Cur e Bai Sc
n hi
e
h ai hat ves on
y'
r nt l hedul Polc
e
iy

vi a est EqualPr e i and D ue Pr sCl esbec e isû a i e i t or rba l
ol t he
ot cton
oces aus
aus t û ctc s o de i
pr
unde a pr t m i
r
ede er ned m i m um bai s
ni
l chedul w ihout a hea i and wihout a
e t
r ng,
t
ny

me n n ul o i e a in ofo he pos i eat r tve . Dkt 3 1a 21(n e na q t to
a i gf c nsd r to
t r sbl le nai s' . - t it r l uo a in
'
ma ksa ct ton o te ) Thi i s sa tal smia t t a g n c sde e i
r nd ia i mit d . s s ub t n ily i lr o he r ume t on i r d n
ODo e l 1 , whe e t Fi Cic i e pl i d t t ûgj f da e a s ur e
nn l 1
r he hh r u t x ane ha lthe un m nt l o c
c siu i na dei in yi t d pr e sa de ua pr t ci na l e i t s m e ( he
on tt to l tce c n he ue oc s n q l o e to nays s s he a : Tl
Count s m ec ca applc i of t s ur bai s hedul w ihout r d f t
y'
hani l
i aton
he ec ed
l c
e t
egar or he
i vi lares ee' pe s
ndi dua r t s r onalcicum s a
r
t nces' 892 F. a 1
.'
3d t 63.
W er t f t i t scas s t i l sm ia t t f ct cons der i OD onnel
e he ac s n hi e ubsantaly i l r o he a s
i ed n
l
1 ,t Cour woul ha no pr e fndi t t800t hass
1 he
t
d ve
obl m i ng ha
h
hown a s t ntallkelhood
ubs a i i i
ofs edi on t m e is. See e. ,D ave v.D alas C/ ,341F.Supp.3d 688,694-95
ucce ng
he rt
, g.
s
l
y.

( . Te 201 )( ppl ng ODon l 1 ba e o s sa tal smia f c s. Ho ve ,
N D. x. 8 a yi
nel 1 s d n ub t n i ly i lr a t) we r
t si nott eas her
hi s
he e e.
14

G al s on Count s fc l m odel d is Cur e Bai Sche e Polcy afert
ve t
y pecii aly
e t
r nt l
dul
i
t he

s gg se p ei n r ij ncint Fit Cic tpr vi di ODo l1.Se 89 F.
u etd r lmiay nu to he fh rui o de n
nnel 1 e 2 3d
a 164-66. Prort m agitaton,a r t es i Gal t Count ar now i e vi w ed by
t
i o
sr i
r es e n
ves on
y e
nt r e
t Per onal Bond O f i a a fnanci afi vi i c
he
s
fce nd i
al fda t s ompl t a pr e e t t
e ed nd es nt d o he
m a sr e.Furt , al t Count now pr de an i vi i ba lr vi hea i
gitat
her G veson
y
ovi s ndi dualzed i e ew
rng

w ihi 48 hour of m agita i w her t a r t i r pr e ed by couns and ca
t n
s
s r ton,
e he r es ee s e es nt
el
n
pr ent e denc and m ake ar e s conce ni t r ducton of bai. A nd at t
es
vi e
gum nt
r ng he e i
l
he
c uson oft bai r vi w hearng,t m agitat i s
oncl i
he l e e
i he
s r e s uppose t e ai t r on f
d o xpl n he eas or
hi orhe decii eihe i wrtng orver l f t r d.Thi ne pr ss m i y
s
r
s on t r n ii
baly or he ecor
s w oces ee ngl
s ts i t r r ent l d out i OD onnel I , ie. Gal t Count pr de
a ifes he equiem s ai
n
l 1 . , ves on
y ovi s
i vi i he i
ndi dualzed arngs afe w hi m agitat ha t is fc l enunci e t r
tr
ch
s r es ve o ûpecii aly
at hei

i di d lz d c s -pe ii r a o f gmposngba l, a d t epr c d r sr qu r d f
n viuai e , a e s c fc e s ns or i i ij' n h o e u e e ie or
'
s h hea i i l û i e,an opporuniy t be hear a s
uc
rngs nc ude ç c
not
t t o
d nd ubm i e denc w ihi 48
t vi e t n
hour ofares ,and a r oned deci i by an i pari de s onm a .'f at1 1
s
r t
eas
son
m tal cii
ker' J. 60, 63.

At t pr lmi a y ij nc in he rng, 800 h pr s n e a g n s a s me
he e i n r n u to a i
t e e t d r ume t nd o
e i e c c t sig ( )t ee tnt owhiht sne pr c s h sbe n i e n e ( t
v d n e on e tn 1 h x e t c hi w o e s a e mplme t d; 2) he
ext t whi h t m agita es a ot rG al t Count per onnela e t t new
ent o
c he
sr t nd he
ves on
y s
dher o he

p o e s a ( )whehe t ene p oc s ha c ng d baldee mi a i n o t o e i a y
r c s ; nd 3
t r h w r e s s ha e i tr n to u c m s n n
m eani ulway snce is ale
ngf
i
t l ged i em ent ton. Bas on t evi nce pr ent t
mpl
ai
ed
he de
es ed hus

f r t Cour ca
a , he
t nnot c l t t800t has a s t i lkelhood ofs ces on t s
onc ude ha
h
ubsantal i i
uc s
hi

cam.80 t ha no c ridteb de of rua ins fce tt usiyt e ror nay
li
0h s t are h ur n pes so ufiin oj tf he xta di r
a dr tc r edy he s ks.
nd as i em
ee s
B.

PRETRI LI
AL BERTY:PROCEDURAL D UE PROCESS

The Cour r hes a s m iar concl i w ih r s t t Boot s D ue Pr s
t eac
i l
us on t e pec o
h'
oce s

a gum e se ng t vi c e hi rghtt pr rallbery.
r
nt eki o ndi at s i o eti i t

TO s c e d O a p oc du a du pr e st or 680 t mus s o :( )t tt e e
u c e n r e r l e oc s he y, 0 h
t h w 1 ha h r
e ss a lb ry o pr pe t rg t tha be n i rng d b t S a e a ( t tt e
xit ie t r o ry i ht ha s e nfi e y he t t ; nd 2) ha h
pr edur pr ec i t trghtw e e consiutona l defci nt See OD onnel 1 ,892 F.
oc es ot tng ha i
r
tt i ly i e .
l1
3d
atl57.

By no a a r se ' (n a c e who ha no be n c nv ce o a c i e pr til
w, n re t e s a c us d
s t e o i td f rm ) era
lbe t i e es i a w el- e
i ry nt r t s
lr cogni l galrght Thus i e uatng Boot s lkelhood of
zed e
i .
, n val i
h' i i
s ss t s i i s i w hehert pr
ucce , he alent s ue s
t he ocedur i pl adequa el pr ec t rght
es n ace
t y ot t hat i .
A lhough OD onnel 1 w as notconf ont w ih a diec a gum ent bas on t
t
l1
r ed t
r t r
ed
he
a r t s pr ti lbery i er t as i t cas he e,OD onnel 1 none hel s i cat
r esee' e ral i t nt es , s he e r
l1
t es ndi ed
t t t pr
ha he ocedur saf gua ds i announce s d appl w ih equal f c t s h an
al e r t
d houl
y t
or e o uc

a g m e . S e i a 1 9 ( s rbi g t pr e ur ls f g r dic s d a ve a tr
r u nt e d. t 5 de c i n he oc d a a e ua ds s us e bo , fe
notng t ha t lbery i e es oft ar eseeshe e a e pa tcul l i por a :t r ghtt
i û t he i t nt r t he r t
t
r r r i ary m t nt he i o

5Thi de e na i s d not co t ue asacom m e on t uli a e m e isofBoo h' cl i .
s t nni ton houl
be ns r d
nt he tm t rt
t s am
Att s tm e,t Co to y c i r Boot s lke i
hi i
he ur nl ons de s
h' i lhood of s ce s bas o t e denc now
uc s
ed n he vi e
bef e t Court
or he
.
6 800t i s fce l cla t t hi ar
h s ufi inty e r ha s gume i pr dur i naur ç ai if her s k
nt s oce al n t e: s ntf
pl
e ee s
pr dur pr e i no f om t de i ton oft tsa e lbery i e es ,butf om de i ton
oce al ot cton, t r he prva i
ha t t i t nt r t
r
pr va i
of t i f de a s t ntve due pr s r g t pr r a lbe t a r g a i t w e t ba ed
he r e r l ubs a i
oce s i ht o eti l i ry nd i ht ga ns alh- s

dee i ' Dkt3- a 291. (mphassa
tnton.
' . 1 t 122 e
i dded)
.

pr tillbe t oft s a c e (ha i, e u d inoc n )ofmide a rc i su n
era i ry ho e c us d t t s pr s me n e t
s me no rme po
t c ur' r c i ofr a o b ea s a eoft i r t )( ia i omit d .800 h s e s
he o ts e ept e s na l s ur nc her eunf' c tton te )
t ek
pr dur s e r t tw oul go a ltl bi f t rt n t e a
oce al af gua ds ha
d
ite t urhe ha hos nnounce i OD onnel
d n
l

I butt Cour i notc ncedt t Consiuton mandaess a ext i Tobe
h
he
ts
onvi
hat he
tt i
t uch n enson.
c ea ,t Fit Cic ti OD onnel 1 cl ry e ai t is anal i oft pr dur s
l r he fh r ui n
l 1 ea l xpl ned hat t
ys s he oce e
r quied t m ee c tt i
e r o
t ons iutonalm us erw asgui d by t Consiuton,as o
t
de
he
tt i
ppos d t sat
e o t e
lw .See i Thos s m epr edur s
a
d.
e a
oc es eem t have be i pl ent by G al t Count
o
en m em ed
ves on
y
i t scas Gi t tOD onnel 1 r
n hi
e. ven ha
l 1 ecogni d a ares ee' pr t i lbery rghtbef e
ze n r t s e ral i t i
or
de i tng t pr
lnea i he ocedur asade e t sa i f pr edur due pr s t Cour i not
es
quat o ts y oc
al
oces , he
ts
convi d t tt Consiuton r r m or Thus as t t s cl m ,t Cour ca
nce ha he
tt i equies
e.
, o hi ai he
t nnot
conc udet t800t hasa s t ntalIkelhood ofs
l
ha
h
ubs a i i i
ucces .
s
C.

RI
GHT TO COUNS AT AN I TI BAI H EARI SI
EL
NI AL
L
NG: XTH AM ENDM ENT

800t ne cont ndst tt a ence ofcourtappoi e c
h xt
e
ha he bs
nt d ouns a t tm e ofan
el t he i

i ta balh a i g ( n a lge c iia sa oft epr e uton vi ae a a r se srg
niil i e rn a le d rtc l t ge h os c i ) olt s n re te' i ht
t c
o ouns lunde t Si h Am e
e
r he xt
ndm e . l r pons t D it it Cour J
nt n es
e, he src
t udges a t
nd he

Dit itA tor a guet t Si h A m endm entdoesnotr r coursrc t ney r
hat he xt
equie
tappoi ed couns
nt
el
t bepr e att i talbai- etng hea i 7
o
es nt he nii
ls ti
rng.
1. 800t H as Show n a Li i
h
kelhood ofSuc son t M er t
ces
he
is

800h brn a c am und r28 U. C.j 1 83. k ci n 1 3 pr v de a r me y
t i gs l i
e
S.
9
ç to 98 o i s e d
se
a ns û ny per
gai t a
son'who,unde col ofs a e lw ,deprves a herofrght pr ec ed by
r or t t a
i
not
i s ot t
1 Curousl , Ga ve t Count di not t l a oppos ton t Pl i i f s M oton f Pr lm i r
i y
l s on
y d
ie n
ii o a ntf
i or e i na y

I to gilRe rngCouns latI ta BalHe rngs
nuncin sc quii
e niil i ai .

t Co ttton. Colisv Ci o
he nsiui ' ln . t fHar e Heghs 50 U. 1 5 1 ( 9 ) Se to
'
y
k r i t, 3 S. 1 , 20 1 92 . cin
1
983 i nota i pendents ce of cons iutonalor s at or r ght . I t
s
n nde
our
tt i
t ut y i s ns ead,Se i
cton
1 s mpl pr des a ca e ofac i f gover ent vi atonsofr ght pr e ed by
983 i y ovi
us
ton or
nm al ol i
i s ot ct

t Co t uto o ohe f de a sauts Se Al rght .O/v r 51 U. 26 271( 99 .
he nsi in r t r e r l tt e . e b i v jc , 0 S. 6,
t
1 4)
To s c e d o a S c in 1 3 c am,800 h û t s w t t( ) a ofi ilpolc (
u c e n e to 98 li
t ç
mus ho ha 1 n fca iy 2)
pr m u g td byt mu cpa polc ke ( )wa t mo n f r eb hi t vi a in
o l ae
he ni i l iyma r 3 s he vig o c e nd he olto

ofac nsi ina rg . Pee s v Ci o r Wo t 5 F. 8 8, 47(t Ci. 00
o tt o l iht' tron . t fFo t rh, 88 3d 3 8 5h r 2 9)
ut
'
y
( ia i omit d .
ctton te )
The fr t el m ent a of i a polcy i e iy m et The e i a wrten polcy,
is e
n fci l i
s as l
.
r s
it
i
ef e i Oct r 1 2018, om ul t by t Count Cour a La Judgesa t Di ti t
f ctve obe ,
pr
ga ed
he
y
tt w
nd he sr c
Cour J
t udgesf G a veson Count c ea i i
or l t
y, r tng û
count wi pr edur ,r es a or r '
y de oc
es ul nd de s'
f t appoi m entof c
or he
nt
ouns f i gentacc ed per ons i Gal t Count Dkt
el or ndi
us
s
n
ves on
y.
.
185- at4. Thatw rten polc r e r t by 800t ast G a veson Count I ge
43
it
i y, ef r ed o
h
he l t
y ndi nt
Def e Pl e es l i tuc s Gal t Count ofi al t pr de def e couns
ens an, xpr sy nsr t
ves on
y fci s o ovi
ens
el

a rt i ta bal ai a beo et bal e iw he rng.Se i a 1
he he niil ihe rng nd f r he ir ve ai
e d. t 9.
The s cond el e - a m uni i l polcym a
e
em nt
cpa
i
ker i al o s i i
s s atsfed. W he t
n he
Dit itCour J
src
t udgesadopt t G a ves on Count l ge Def ns Pl t w e e not
ed he l t
y ndi nt e e an, hey r

a tng i t i j diilc pa iy,bu rt rtn t i c pa iy a c uny polc k r.
ci n her u ca a ct t ahe û her a ct s o t iyma e s'
i
'
ODonnelI 892F. at156.Se al 800t v.Galeson C/. 352 F.Supp.3d 71 744
lh
3d
e so
h
v t
y,
,
8,

( D.Te 2 1 )( di t tt DititCo tJ dge a e polc ke sf rpos-re t
S. x. 0 9 hol ng ha he src ur u s r iyma r o ta r s
pr c ie ) I s r,t Ga v so Co t l i e tDe e e Pln i a o fc a po iy
a tc s . n ho t he l e t n un y nd g n f ns a s n fii l lc
pr ul t by a Count polcym a t t bec e t drvi f ce behi a alege
om ga ed
y
i
ker ha
am he i ng or
nd n l d
18

consiutonalvi a i Becaus t D it i Cour J
tt i
ol ton.
e he s rct
t udge w er actng a polcym aker
s
e i s i
s
f Gal t Count i de er i ng w he i ge def
or veson
y n t m ni
n ndi nt endant r ve couns , t r
s ecei
el hei

a to c ns b e tGavetnCo t t la lt u rS cin 1 3.
cins a u j c l so uny o ibiiy nde e to 98
Thatl ave t t r el e - vi aton ofa cons iutonalrght f t Cour t
e s he hid em nt ol i
tt i
i - or he
to

addr s 800t as e t t hi Si h A m endm ent rght t couns has bee vi a ed
es .
h s r s hat s xt
i
o
el
n ol t
beca e Gal t Count r us s t pr de i gentdef
us
ves on
y ef e o ovi ndi
endant w ih a
s t ppoi ed couns
nt
el
untlafe an i talbai hea i
i tr
nii
l rng. To a yze t lkelhood of 800t pr lng on t
nal
he i i
h evaii
he
m e is of hi Si h A m e entcl m ,i i neces ar t s a wih t t xtoft Unied
rt
s xt
ndm
ai t s
s y o t rt t he e
he
t

S a e Co tt to TheSi hAme dme t o de ,nr lv n pa tt a ûlj al rmi l
t ts nsiu in.
xt
n n pr vi s i ee a t r, h t tin 1c i na

pr e uins t a c e s l e j yt rgh ...t ha t Asitnc o Cou e f r
osc to ,he c us d hal n o he i t
o ve he ssa e f ns l o
hi de e e' U. CONS AME V1 Alho gh t e Si t Ame dme tc n ansj t1
s f nc . S.
'
T. ND. . t u h x h
n n o t i us 9
w or conc ni t rghtt couns ,t i pora
ds
er ng he i
o
el he m
tnce of t t t ca
ha ext nnotbe m i m i
ni zed.

To t s e t Supr e Cour has e es l r
hi nd, he
em
t
xpr sy ecogni t rghtt t a sit nce of
zed he i
o he s s a
couns guar e by t Si h Am e
el
ant ed
he xt
ndm e ti i s ns e t t f radm i sr ton of
nt ûs ndipe abl o he ai
nit a i

o a ve s ra s t m o c i n l usie.
ur d r a il yse f rmi a j tc '
'Mai v Mou t n, 4 U. 1 9,1 ( 98 )
ne . lo 47 S. 5 68 1 5 .
tEm bodyi û r lsi r
û
ng a ea itc ecognii oft obvi tut t tt a age def nda does
ton
he
ous r h ha he ver
e nt
notha t pr es onall ls l t pr ecthi s f't rghtt c
ve he of si
ega kil o ot
m el, he i o ouns s egua dst
el af r he
ot rrght dee e es entalf t f rpr ecuton ofa c i i pr
he i s m d s i or he ai os i
r m nal oceedi ' 1 at1
ng.' d. 69

( u igJo s v Ze b t 30 U. 458 46 -6 ( 9 ) .
q otn hn on . r s , 4 S. , 2 3 1 38 )
The Supr e Cour ' r
em
ts ecognii oft Si h Am endm ent srghtt c
ton
he xt
' i o ouns da e
el t s

ba t 1
ck o 932,w hen t hi c tel nty and em phatcaly s a ed:
he gh our oque l
i l tt

The rghtt be hear w oul be,i m any cas ,ofltl a li i di not
i
o
d
d
n
es
ite vai f t d
com pr he t rght t be hear by couns . Even t i eli nt a
e nd he i
o
d
el
he nt lge nd
educa ed l a has s al a s e i esno s l i t s enc ofl . I
t aym n
m l nd om tm
kil n he ci e aw f
cha ged wih crm e,he i i pa e,gene aly,of det r i ng f hi s f
r
t i
s nca bl
r l
e m ni or m el
w het t i ct e i good or bad. He i unf m ii w ih t r es of
her he ndi m nt s
s a lar t he ul
evi nce. Lef w ihoutt ai ofcouns he m ay be puton t i w ihout a
de
t t
he d
el
ral t
pr r cha ge, a c
ope
r
nd onvi t upon i
c ed
ncom pet nt e denc or evi nce
e vi e,
de
ir l vantt t is orot r s i
ree
o he s ue
he wi e nadm isbl H e l ksbot t s l and
s i e.
ac
h he kil
know l dge ade el t pr pa e hi def e,e t
e
quat y o e r s ens ven hough he ha ape f t
ve
r ec
one. Her quiest gui ng ha ofcouns ate y stp i t pr eedi
e r he di
nd
el ver e n he oc ngs
agai thi .
ns m

Powe lv Al ama,28 U.
l . ab
7 S.45,68 ( 93 ( mp ss a de ) Se alo Gie n v
-69 1 2) e ha i d d . e s d o .

Waiwrkht 37 U. 335 3 ( 963 r c gnii t t vi us tu h't t ûn o r
n l , 2 S. , 44 1 )(e o zng he û o r t ' ha t u
ob
i

a vesr s tm ofc i na j sie a pes nhae i oc r whoi topo rt hiea
d ray yse
rmi l u tc , ny ro ld nt ou t
so o o r
lwye , c nno b a s e a f i ti lunls c u e i pr de f r hi .) Ak v
a r a t e s ur d ar ra e s o ns l s ovi d o m ' ' e .
',
Okah
l oma, 70U. 68 77( 98 )( xpli ng t ti c s sivol ngt rg so i di nt
4
S. , 1 5 e ani ha n a e n vi he iht f n ge
c i i l def ndant , s h as G i
rm na
e
s uc
deon, tl e nigf a c s t j tc ha b e t
ûmla n ul c e s o usie s e n he

c nsse tte 'oft c ur' j rs ud nc be a et c ur çe o ie lnga t t
o itn h me' he o ts u ipr e e c us he o tû c gnz d o go ha
r
m e e acces t t courhous door doe notby is fas ur a pr
r
s o he
t e
s s
t el s e
operf toni oft
unc i ng he
adve s r pr es ,a t a crm i ti i f
r a y oc s nd hat i nal ral s undam ent l unf i i t St e pr eds
aly
a r f he at oce
a ns a i gentdef
gai t n ndi
endantw ihoutm aki ce t n t thehasacc st t r m a eral
t
ng rai ha
es o he aw t i s

i e r l ot b l ngofa e f di de e e'.
ntg a t he uidi
n fe ve fns '
)
Ii i
t s ndubiabl t t rght t couns i c ii ldurng a ac ualti ,w hen
t e hat he i
o
el s rtca
i n t
ral
e dencem us be s
vi
t ubm it i a i i e f m , ines e m us be e
ted n dm ssbl or w t s s
t xam i and a gum e
ned
r
nt

pes sveyprsntdt tef cfn r whehe ibeaj geo j y.Buta t Su r me
rua i l e e e o h a tide, t r t
ud r ur
, s he p e
Cour r cogni i Powel and alt ofot rcas t oughoutt year ,couns i alo
te
zed n
l
iany
he
es hr
he
s
el s s
r r tatever sage of a crm i pr
equied û
y t
i nal oceedi w her s t i r ght of a c i i l
ng
e ubs antal i s
rm na
20

a c e ma be a f ce ' M e v Rha 38 U. 1 ,1 ( 9 ) Se alo M is r
c us d y fe t d. mpa . y, 9 S. 28 34 1 67 . e s s ou i
'

v Fr , 66U. 1 4,1 ( 2 (ût swels tldt tt rgh t t e f ci a ssa e
. yc 5
S. 3 40 201 ) û i l ete ha he i t o he fe tve s itnc
l
ofc un e a ple t c ran se be o eti l' ' o t n,4 U. a 1 0 (û de i e a
o s l p is o e ti tps f r ra .) M ulo 74 S. t 7 ûo prv
',
t
per on of c
s
ouns durng t pe i pr or t t i m a be m or dam agi t n deni of
el i he r od i o ral y
e
ng ha
al

c ns ld ig t eti lis l )
ou e urn h ra te f'.
TheSupr e Cour hascl ary s a ed t tç crm i def nda ' i tala
em
t
e l t t ha : i nal e nts nii ppea anc
a
r e

beo eaj iilofs e,wheehelanst c r ea ans hi a hi lbet i s j c
fr udca tc r
r e r he hag g i t m nd s i ry s ube t
t rsrcin,makstesa to a ves r j diil o e dn ta ti e t atc n
o etito
r h tr f d ray u ca pr c e igs h t rgg r he ta hme t
oft Si h Amendmentrghtt couns . Rotgey v.Gils eC@. 554 U. 191 213
he xt
i o
el'
' h r
lepi
,
S. ,

( 08 . Tha do sn t ho v r me n t ta c i na d f nd n i e ild t c ns la
20 )
t e o , we e , a ha rmi l e e a t s ntte o ou e s
s n a t Si h Am e m e rgh at c s Se i a 21 -1 ( io,J,c nc ri
oo s he xt
nd nt i t ta he . e d. t 3 4 Alt . o u rng)
(û-l tr tta hme t sg fe nohi g mo e t a t e be nni oft de e nts
ûg-he e m at c n ' i niis t n
l
r h n h gi ng he fnda '
pr ec i l doesnotm a k t be nni ofa s t ntve enttem entt t as it
os uton. t
r he gi ng
ubs a i
il
o he ss ance

ofc ns l'. Rahe ,t e Su e Co tha hed t tt ol c at c n oc u s t
ou e .) t r h pr me ur s l ha û n e ta hme t c r , he
'
l
ac ed atl as i entted t t pr e ofa nt d c
cus
e t s il o he es nce
ppoi e ouns dur ng a ç ii s a
el i ny crtcal t ge'

oft epo tta hme tpr c e i . 1 a 21
h sat c n o e dngs' d. t 2.Se alo M ont o v Lo sa 55 U.
'
e s
e . uiina, 6 S.
j

7 ,78 ( 09 (û Sit Ame dme tg r nt e ade e da t rg t ha c un e
78 6 20 ) ûhe x h
t
n n ua a e s f n nt he iht o ve o s l
p e e ta alçrtc lsa e 'oft c i na p o e d n ' ( ii g Unie St tsv Wa ,
r s n t l c iia t g s he rmi l r c e i gs' ctn
)
td a e . de
38 U. 21 , - ( 9 )a Po l,28 U. a 5 .
8 S. 8 227 28 1 67 nd we l 7 S. t 7)
Thus t ce r lques i i t scas i whet a i talbai hea i cons iut a
, he nt a
ton n hi
es
her n nii
l rng
tt es
ûc ii als a 'ofa crm i pr edi I a bai hea i i a ûc ii s a ' G al t
trtc t ge'
i nal oce ng. f
l rng s ûrtcal t ge,' veson
Count m us pr de an i ge def nda w ih couns ata ba lhearng. 1 ,on t ot
y
t ovi
ndi nt e nt t
el
i
i
f
he her

hand,a bai he i i nota ûc ii s a ' Gal t Count i unde no oblgaton t
l arng s
çrtcal t ge,' ves on
y s
r
i i o
appoi couns lt a i ge def nda f ng abai hea i
nt
e o n ndi nt e nt aci
l r ng.
Sow ha exa l i a Gcrtcals age'? I sm pl t r s a i ii alsage'i ça se of
t cty s û ii t ' n i e e m , û tc t ' s û t p
cr

ac i i l o e di ... ha hr ds sg fc n c ns que e f rt a c s d. Be lv
rm na pr c e ng t t ol ) i nii a t o e nc s o he c u e ' l .
'

Co ,5 U. 68 6 ( 2)( ia i somit d . Ast Su r me Co r e pl i d i
ne 35 S. 5, 96 200 ct ton
te )
he p e
u t x ane n
Rot r t hecas havedefned crtc sage a pr edi bet een an i vi
hge y, û
t
es
i
ii al t s s oce ngs w
ndi dualand

a n soft e Stt ( t rf r lo i o l i c r o ou )t ta un t ti llk
ge t h ae whehe o ma r nf nna, n ou t r t ha mo t o ra-i e
conf ont tons a whi h c
r a i , t c ouns w oul hel t ac ed i copi w ih l galpr em sor
el
d p he cus n
ng t e
obl

me tng hi a ve s r ' 55 U. a 21 n.6 (n e na q t ton ma k a ctto
ei s d ra y.
' 4 S. t 2 1 i t r l uo a i
r s nd iai ns

o te ) Se alo Wad ,38 U. a 227 ( x an n t tt ç rtc lsa ' a l i
mi d . e s
t
e 8 S. t
e pli i g ha he ç ii a t ge' nayss
c

rq r sac ur t deemi t eh rpoe ta s sa ta prj c t d fn ntsrg s
e uie o to tr ne û te tnil ub tnil eudie o ee da ' iht
wh
i es i t pari ar conf ont ton and t a lt of couns t hel a d t t
nher n he
tcul
r ai
he biiy
el o p voi ha

peu c -)Mc f ev Th e , F.d38 3 (t Ci. 1 (û iia sa gq' c u
rj die' ; A e . alr 630 3 3, 91 5h r201 ) û tc l tges'o c r
'
cr
û he e ûhe acc ed r r ai i copi w ih lgalpr em s or as it nce i m ee i
û r t
w
us equied d n
ng t e
obl
ss a
n
tng

h s a ve s r 'a t tubsa ta rgh s o t a c s d ma be a f c e ') ( o i g
i d r a y, nd he s t n i l i t f he c u e
y
fe td.' qu tn
'
Unie St e v As 41 U. 3 ,311( 97 ) Pu a t e wa ,t tma e a sa
td ats . h, 3 S. 00
1 3). t no h r y t
wha k s tge
c ii li w ha s st nee f c
rtca s
t how he d or ouns ' pr ence. Rot r 554 U . at212.
els es
'
' hge y,
S.
A m ong t sages of a crm i pr edi t have be dee e S ii ' f
he t
i nal oce ng hat
en
m d t tcal' or
cr

Si h Am e me tpu pos si l e p e i nay he rng ( e Colma v Al ama 39
xt
nd n r e ncud r lmi r a i s s e e n . ab , 9
U. 1 1 ( 97 ) a r inme t (e Hamit v Al ama, 68 U. 5 5 ( 961 ) pla
S. , 0 1 0); rag n s s e
lon . ab
3
S. 2, 4 1 ). e
,
ne ta i s(e Fr ,5 U. a 1 9) po tn c me i ntfc ton lne ps(e Wa ,
go iton s e ye 66 S. t 3 . si dit nt de ii a i i u s e de
,
38 U . a 23 .g l pl a (e Ar r ige v Ha i 407 U. 25 34 ( 97 ) a
8 S. t 7) uit e s s e ge sn r . mln,
, y
S. , 1 2); nd

po tnd cme tit ro to (e Mas i v Unie St e ,37 U. 2 ,2 ( 9 4).
si it n n e r gai ns s e sah . td ats 7 S. 01 05 1 6 )
The ear com m on t m esr
r e
he
unni t ough t e cas
ng hr
hes
es.Fors a t r ,com pet ntcouns i
tre s
e
el s

nec s r t hel a def nda navi t t com plcat d, teac ous a ohentm es
es a y o p
e nt
ga e he
i e r her
nd,
i ,

c nf i lnd c pe oft c i na j tc s tm. A dee da c nno ber a o bl
o usng a s a
he rmi l usie yse
fn nt a t e s na y
pr um ed t m a crtcaldecii conce ni hi cas w ihoutt advi e ofc
es
o ke ii
s ons
r ng s e t
he
c
ouns . I
el n
addii i i i per i i a 1t e cas t tcouns bepr e ûa pr t i pr
ton, t s m atve n l hes
es ha
el
es nt ût e ral oceedi
ngs
whe e t r uls m i wel s te t a
r he es t ght l etl he ccus s f t a r
ed' a e nd educ t ti is ft a m e e
e he ral tel o
r

f maiy. Wa , 8U . a 2 Ast Su e eCo t t di Wad t - a c s d
or lt ' de 38 S. t 24. he pr m
'
ur no e n
e:tl c u e
llhe
i guar eed t he need notsand al agai tt St t ata s a oft pr ecuton,
s
ant
hat
t
one
ns he a e ny t ge he os i
f
onnalor i or al i cour or out w her couns ls a ence m i de oga e f om t
nf m , n
t
,
e
e ' bs
ght r t r
he

a c s d' rg t af i til' 1 a 2 ( ia i nso i e .
c u e s i ht o ar ra . d. t 26 ct to m t d)
'
t
To as es w he hera bai hea i i a ûcrtcalsage' ofa c i i lpr ec i t
s s
t
l r ng s ç ii t '
rm na os uton, he
Cour mus fr ti r ast w he he c
t t is nquie o
t r ouns w oul be neede t hel a def
el
d
d o p
endantcope
w ih c
t ompl l
ex egalpr e s r s durng s h a hea i The ans er i a no- ai r
obl m ai ed i uc
r ng.
w s
br ne .
Unr pr s ed def nda s peci ly t e t ha had no expe i nce i t c i i
e e ent
e nt ,es a l hos hat ve
re
n he rm nal

j tc s tm,ae i n posto a a i ta i he rn t p e e tt b s,mos
usie yse r n o iin t n niilbal aig o r s n he e t
t
pe s i c e on w hy t y s d be r eas pendi t i . A l
r uasve as
he houl
el ed
ng ral
awyer w oul
d
unques i
tonabl pr de i ua e gui nce t a c i i def nt f ng a bai
y ovi nval bl
da
o
rm nal enda aci
l
de er i i
t m naton.

Two dit i cours i t Fi Cicui- m or t n 40 yea s a t have pe f ty
srct
t n he hh r t
e ha
r parr ec l

c ur how i portnti i t ha couns pr ent a a bai hea i Back i 1975,a
apt ed
m
a t s o ve
el es
t
l rng.
n
diti tc ti t Sout n D iti tofTe c m e ed:
src our n he
her s rc
xas om nt
23

(j c u e c nr viw a c ge ty r p e e hi i a c r t dc in , c u t
If o ns l a e e nd o n l e r s nt s nc r e ae le t a o r
mi r
ght educe orelm i t a m oney bond,pe m itng t clentt be r ea ed
i na e
r ti he i o
el s
fom i r r ton pendi ti ....The acc ed a e f equenty i antof
r nca ce a i
ng r al
us r r
l gnor
t r l lrght a unawar oft s e w hi m us be t ken t t i
hei ega i s nd
e
he t ps
ch
t
a
o rgger
pr
ompt pr sng of t cas pe ng a ns t m . l m us alo be
oces i
he
e ndi gai t he
t
t s
r ogni t tcours a e m or r l a e t com m uni e w ih a t neys
ec zed ha
t r
e eadiy bl o
cat t tor
t n prs s a ar m or lkel t r y upon t r pr ent i of an
ha ioner nd e
e i y o el
he e es atons
ator y i deci ng w he hert r e e adef ndantpendi t i ort dim i
t ne n
di
t o el as
e
ng ral o s ss
t cha gesaga ns hi .
he r
i t m

Al ri.k/ r o Hari . 406 F.Su p.6 ,6 ( D.Te 1 75 . Si lry a
betv vc f f rsCy'
c
,
p 49 60 S.
x. 9 ) mial,
dsrc c r i t Ea tr Ditito Lo sa noe j tls ye r
itit ou tn he sen src f uiina td us at a :
( jt u rpr s nttv c ns lt rs ofe r ne uspr ti ld t n i i
W iho t e e e ai e ou e he ik ro o
era e e ton s
hi Pr i i y hearngs ca be com pl x a difcul t na ga e f l
gh. elm nar
i
n
e nd fi t o vi t or ay
i vi s and m a f l i a r t l k acces t ot r r
ndi dual
ny, olow ng r es , ac
s o he esour s t t
ce ha
w oul alow t m t pr ent t r bes c
d l
he o es
hei
t ase. Consde i t ale
i rng he r ady
es a i he viali por a ofpr rallbe t as it nce ofcouns i oft
t bls d t m t nce
eti i r y, ss a
el s he
ut os val a a bai hea i
m t ue t
l rng.

Ca it v Ca r l, 29F. p 3 29 31 ( D . . 01 )
lse . nte l 3
Su p. d 6, 4 E. La 2 8 .
A lhough t e l galaut ii s a e hel uli f a i t i ue,t t tm ony i
t
hes e
horte r
pf n r m ng he ss he es i
n
t sca e unm it bl de onsr t t s a k r lt t tar eseesar hest ntt advoca e
hi s
saka y m
t a es he t r ea iy ha r t
e ia o
t

f t s ve w ihout couns pr e . A s 800t hi s f t tfed w hen as
or hem el s t
el es nt
h, m el , es ii
ked i he
f
pos any ques i t t m agitat athi bai hearng:11 w as l w a ki of under
ed
tons o he
sr e
s l
i 1
s nd
i or ed. I di t ovem hel ed,a 1 w a n' r es nt by any- an a t ney or
nf m
dn'm
nd
s t epr e ed
tor
anyt ng lket t Idi tknow w hi diec i t go.' Dkt 184 a 218. M a ng m a t s
hi i ha . dn'
ch r ton o '
.
t
ki
ter
w or e,t m a sr t w ho m ake t bai det r i i i G al t Count r adiy
s he git a es
he l e m natons n
veson
y e l
ac
knowl
edget t y a e r uct ntt e
hat he r el a o ngagea def nda i conver aton att i talbai
e nt n
s i
he nii
l
hea i gi t r pea e adm onii t ar esee ofhi rghtt r ai sl nt See Dkt
rng, ven he e t d
tons o r t
s i o em n ie .
.

1 4 a 207 (û' no go n t f r e a de e a tit a c ve s to wih me e pe i ly
8 t
t m t ig o o c
I
f nd n n o on r a in t , s ca l

24

a trIj s t dhi h sgo t rgh no t tl t a ybo '.l i hadt i gieh w
fe u t ol m e' the i t t o ak o n dy.) t s r o ma n o
'
a de e ntc pos i y be e
f nda an s bl
xpec ed t c
t o hampi f hi r eas atan i talbai hea i
on or s el e
nii
l r ng
whe he i ,unde s a bl di i lned t s k w ihoutan a t ney pr e a att
n
s
r t nda y, snc i
o pea
t
tor
es nt nd, he
s etm e,t m agitat a e hest t as t def nda a ques i t tm i elc t
am i
he
s r es r
iant o k he e nt ny
tons ha ght i i
i or a i f vorng r eas
nf m ton a i el e.
I s ds
t houl hock abs ut y nobody t t f l e t ha c
ol el
hat he aiur o ve ouns durng a i tal
el i n nii
bai he i when a c ii ldeci i i m ade conc ni pr t i r eas l
l arng,
rtca
son s
er ng e ral el e, eadst concr e
o
et
har i t f m ofout est ta e f rw or e t i couns w e e pr ded. Se ,e. ,
m n he or
com ha r a
s han f
el r ovi
e g.
Cha le G e sei Pl a Bar ni and t Ri t CounselatBai H e i
ri r t n, e
gai ng
he ght o
l arngs,111M I
CH.

L.
REv.1 3,1 1 ( 3)(û
51 5 6 201 t
Appoitn c ns la balhe rngs ...wils bsa tal
n i g ou e t i a i
l u t n i ly

r du e t a n of tme a s bsa ta mb r of i di e t de e nt s n i j i
e c he mou t i
u tn ilnu e
n g n fnda s pe d n a l

a iig t i til.)
watn her ras' .Thi ham i no j ta e d t lo t ortc l Ampl e rc l
'
s r s t us n c o a r he eia.
e mpiia
r se ch i ca est tûdel yi r es nt ton untlafe t pr t i r eas de e m i i
e ar ndi t ha E a ng epr e a i
i tr he e ral el e t r naton

(s t sn e mos i ra tr a o f lngt pr ti li a c r to o pe pl c a ge
ij he i gl
t mpo tn e s n or e hy era nc r e a i n f o e h r d

wi no i l n c i s W i t c ns lp e e ,j ii l ofie s ma k e ls t n
t nv o e t rme . t
h
hou ou e r s nt ud ca fc r g j e s ha
if nne d c so a ( le mo e lkey t s to mant i a pr ti lr la e fn nca
n o d e iins nd a r r i l o e r i an
era ee s i a i l
c ndto t tgr lbe ndt ti di d lsa lt t ply. Dou a L. b r e a.Do
o iin ha a e yo ha n vi ua ' biiy o a '
' gl s Col e t t 1,

Ator e Re l M atr Th Empiia an Le Ca ef t Ri o
t nys al te ? e
y
rc l d gal s or he ght fcou s la Bai,
ne t l
23 CARDOZ L. V.1 9 1 0 ( 2)(t y i Ba tmor ,M a ylnd c n l di t t
O RE 71 , 72 200 sud n li e r a o c u ng ha
ha ng adequat l pr pa e a r our def ns c
vi
e y e r d nd es ced e e ouns att i talba lhea i r s t
el he nii
i
rng e uls

i def nt beng r eas on t r ow n r
n enda s i el ed
hei
ecogni nce t i as ofen t n i t y w e e
za
w ce
t ha f he
r

un e r s ntd,a balb i r d e f rtme a ofe f rt r m ani d f nd nt)
r p e e e nd i eng e uc d ou i s s tn o he e i ng e e a s.
25

Se as Er s J Fa i,e a.Na' l tt eofJ tc , l Re e e ato b Dee s
e lo net . zo t 1, tl nsiut usie Eary pr s nt in y f n e
Cou s lFil Te t FialEv u i n Re r a i( 98 )( t y o t e f c lwy r ha
n e ed s . n
al ato po t t 1 5 sud n he fe t a e s d
on pr ti r eas deci ons i Pas ai N e J se Shel Count Tennes ee,and Pal
e ral el e
si n s c, w er y,
by
y,
s
m
Beac Fl i concl ng t r pr ent ton ata i talba lhearng ûha an i er tng
h, orda;
udi hat e es a i
n nii i
i l d
nt es i
a i porant i pa t upon pr t i l det nt on' i t t û es def
nd m t m c
era
e i ' n ha ç t endant obt i d pr ral
t
s a ne eti

r la emuc s on r'; . 05 5( tn i Be a Co t Te a t a 7 pe c ntof ho e
ee s
h o e ' Dkt 2 - no i g n x r un y, x s h t 7 r e t s
)
r pr ent d by t publc def nde ' of i a t i tal bai hearng w e e r l e on
e es e
he
i
e r s fce t he nii
l
i
r e eas d
pe s lbond com pa ed t a 57 pe c r t f t e notr pr s ed a t i talbond
r ona
r o
r ent a e or hos
e e ent t he nii

he rng .
ai )
l addii t an i gentdef ntsobvi need t ha couns a an i talbai
n
ton o ndi
enda '
ous
o ve
el t nii
l
he i t pr de gener l advi a advocat f r l e,t e a e t ngi e adver e
arng o ovi
a
ce nd
e or e eas her r a bl
s
cons quences as t t uli a e diposton of t crm i cas t ca r ul i a
e
o he tm t s ii
he i nal e hat n es t f n
i vi
ndi duali notr pr ent a a i talbai he i I a crm i def ntdoesde de
s
e es ed t n nii
l arng. f i nal enda
ci
t s ak up a an i talba lhea i wihoutt pr e ofcouns ,i i ohe i an efor
o pe
t nii
i
r ng t
he es nce
el t s
n n
f t
t e ai t st i i t hopesofobt ni r eas Thi i r est lkelhood of
o xpl n he iuaton n he
ai ng el e.
s nc eas he i i

t i vi
he ndi dualm a ng a i rm i tng s a em entt can be us a ns hi ata l e
ki n nc i na i t t
hat
ed gai t m
at r
da e. A nd i a i vi
t
f n ndi dual m a
kes an i i i tng s a em ent a a bai hea i t
ncrm na i t t
t
l rng, he
a nt e of a l wyer t r pr e t i vi
ppoi m nt
a
o e es nt he ndi duall t i t c i i l c e w oul i
a er n he rm na as
d, n

e f c ,beme n n e s Se ,eg. Unie St e v Do 61 F. 1 6 11 4 ( t Ci.
fe t
a i gls . e . , td ats . hm, 8 2d 1 9, 7 5h r

1 8 ( r ti u ou ee a s i o gui a i ta balh a i gl Co d v St t ,
9 0) pe mitng nc ns ld dmison f l t nii l i e rn ; war s . a e
t
465S. 2 6 , 9( .1 96 ( a e .I de d ûherg tt us c ns l tt f r l ra
E.d 77 67 Ga 9 ) s m ) n e ,û i h o e ou e a he o ma ti l
t
( ul be a ve y h lw t ng (9,f ra lp a tc lpu p e ,t c nvito i ar a y
wo d ) r olo hi i o l r cia r os s he o c in s le d
26

a s r d by t pr ti le a na in. Wade 388 U. a 2 ( uo ai n a ctto
su e
he e ra x mi to '
'
,
S. t 26 q tto nd iai n
o te ) Tha i why û o u Con tt in,u i s meo he s srke t baa c i f vo
mit d . t s
ç j r siuto nlke o t r, ti s he ln e n a r
g
of t rght of t acc ed t be advied by hi l w yer of hi prvie aga ns s l he i
he us o
s
s a
s i l ge
i t ef
i rm i ton.' Escobe v I lnoi , 378 U . 478, 488 ( 96 ( ia in o te )
nc i na i '
do . li s
S.
1 4) ct to mit d .
Repr ent i a an i talbai hea i unques i
es aton t nii
l rng
tonabl l s ns t r s t ta def nt
y es e he i k ha
enda
m a a s a em entt can be us aga ns hi lt . To s eguar t prviege a ns
kes t t
hat
ed i t m a er
af
d he i l
gai t

s l-nc i n to fom beng j o r z d, c un e mus be pr vi d t i ge
efi rmi a i n r
i e pa die o s l
t
o de o ndi nt
def nt a t e sages oft pr
enda s t hos t
he oceedi
ngs lket i talbai hea i
i he nii
l rng t ti ve a
ha nvol
s t i rs t t t i gent def ndant m i i i i t hi s f A n i ge
ubsantal ik ha he ndi
e
ght ncrm na e m el.
ndi nt

def nda s d,t ef e,be per it d t dicus w ih a
e nt houl her or
m te o s s t ppoi ed c
nt ouns t pr a
el he os nd

c ns as itd wih wavig t rgh a i ts l-nci nain bf e deemi ng
o socae t i n he i t gans efi rmi to eor tr ni
whet r t s ak hi m i at an i tal bai hea i
he o pe
s nd
nii
l rng. See W ade, 388 U . at 225
S.
-26

( ic sng t i tn e l c uns ls p e e e i t a c e (s t ha a f i
d s us i he mpora c t o e ' r s nc f he c us d il o ve ar
of
o ru t t p e e tade e ea t ti l tef'.
ppo tniy o r s n
fns t he ra is l )
I tyi t det r i w het a bai hearng s d be cat gorzed as a tcrtcal
n r ng o e m ne
her
l
i houl
e i
û ii
sage' of a c i i pr ec i t Supr e Cour ' Col an decii i quie
t '
rm nal os uton, he
em
ts
em
son s
t
i tuc i
ns r tve. 399 U . 1 The i s pr e ed i t c e was whet an A l ba a
S. .
s ue es nt n hat as
her
a m

pr i i y hea i r pr ent a :c ii alsage'f whi h t Si h Am e entr quied
elm nar
rng e es ed srtc t ' or c he xt
ndm
e r
t as it
he s sance ofcouns . See i at9-1 A ta Al
el
d.
0.
n abam a pr i i r he i t ti
elm na y arng, he ral

c ur G t r i llwhehe t r i s fi in e d nc a i tt a c e t wa r nt
o t û e m ne s
de
t r he e s u fce t vie e gans he c us d o ra

pr s n i hi c s t t g a j y a d,i s t fx ba li t ofe ei balbl ' 1 a
e e tng s a e o he r nd ur n f o, o i i f he f ns s ia e. d. t
'

8(iaino te ) I e pli ngho teg digh ndofc un e c npr e ta i i n
ctto mitd . n x ani w h ui n a
o s l a otc n ndge t
def nda a a pr i i y hea i t hi c tnot
e nt t elm nar
rng, he gh our ed:
Fis,t l
r t he awye s s le exam i i a cr s exa i ton ofw ine e
r' kil d
naton nd os - m na i
t ss s
m ay e
xpos f t w eaknes esi t St t s c e t m a l t m agitat
e a al
s n he a e' as hat y ead he
sr e
t r us t bi t acc ed ove Sec
o ef e o nd he
us
r.
ond, i a e , t s led
n ny vent he kil
i e r ton of w ines es by a expere
nt r oga i
t s
n
i nced l
awye ca f hi a vial
r n as on
t
i
mpeac e t f us i c os hm nt ool or e n r s exam i i oft St t sw ines esa t
naton he a e' t s t he
ti l orpr e ve t tm ony f vor bl t t ac ed ofa wines who doe
ra ,
es r es i
a a e o he cus
t s
s
notappea att t i . Thid,tai couns c m or efectvel dicover
r he ral
r r ned
el an
e f i y s
t cas t St t hasa ns hi clenta m ake pos i e t pr pa aton of
he e he a e
gai t s i nd
sbl he e r i
a pr r def e t m ee t cas att t i l Fourh,c
ope
ens o
t hat e he r a .
t ouns c alo be
el an s
i l ntalatt pr i i y hea i i m aki e f tve ar ent f t
ntue i
he elm nar
rng n
ng f ec i
gum s or he
acc ed on s h m ater a t neces iy f a ea l ps hi t i exam i i
us
uc
t s s he
st or n ry yc a rc
naton
orba l
i.
f a 9. Bec e a def nda ca
#. t
aus
e nt nnotr i t e advant
ealze hes
ages on hi own,t Supr e
s
he
em
Cour he d t a def
t l hat
endant was as m uch entted t t ai of c
il o he d
ouns att Al
el he abam a
pr lm i r hea i as a t t i is f See i M a no m it
e i na y
rng
t he ral t el.
d.
ke
s ake:The Supr e Court
em

r hed t s concl i be e,i pa t a crm i de e e atom e can m a ef ec i
eac
hi
uson caus n r , i nal f ns t y
ke f tve
a gum e sa
r
nt boutt û
he :
neces iy f ... l' hatadef
st or bai't
endantw oul beunlkel t adva
d
i y o
nce.
1
d.

Folowi t ss e l c,c t ac os t county havehel t tabai pr
l ng hi am ogi our s r s he
r
d ha
l oceedi
ng
i a ûc ii s age'r rng t a
s trtcal t ' equii he ppoi m entofcouns f i ge def
nt
el or ndi nt endant .See eg.
s
,.,

H i z v Te eon,5 F. 1 1 1 2 ( Ci. 07 (: balhe rn i ac iia sa
ga y . mplt 05 3d 6 , 7 2d r 20 ) ç i a i g s rtc l tge
a
oft Stt ' c i na p oc s ' (n e na q t ton m aksa d ctto o te l D ic v
he ae s rmi l r e s' it r l uo a i
)
r n iai n mit d ; th .
Gr e 47 F.d 249 25 -5 ( d Ci.20 ) ( pr lm i r he rng,wh c i l s a
ac , 9 3
, 2 3 3r r 07 a e i na y a i
i h ncude
de er i i ast whet adef ntwilbe dicha ged orbound ove t t cour,i a
t m naton o
her
enda
l
s r
r o he
ts

û rtc lsa e';Smih v Lo k a t 9 F.d 1 4,1 9 ( t Ci.1 ) ( l i g t t
û iia t g '
c
l t . c h r , 23 2 31 31 8 h r 991 ho d n ha

28

hea i on bai r
rng
l educton m oton w as a ûc ii al s age' of pr eedi r rng
i
i
ûrtc t '
oc ng equii

r pr s ntto by c uns l;Calse 3 F.Su 3 a 31 ( di t ta i ta ba l
e e e ai n
o e ) it, 29
pp. d t 4 hol ng ha n nii l i
he rngi aç rtc lsa 'of hepr e di sbe a eûlq r i noqu si nt a t is
a i s l iia t ge' t oc e ng c us lthe e s
c
e to h t he s ue
o p era dee i i a is o sg fc ntc ns q nc f rt a c e '.Gon alzv
f r ti l tnton s n sue f inii a o e ue e o he c us d'
)
z e .

Co ' o Co n,68 A. 6 4,6 -3 ( nn.2 3)(rmi ld fnd n ha a Si h
mm r f r
3d 2 31 7 Co
01 ci na ee a t s xt
Ame me trgh t c ns li pr c e i pe ti ng t t s ti o bo ) Hur el
nd n i t o ou e n o e dngs rani o he etng f nd ; r lHa rn v Ne Y k 9 N. 2d 21 22 ( Y. 1 (t- r i n q e ton t taba l
r ig . w or , 30 E. 7, 3 N. 20 0) çl e s o u si ha
-he
i
he rn i a c iia sa oft Stt ' c i i lpr e s' (n e n lqu t ton m aksa
ai g s rtc l tge he ae s rm na oc s ' i tr a o a i
)
r nd
ctto o i e ; at v Fan 5 1A. 1 23,1 30( .. pe . .1 90 (û'e s ti g
iai n m t d) St e . n, 7 2d 0
t
0 N J Su r Ct 9 ) ûf etn
-h
ofbalc ranl i a trtc lsa 'i t c i na pr c e i gs'.
i e ti y s c iia tge n he rmi l o e d n '
)
A ppl ng t r as ng us d i t e c es i s d com e as no s pr s t tt
yi he e oni
e n hes as , t houl
ur i e ha he
Cour c udes t a hea i a whi h bai i s t i a tcrtcals age,'r rng t
t oncl
hat
rng t
c
l s e s û ii
t ' equii he
a nt e ofc
ppoi m nt ouns f i gentdef nda s N otonl i a bai hearnga ûc ii s age'
el or ndi
e nt .
ys
l
i
trtcal t '
i t crm i pr ess buti i ar bl t m ostû ii s a ' A sone cour not
n he i nal oc ,
t s gua y he
û tcal t ge.'
cr
t ed:
The s tng ofbai c t nl i a çc ii s age' i t c i i lpr di .
eti
l erai y s trtcal t ' n he rm na ocee ngs
I i a ac i t occur afer a s y c i i pr
t s n ton hat
s t dver ar rm nal oceedi ha bee
ngs ve n
c m enced. 1s i por a t def nda i t m s of lf a lvelhood
om
t m t nce o
e nt n er
ie nd i i
c
annotbe over t e The ef e on f iy r atons ps and r put ton i
sat d.
f ct
am l el i hi
e ai s
e r m e y da a ng. Faiur of pr t i r eas c es s rous fna al
xt e l
m gi
l e
e ral el e aus e i
i nci
har hi i m os cas . J a t ef e i
ds p n
t es obs nd her or ncom e ar l t The i m edi t
e os .
m
ae
cons
equence oft a enc ofbai ort i lt t m ake bai- i ton
he bs e
l he nabiiy o
ldeprva i

o fe d sa ng a o ,i c ii al c ns q n il Beng j ie f
f r e om-tndi l ne s rtc ly o e ue ta . i a ld, or
how e s ta tm e,i a sgnii nty unpl a e
ver hor i
s i fca l
eas nt xperenc Ther ar
i e.
e e

o h r c ns q n il r s t .. .. ( he pr pe t o c n ci n i g e ty
t e o e ue ta e uls
Tl
os c f o vito s r al
i r a e whe a a c e i j ie b t e t tme of a r s a fna
nc e s d n n c us d s a ld ewe n he i
re t nd i l
a j diai n;s i t s ve iy ofs n e e.Theo ru t t c ns twih
d u c to o s he e rt e t nc
ppo tniy o o ul t
couns ,t fnd w ines es t obt n e denc a i ge al t pr par a
el o i
t s , o ai vi
e nd, n ner , o e e

d f ns i ce ry r src e whe ad f nd n i ke i j i.
e e e s l a l e titd n e e a t s pt n a l

29

Fann,571 A . at1030. I G a ves on Count does notpr de counse t a def ntat
2d
f l t
y
ovi
lo
enda
a i talba lhearng,t Si h Am e
n nii
i
i he xt
ndm e ' rghtt couns i not ng m or t n an
nts i o
el s hi
e ha
empt rght
y i .

I o sng t e is a e ofapr lmi a y ij to t DititAto n y a t
n ppo i h s u nc
ei n r n unci n, he src t r e nd he
Dit itCour J
src
t udgesciet Supr e Cour ' opi on i Rot r f t pr
t he
em
ts ni n hge y or he oposii t
ton hat
t r i no Si h A m endm entr ght t couns a an i talbai hea i
he e s
xt
i
o
el t
nii
l rng. Thi a gum e
s r
nt
gr aty ove sat t hol ng ofRot y. l Rot y,t pl ntf br
e l
r t es he di
hger n hger he ai if oughta c vi rght
i li s
l s t a l ng t t Gil pi Count r f ed t a nthi a l
aw ui legi ha les e
y e us o ppoi m
awye untlsx m ont
r i i
hs
afe hi i tala
t r s nii ppear e i coul . 554 U . at 1
anc n
'
t
S. 96. l an adm it y l r ow' r i
n
tedl k r ' ulng,
na

t Supr e Cour he d t t t pl ntf ' rght t couns ûa t hed' at t i tal
he
em
t l ha he ai if s i
o
el ûtac ' he nii
a
ppea a i cour. Se i a 21 I acc da w ih al ls ofSupr eCour c es
r nce n
t e d. t 3. n or nce t ong it
em
t as ,
Rot y hel t tonce t rghtt couns has a t hed,t Si h A m e entr quies
hger
d ha
he i o
el
tac
he xt
ndm
e r
t def ndant be r pr ent by couns a any û ii s age bef e ti .' 1 The sol
hat e
s e es ed
el t
û tcal t
cr
or ral' d.
e

qu sin a is ei Ro h r uli aey wa t t rat c m e oft erg tgoc uns l
e to t s u n t gey tm t l s û he ta h nt h i h t o ej
whe
a s r q r st ta p i pr s c t r( sd si tfo a po ie o tc r b a r oft t
lo e uie ha ublc o e u o a itnc r m
lc fi e ) e wa e ha
i talpr eedi ori ve i isconduc .'1 a 1
nii oc ng nvol d n t
t' d. t 94-95.The Supr m eCoul ans er
e
' w ed
t
t ques i i t negatve.See i Thei s nceofbai w asnotan i s i t c e snce
hat
ton n he
i
d.
s ua
l
s ue n he as i
Rot y had w ai d t rghtt have a nt couns pr e att i talbai hea i
hger
ve he i o
ppoi ed
el es nt he nii
l rng.
See i at 1 n. Beca e bai was not cont t i Rot r t hi cour neve
d.
96 5.
us
l
esed n
hge y, he gh
t
r

addr s whe heran i talbai he i i a çc ii ls age' ofti . Tha ques i w as
es ed
t
nii
l arng s ûrtca t ' ral
t
ton
l tf a herday.
ef or not

The D it itAtor y alo a guest tf t r t be a û ii s age'pr di
src t ne s r
ha or he e o
t tcal t ' ocee ng,
cr
i m us i ve a lti -i confont ton.' Dkt 236 at20. Thi as e ton i m igui
t
t nvol
lr allke
r ai '
.
s s ri s s ded.

l no unce t n t r s t Supr m e Cour hase ai t t ii alsages' notr quie
n
r ai e m , he
e
t
xpl ned hat û tc t ' do
cr
e r
t pr ence ofapr ec ororany l pr
he es
os ut
egal oceedi r ot y r e blng a ti .See e. ,
ng em el es m i
ral
, g.
Fr , 566 U . a 1
ye
S. t 40. Ther a e num er exam pl of ûc ii al s ages'of c i i
e r
ous
es
ûrtc t '
rm nal
pr edi t t a ie out i courr
oce ngs ha rs
s de
toom or any ti - i s ti
rallke e tng. For i t e, t
nsanc he
Supr e Cour hashel t t Si h Am e
em
t
d hat he xt
ndm e rghtt ef ec i a s s a ofcouns
nt i o f tve s i t nce
el

e e st apos-nd cme tlne (e
xtnd o
ti it n i up s eWade 3 U. a 237 ,a t c nsd r to of
, 88 S. t ) nd he o i e a in
plaofe s(e ft c v Coo r 5 U. 1 ,1 2 ( 2 ) t a tvii st t tn tke
e f r s e z r . pe , 66 S. 56 6 201 )- wo ci te ha ofe a
W
pl ce f r fom t courr
a a r
he
toom . The i por a que ton t a k i whet t pr ti
m
t nt
si o s s
her he e ral
pr eedi has t pot nta t uli at y i pac t f r s at t ti is f i t
oc ng
he
e i l o tm el m
t he aines
he ral t el f he

de e a ti nO r pr s ntd by c ns lB Al t tb i s i t f c r manst tûbl i
fnd n s t e e e e
ou e . l ha eng ad,he a t e i ha û a l
g
he i ft com f t y w ihi t s
arngs i
orabl t n he pher of adver aralpr edi cl el r a ed t
e
s i oce ngs os y el t o

til' Un td St e v Ab ha a, 9 F.d 30 32 ( Ci. 0 .
ra . ie ats . u mr 38 3 9, 3 2d r 20 4)
'
Bai ltgaton ars onl ahera def
l ii i
i es y
endanti f m aly c r w ih c i e
s or l ha ged t rm s
t t pr ecuton m us be pr par t pr w ihi as ii tm e a ti .
hat he os i
t
e ed o ove t n pec fed i t ral
The sat or pr um ptonsa bur
t ut y es
i
nd densa i bl t ba lde er i i a e
pplca e o i t m natons r
a1 defned i t m sofa de e nt st i s a us Furher bai hearngs lke
1 i
n er
f nda ' ral t t .
t , l
i ,i
pr bl ca e and s
oba e us
uppr s on hea i ,ar fequenty hoty cont t a
es i
rngs e r
l
l
es ed nd
r r a c tsca ef consde a i ofa hos off saboutt de e nt
equie our ' r ul
i r ton
t act
he f nda
8 I Unied St es v M e za- c i 963F. 1 ( 1hCi.1 , c erle uponbyt
n
t
at
ndo ce ela,
2d 467 1 t r 992) a as eid
he
D it i t Ator y,a a r t of e ed a ad i s on of guita hi i ta bai hea i The 11 h
s rc t ne n r esee f r n m s i
l t s nii l l rng.
t
.

Cic i rj ce a d fn a ts Sx h Ame me tcam,hodn t a a çni a a pe rn e i
r ut ee td e e d n ' it
nd n li
lig h t n ç t l p aa c s
i i
lr l ad nitai 'and dhebai he rng i notatilon t meis' 1 a 1 ( tton
agey mi srtve'
t
t
l ai s
ra
he rt. d. t 473 ciai
'
omit . The Cour de i t f lw Me a- cei belevi t t t 1lh Cic t
ted)
t clnes o olo
ndoz ce la, i ng ha he t rui
e r neo l f us on t sm ia ii s bet e n an i ta a a a e a an ac ualt i w ihout
r o us y oc ed
he i l rte
w e
nii l ppe r nc nd
t ral t

pr ry a l ng whehert deni ofc e a a balhe rng c n irpa a y prj cet
opel nayzi
t he al ouns l t i a i a re r bl eudi he
o c e oft c e.
ut om
he as

and t c i e c r
he rm s ha ged.Thus t e i a i er ti conduc i s hearngs
, her s n nt es n
tng uch
i
i ope courr s s t t per ons w ih r e nt i or a i ca com e
n
n
toom o ha
s
t el va nf m ton n
f wa d.... hie t pr s a i ofe denc atbai hea i m ay bem or
or r
W l he e ent ton vi e
l r ngs
e
i or al t n a pr bl caus and s
nf m
ha t oba e
e
uppr s on hea i , t m ate i
es i
rngs he
tr n
diput i ofno l spublc c er Bai hearngs do notdet m i sm pl
s es
es
i onc n.
l
i
er ne i y
whe he ce t n evi ncem a beus agai ta def nda atti orwhe her
t r rai
de
y
ed
ns
e nt ral
t

c ran pes nswils r a til ur r;balh aigsdeemiewhehe a
eti ro
l eve s ra j os i e rn
tr n
tr
def
endantw ilbe alow ed t r ai orf c t s r nde ,hi lbe t durng
l
l
o et n, or ed o ur e r s i ry i
t pendency ofhi c i i cas
he
s rm nal e.
1 at323-24.
d.

I OD onnel 1 ,t Fit Cicui e ai d t ta i talbai- eti hearng m us
n
l 1 he fh r t xpl ne ha n nii
ls tng
i
t
t ke pl ce w ihi 48 hour of a i vi ' a r t t pas cons iutonalm us e . See
a
a
t n
s
n ndi duals r es o
s
tt i
tr
OD onnel 1 , 892 F. at 1
l1
3d
68. A gove nm e al e iy m a of cour e, ac e a e t s
r nt ntt
y,
s
cel r t hi
s hedul a pr de a i ta bai hearng on a m or expediedbas s Tha i exac l w ha
c
e nd ovi n nii l l
i
e
t
i. t s
ty
t
Gal t Count hast i t do by hol ng i talbai he i w ihi r
veson
y
red o
di nii
l arngs t n oughl 12 hour
y
s
of booki a i vi
ng n ndi duali o t G aves on Count J l Gi t t e r m i e i
nt he l t
y ai. ven ha ve y nut n
c t ca have a dr a i efec on a i vi ' lf Gal t Count s eforst
us ody n
am tc f t
n ndi duals ie, ves on
y' f t o

s
peed up t ba lpr es s d be a auded. But att s e tm e,Gal t Count
he i oc s houl
ppl
, he am i
veson
y
c
annotconve e l i et cons iutonal equiem e t pr de c
ni nty gnor he
tt i r r nt o ovi ouns a t ei tal
el t hes nii
bai he i
l arngs. Thi Cour hasconcl
s
t
uded t tt Si h Am endm entm anda esa rghtt an
ha he xt
t
i o
a nt l w ye a bai hea i f t e fna aly una e t hie couns . Tha rght
ppoi ed a r t l rngs or hos i nci l
bl o r
el
ti
m us be r s t whe hert i talbai hearng t
t e pec ed
t he nii
l
i akespl ce 12,24,36 or48 hour ahe
a
s r
t i ta ar e t
he nii l r s .
To be cl ar t Cour i not s
e , he
ts
ugges i t r di alcha
tng hat a c
nges ne t be m ade t
ed o
o
Gal t Count s pr ti det nton s t t ens e t t i i i com planc w ih t
veson
y' e ral e i ys em o
ur ha t s n
i e t he

Si h Am endm ent s r ght t c
xt
' i
o ouns gua a ee. Gal t Count cur enty sc
el r nt
ves on
y
r l hedul
es
32

i talbai hea i and bai r vi w hearngseve y day at7: a. .and 7: p. . U nde
nii
l rngs
le e
i
r
00 m
00 m
r
t c r s t ,couns i notpr ded t i gentdef nda satt i talbai hea i
he urent ys em
el s
ovi
o ndi
e nt he nii
l rng,
butc
ouns li pr ded att bai r ew hea i whi h i us l hel w ihi 12 hour of
e s ovi
he l evi
rng, c s ualy d t n
s
t i talbai he i a w ihi 24 hour of t a r t Att bai r vi w hea i a
he nii
l arng nd t n
s he r es .
he l e e
rng, n

a nt d l
ppoi e awyeri on- lt as itany i ge def
s cal o ss
ndi nt endantwho r
equess as i t
t s sance. To
s ts y t Consiuton' basc r quie ent unde t Si h A m endm ent al G al t
a i f he
tt i s i e r m s
r he xt
, l ves on

Co nyne d t doi pr vi c uns loidi n dee nt a t i ta balh ai j t
u t e s o s o de o e t n ge t fnda s the niil i e rng,us
1 hour ea le t i c r l does. l i har t f t
2
s ri r han t urenty
t s d o a hom how t s c d be pr e a i
hi oul
obl m tc,
gi t tGal t Count hasa enty bee a e t efec i y m a c
ven ha
ves on
y
ppar l
n bl o f tvel ke ouns a l e
el vaiabl

a t ba lr vi w hea i hel t ce daiy.
t he i e e
rngs d wi
l
I a gui t t a A ri l 15. 7 hearng i nota tcrtcals a 't tr quies t
n r ng ha n tc e
1
i s
t ii
t ge' ha e r he

appoi m entofdef ns c
nt
e e ouns f i ge ar esees t D it itAtor andt D iti t
el or ndi nt r t , he src t ney
he s rc

Cour J
t udges r y on a num ber of ca s. The Cour has car f l r e ed eac one of
el
se
t
e uly evi w
h
t e ca esand fndst tt y ar unpe s si orr l ditngui habl f om t i t
hes s
i ha he e
r ua ve eadiy si s e r he nsant
cas M a oft ca es cied by t Di ti tAtor and t D i ti tCour J
e. ny he s
t
he sr c t ney
he s rc
t udges f
, or
exa pl do not dicus t rght t couns a hearngs A e bai N s ,but r her
m e,
s s he i
o
el t
i
ver
l vas et
at
ge r l di c st pr i y ofhavi a l w ye a
ne aly s us he opret
ng a r ppoi ed a an i tala
nt t nii ppea a
r nce. See
,

eg.Gily v S at, 8S. .d 11 ( x. i .
. , le . t e 41 W 3 4 Te Crm App. 1 ; ' le v St e 60 S. 2d
20 4) O Ke ly . at, 4 E.
5 9 ( .20 4) Gr e v St e 8 S. . 71 ( x.Crm.Ap 1 9 . Two oft
0 Ga 0 . e n . at, 72 W 2d 7 Te
,
i
p. 9 4)9
he

9I Green,t Te Cour ofCrm i lAppea she d t ta c i i de enda ' Si h A m e e
n
he xas
t
i na
l l ha rm nal f
nt s xt
ndm nt
rg t c
i ht o ouns lw a notvi a e whe he a a e w ihout c
e s
ol t d
n
ppe r d t
ouns l be or a m a sr t f r hi
e f e
gi ta e o s
l e i i r i tala
ç lm na y nii ppea a ' afe a r t Se 8 S. . a 720. The r cor i Gr n di not
pr
r nce ' t r r es . e 72 W 2d t
e d n ee d
i c t w he he ba lha be s ta t i tal ppe r nc Bu , ve m or i por a l t Gr c
ndi a e
t r i d en e t he nii a a a e. t e n
e m t nty, he c n

opi ons di m i s pr s prs s'cl m t tRot y r r couns a m a sr ton.
ni
s s o e i oner ai ha
hger equies
el t git a i
See eg. Ke d v.Be C/ . No.1 - a 262 201 W L 1 5 0 ( . . x. . ,
, . , nne y
xar y ,
6c- , 6
71 20 W D Te Apr 27
.

201 ; ta v Ha C@.Cmt Su r so & Cor s De ' No.1 c - 8 201 W L
6) Morlnd . ys
y. pe vii n
r. p t
,
2- a 48 , 3
1 65 ( . Te Apr 8 2 3) Butt s c s sd n i dia ewh t e balwa s t
455 7 W D. x. . , 01 .
ho e a e o ot n c t e h r i s e
a m agi ta i a t a gum e spr ent by couns i t sc e ar ,as800t corec l
t
sr ton nd he r
nt es ed
el n hi as e
h r ty
not ,ûm or de ope a depe on i er et ton ofot rSupr eCour cas .'D kt
es û e vel d nd
nd
nt pr a i
he
em
t es'
.
238 at7.
Iii
t s mpor a t cl iy t tt Coul i nots
t nt o arf ha he
's
t
ugges i t tanA ri e 1 1 hea i
tng ha
tcl 5. 7 rng

i,i a 1c es a ûc ii s age'pr
s n l as , çrtcal t ' oceedi t a om a i l r quiest a nt e of
ng hat ut tcaly e r he ppoi m nt
c
ouns lf i ge def nda s A he Rot y,an A ri e 15. 7 hearng Gpl nl s gnal
e or ndi nt e nt .
r hger
tcl
1
i û ai y i s
atac e ,'butt Cour m us di a ltl dee t de er i i t i tala ar e
t hm nt'
he
t t g ite per o t m ne f he nii ppe anc
rs t t l ofa ûc ii als age. Rot y,554 U . at21 R e em be ,i i onl a
ies o he evel
ûrtc t '
' hger
S.
2. m
r ts y t
t poi i whi t pr
he
nt n
ch he ocee ngs rs t a t ii s age' t
di
ie o l tcal t ' hatappoi ed couns l i
cr
nt
e s

cons iutonaly m andat d.I t r i no ba ls tng det r i i a t i talappea ance,
tt i l
e f he e s
i eti
e m naton t he nii
r
i i lke y nota ûcrtcals a 'oft pr
ts i l
' ii t ge' he oceedi r rng r es aton. O n t ot
ngs equii epr ent i
he her
ha whe a Artcl 15. 7 he i i udes an i talbai de er i ton,i i a ûc ii
nd, n n i e 1 arng ncl
nii
l t m na i t s ûrtcal
s age' i t crm i pr di ,r rng t a
t ' n he i nal oeee ngs equii he ppoi m ent of couns f i gent
nt
el or ndi
def ndant Thi i bec ean acc ed' rghtt c
e
s. s s aus
us s i o ouns ext
el endst t eçcrtcal' eti
o hos û ii 'pr ral

p o e di i whih çhea c e i c nfon e , us a a til b t pr c d r ls tm ,
r c e ngs n c l c us d s o r t d j t s t ra , y he o e u a yse
t

o iincmeo tfu y asb fr Roh r Afe Roh r ii ba klte lw ta a Aril
pno a u o r er eoe tgey. lr tqeh t s lc -etra h t n t e
c
15. 7 he r ng i a i tala
1 a i s n nii ppea a a whi h t c tt l lr ghtt c
r nce t c he ons lutona i o ouns la t che . Se
e ta s
e
Rot ge y,554 U . a 1
h r
S. t 99.

orby hi exper adver ar orby bot . .i a st i w he et r ulsoft conf ont i
s
t
s y,
h . n iuaton
r he es t he
r aton

m i w el s tl t a
ght l e te he ccus d' f t and r
e s ae
educ t t i is ft am e e f m alt ' Unie
e he ral t el o
r or iy.
'
td

St e v Gou ea, 7U. 1 0,1 9 ( 98 )
ats . v i 46 S. 8 8 1 4 .
The D iti tAtor a t D it i CourtJ
s rc t ney nd he srct
udgesnextar t tby conductng a
gue ha
i

b i r viw he rn s quikl a tr a i ta baldee m i to (o hl 1 ho s i
a l e e a i g o c y fe n niil i tr nai n r ug y 2 ur n

p a tc ) Gave t n Co t i a e t c e a po e ild ma e o prj c t tma
r c ie , l so un y s bl o ur ny tnta a g r eudie ha y
a i e fom t l ck of c
rs r
he a
ouns a a i tal bai he i
el t n nii
l arng. The pr i e i t t e
em s s ha ven i
f

i i d l aeu c saiyj ie atrt iiil ihe rng t yo yrmanj ie fr
ndviuas r nne e s rl ald fe he nta bal a i ,he nl e i ald o
a s tpe i oftm e bef e t ba lr vi w he i r m e e t st ton. Alhough a
hor r od
i
or he i e e
arng e di s he iua i
t
def nti Gal t Count can ur r cons der i ofan i talbai det m i ton at
enda n
veson
y
ge e
i aton
nii
l er na i

aba lr viw he rn ( c mus be h l ,a c di t t Ga v so Co t l ge
i e e a ig whih t e d c or ng o he l e t n un y ndi nt
Pln,wi n 48ho soft i ta ba ld tr n ton , ha d sno o vit t ha m. A
a t
hi
ur he nii l i e e mi a i ) t t oe t b ae he r
bai r ew hea i does not r edy t ha m caus d by uncouns e s a em ent at
l evi
rng
em
he r
e
el d t t
s
m agita i A bai r ew he i al o does notr m ove t pos i lt no m a t how
sr ton.
l evi
arng s
e
he sbiiy,
ter
si ,t an i talbai det r i ton ha a ûa
lght hat nii
l e m na i
s n tnchorng ef e ' t tm ay m a i m or
i
f ct' ha
ke t
e

dfiul t pes det rviwi j dg t modf wh tha ara y b e o dee I
ifc t o rua he e e ng u e o
iy a s le d e n r r d. n
s t a bai r vi w hea i i a adm ia e s e but s a hea i does notm agi l
hor,
le e
rng s n
r bl t p,
uch
rng
caly
e i i t a1 t ha m i ured asa r ul ofa l
lm na e l he r nc r
es t
awyer l s i ta bai hea i
-es nii l l rng.

The e a et New J r ey cas t Di ti tAtor poi st whi h s
r r wö
es
es he sr c t ney nt o c ugges t a
t hat
bai r vi w hearng i s fci t am elor e a har ca ed by not ha ng couns
le e
i s ufi ent o
i at ny
m us
vi
el

r pr s n i di n d f nd n sa a i ta ba l a i Se Ro a v Ciyo w Br n wik
e e e t n ge t e e a t t n niil ihe rng. e j s . t fNe u s c ,
.
No. 0 31 , 200 W L 2 5 ( N .. J e 4, 2 ) Fan 5 A. 1 23.
4- 95
8
355 35 D. J un
008 ; n, 71 2d 0

I er tngl i bot cas ,t cours c l
nt es i y, n h es he
t onc uded,w ih appar l no hest i t t
t
enty
iaton, hat he

t etn ofb i c ranl i aé rtc l t g i t c i i l r e di s' Ro as 200 ' L
û tig a l e ti y s c ii a sa e' n he rm na p oc e ng . j , 8 W
s
'

2 4 , t*1 ( otngFan 5 A.d a 1 30 .No t ls , heNe J re c rs
34 435 a 6 qu i
n, 71 2 t 0 ) nehee s t
w e s y ou tone s a e a one f r - bot dec i t or rcouns a i talbai hearngsbas on
t t nd
ede a1
h lned o de
el t nii
l
i
ed

t d a c lc nsde ai nl' t tdoi s woul d ly bals ti g. 1 . Thi Co r
he ç di a o i r to l' ha ng o
pr
d e a i etn d
s ut
sr y diagr s w ih t e hol ngs. The e i abs ut y no pr cedent s
t ongl s ee t hes
di
r s ol el
e
upportng t
i he
cours' û a i cons der i ' ana ysi l
t û ctcal
pr
i atons' l s. ndeed, t Supr e Cour i Rot r
he
em
tn
hge y
i c e t once a det r i i i m ade t a pr edi i a Gc ii s a ' an
ndi at d hat
e m naton s
hat
oce ng s çrtcal t ge,'
a t ne spr s e i m anda or See 554 U . at21 I t scas t r i no evi nce
tor y' e enc s
t y.
S.
2. n hi
e, he e s
de
w hat oe t tpr di couns latt i talbai s tng w oul del y m a sr ton. To
s ver ha ovi ng
e
he nii
l eti
d a
git a i
t contar t r i am pl hit i ale dence t G al t Count i f l c bl of
he
r y, he e s
e s or c vi
hat veson
y s uly apa e
ha ng appoi ed def e couns a t bai r vi w hea i w ihi a oxi a el 24
vi
nt
ens
el tend l e e
rngs t n ppr m t y
hour of a ar es . The e i no r i
s
n r t
r s
atonalr as t bele t G al t Count or t
e on o i ve hat veson
y
he

D iti A tor s ofi e w ilbe s t i l ha m ed i couns m us be pr ded a t
srct t ney' tc l
ubs antaly r
f
el
t
ovi
t he
i talbai s ti whi h cur enty t
nii
l e tng, c
r l akespl 1 hour afera r tl
ace 2
s t r es .o

To conc ude,t Cour fndst t800t has adequat y es a ihed a lkelhood t
l
he
t i ha
h
el t bls
i i
o
pr vai unde t Si h A m e
e l
r he xt
ndm e s nce t Consiuton r r r pr ent i by
nt i
he
tt i equies e es aton
couns a an i talbai- eti hea i
el t nii
ls tng
rng.

1 A s an as de, i t f de als t m ,couns li a
0
i n he e r ys e
e s ppoi e t i ge de e nt a t i i ta
nt d o ndi nt f nda s t he r nii l

a p a a c b fr a ma itaej d e a d te lwy r rp ee tt e d f n a t a alb i a d
p e rn e eo e
gsrt u g , n h a e s e r s n h ee d n s t l al n
dee inheai .Se 1 U. C.jj3006 () ( ( ( (i(1.
tnto rngs e 8 S.
A c , d)4)B)i)I)
36

2. 800t has Es abls
h
t i hed a R ik ofl
s
rreparabl H arm
e

l i tmet t 't t n x pato t prlmi r ij nci ts:re rbl ham.
t s i o ul o he e t r f he ei nay nu ton e tirpaa e r
n
The Supr e Cour has hel t ,as a m ate of l ,t deprva i ofa consiutonal
em
t
d hat
t r aw he
i ton
tt i

rgh t qu si bl c nsiutsi e rbl ij r ' Elodv Bu n ,427U. 3 ,3
i t û e tona y o tt e n-pa a e nu y. r . r s
un
'
S. 47 73
( 9 ) Thi c nc ptt tavi lto ofa e nsiu i na rg i a o is l e nsiu e
1 76 . s o e ha
o ai n
o tt to l i ht n nd f te f o tt t s

irpaa eij r ha be nu ves lyr c g z da i no o nt de t Se De r l
re rbl nuy s e ni ral e o nie nd s t pe o bae. e efed

Me .Ce trv Ci o ehedBe c 6 F.d 3 ,338(t Ci.1 )(hede a o
d ne . t fDe r l a h, 61 2 28
y
5h r 981 t nil f
c nsi i a rg s çor e n mi ma peids oftme c nsiue irpaa e ij r
o tt on l iht û ve ni l ro
ut
f
i o ttts re rbl nuy
j siyn te g a ofap ei n r ij to ' (olci c s s;ODon l 1 251F.
u tfig h rnt
r lmiay nuncin' c le tng a e l
)
nel ,
S pp.3 a 11 (t he a a lge de i to ofac siu i na rg ti i l d ...
u
d t 57 û n n le d prvai n
W
on tt to l i h s nvove

mo tc urs ho d t a n f t r s o n ofir pa a l ij r i ne e s r ' ( iai n
s o t l h t o urhe h wig re r b e n u y s c s a y.) ctto
'
o te ) S n et Co th sd tr ne t a a i g n de e nti e il dund rt
mit d . i c he ur a e e mi d h t n ndie t fnda s ntte
e he

Si h Ame me tt c unsla a i ta b i he rng t irpaa eij r rqur me t
xt
nd n o o e t n niil al ai , he re rbl nuy e ie n
i a om a i l s i fe
s ut tcaly ats i d.
Even i a f t r s i of ir par e har i r r d,t t hur e i e iy
f urhe how ng
r e abl
m s equie ha
dl s as l
ove c e i t s cas A s not a
r om n hi
e.
ed bove,t e i a sgnii ntpot ntal f i ul or
her s i fca
e i or nc pat y
s a e e st be m ade atm agi taton i couns i unabl t advi e ar eseesoft i rght
t t m nt o
sr i f
el s
eo
s r t
he r i
t r ai sl ntat a i talbai hearng. Furhe m or num e ous s udi i c e t t
o em n ie
n nii
l
i
t r e,
r
t es ndi at ha
Def
endant r pr se e by c
s e e nt d
ouns a a i talbai hearng a e l slkel t ha hi bai
el t n nii
l
i r es i y o ve gh l

s t and cons
e,
eque l l s lkel t be det ne pendi ti . Se e. Col t Do
nty, e s i y o
ai d
ng ral
e g. ber,

Ato ne Re l Mate ? T Empiiala Le lCa ef rt Ri o
t r ys al
y tr he
rc nd ga s o he ght fcou s l Bai,
n e at l
23 CARDOZO L. V.1 9,1 0 ( 02) The lc ofc ns la i ta balh a i gs
RE 71 72 20 .
ak
ou e t nii l i e rn ,

t ef e,l
her or eadst unw ar a e pr ralde enton. Havi r pr se a i a t i talbai
o
r nt d eti t i
ng e e nt ton t he nii
l
hea i m ea t f
rng
ns hat ewer def
endant w il be hel i cus ody unne s iy. Thi i
s l
d n
t
ces arl
s s

u u e y ago t ng sn e a t Ame ia Ba As oca in (W BA' ha o e v d,
ndo btdl
od hi i c , s he
rc n r s ito t
' s bs r e
)
ûll c ns q e e ofp era dee to a egr ve' Ame i a Ba As oca in Pr j c o
tthe o e u nc s r til t n i n r a .
'
rc n r s ito o e t n
St nda ds f Crm i Jus i e,St
a r or i nal tc
andar Rel i t Pr r alRel as -Appr d D rzt
ds atng o et i
e e
ove
t/
-

1 6 @ e Yo k: rc n Ba As o ito 1 8)a 2 TheABA f t rno e
9 8 w r Ame i a r s c ai n, 96 t -3.
urhe t d:
( a r s t o pr til d t n i n, De e nt pr s m e i oc n a e
As e ul f era ee to j fnda s e u d nn e t r
s j ce t t ps hol c la p ia d prvai sof allf , u ly
ube td o he yc ogia nd hysc l e i ton j i ie us al
underm or one ous condii t n a e i pos on convi ed def nda s
e
r
tons ha r m
ed
ct
e nt .

Thej ie d fnd n ls s hi j b i he ha o a i prv ne fo
ald ee a t o e s o f
s ne nd s e e td r m
c rbutng t t pr par i ofhi def ns Equaly i por a , he bur n
onti i o he e aton
s e e.
l m t nt t
de
of hi det i fequenty f l hea l on t i
s enton r
l als viy
he nnoce m em be s of hi
nt
r
s
f iy. M or r t e i sr
am l
eove , her s tong e de
vi nce t a def
hat
endant s f l e t
' aiur o
s cur pr t i r e e has a adver e ef ect on t out om e of hi cas
e e e ral el as
n
s f
he c
s e.
St esi Phia phi t D iti tofCol bi and N e Yor al i c e
udi n l del a, he sr c
um a
w
k l ndi at

ta t c n cinrt f r aldd fnd nsmaeilye c e st t b ie
h the o vito ae o j ie e e a t tral x e d ha of ald
def ndant . For e m pl ofdef nda s cha ged w ih gr l r ny f t
e
s
xa e,
e nt
r
t and a ce oryt eeper entoft
hr
c
hoseon bai pe ng t i w e e convi t whie s vent t o
l ndi ral r
c ed
l e y-w

pec n o t ei j iweec nvitd.l tr o t s ne c i s do
r e t f hos n al r o ce n ems f he e tn e mpo e n
convit pe s , t baied def
c ed r ons he
l
endant i f r m or lke y t r ve
s a
e i l o ecei

prbain;hi j ie c ntr r,h vi be n u be t de srt hi
o to s ald ou epa t a ng e na l o mon tae s
r la lt unde s r s on, or f e
e i biiy
r upe vi i m e r quenty goest prs O fcour esom e
l
o i on.
s
oft f ct s s h assr e de ofguitora l c i i r cor t
he a or , uc
tong vi nce
l
ong rm nal e d, hat
l t hi bai and he
ead o gh l
nce de e i w il al o ca e a c tt fnd t
t nton, l s us
our o i he
def nda guit and t s ence hi t pr s r her t n t gi hi
e nt ly
o ent
m o i on at
ha o ve m
pr ton.Butar ents udy whi a t m pt t hol ot ca atvef ct s
oba i
ec
t
ch te ed o d her us i a or
c t nti ca es t tt r i a s r r atons p be w ee de e i a
ons a ndi t ha he e s t ong el i hi t n t nton nd
unf vor bl diposton.
a a e s ii

f Se alo80 h, 2F. p. t73 (t' i ra eof o di c uns la t i iil
#. e s 0t 35 Sup a 9 ûl mpo tnc pr vi ng o e t he n ta
-he
det i hearng i under cor by e pii r ear w hi i ca est cas out es
enton
i s
s ed
m rcal es ch
ch ndi t hat e com
f pr t i de ai
or e ral t nees a e much w or e i t r s of a i r ed lkelhood ofconviton
r
s- n em
n nc eas i i
ci

a ha s rs n e e - t n f rt ewhoa er la e pe i g ti l' ( ia in o te )
nd r he e tnc s ha o hos
r e e s d nd n ra .) ct to mit d .
'

38

Eve i, hypot tc l t bai r ew hearngs ar a e t cur al t e c es of
n f
he i aly, he l evi
i
e bl o
e l hos as
unne s r pr r al de enton, t f t r m ai t t s e i vi l w il r ai i
ces a y eti
t i
he ac e ns ha om ndi dua s l em n n
cusody f a m i m um of 1 hour f om t tm e oft i talbai hearng t t bai
t
or
ni
2
s r
he i
he nii
l
i o he l
r vi hea i
e ew
rng. û n t m por y uncons iutona deprvatons of lbe t ' s fce t
û
Eve e
ar
tt i l
i i
i ry' ufi o

e t bls irpa a eha m .Pu v Rai e , 3F. 77 7 2-8 ( t Ci.1 3 , c '
sa ih re r bl r
gh . nwatr 48 2d 8, 8 3 5 h r 97 ) r v #
i pa to ot rgr nd s b n Ge sen v Pu ,4 U. 1 3 ( 97 .
n r n he ou s u om. r t i . gh 20 S. 0 1 5)
l s t 800t m e shi bur n t e t bls ir par e ha m .
n hor,
h et s de o s a ih r e abl r

3 Bal i t Har W eghsi Fa orofan l j ton
. anc ng he ms i n v
n unc i

The t r p ei nay ij to fco rq r s800h t s w t t a e a
hid r lmi r nuncin a tr e uie
t o ho ha, bsnt n
ij c in, het e tne ij y o we g a y ha m t de e nt wils f ra ar s t
n un to t hr a e d n ur ut i hs n r he f nda s l ufe s e ul
o t ij nci n.Se Wi tr 5 U. a 24 (ûo t mus baa et c mpe i cams
f he n u to
e n e , 55 S. t ç urs t lnc he o tng l i
c
o ij ' a mu tc nsde t e f c o e c pa t o t gr n i o wih di oft
f n ul nd s o i r he fe t n a h ry f he a tng r t hol ng he
y
r qu se r le .) t fa c r ha ma a fnd n ofir pa a l ha m ,apa t o posng
e e td e if' . û ou t s de i i g re r b e r
' l
ry p i

ij ncie r le t ul ne d t pr sntpowe f e d nc ofham t is i ee t't
nu tv eif wo d e o e e
rul vie e
r o t ntrss o
prv n t s ae fo weg ngi t mo n ' fvo . Campai f S. lv Br ,
e e the c ls rm ihi n he va ts a r'
'
gn or Equa. . yant
6 F. pp.3 9 9 ( D.M is 201 ( uoi Opulnt Chu c v Ci o l
4 Su d 06, 50 S.
s . 4) q tng
e Lfe r h . t fHol
y
y
S ig ,69 F. 2 9,2 ( t Ci.2 2). ûg l n pli ifi cam i t e l so a
prn s 7 3d 7 97 5 h r 01 ) çW he antf s l i ng h os f
c tt i
ons iutonalrght cours c m onl r e t teve a t
i ,
t om
y ul ha
n empor y l sout ei a har
ar os
w ghs ny m

t d f nd n a d t tapr lmi r ij nci n s ul is . I Cha l sAln W rg &
o e e a t n ha
ei na y n u to ho d s ue' A
'1
re a i ht
Arhu R. ilr FE PRAC. PR CI j29 2 ( e 201 .
t r M l , D.
e
& OC. V. 48. 3d d. 9)
A c di t t D it i A tor y and t D iti tCour J
cor ng o he srct t ne
he s rc
t udges t e i a he
, her s
avy
adm i sr i bur n t wilbe pl
nitatve de hat l
aced on Gal t Count a t Di ti tAtor
ves on
y nd he sr c t ney'
s

ofc i t e e ta ij to i is d. S cfc ly,t r i ac nc r t tr q rng
fie n he v n n nuncin s sue pe iial hee s o en ha e uii
t a nt entofcouns lati talbai hea i wilne st e t D it i Ator t
he ppoi m
e
nii
l rngs l ces iat he srct t ney o
f nih pr ec or t atend t hearngs a ûdo not ng butadd c
ur s os ut s o t
he
i , nd k
hi
ompl t a m or
exiy nd
e
tm e. D kt 234 a 25. The Cour i not convi
i '
'
.
t
ts
nced. Ther m i end up be ng s e
e ght
i om
addii
tonal cos s i r d i def e couns
t ncur e f ens
elha t be pr ded t i gent def
s o
ovi
o ndi
endant
s
t i e a an i talba lhea i and,l t r a abai r ew hea i aswel.But a t s e
w c
t nii i rng
ae , t
l evi
rng
l
, t he am
tm e,i i ver pos i et tby pr di couns atan i talbai hearng,m or i vi l
i t s y s bl ha
ovi ng
el
nii
l i
e ndi dua s
wilber eas d f om pr ra de enton and t e w ilbe quantfa e cos s vi i t r s
l
el e r
eti l t i
her l
ii bl
t a ngs n e m
ofcos sofi r r ton. The fna a cos ,i a on t D iti tAtor and G aves on
t nca ce a i
i nci l t f ny, he sr c t ney
l t
Count i f f om cl r By cont as,i ge def nda sa e unques i bl m or lkel
y s ar r
ea .
r t ndi nt e nt r
tona y
ei y
t r ai i c t
o em n n us ody- eve i onl f a s ttm e- i t do notr ve appoi e
n f y or hor i
f hey
ecei
nt d
c
ouns lea l i t pr es l ng t tm e a a f om t r fi nds f iy,s hool a
e ry n he oc s, eadi o i
w y r
hei re , am l c
, nd
e pl e .
m oym nt

By any m eti t har hi cl s m e ber s f r fom bei deni couns f r
rc, he ds p as
m s uf e r
ng
ed
el a

out ghsany ha m t t Def nda s A ss h,t Cour fndst tt bal
wei
r o he e nt .
uc he
t i ha he anceofequii
tes

weg he viyi fvo ofa ij to
ihs a l n a r n nuncin.
4. ThePublcl e e tFa r an l j ton
i nt r s vo s n unc i
The f t f t a court m us cons der when de di w hehe t gr nt a
ourh ac or
t
i
ci ng
t r o a

pr lmi r ij nci n i t e i c a ij c i n ma ha o t pu i i e e t I i
e i nay n u to s h mpa t n n un to y ve n he blc ntr s. t s
a om a i t t t publc i e es i nots ve by alowi cons iutonalvi atons t
xi tc ha he
i nt r t s
er d
l ng
tt i
ol i
o

c n i e.Ast eFit Cic i ha e pl i d ûll i awa i t pu i i tr s t p e n
o tnu
h fh r u t s x ane ,ûit s l ys n he blc n e e t o r ve t
t vi a i ofa pa t s c tt i
he ol ton
ry' ons iutonalrght .'Jacks Women ' H e t Or v Cur e
i s'
on
s alh g. . rir,
40

76 F. 448 45 n. (t Ci.2 1 (iai o te .Se alo Te . mo r i ft f
0 3d , 8 9 5h r 0 4) ctton mi d) e s x De c atc 'ry
t
z
v Be kie , F. 58 , 5( t Ci. 06 (hep i i t r s i e tbls d i apli if
. n s r 459 3d 2 59 5h r 20 ) t ublc n e e t s sa ihe f antf
c n s w as t n illkei od o s c s o t me isofac tt i a caml Nob y
a ho ubsa ta i lho f uc e s n he rt
onsiuton l li ; b
Lob y,I .v Dala ,97 F.d 8 93 ( t Ci.1 2)(ç-j e pu i it r s awa i
b nc . l s 0 2 2, 5h r 99 ûg-h blc n e e t l ys s
l
s rv whe publc of i al ac w ihi t boundsoft l w and r pe t r ght oft
e ed
n
i fci s t t n he
he a
es ct he i s he

ctz nst y s r e.l( ia i o te ; ac s n Wo n' He t Or v Cu re , 0 F.
iie he e v ' c tton mi dl J k o me s alh g. . r ir 94
'
t
Su p. 41 42 ( D.M is 201 (1Tj gr n ofa ij nc in wilno dis r et
p 2d 6, 4 S.
s . 3) û he a t n n u to l t s e v he
(

pu i i eet a ee n t ti g neal me whe a ij ncin i deine t a i
blc ntr s, n lme t ha s e r ly t n n n u to s sg d o vod
c siuina d prvains' ,f ' i r, 0F. 448.I t sc s , ve t ra hams
on ttto l e i to .)afd npa t76 3d
'
n hi a e gi n he e l r
t tbef la i gent a r t w ho does notr ve a
ha
al n ndi
r esee
ecei ppoi ed c
nt ouns a a i talba l
el t n nii
i

he rn t pu i itrs i sr e byis ngap ei n r ij ncin.
aig,he blc nee t s e v d sui
r lmiay nu to
TH E PR ELI I RY I
M NA
NJUN CTI N
O

N ow t tt Cour has concl
ha he
t
uded t ti genta r t i Gal t Count ar
ha ndi
r es ees n
ves on
y e
consiutonaly entte t r pr s aton a i talbai hearngs t Cour m us de er i
tt i l
il d o e e ent i t nii
l
i , he
t t t m ne
how t f hi an a opra e r m e
o as on
ppr it e dy. 800t has s it d a pr
h
ubm te
opos pr lm i r
ed e i na y

ij ncino d r b t tpr po e prlmi r ij ncino de i i rdi yov r oa
nu to r e , utha o s d ei nay nu to r r s nc e bl ebr d.
To begi w ih,
n t 800t s
h uggesst Gal t Count beor r t pr de def ns
t hat ves on
y
de ed o ovi
e e

c
ouns lt Gan f l a r t i who unabl t r t n couns ' r dl s ofw heher
e o n y e ony r esee s
e o e ai
el' egar es
t

t e c n a f r t i o at r y. Dk . - a 1( mp ssa de ) The e i no lga
h y a fo d her wn to ne
t 205 1 t e ha i d d . r s e l
bass f t sr
i or hi eques . The Cons iuton r r t a
t
tt i equies he ppoi m entofcouns t t e who
nt
el o hos
c
annot afor t hie an ator y at ûc ii s ages'of t crm i l pr
f d o r
t ne
ûrtcal t '
he i na oceedi . The
ngs
Cons iuton does not m andat t t gover ent pr de counselt ever c i i
tt i
e hat he
nm
ovi
o
y rm nal
41

def nt rc orpoor W hie a gover e albody coul c
enda , i h
.
l
nm nt
d, oncei y,deci t pr de
vabl
de o ovi
c
ouns lt a1 c i i def nda sir pec i oft ri ge sat , ha i nota de son
e o l rm nal e nt r es tve hei ndi nt t us t t s
ci i
f a diti tcour t m ake. The unde s gned w ilr r n f om s e ng i and pl ng
or
sr c
to
ri
l efai r
t ppi n
ayi

po iy ke . A diti tc u ti o y pe mit d t d viea ij c i r me t tme t
lc ma r
src o r s nl r te o e s n n un tve e dy ha es

Co tt i a mi mums Asars tt ij ncin is di t sc s wilbelmie t
nsiuton l ni
.
e ul,he nu to sue n hi a e l i td o
r rng t ti ge f ony ares ees i Gal t Count be pr de wih couns a
equii ha ndi nt el
r t n
ves on
y
ovi d t
el t
t i talbai he i
he nii
l arng.

Booh' p o e ij to wo d as r q r Gave tn Cou t t prvie
t s r pos d nuncin ul lo e uie l so
ny o o d
def ns c
e e ouns lw ih a l tt ee hour ofl d tm e t m ee w ih a c i i def nt
e t t eas hr
s ea i o
t t
rm nal enda
bef e a ba lhea i H ow 8 00t ca eup wih t t eeor
i rng.
h m
t he hr hourpe i i uncl . Ther i
rod s
ear
es
c t nl no e denta y s
erai y
vi i r uppor f t s r
t or hi eques a he e i t r cor The onl
t nyw r n he e d.
y
t s i ony on t s i s i ca es t t a t eee tm
hi s ue ndi t ha
hr hour pr par ton perod i com pl t y
e ai
i s
e el

u e e s r Dk .2 - a 64 ( ri Cou y Chi fPu i De e re pli ng t t
nn c s ay. t 39 2 t -65 Ha rs nt
e blc fnde x ani ha
û the e d s tn e t bea r e't ta at ne mus me thi c in a c ran nu r
ç q r oe n' e d o
l
ul' ha n tor y t e s le t e ti mbe
ofhour bef ea de enton he i and notng t the ofen m ee sw ih c i nt f t fr t
s or
t i
arng,
i ha
t
t t le s or he i s

tmeû t n mi ut s ha fho 'ofabalhe rng .Asar s l, h Cou t l no , tt s
i û hi n e , l ur'
wi
i ai )
e ut t e r wil t a hi
tm e,s a m i m um num berofm i esorhour ofl tm e t tha t be pr de s
i
et
ni
nut
s ead i ha ve o
ovi d o
t ta def e l w yer ca cons tw ih hi clentbef e a i talbai hearng. Once t
ha
ens a
n
ul t s i
or n nii
l
i
he

ij ci n go s i o e f c,800 h i c ranl e tte t a k t Co tt r vie t
n un to e nt fe t
t s e ti y n ild o s he ur o e s he

prlmiay ij ncin i t u i l e e thebeiv st tGavet Cou y i tki
ei n r nu to n he nlkey v n
le e ha l son nt s a ng
a fr a i s e t f usr e a m eani ulator y- i ntr atons p a t i talbai
f im tve t ps o r tat
ngf
t ne cle el i hi t he nii
l
hea i
rngs.
42

Th pr os d ij nci a a e by 80 t as r q sst tGave tn Cou y
e op e nu ton dv nc d
0h lo e uet ha l so
nt
pr de a w e y r por t t Cour wih de aied i or a i i udi butnotlm ie
ovi
ekl e t o he
t t t l nf m ton ncl ng,
i td

t 5t na e ofe c û re te' c uns l ghe tm e t tc uns lwa pr vi d t t
o he m
a h t r se s o e, t l i ha o e s o de o he
a
ar ee,
rest

.

t tme o t a r se ' i ta ba lhe rn
he i f he re t e s nii l i a i g

.gnd a y o sa i g
a ) n uttnd n

t uly gr
condii ofr e e a i bl t t ar esee. Dkt 205- a 2. The Cour f l a ees
tons el as pplca e o he r t '
'
.
1 t
wih t D iti tCour J
t he sr c
t udgest tt e r
ha hes eques s û e tm e cons i unneces a y,and
t t i
ar
um ng,
sr
onl s ve t add a bur on t Count ' Dkt 234 a 28.Ther i no ne t pl ce t s
y er o
den
he
y.
'
.
t
es
ed o a hi

a
dded a i sr tve bur n on Gal t Count
dm nit a i
de
ves on
y.

I a c da ewih t s fndi , he Cou tr c
n c or nc t he e i ngs t
r e omme st a t ij to bi
nd h t he n unci n nd
Gal s on Count and is of i s a s s vant ,e pl es,a a t neys asw el as
ve t
y
t fcer , gent , er s m oye
nd tor
,
l
ot rper onsw ho a e i actve conce torpari pa i w ih t . The s cii t r s of
he
s
r n i
r
tci ton t hem
pe fc e m

t eij nci n s ul bea f l ws
h n u to ho d s olo :
( )Gav so Co nt mus pr vi a i i e t f l y a r se wih c u e t
1 le tn u y
t o de ny nd g n eon re t e t o ns l o
r pr e t a r t e a t i tal hea i conce ni c
e es nt he r es e t he nii
rng
r ng ondii of pr t i
tons
e ral
r l se.
e ea

( )TheCoutd sn o d rij ci rle a an ttema srtsort Ditit
2
r oe ot r e nun tve eif g is h gitae he src
Atone TheCo tdo sno or rij ncierle a ans t DititCo t
tr y.
ur e t de n u tv eif g i t he src ur
J ge i t erj i il c pa iis bu rt r do s s i t i po iy ki
ud s n h i ud ca a cte , t ahe e o n her lc ma ng
ca te
pacii s.

( Therc mme e ij cins ul e pieont e ty o afn l ud n i
3)
e o nd d nun to ho d x r
he nr f ia j gme t n
t s c e,unl s t Courtor r ot w i e. Any pary m ay s m odii ton
hi as
e s he
de s her s
t
eek
fca i

oft ij tonb awrte moins r e o a1c ns la o as wi o
he nunci y itn to e v d n 1 ou e nd n ho ng f
good caus
e.

43

CO N CLU SI N A ND RECO M M END ATI N
O
O

I fndi t tapr lmi r ij nc in wa wa r n e i ODo e l ,ChifJ ge
n i ng ha
ei na y n u to s ra t d n
nn l 1 e ud
Ros nt m a t f l i obs va i w hi h t s Courtw hol
e hal de he olow ng
er ton, c hi
ehearedl adopt as
t y
s
e
qualy a i abl t t cas a ha
l pplc e o he e t nd:

Thi cas i noteas l tt i char w ih s eguar ng t publc ha
s es
y. nsiutons
ged t af
di he
i ve
a e r di y tus a a ditcul t k. The dif c t and i porance of
n xtaor nar r t nd
fi t as
fi uly
m t
t t kc
he as annotdef a equaly i pora publc tus ,whi h t c ta
eat n
l m
tnt
i r t
c he our nd
t def nda s s r - t enf ce t Cons iuton. The cour has done is
he e nt ha e o or he
tt i
t
t

be tt r c niea wo kt wa d b t g l so Co t i c ngig is
s o e og z nd r o r o h. Gave t n un yj s ha n t
ba lpr
i ocedur Thati com m e
es.
s
ndabl The r i or r he e i i ended
e.
elef de ed r s nt
t fti o t tw or t di c get r s
o i nt ha
k, o s har he e pons biii t cour and t pari
i ltes he
t
he tes
s r
ha e.
OD onnel 1 251F.Supp.3d a 11
l,
t 68.
Accor ngl f t r as sat above,t Coul R ECO M M EN D S t t
di y, or he e ons t ed
he
'
t
ha :

@ TheM oinfrPr lmiayIj ncin( t 3-)b DENI a d
to o ei n r n u to Dk . 1 e
ED; n
* TheM o i f rPr lmi r l unci n g ilRe ii g Co ns la I ta Ba l
ton o ei na y n to sc qu rn u e t niil i
He rngs ( t 2 ) be GRANTED t t e t n d s rbe i t s
ai
Dk . 05
o he x e t e c i d n hi
M em or
andum a Rec m endaton.
nd
om
i

The Cl k s lpr de copi of t s M e or
er hal ovi
es hi
m andum and Rec m endaton t t
om
i o he

r s c i pa te whoh vef ure n d ysfo t er c i t r o t fl wrte o j c i
e pe tve ri s
a o te a r m h e ept he e f o ie itn b e tons
pu s ntt Fe r l eo Ci l o e ur 72( )a Ge r lOr e 2 2 3.Fal et
rua o de a Rul f vi Pr c d e b nd ne a d r 00 -1
iur o

fl wrte o j cinswihi t tmepei me to ds lba a a re dpat fo
ie i n be to
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