Hobart v. City of Stafford et al

Filing 45

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART 7 MOTION to Dismiss.(Signed by Judge Keith P Ellison) Parties notified.(sloewe)

U N I E D STA T E S D IST R IC T C O U R T T SO U T H ER N DISTR I T O F TEX A S C H O U ST O N D I I I N VSO ST EV E H O B A R T ET A L . ,

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Thi lws i a ie fom te de t ofAaon Hoba t(W aon' ,s n ofPlitfs s a u t rs s r h ah r rû r ' o ) an if

S e e a d P m Ho a t (n i iu ly 1 r Ho a t o û s Ho at ' c le tv l , tv n a b r idv d al, $ . b r' r t . b r' olciey M ' M ' t- b rs' rû litfs'. Aao s fee fo me tl e lhp o lm sa d a tet e ll at'o ç anif' lo p ) r n u frd r m na h at r b e n , t h i m o t eicd n ,h d be n tp rn o fo h sme iain . ( o pl ! 1 . On Fe r a y f h n ie t a e a e ig f f i d c to s C m . 4) b ur
1 ,2009,Aa on e pe i nce s ve a m e tldite s Hi m ot e Pa be a ec nce e 8 r x re d e r l n a sr s . s h r m c m o m d a d c nt c e Aa on' te tng ps c i tit Dr M or l nd,who a vie he t c l 911 n o a td r s r ai y h ars, . e a d s d r o al
Hobart v. City of Stafford et al Doc. 45

a d rques asitnc fom a Crss ltr e ton Te m (t l ') Cl ofier ha e n e t ssa e r ii n e v ni a tC T '. T fc s v s eca tanigi ha dlngi diiuaswihme tlil e s s (d. p il ri n n n i n v d l t n a ln se . 1 )
M s H oba t ca l d 911, a d w a c nne t d t t e St f or Polce D e a t e t . r le n s o ce o h af d i p rm n

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M s Hoba ts e iialy r que t d a C1 ofi e ,a d alo e pl i e t a Aa on di not . r p c fc l e s e T fc r n s x an d h t r d

ha e a we pon a d wasnotunde t e ifue c ofa y dr g. (d.I 1 . Emege cy v a n r h n l n e n u 1 J 5) rn
s r i e r l ye t M s Hoba tt a t er s onde woul be a l t he p ta s or Aa on e vc s ea d o . r h t h ep r d b e o l rn p t r t ahos ia ,a d t a t e pr ce ur wo l be e pl i e t M s Hoba twhe r s onde s o ptl n h t h o d e u d x an d o . r n ep r

arve .(d. ri d 1 )
Rat e t a s ndi g s m e ne s ecalze i CI , howe e , SPD s nt Par l hr hn e n o o p ii d n T vr e to

Ofie J s sEsrd (t fie Esrda' t t eHo a t'h m e (# ! 1 . Ms Ho a t fc r e u ta a t fc r ta ' o h b rs o . f . ( 6 ) . b r o )
ivied Ofie Esrda it te home. (d. Upon s eng a d heai g Ofie Esr da nt fc r ta n o h I) ei n rn fc r ta ,
A a on be a e m or dita g ta d ti d t l a e t e home. Aa on tid t pa sOfi e r cm e sr u h n re o e v h r re o s fc r Esr da on hi wa o t c usng physca c nt c be w e n t e t o. M s Ho a tye ld a ta s y u, a i i l o at t e h w . b r le t

t et ot so a yc nfo tto , n tidt se i bewe nt et o (d.J 1 - 7) h w o t p n o r nain a d re o tp n t e h w . 1 1 6 1 . !
Ofi e Esr da dr w hi fr a m . M s Hoba tc ntnue t s o ta Aa on a d fc r ta e s ie r . r o i d o hu t r n Ofi e Esr da. Ofi e Esr da t e s otAa on i hi rg thi . Aa on c la s d,a d fc r ta tc r ta h n h r n s ih p r o lp e n lnde f ce do n on t e foor Ofi e Esr da pr c e e t fr m or s ot i t Aa o , a da w h l . tc r ta o e d d o ie e h s no rn frng t e l s bule i t Aa o ' ne k. I a l Esr da sr c Aa on wih fve oft e sx ii h a t l t n o r n s c n l, ta tu k r ti hi

s o sh fr d Th ls b le p o e t b ftl (d ! 1 - 8) h t e ie . e a t u lt r v d o e aa. 1 . ! 7 1 .
M r Hoba te t r d t eha l a a Ofi e Esr da fr d hi l s s ot He r s e . r n e e h lw y s fc r ta ie s a t h . uh d t Aa on, a ple pr s ur t t e f t l ne k wound,a d at m ptd r s s ia i n. A or p id e s e o h aa c n te e e u c tto s c nd ofi e t en a rve a t e s e e a d a sse M r Hoba twih t e r s s ia i n. eo fc r h r i d t h c n n s it d . r t h e u c tto
The a t m pt f ied,a d A a on di d. te s a l n r e Thi l w s i f low e . N ow , ef nda t m ove t di m i son gr unds off iur t s a ut ol d D e ns oss o al e o

sa eac am .The Cour tke up e c ofDe e da t 'a gu e t i t r . tt li ta s ah fn n s r m ns n u n
I. I LEG A L STAN D A R D

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A c ur m a dim i s a c m pl i t f r tf iur t s a e a c a m upon w hi h r lef ot y ss o a n o ia l e o t t li c ei

c n be grntd. FED.R.CI .P. 1 ( )6) çlo s r ie a Rul 1 ( )6)moton t a ae' ' v 2b ( . i- u vv ' e 2b ( io
dim is a c m pl i t û oe no ne d de al d f c ua ale ato s'butmus pr vi e t e s s , o an d s t e t ie a t l lg i n , tod h pli tf s p ounds f r e tte e t t r le- i cudi g f c ua a l gai ns t a whe a n if o n ilm n o ei f n l n a t l le to h t n a s m e t be tu ûa s a rg t t r le a o e t e s e ul tve l ve .' Cuv li r v. su d o r e r ie i h o ei f b v h p c ai e l'' ile

Ta lr 5 3 F.d 3 7,401( t Ci.2007)( ii gBel At.Cor .v Twombl,550 U. . yo , 0 3 9 5h r ctn ll p. y S 5 4,5 5 ( 007). Tha i,1ac mpli tmus c nti s fiintfcua matr ac e td 4 52 ) t s i o an t o an u fce a t l te, c p e
a t ue t ût t a c a m t r le t a i pl us bl on is f c .' As c of v I b l 556 s r , o sa e l i o ei f h t s a i e t a e '' h r . t . q a ,

U. .-- 1 9S.Ct 1 37,1 49 ( 009)( uotng Twombl,550U. .a 570 .A cam ha S -, 2 .9 9 2 qi y St ) li s
f c a plusbiiy i he t epl i tf pl a s f cualc ntntt a alow st e c ur t dr w a i l a i lt t n h a n if e d a t o e h t l w h o to a

t e r a o a l i fr nc t a t e de e da t i la l f r t e m ic nduc al ge . I . h esn be nee e h t h f n n s ib e o h so t le d ' d '

(ii g Twombl,550U. .a 556) Theplusbiiysa dadi nota i t aû rba iiy ctn y St . a i lt tn r s kn o i o blt p
r q ie e t' but a ks f r mor t a a s ee pos i iiy t a a de e da t has a t d e u rm n , ' so e hn h r sb lt h t fn n ce unlw f ly. 1 . A pla i g ne d no c nt i dea l d f c ua a l gai ns butmus s t a ul d edn e t o a n tie a t l le to , te f rh m or t a t a e sa d c ncuso s a d a f r uli r cia i n oft e elm e t ofa ot e h n t b l n o l in , n l o m a c e tto h e ns

cus ofa tonwilnotdo. Twombl,550U. . t555(iainomitd) a e ci l ' ' y Sa ctto te . W he c nsde ig a Rul 1 ( )6)moton t dim is a c ur mus f cc ptt e n o i rn e 2b ( i o s s, o t t û e h a
c m pl i ts welplade f c sastue a d vi w t e i t e lghtm os f vor bl t t e o an ' l- e d a t r n e hm n h i ta a e o h

plitf ' Johns n v Johns n,385 F.d 503,529 ( t Ci.2004) s ealo Sonnirv an if ' o. o 3 5h r ;e s e.

St t Far MutalAut.I s Co.509F.d 673,675( t Ci.2007) A dititc ur c n ae m u o n. , 3 5h r . src o t a
c ns de t e co t nt of t e pl a i gs i cl di g a t c m e t t e e o, as w e l as o irh ne s h e d n , n u n ta h n s h r t l

doc m e t at c ed t t e m oton.i t e a e r f r nce i t e pli tf s c m pli ta d u n s ta h o h i f h y r e e e d n h a n if o a n n

aec nta t t ecli s Colisv Mor anSt nlyDe n Witr 224 F.d496, (t r e rl o h am . ln . g a e a te , 3 499 5h

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Ci.2 00) Furher or ,aCour ma rfrt matr ofpublcr c r whe decdig a r0 . tm e t y ee o tes i e od n i n moton t dimis Chauhan v For o a Plsis Cor . 21 F.d 595,595 ( t Ci. i o s s. . m s a tc p, 2 3 5h r

2000) .
Uli a ey,t eque ton f rt e c ur t de i e i whehe t e compl i tsaesa tm t l h si o h o t o c d s t rh an t t

va i c am whe vi wed i t e lghtm os f vor bl t t e pl i tf The co r mus ld l i ne nh i t a a e o h a n if ut t
a c pt welpla e f c s as tue butl ga c nc usons ar not e tte t t e s m e ce l- e d d a t r, e lo li e n il d o h a

a s mpton oftut. I bal 1 9 S.Ct a 1 50(iain omitd) Thec ur s oul not su i r h q ,2 . t 9 ctto te . o th d
tttan t tnd i f r nc sf vo a l t t epl i tfs ' o G c e tl onc us r a l gai ns tsr i o i n e e e a r b e o h an if '' r s c p c l o y le to , a

unw a r nt d de uci ns or l ga c ncuso s'' R2 I v s ment LD C v.Phil s,401 ra e d to , e l o l i n .' n et s li p

F.d 638,642 ( t Ci.2005 ( uotng Sout lnd Se .Cor .v I s ie I s Soltons 3 5h r )q i ha c p . np r n . u i , I c. 365F.d 353,362 ( t Ci.2004). l pora ty,tecour s oul note auaet e n, 3 5h r ) m tn l h th d vl t h
m e isof t e al ga i n,butmus s tsy is l onl t a pl i tf ha a equael pl d a rt h le to t ai f te f y h t a n if s d ty e

lgal c gn z bl c am . Unie St ts c r l Rie v St Lu e' Epico alHo p. 355 e ly o i a e l i td a e x e . ly . . k s s p s,

F.d 370,376( t Ci. 3 5h r 2004) . Addiinaly,t he a pli tf s e a publc ofi ilunde ( ecinj 1 83,te to l l n anif u s w i tca r S to 9 h
diti tc ur mus i ss on heght ne pl a i g by t e pl i tf ' M orn v Caie 77 src o t t n it i e d e dn h an if ' i . r,

F.d 11 ,1 1 ( t Ci.1 96)(iig Sc ule v.Wood,47 F.d 1 27,1433 ( t Ci. 3 6 2 5h r 9 ctn h ta 34 5h r
1 95). l s c c s s t epla i g t us çtt wih fcua deala dpatc lrt te 9 ) n u h a e , h e dn s i t sae t a t l ti n riua iy h m
ba i f r t e cli whih nec s a iy i cudes why t e de e dantofi i l c nnot ss o h am c e s rl n l h f n - fca a

s c esflymanti t edefns ofi m uniy.' Babbv Dor an,33F.d47 ,477( t u c sul i an h e e m t '' .m 32 5h Ci.1 94)( uotngElit v Pe e ,7 1F.d 1 7 ,1 73(t Ci.1985). r 9 q i lot . r z 5 2 4 2 4 5h r )
1 1. 1 A N A L Y SIS

A . Four h A m endm entExce s ve For e C l i t si c am

4

De e da t a gue t a t e Hoba t f i t a l ge f d s s ow i g a dam unde t e fn n s r hth rs al o le a h n i rh
Fourh Am e dm e t The c nt nd t a t e r lva ti quiy w hi h r quiesa c ur t t n n. y o e h t h ee n n r cer o to

c nsd rt e o j ci er a o a lne so a o fc rsa to sfo t epes e tv ofa o i e h b e t e s n b e s f n fie ' ci n r m h rp ci e v
r ms na l polc ofi e on t e s ene- s ow s t a Of i e Es r da be a ed r as na l i e o b e i e tc r h c h h t fc r ta h v e o by n

hi decson t ope fr i t e Hoba thous hol ç e a s he c ul r as na l ha e s ii o n ie n h r e d s cue b o d e o by v be ive frng wasnec s a y unde t e t t lt oft e f c ua cr u sa c s a l ge by le d ii esr r h o aiy h a t l ic m tn e le d

te Plitfs' ( ef. M ot t Dim is Doc.No.7,! 1 . Plitfs diput ti h anif. D s' . o s s , ' ( 3) an if s e h s
c a ace i a i n,a gui g t a t e pl ad a equa e f c s t s ow t a t e f r e us d by h r trz to r n h t h y e d t at o h h t h oc e

Ofie Esrdawase c sie.( l.Rep.oDes'Mott DimisfrFalr t Stt fc r ta x e sv P s' s t f. .o s s o iu e o ae
aCli ,Ofi ilI muniy, ndGovenme tll muniy,Doc No.1 ,a 4- . am tca m ta r na m t . 0 t 6)
To pr valo a Fourh Am e dm e te c s i e f r e cli ,a pl i tf mus s ow ein t n n x e sv o c am an if th

&( )a ij r ( )whih r s le dr cl a d o l fo aus o fr et a wa ce ry û 1 n nuy 2 $ c e utd ie ty n n y rm e f o c h t s lal
e c sie,a d ( )te e c siene sofwhih wasce ryunr a o a l.' Ontv r sv x e sv n 3 h x e sv s c lal e s n b e'' ie o .

Ci o Ro e b r ,5 4 F.d 37 ,3 2 ( t Ci.2 09 ( u t g Fr e an v Go e 4 3 t f s n eg 6 3 9 8 5h r 0 ) q oi y n em . r , 8
F.d 40 ,4l ( t Ci.2007). $ n ofiers us ofdea l f r e i pr s m ptvel 3 4 6 5h r )W fc ' e dy oc s eu i y
r a o a l whe t eofi e hasr a o t belevet a t es s ec pos sat r a ofs rous e sn be n h tc r e s n o i h th u p t e h e t ei

ham t teo fc ro t ohes' f .(iigMac v Ci o pae tn ,3 3F.d6 1 6 3 r o h fie r o t r. # ctn ' e . t f lsi e 3 3 2 , 2 y ( t Ci. 00 ). Fu te,i lq e ûe s n blne s ofa p riu a u e o f r emu tbe 5h r 2 3 ) rh r û th ra o a e s ' d atc lr s f o c s j d e fo t e p rp ci eofar a o a l o fc ro t e s e e rte ta wi t e u g d r m h es e tv e s n b e fie n h c n , ah r h n t h h
20/ 0viin ofhi dsg t' Gr ham v.Connor 490U. . 3 6 (979 (iig Tery v. 2 so n ih .' a , S 386, 9 1 ) ctn l
Ohi,392 U. .1 20- 2 ( 968) Hee,ofc ur e i i notte ts ofti Cour t o S,21 . r o s, t s h ak hs to
de e m i e whe he O f i erEsr da a t a l a ple e ce s ve f r e i t e de t ofA a o tr n t r fc t a c u ly p i d x s i o c n h a h rn

Hoba t buti sea t detr i e whehe t e Hoba t ha e a e uael pld a e c s i e r, nt d o em n t rh rs v d q t y e n x e sv

5

f r e ca m a ans Ofi e Esr da. The Cour fndst a t e Hoba t ha e a e ua ey o c li g i t fc r ta ti hth rs v d q t l

pld tercam . F rt t eHo at' e dngha ce ry alg d a ij r - ted ahof e h i li is, h b rs pla i s la l le e n n u y h e t
t er s n. Sec nd,t e Ho a t ha e pr fe e we lpl a e f cs al gi g t a Ofi er hi o o h b rs v o f r d l- e d d a t le n h t tc

Esr da sus of f r e wa cea l a d unr a ona l e c s i e The Hoba t al g t a ta ' e o c s l ry n e s b y x e sv . rs le e h t Pa Ho a tc le 911 a d t l t e dipac e t a Aaon w a una m e a d notunde t e m b r al d n o d h s th r h t r s r dn rh

itue c ofa y dnz . ( o pl ! 1 . M r.Ho atwascalng notbe a s a y ci e nl n e n g C m . 5) s b r li c u e n rm
w a be ng c m m it d, but r t e t r que t t a a CI of i e tans or A a on t t e si o te ah r o e s h t T fc r r p t r o h

hos ia f rteam e t (d. M r.Hoba ts ecfc ly rlye t t e911 dipac e ta ptl o r t n . 1 ) s r p iial ea d o h s th r h t Aaonwasme tlyil (#. 16. TheHobarsfrhe algeta Esr dar s onde t r n al l. f 5 ) t u t r le h t ta ep d o
t ec l i or e t pr vi et ea ssa c rquetd,a d nott i vesiaeaci e (d. h aln d r o o d h sitn e e se n o n tg t rm . 1

! 1 . Durng te c nfontton isllte Hobat ale et a Aaon be a edita ght 5) i h o r ai tet h rs lg h t r c m sru
a d tid t l a et eho eupon s eng Ofi e Esr da Hetid t pas O fi e Esr da n re o e v h m ei fc r ta . re o s fc r ta

a d c usd physca c ntc wih hi . (d.I 1 . The Ho at alge,howe e,tat n ae i l o a t t m 1 J 7) b rs le vr h
Aa on' aci nsi no wa s ggese t athe w a r a hi g f ra we pon orc nfontng r s to n yu td h s ec n o a or i

Ofke Esrda (d. 18. f r ta . 1 ! )
V iw i g t e e f c s i t e lght mos f vor bl t t e H oba t, t e Cou t e n hs at n h i ta aeoh rs h r

c ncldest a t e ha es f ce tysae a e cesvefr ecam unde Rul 1 ()6 . o u h t h y v u f in l ttd n x si o c li r e 2b()
B . Fourt ent A m endm entExces i e Force C l i eh sv am

I t er Compl i t t e Hoba t pl a a e ce sve f r e ca m unde bot t e n hi an , h rs e d n x s i o c li r hh

F rt a d Fo re n h Ame d e t. ( o p .!2 . Dee da t mo e t d s is te is n u te t n m n s C m l 6) fn ns v o im s h
Hobars Fouree t Amend e t cam ,a gu ng t a t e Supr m e Cour ha e pr s l t' t nh m n li r i h t h e t s x e sy

rj ce te c u t'u e o t eFo re nh Ame d e tss b tnt e d e p o e sca s ee td h o rs s f h u te t n m n ' u sa i u r c s lu e v

unde t es cr um sa c sbec us t e Fo rh Am e dm e tpr vi esa e plcts ur e of r h e ic tn e a e h ut n n o d n x ii o c pr t ci n a d s o l beus d i se d. o e to n h u d e n ta The Cour a e s A1 cli st a û a e f r e e tofi e sha e us d e c s i e t p e . 1 am h t l w n o c m n fc r v e x e sv l
f r e - e dl ornot i t e c ur e ofa a r s , nve tga or s op,orot e t e zur 'ofa oc - d a y - nh o s n r e t i si t y t h r si e

fee ctze s o l be a a y e under t e Fo rh Am e dm e t a d is te s na l ne s r ii n h u d n lz d h ut n n n t rao be s s a dr d, r t e t a unde a ûubsa tve due pr c s ' a pr ac .' Gr ham v. tn ah r h n r s tn i o e s p o h '' a

Connor 490 U..386,395,( ..1 89) I ti c s ,t e Fourh Ame d e twoul , S U S 9 . n hs ae h t nm n d
a pl onl whe e Aa o Hoba twa ts ie ' a a fe ctze ,snc Ofi e Esr da wa py y r rn r s çe z d ' s r e ii n i e fc r ta s
note f c i g a a r s or i ve tga or s o a t e tm e ofA a on' s ootng. A pe s n i f e tn n r e t n s i t y t p t h i r sh i ro s

û eze ' wihi t em e ni g oft eFourh Ame d e twhe a r a o a l pe s n wo l t i d' t n h s an h t nm n n e s n b e ro ud

notfe fe t la e. Se Flrda v Bosik,5 l U. .429,435 ( 991 . Her,bot el re o e v e o i . tc 0 S 1) eh
pa te a pe rt a r e t a t e Fo rh Ame dm e tsr a ona l ne si quiy a pleshe e, ri s p a o g e h t h u t n n' es be s n r p i r e e t oug t e have notdic s e i deai whehe Aa on Hoba twa s i e wihi vn h h hy su sd n t l t r r r s ez d t n t e mea i g oft a Am e d e t The Cour de e m i e t a ,be a s Ofi e Esr da h nn ht n m n. t t r n s h t c u e fc r ta dipl ye hi we po t Aa on,t ee c untri pr pe l de c i ed asa t ezur ' a d t e s a d s a n o r h n o e s o ry s rb s i e' n h s

Fo rh Am e dm e tr a ona l ne ssanda d s oul a pl . Unied St t sv.M ende hal, ut n n es be s t r h d p y t ae nl

446U..544,55 ( 980)( otngt ediply ofawea onbya ofi e a a e a pl of S 41 ni h sa p n tc r s n x m e
crum sanc s t a miht idiae a siur) The Hobars Fouree t Amend e t ic t e h t g n c t ez e . t' t nh mn
e ce svef r e ca m i t e e or dim is d. x s i o c li s h r f e s s e
C . C l i s Aga ns C hi f ofPolc Bonny K r hn am it e ie a

The Co pli tlss tve c us s ofac i n agans Chi fofPolc Bonny Kr hn m an it i a e to it e ie a

(v hifK.n n'. Dee da t s e dimis lofa1cam sagans ChifKr l ,a gung s e rh ' c ) fn n s e k s sa 1 li i t e am r i
t a Chi fKr hn ha no perona i vol e e ti a y al ge unc nsiutona cond c , ht e a d s l n v m n n n le d o tt i l ut

a d t a t e Hoba t f i t al ge a y f c s whi h de onsr t a pate of sm iar n ht h rs al o le n a t c m ta e tm il

vi ltonsaiigfo i a e uaetanig.( oc. 7 111 - 0. TheHoba t r s ond oai rsn rm n d q t ri n D No. , 1 6 2 ) rs e p
t a t e sa ea cam a ans Chi fKr hn be a s he f ie t tan SPD pe s nne a d h t h y tt li g i t e a cu e a ld o r i ro l n

s pe vie Esr da hi f iur ca s d Esr da t us unr as na l e ce sve f r e a d hi u r s ta , s a l e u e ta o e e o b e x s i o c , n s

fiu ewa dei eaeyidifrntt teHobars rght.( oc. 1 ,a 6- 1) alr s lb rtl n fee o h t' i s D No. 0 t 1 .
Unde Seci n 1 83, s pe vio y ofi il a e not la l f r t e a tons of r to 9 u r sr fc a s r ib e o h c i s bor i at son a t e r ofvi a i us la iiy. Thomps n v Ups u Cb= / ,245 F. d u dn e h oy c ro ib lt o . hr y 3

4447, ( t Ci.2001 (uotng Thomplnsv #c/828F.d298,303 (t Ci.1 87) 459 5h r )q i d . /, 2 5h r 9 .
I sea ,t e S icond c oft e s bo di a e mus be a fr a i e y lnke t t e a ton or nt d h t s u t h u r nt m t fim tv l i d o h c i

i a to o t es p r io . So ta dv F x ## O crmia J sie 1 4 F.d 5 9 5 0 n ci n f h u e vs r' uh r . c . . f i n l u tc , 1 3 3 , 5 '
( t Ci.1997 ( ii gDoev.Ta lrI de .Sc .Dit,1 F.d443,453 (t cr 1 94) 5h r ) ctn y o n p h s. 5 3 5h i. 9 (n ba c) Supe vs r la iiy ma atc onl i as pe vs r ofi ilafnnai ey e n l. r io y ib lt y ta h y f u r io y tca fi tv l
pa tcpa e i a ac t a vi l t s t e consiuton, or i plm e t a unc nsiutona ri i t s n n t h t o ae h tt i m e ns n o tt i l

poiyta c us st ep an ifsij r .Ba e v Pu n l7 F.d 1 0 1 9( t Ci.1 9 ) lc h t a e h litf' nu y k r . t a, 5 3 9 9 5h r 9 6 (iigM o i ev Ci o LieOa ,T x , 7 F.d9 4 9 9( t Ci. 9 2 ) I ti c s , ctn ul . t f v k e 9 7 2 2 , 2 5h r 1 9 ). n h s a e l y
t eHo a t do nota lge t a Chi fKr l waspe s naly i vol e i t ede t ofAa o h b rs le h t e am r o l n v d n h ah rn H oba t l sea ,t e s eChi fKr hn unde t et e r t a he f ie t s pe vieOfi e r. n t d h y u ea r h h o y h t al d o u r s fc r
Es r da a d f ie t t a n SPD pe s nne t r s ond pr pe l t m e t l he lh s r i e ta n a ld o r i ro l o e p o ry o n a a t e v c

c ls Unde t i t e r ,t e tbls Seci n 1 83 la iiy a a ns Chi fKr hn,t e a l. r h s h o y o s a ih to 9 ib lt g i t e a h

Hobat mus e tbls t a:û( )tepolcec iffie t s per ieortan t eofie ; rs t sa ih h t $1 h i h e ald o u vs r i h fc r
()ac us lc nne tonexitd bewee tefiur t s pe vieortan a dt evilton 2 a a o ci se t n h al e o u r s r i n h o ai

ofte pli tf srg t;a d ()te fiur t s per ieortan a ountd t delbe ae h anif ih s n 3 h al e o u vs ri m e o i rt
i dif r nc t t e pli tf s c nsiutonalrght.' Rob rs v CIy o s r vpo t 3 7 n fe e e o h an if o tt i i s' e t . ' f h e e r, 9 / .

F.d 287,29192 ( t Ci.2005) (iains omitd) Pr ofof a patm of smia 3 - 5h r ctto te . o te i lr
cons iutona vi l tons i ge e aly r qui e t es a ls de i e a e i dif r nc . 1 . tt i l o a i s n r l e r d o t b i h lb r t n fe e e d

( ii gSn de v.Trpagnir 1 2F.d 7 1, 99( t Ci.1 98) ctn y r e e , 4 3 9 798- 5h r 9 ).
H e e t e Hoba t al ge t a Chi fKr hn f ie t tan Ofi e Esr da i CI r, h rs le h t e a a ld o r i fc r ta n T m ehods a d t ey t e e or m e tt e tr tpr ng of s pe v s r la iiy. The f rhe t , n h h r f e e h is o u r io y i b lt y ut r a lge t a Chi fKz hn f ie t ta n SPD pe s nne i t e pr pe c m m u i ai n of le h t e a al d o r i ro l n h o r o n c to
c i i i t r e t o r ques s f r m ent ly i1 pe s ns a d di pa c i g a pr pra e rss n e v n i n e to al 1 ro , n s th n p o it

pe s nne t t e s e e. Se ond,t eHoba t as sa e t r ughoutt erco pl i tt a a ro l o h c n c h rs lo t t h o h i m an h t c us lc nne to e it d bew e n Ofi e Esr da sl c oftani g a d Aa on Ho a ts a a o ci n x se t e fc r ta ' a k r i n n r b r' de t . The al ge t a va i us de es aa i n a d non-e ha de e s m e s r s e itt ah y le h t ro - c lto n lt l f n e a u e x s o a pr pra e ym a agea d de an pe s nswih m e t li paim e t . The as al get at p o it l n n t i ro t na m r ns y lo le h t est a i n cal d f raCl -r i e ofi e ,whih SPD di notpr vi e.Thet id pr ng h iu to le o T ta n d fc r c d od hr o

r quie t a Chif Kr hn' f iur t tan c nsiutd dei e a e i dif r nc t t e e r s h t e a s a l e o r i o tt e lb r t n fe e e o h
H o a t'c nsiuto a rg t. To pr va lon t i pr ng,apl i tf m us pr vi ee i e c b rs o tt i n l ih s ei hs o an if t o d v d n e of a pat r of c nsiutona vi ltons He e t e Hoba t do not a l g a y f c s te n o tt i l o a i . rs h rs le e n a t s owi g a pa tm ofconsiutonalvi ltons The Cour not s t atvit aly a loft e hn te tt i o ai , t eh ru l 1 h

c s 1 w ct d by Def nda t i s ppor ofdim is loft i c am co e fom c s s a a e a ie e ns n u t s sa h s li m sr ae t

te s mm ay j d ne tp a e wh r mos o te lw o ti s b e ta p ast h v h u r u p n h s, ee t f h a n hs u jc p e r o a e
de elpe . Be a s t i c s i now att e m oton t dim is phas ,t e Cour f rhe vod cu e hs ae s h i oss eh t ut r a know ldg st a pr vi i g pr ofofapatm ofconsiutona vi ltonsi exc edi gl c e e h t o dn o te tt i l o a i s e n y

difc l f rapli tflwhoha no s ur eofpr - ic ver e i e c ta hema pr d c fiu t o an it s oc eds o y v d n e h t y ou e
t s ppo ts c a c am . Ahe is r viw oft e r l va t c s s howeve ,t i Cour o u r u h li rt e e h ee n a e , r hs t co cl de t a t e Hoba t m us s t f rh a l a t s me f cs t a al ge a pate of n u s ht h rs t e ot t e s o a t h t le tm

u c nsiu in l c n uc by SP . S e eg ,Opo t v Ci o E1Pa o 201 W L n o ttto a o d t D e , .. ro . t f y s, 0
3503457,a *8 ( . .Te .Se t 2,201 )(eusng t dimis a fiur -o-r i cam t W D x p. 0 r f i o s s al et tan li
whe e Pl i tfs pr vi e a ls oft it -w o prori c de t of ofi e s al ge l usng r an if o d d it h ry t i n i ns fc r le d y i

e c sie d a l fr e ;Gr e wo d v Ci o Y a u ,2 08W L 4 1 77 ,a * ( . . x e sv e d y o c ) e n o . t f o k m 0 y 6 5 9 t 4 SD
Te .Oc.1 2008 (ef sng t dim isaf iur -o-ri cai whe eplitf rpored x t 7, ) r u i o s s al et tan l m r anif e t ta heha be n wrngf ly mite tdby ofiesi t epa t;Sa an v Sumne Cbla/ ht d e o ul sr ae fc r n h s) g . r /. p

## o Edu . --F.S pp 2 -- 2 1 W L 26 6 6 ,a * 6 ( . . r . uy 6 2 1 ) . f c, - u . d -, 0 0 9 1 9 t 1 M D Tem J l , 0 0
(efsngt dim isaf iur -o-ri cam whe eplitf aleg d ta a us by ta he r u i o s s al et tan li r anif l e h t b e e c r
ha oc ure numeoustm e ove t ec ureofmor ta onea a emi ye r;La ond d c rd r i s rh o s e hn c d c a) F

v Ci o Ka k k e 2 1 W L 5 3 0 ,a * ( . . 1. b. , 0 (ç t ea s n eo . t f n ae, 0 0 y 0 0 9 t 5 C D 11Fe 8 201 ) 1n h b e c f I
a y algai ns ofprvius i cde t,E sngl i cde t i i s fiintt alge t a n le to e o n i n s a i e n i n l s n u fce o le h t

g ee d n ) wa d lb r tl id fe e tt poe ta c n tmto a vo ai n .) The d fn a t s eie aey n ifr n o tn il o si in l ilto s' . '
Co r b le e , tti j ncue ta e e g n r lfcswh c p i tt pro vo ai n by u t eiv s a h s u tr, h t v n e ea a t ih o n o ir ilto s
SPD wo l al w t e Hoba t t s r i e t em oton t dim ispha e. The Ho a t f i, u d lo h rs o u v v h i oss s b rs al how e e ,t a lgea y f c sr ga di g prorvi l to s The Co r wilal w t e Hoba t v r o le n a t e r n i o ai n . u t l lo h rs lavet a e d t erco pl i tt a dr s t i defc e c .l e o m n h i m an o d e s h s ii n y

D. Quai e l m uniy lf d m t

lAleratvey, underc rai cic m sa ce ,Se ton l la iiy ca atch unde t e d i gl i cde t tnil e t n r u tn s c i 983 ib lt n ta r h ln e ni n s e c pton,'whih doesnotr quie a patenzofconsiutona viltons Thi exce ton a plesis he e xe i ' c er t tt i l o ai . s p i p i tw r te f csgi ig rs t te vi lton a e s c t ati s oul ha e bee a pa e tt t e polc ma ertata h a t vn ie o h o ai r u h h t h d v n p rn o h iy k h c nsiutonalvi lton wast ehi hl pr ditbl co s que c ofapa tc lrpolc orf iur t tan.' o tt i oa i h g y e ca e n e n e riu a iy a l e o r i ''

Ra ie v Jm Wel Ca . 201 W L 2 9 3 4 a *1( . .Te . u e2 ,201 ) A panifmutas m rz . i l @ , 0 s 5 8 0 . t SD x J n 5 0. litf s lo

s ow t atte f iur t tan r pr s nt d te movi g f re behid te c nsiutona vi lton. Robe t v h h h al e o ri e ee e h n oc n h o tt i l o ai rs . donotsaeafcily plusbl cli unde t esngl i ci e texc pton.TheCour wilalow t eHo a t tt a al a i e am rh i e n dn e i t l l h b rs t r pladt ei cai unde t esngl i ciente c pton a w el i t e w ih. The mus ale es m efct oe e h rlm rh i e n d x e i s l, f h y s y t lg o a s

Ci o S rvpo t3 7F.d2 7, 95( t Ci. 0 5 .Thee cpt ni n now.Thefcs a alge h r , t f he e r, 9 3 8 2 5, r 2 0 ) y h xe i s a o a t, s le d ee

rgadn te( ihyp e itbl'c n e u n eo afi r t tanrs ligi ti s e ii ijr , n ta e rig h i g l rdca e' o s q e c f al e o ri eutn n hs p cfc nu y a d h t h u ChifKrh ' fiue t tan wa te i o ig fre'b hn tec n tuin lvoain 1 .(nen l e a n s alr o ri s h b vn o c ' e id h o si t a ilt . d itr a m to o q oain omie ) u tt s t d . o t
10

D ef nda t a gue ne t t a t e H o a t f i t alege f c s whi h ove c m e t e e ns r x h th b rs al o l at c ro h i di i ualde e da t 'qua ii d i m uniy f rt o r as ns Fis ,D ef nda t cont nd t a n vd fn ns lte m t o w e o . rt e ns e ht

t eHo a t do no s ow t a Ofi e Esr da a d Chi fKr hn de rve t e ofa cea l h b rs t h h t tc r ta n ea pi d h m l ry

esa ls e rg tofwhih a r a o a l ofii lwoul ha e known.Se ond,Def nda t t b ih d i h c e s n b e fc a dv c e ns
c nt nd t a t e Hoba t do t ey s ow t a Ofi e Esr da or Chif Kr hn we e o e ht h rs h h h t fc r ta e n r

o j cieyu r ao a l i lg t teif r ain e c o fca po s se .( o . . , be t l n e s n b e n ih of h n o m to a h fiil se s d D c No 8 v
a 1 -3. t 01 )

tl jve n e tofiil pefr i gdiceinay f ncinsge ealyaes il e tG o r m n tcas rom n s rto r u to n r l r h ed d
fom la iiy f r cvi da age i s f r as t ei c nduc doe not vi l t c e ry r ib lt o i l m s n o a hro t s o ae l a l
esa ls ed sa ut r or c nsiuto a rght ofwhih a r a ona l pe s n woul ha e t b ih tt o y o tt i n l i s c e s b e ro dv

known. Harow v Fiz e al ,457 U. .8 0,81 ( 982) Thi sa dad çû iesa pl ' ' l , tg r d S0 8 1 . s tn r ûgv m e

r o f rmitk nj d me t' p o e t g çlb thepanyi c mp tn o tos wh o m o sa e u g n s by r tci al u t li l n o ee t r h e o n
kno i gy vi lt te 1w.' Dc r c v Saunder,588 F.d 282,287 (t Ci.2009) w n l oae h a '' r e . s 3 5h r
(uotng Male v Brggs,475 U. .335,343,3 1 (986). l exa i ig whehe an qi ly . i S 4 1 ) n m nn tr

ofiil i e tted t quaiid i m uniy,a c ur û onducg) te t o-tp a ayss' fca s nil o lfe m t o tt c ts h w se n l i' outie i Sau ir v Kat. Lyte v Be ar Cbl f,560 F.d 404,409 ( t Ci.2009) ln d n ce . z l.x / y, n 3 5h r (iig Sau ir v Kat,533 U. .1 4 ( 001) Sauce manti e a fi i ç r e of ctn ce . z S 9 2 ). ir i an d l gd o d r r
ba te,' i .a 409, r by quaii d i m uniy wast bedee m i e by exa i i g tr t tl '' d t whe e lfe m t o tr n d m n n i s, whehe t e f cs al ge s ow t a a ofi i lvi lt d ac nsiutona rght a d s c nd, t r h a t le d h h t n fca o a e o tt i l i , n e o w hehe t a c nsiutona rghtwa cea l e tbls ed a t etm e oft evi lton. 5 3 t r h t o tt i l i s l ry s a ih t h i h oai 3

U. .1 4,200- 1( 001,over ldi par b Pe ron v Calahan,-- . .-- 1 9S.Ct S9 0 2 ) ru e n t y a s . l -U S -, 2 . 8 8( 009) AferteSuprm eCo r' de iini Pe r onv Calahan,ac ur ne dnot 02 . th e u ts cso n a s . l ote
a dr s t es t o q e tonsi t a pa tc lror e . 1 9 S.Ct a 81 . d e s h e w u si n h t ri u a d r 2 .t 8

W he a de e da tpr pe l a s rs a de e s of qualfe i m uniy,t e bur e n f n n o ry s e t fn e ii d m th dn f ls t t e pl i tf t lç e o sr t t e i a plc biiy of t e de e s .' A tebe r v. a l o h a n if o td m n t a e h n p i a lt h f n e '' t r y

No o a Ge .Hop. 4 0 F.d 2 5 2 3 ( t Ci.2 0 )( u tn Mc ln o v Ci o c n n s , 3 3 4 , 5 5h r 0 5 q oi g c e s n . t f y
Colmbi,305F.d31 ,323( t Ci. ua 34 5h r 2002)(nba c ( e c ra l. e n ) p r u im )
A pli tf i not r quied t a tci a e t e de e s of quaii d i m uniy a d an if s e r o ni p t h fn e lfe m tn

tp o iege trs e iiiy 'i ac mp an .Elsv Cr w o d 2 05W L 5 5 0 , t* t r vd r ae p cfct ''n o lit l . a f r , 0 t i 24 6a 4
( . .Te .Ma .3,2005 ( uotng Todd v Hawk 72 F.d443,446( t Ci.1 95)( e ND x r )q i . , 3 5h r 9 p r c ra l.Isea ,aplitf i oblgae t fl i iilyaçthor a dpli sae e t'of u im ) n t d an if s i td o ie n tal ts t n an ttm n '' t e cli purua tt Rul 8()2) 1 . Ahe a defnda ta s es wih a quaiid h am s n o e a( . d r e n nw r t lfe
i m uniy de e s ,a c ur ç a , i is di c ei n,i ss t a a pli tf fl a r pl ' m t fn e o t l y n t s r to n it h t m an if ie e y '

purua tt Rul 7()t a a dr sestequaiidi muniyque ton. Sc ule v.Wood, s n o e a h t d es h lfe m t si h ta 47 F.d 1 27,1 33- 4 ( t Ci.1 95) Thi rpl l us betiord t tease ton of 3 4 4 3 5h r 9 . s e y i t al e o h s ri m
quaii d i m uniy a d f il e gag is a lgai ns' 1 .a 1 33. A def ns pla ed lte m t n a ry n e t le to . d t 4 ' e e ed

wihpatc lrt ,t e ,wilr quiepatc lrt fom teplitf sRul 7()r pl .f . t riuaiy h n l e r riu a iy r h an if e aey #
l ti c s,t eCour hasnotrquese aRul 7( )rpl fo t eHoba t. I n hs ae h t e td e a e y rm h rs f
Pl itfs f i t alege f cs whih ove c m e qua iid i m uniy,t i Cour wilal w a n if a l o l at c ro lfe m t hs t l lo t e t a e d t erc m pli tt c r t os dei incis h m o m n h i o a n o u e h e tce e . The Cour' tr tt s i t dee m i e whehe Pli tfsha e al ge t evi l ton ts is a k s o tr n t r an if v le d h o a i ofa c nsiu i nalrght W ebe i wih Ofi e Esr da. The Hoba t a l get a Ofi e o tt to i. g n t fc r ta rs le h t fc r Esr da us d e c s i e f r e i f t ly s ootng Aa on Ho a t A s no e a ove,a1 ta e x e sv o c n a al h i r b r. td b 1
cl i s t a 1 w e f r e e tofi e s ha e us d û xc s i e f r e -de dl ornot i t e a m h t a n o c m n tc r v e t e sv o c - - a y e - nh c ur e of a a r s , i vesi a or s op, o ot e l e zu e' of a f e c tze s o l be os n r e t n tg t y t r h r si r r e ii n h u d

a ayz d unde t e Fo rh Am e dm e ta d is ûe s na l nes ' sa da d. Gr ham v. nl e rh ut n n n t ra o b e s tn r ' a '

12

Connor 490U. .38 ,395( 989) To saeaFourh Ame dm e te ce svef r ecli , , S6 1. tt t n n x si o c am

teHo a t mu talg t( )a ij r ( )wh c r s l ddr cl a do l fo aus o h b rs s l e t 1 n n u y 2 ih e u t ie t n n y r m et e y ef
fr e tat wa ce ry e c sie, a d ( ) t e exc sie e s of whih wa ce ry oc h s lal x e sv n 3 h e sv n s c s lal

u r ao a l.' On ie o v Ci o Ro e b r ,5 4 F.d 3 9 3 2 (t Ci.2 0 ) n e s n b e' ' tv r s . t f s n eg 6 3 7 , 8 5h r 0 9 y
( uotngFr e anv.Gor ,483 F.d 404,41 ( t Ci.2007). TheHobat alget a q i em e 3 6 5h r ) rs le h t
O fie Esr da f t ly s otAa o Ho a twhe r s ondi g t t e Hobars r q e tf r fc r ta a a l h rn b r n ep n o h t' e u s o a ssa c . W hehe t e Hobarsha e al ged a e ce sve f r e c am he e de e dson s itn e t rh t v le n x si oc li r pn whehe or nott e ha e pl d a f cily plusbl ca m t a Ofi e Esr da' de dl tr hy v e a a l a i e li h t fc r ta s a y

f re wa o j ciey u ra o a l u d r t e cru sa c s Se stn çv Gammo , o c s b e tv l n e s n b e n e h ic m tn e . e z k . n 2 1 W L 9 6 4 ,a * ( . . x J n. 6 2 1 ) t b e tv r ao a ln s i û p r 00 9 7 3 t 5 N D Te . a 2 , 0 0 . s jcie e s n b e e s s a u e o
queton oflw 'ta i c nsdeed a e deem ii g te r lva tfct.' 1 .( uotng si a h t s o i r h r tr n n h ee n a s' d q i Scot v Hari,550 U..372,381 n. ( 007). To ma e ti deemi ai n,co rs t . rs S 82 ) k h s tr n to u t
tt us baa ce te a ountof fr e us d a ans t e ne d f r f re.' f .( uotng tm t ln h m o c e g i t h e o o c '' # q i

Ramie v.Knoulon,5 2F.d 1 4,1 9( t Ci.2008) Stii gti balncette uie rz t 4 3 2 2 5h r ). rkn h s a srq r
ca e ulate ton t t e f cs a d cr um sa c s of e c pa tc l r ca e i cudi g t e r f tn i o h a t n ic tn e a h riu a s , n l n h s ve iy oft ec i e a is e whehert es s e tpos sa i m e it t r a t t es f t e rt h rm t su , t h u p c e n m d a e h e t o h a ey oft e ofi e sorot e s a d whehe he i aci ey r ssi g a r s ora tm ptng t e a e h fc r h r, n t r s tv l e itn re t te i o v d

ars by fiht'' 1 . (uotng Gr ham,490 U. .at 3 6) The balncng ts i re t lg .' d q i a S 9. a i et s % onsri e ' i a c s i v lig de dl fr e. û s ofde dl f re i ob e tvey k tan d' n a e n o vn a y o c d e c u a y o c s j ci l
unr a onabl unl s nec s a y t pr ve t s ro s ha m t t e ofi e o ot e s' 1 . es e e s e s r o e n eiu r o h fc r r h r .' d

(iainsomitd) A cour mus ke p i mi d,a a1tm e ,t a polc ofi esoRe ctto te . t t e n n t 1 i s h t ie fc r n

m a es ltsc ndj d m e t u d run e ti cru sa c s a ds o l v e a o tc rs k p i-e o u g n s n e c ran ic m tn e , n h u d iw n fi e '
c nduc wiho tt ebe ettofhi dsght o t tuh ni ni.

13

He e t e Ho a t alege t a Aa on be a e a ia e upon Ofi e Esr da' r, h b rs l ht r c m g tt d tc r ta s a rva,a d he a tm ptd t l a e t e hous . The Hoba t f rhe alege t a Aa on ha ri l n te e o e v h e rs u t r l h t r d no we pons a f c t a wa co m uni a e t t e e e ge c dipa c e durng Pam a , at ht s m c td o h m r n y s th r i Hoba tspho ecal Alhough Aa on c us d physc lc nt c wih Ofi e Esr dawhie r' n l. t r ae ia o a t t tc r ta l at m ptng t wak pa thi a d outt e door t e Hoba t a lge t a t e t o se pe te i o l s m n h ,h rs le h t h w tp d ba k fom e c ot e rghta a a d Aa on' aci ns i no way s ggese t a he wa cr ah h r i wy n r s to n u td h t s r a hi g f r a we pon or ot e wi e c nfontng Ofier Esr da Fr m t e Cour ' ec n o a hr s o r i fc ta . o h ts r a i g oft e Ho a tsco pl i t t eonl ba i f ra r a ona l beleft a Aa on pos d e dn h b r' m a n , h y ss o e s b e i h t r e
a t r a of ha m i t e phys c l c nt c a d A a o ' a t m pt t l a e t e hous . he t r sh ia o a t n r n s te o ev h e

Consde i g o l t e pl a i gsa d ac e tng t e Hoba t'f cua a lga i ns a tue a i rn n y h e d n n c p i h rs a t l le to s r , s t i Cour mus, t e Co r tnds t a t e Ho a t ha e saed a c am t at Ofi e hs t th ut i ht h b rs v t t li h fc r Esr da' us ofde dl f r e wasexc s i e a d unr a o a l unde t e cr um sa ce . ta s e a y oc e sv n esn be r h ic tn s

Ac od n t t ec m p an , r nHo a t d c n a t us o c a d se pe b c . He c r i g o h o lit Aao b r ma e o tc j t n e n tp d a k
di no f i t co pl wih a or e gi e by Ofi e Esr da ora pe rt ber a hi g f r d t alo m y t n d r v n fc r ta , p a o e c n o awe pon.Alhough he i iily at m ptd t l a e, di nota t a l l a e t ehous or a t n ta l te e o e v he d c u ly e v h e fee M or over Aa on Hoba twa no a c i i a s s e t i an wJ a d s Ofi e l. e ,r r s t rm n l u p c n y y n o fc r Esr da c ul no be ive hi t be da ge o s on t os gr unds The Hoba t ha e ta o d t le mo n ru he o . rs v sae a f caly plusbl c am f rt evi lton ofac nsiutonaldght t td a i l a i e l i o h o a i o tt i . N e t t e Cour mus c nsde whehe t e vi lton of Aa on Ho a ts Fo rh x,h t to ir t r h oai r b r' u t

Ame d e trg t wa o j ci ey u ra o a l gie t ece ry e tbls e 1w a t e n m n ih s s be t l n e s n be v n h lal sa ih d a t h v
tm e ofhi de t . Thi i a s pa a e i qui y f om t e Fo rh A m e dm e tr a ona l ne s i s ah s s e rt n r r h ut n n es be s de e m i a i n. The f c s i on t e tû pe ii c r um s a ce of t e i c de t -coul a t r n to ou s h ls c f c i c t n s h n i ndn

ofi e ha er as na l i t m r t d t el w t c ncudet a t epe c i e t r a pos d by fc r v e o b y n e e e h a o o l h t h r e v d h e t e

t e s s ec wa s fiintt j siy de dl f re?'' Banks,2010 W L 996743,at *6 h u p t s u fce o u tf a y o c '
( uotng Ontve o ,564 F.d a 38 n.) Fo t epumos soft e qualfed i muniy qi i rs 3 t 3 1. r h e h ii m t
a ayss ttl a l e tbls e 'm e ns t a t e û ont ur of t e rght a e çuf ce ty n l i, kc e ry sa ih d a hth c o s h i ' r s f in l cla t at a r a ona l ofi i lwoul unde sa d t a wha he i doi g vi lt s t a er h e s b e fc a d rtn h t t sn oae h t

rg t'' 1 .(uotng Andes n v.Cr ihtn,48 U..635,640 ( 987 . The lw ih .' d q i ro eg o 3S 1: a
ge e al s oul be e tbls e i a m or pa tculrz d s ns ,be a s t e prm a y n r ly h d sa ih d n e ri a ie e e c u e h i r c nc r i f i notc t t e ofi e i t e s e ii c n e t i whih he i a tng. 1 . o e n s ar i e o h tc r n h p c fc o t x n c s ci d

(iainso itd) % e quaii d i muniy i r ie i amoton t dim is i i t e ctto m te . n lte m t s as d n i o s s,t s h

d fn a ts c n uc a o ti e i t e pe dn s ta i e a i e f r o j ci e ee d n ' o d t s u ln d n h la ig h t s x m n d o b e tv
r a ona lne s 1 .at* ( uotngBe r nsv Pelte ,51 U. . 309(996). e s b e s . d 7 q i h e . leir 6 S 299, 1)
I 2009,whe Aa on Ho a tss ootng de t oc ured,i wa clary e tbls e n nr b r' h i a h c r t s e l sa ih d t a ûç ea l f r e vi l t st eFourh Am e dm e tunl s t e ofi e ha pr ba l c us h t ld d y o c o a e h t nn e s h fc r s o b e a e t bele et a t e s s ec pos sat r a ofs rousphysc lha m ,et e t t eofi e or o iv h t h u p t e h e t e i i a r ih r o h fc r

t ote s'' Baz n v Hialo Cnl. 246 F.d 481 488 ( t Ci.2001 ( uotng o h r .' a . dg y, 3 , 5h r )q i Te nese v Gar e ,471 U. .1 11 (985). The tle tofphysc lham mus be n s e . nr S, 1) la r ia r t
i m e i t . Gar e ,471U. .a 1 Ac e tng t e c m pl i tsw elplade f ct a tu m d ae nr S t 1. c p i h o an ' l- e d a s s r e a d vi w i g t e i t e lght mos f vor bl t t e Ho a t,Aa on di not pos a n e n hm n h i ta a eoh b rs r d en i m e i t t r a t Ofi e Esr da o t ot e s A s al ge i t e eo pli t Aa on m d a e h e t o fc r ta r o h r . le d n h m an , r

bum pe i t Ofi e Esr da once a d se pe ba k,a d Ofk e Esr da i m e i t l d n o fc r ta n tp d c n t r ta m d a ey
dr w hi gu and o e e fr . The Hoba t'pl a i gs s fi inty a l ge t a Ofi e e sn p n d ie rs e d n u fc e l le h t fc r

Esr da' us ofdea l f rewa ob e tvel unr a ona l i lghtofclal e tbls e ta s e dy o c s j ci y e s b e n i e ry sa ih d
l w s ast ove c m e O fi e Esr da' qualfed i m uniy de e s a t i s a e. a o o ro tc r t a s ii m t f n e t h s tg

A st Chi fKr hn,t e H oba t f i t a l ge t e vi l ton ofa c ns i u i na r g t oea h r s a l o le h o a i o tt to l i h

wih r s e tt hi s pe v s r la iiy. Thi i outi e i m or de ala ove. Be a s t e p c o s u r io y ib lt s s ln d n e ti b cue
H oba t ha e f ie t m a e t i s ow i g, he Cour ne d no t r t t e s c nd pr ng of rs v al d o k h s h n t t e tu n o h eo o

t e quaii d i m uniy a a yss The Cour wilal w t e Hoba t la e t a e d t ei h lfe m t n l i. t l lo h rs e v o m n h r
c m pl i tt a t m ptt c r t i de i i nc . o a n o te o u e h s fc e y D . M uni i a Li bii y c p l a lt

D e e da t a guene tt a t eHoba t f i t al ge f c swhih s ppor a cai fn n s r x h th rs a l o le a t cu t lm a a ns t e Ciy ofSt fo d. A l c lg ve nm e tm a be s e underSe to 1 83 ûûfi g i th t a fr oa o r n y ud c i n 9 ti t i alege t ha e c us d a c nsiuto a t r t r ugh a polcy sa e e t or i a c , s l do v ae o tt i n l o t h o i tt m n , d n n e r gultons or decson ofi ily a opt d a d pr m ul atd by t a body' ofi e s' e ai , ii fc a l d e n o ge ht s fc r .'
Zarnow v. Ci.yo Wih t Fal ,61 F.d 1 1 1 6 ( t Ci.2 1 )( u tn Ci o st t f c ia l 4 3 6 , 6 5h r 0 0 q oi g t f . s y

Loui v Prpr ti,485 U. .11 ,1 1 ( 988) Munii a la iiy ma as atc s . a o nk S 2 2 1 ). cp l ib lt y lo ta h
w he e t e c nsiui na vi lton occ r pur ua tt a gove m e t lc som t a ha no r h o tt to l o a i us s n o m na u t h t s t

r c ie fr a a p o a.1 .(iigM o elv Ne Y r ( @ De 'o s c 5 nw.43 e ev d o m l p r v l d ctn n l . w o k 7 p t f o . ' , 6 e
U. .658,690 (1 78) To esa ls muniia la iiy,a pli tf mus pr ve t re S 9 ). tb ih cp l iblt an if t o h e
e e e t 'apolcym a er a ofii lpolc ,a d a vi l ton ofc nsiutona rght whos lm n s . i k , n fc a i y n o ai o tt i l i s e

m ovigf rei tepolcyo c som .f .(uoai nso itd) n o c s h i r u t # q tto m te .
O n t e fr te e ent t e Ho a t a e uae y pla t a Chi fKr hn i an ofi i l h is l m , h b rs d q tl e d h t e a s tc a polc m a e f rt eCiy ofSt for . iy k r o h t af d O n t e s c nd ee e t Pl i tfs poi tt no ofi ilpolc pr m ul a e by t e h eo lm n , an if no tc a iy o g td h
m uni i alt . l t e a t r a i e, t e H o a t m a a l ge a t us om o polc ' by c p iy n h le n tv h b r s y le st c r iy '

de onsr tng a ûi e sse twi es r a pr c ie of c t ofi i l o e pl yee ,whi h, m tai çp r it n d p e d a tc iy fc a s r m o s c
a t o g nota t or z d by of i i ly a opt d a d pr m ul a e polc ,i s c m m on a d lh u h u h ie fc al d e n o g t d i y s o o n

we l s tld a t c nsi t a c so t a f il r pr s nt m uni i a polc .' 1 . l ete s o o tm e u t m h t ary e e e s cp l i y '' d

( u t g We se v Ci o H o so ,7 5 F.d 8 8 8 1( t Ci.1 8 ). Be a s t e q oi n b tr . t f u tn 3 2 3 , 4 5h r 9 4 ) c u e h y
C our i a a e of no of i i l polc at f ul i t i c s , i w il c ns de t e H o a t ' ts w r fc a iy a t n hs ae t l o i r h b rs

c am sunde t es c nd f r ofpolcy. li rh eo om i The Hoba t m ay i r ve t e exitnc of a ûusom or polc 'i one of t o rs ço h p se e ct iy n w w a s' 1 .a 1 9. Fis,t e m a e tbls t a m uni i ala t r ore pl ye se ga e y. d t 6 ' rt h y y sa ih h t cp co s m o e n g d i a pat m of unc nsiutonal c nduc . Sec nd, t e may e tbls t a a fna n te o tt i o t o hy sa ih h t i l

polc make tokasngl unc nsiutona a ton.1 .(iainsomitd) iy ro i e o tt i l ci d ctto te .
The Hoba t f i t al ge a pa tr ofunc nsiu i nalc nduc he e. The ha e rs a l o le te n o tt to o tr yv i e tfe no ot e i sa c sofvi ltonsr s li g fom polceofi e s co d c t w a d d n ii d h r n tn e o a i e u tn r i tc r ' n u t o r
m e t ly ilper ons A s f r a sngl unco s iutonala ton by a f na polcy a e ,t e n al 1 s . o ie n tt i ci i l i m kr h

Hoba t mus pl a t atChi fKr hn i a tna polc m a e ,a d m us a s s ow t a he rs t ed h e a s i l iy k r n t lo h ht hasvi lt d ac nsiutona rght The ha edone net e . Asnotd a ove,t e Hoba t oae o tt i l i . yv ih r eb h rs do notal gef ct s ow i gt a Chi fKr hn i la l unde Se ton 1 83. le a s h n h t e a s ib e r ci 9 Fort i r as n,t eHoba t'c m pli ta s f ist sa e a cai a ai s t e Ciy hs e o h rs o a n lo al o tt l m g n t h t ofSt for on t es pa a et e r t att e Ciy ha a polc ofi a e uat tani g ofis af d h e rt h oy h h t d iy n d q e ri n t polc of c r . SeeZar ow,61 F. d a 1 0. Onc a an,t eHo a t do notal get a ie f es n 4 3 t7 e gi h b rs le h t t emuni i aiy wa delbe ael i dif r nti adoptng ista ni g polc . h cp lt s i r t y n fe e n i t ri n iy The Cour alow s t e Hobars l a e t a e d t ei c m pli tt sae a cli tl h t e v o m n h r o an o tt am a ans t eCiy ofSt for . g i th t af d
E . The A D A and Rehabiiat on A ct lt i

17

D e e dant m ove t dim i s t e Hoba t ' c a m s unde Til 1 of t e A D A and fn s o ssh rs l i r te 1 h Se to 5 4 of t e Re a iia i n A c ,a gu ng t a t e Fi h Ci c i' ca e 1 w pr hi is ci n 0 h h b lt to t r i hth A r u ts s a o bt

s c cli sunde t e e cr um sa c s u h am r h s ic t n e . Til 1 oft eADA pr vi e t a l o quaii d i di i ua wih a dia iiy s al, te 1 h o d s h tt n lfe n v d l t s b lt h l
by r as n ofs c di a iiy, e c ude f om pa tc pa i n i orbe de i d t e be eft of eo u h s b lt be x l d r ri i to n n e h n is

t esr ie ,p o rm s o a tvte o ap bl e tt,o b s b e td t ds rm iain h e vc s r g a , r cii s f u i niy r e u j ce o ici n to i c
by a y s c e tt . 42 U.. .j1 1 2. G çublc e tt 'i cude çny de a t e t n u h n iy' ' S C 2 3 1 p i n iy n l s a A p rm n ,
a e cy,s eca pum os diti t or ot e i sr m e t lt of a St t or St ts or l ca gn p il e src , h r n tu n a iy ae ae ol

gove n e t''Haizev. char s 207F.d 795,799(t Ci.201 )( uotng42U. . . r m n .' n Ri d , 3 5h r 0 q i SC
j 1 1 1 1( ). The lngua e of Til 1 tac s t e lngua e ofSe ton 504 of t e 2 3 ( )B ) ag te 1 r k h a g ci h

Re a iiain Ac of1 73,i.(iainso itd) a d fs ecfc ly pr vi e t a çthe h b ltto t 9 d ctto m te , n lp iial o d s h t gl
r m e is pr c du e a d rght 'a aia l unde Se ton 504 s albe t e s m e ast os e d e , o e r s n i s v lb e r ci hl ha he

a albl unde Til 1.5 I .( uotng 42 U.. .j1 1 3 . A dia ld plitf c n v ia e r te 1' d q i SC 2 3 ) s b e anif a
s c e d i a Til 1 c a m i he c n s ow t a ,t y r a o ofhi di a iiy,he w a e t e u ce n te 1 l i f ah h t û esn b s s b lt s ih r E xc ude fom pa tc pa i n i or de i d t e be eft of t e s r i es pr gr m s or el dr r i i to n ne h n is h e vc , o a ,

a tvte o ap b i e t y'o wa ohewie éu j de t d srm iain b a y s c ci i s f u lc ni , r s t r s s b e d o ic i n to y n u h i t
e tt .' 1 .(uotng42 U.. .j1 1 2) n iy'' d q i SC 2 3 .
H e e t e pa tes do notdi put t a A a on Hoba twas a di a l d pe s n ort a r, h ri s eht r r s be ro ht t e Ciy ofSt f or i a publc e tt . The H oba t ale e num e ous vi l tonsofTil 1 ht af d s i n iy rs lg r o ai te 1

a d Se ton 5 4,i c udi g:t f iur a d r f s lt a com m odae polc de a t e t n c i 0 n l n t al e n e u a o c a t ie p rm n
o e a i ns f rm e t lhea t s r i e ca l ,a f iur and r f s lt ado ta polc t pr t c p r to o na lh e v c ls a l e eua o p iy o oe t

pe s ns wih m e t l il e s s dic i i ai n i t e pr vii n of polce s r ies a d ro t n a ln s e , s rm n to n h o so i e vc n e e ge cy r s ons s and a f iur t conduc a s l-vauai n pl n f r pr gr m s a d m r n ep e, al e o t e fe l to a o o a n

18

s r ie afctng pes ns wih me tlilese .' ( oc No.10,a 1 . Dee da t e vc s fe i ro t na ln s s' D . t 2) fn n s
a pe r no t c nts Hoba t ' frt s c nd,and f u t t e re of r c ve y. l is p a t o o et rs is, e o o rh h o i s eo r nt
m oto ,D e e da t a gue a ai s Til 1 r le o l i s f r a i r l t s t t e i c de t in fn n s r g n t te 1 e i f n y n o a s t e a e o h n i n

is l Fr m t e Cour' r vi w oft epla i gsa d De e da t 'moton,t e t id c am te f o h ts e e h edn n fn n s i h h r li i t e onl one t atr f r die ty t t e i ci e tl a i g t Aar n' de t . The ot e sh y h e e s r cl o h n d n e d n o o s ah hr cl i spe ti onl t t e Ciy' polc e bot be or a d afe Aa on' de t . TheCour am ran y o h t s ii s h f e n tr r s ah t t e e o e wilnotc nsde t e Hobars'fr t s c nd,a d f urh t e resofr c ver f r h rfr l o i rh t is, e o n o t h oi eo y o t epum os soft i moton t dim is Thos cli sm a go f r a d. h e hs i o s s. e am y ow r Coursofa pe l ha e a dr s e t e a plc biiy ofTil 1 t a r ssi a va i t t p a s v d e s d h p ia lt te 1 o r e t n re y ofc nt xt. They ha e i e tted t o c t gores f rt e e cli s The fr tba i i a oes v d n ii w ae i o h s am . is ss s û r ngf l a r s ' t e r t nde whih t e polc wr ngl a r s a i di i ua wih a ç o u re t' h o y û r c h w u ie o y re t n n v d l t dia iiy be a s t e polc m ipe c i e t e e f cs ofhi orhe dia iiy a c i i al s b lt c u e h i e s r e v d h fe t s r s b lt s rm n

a t iy' M o ai v Ci o ph ld l ha 20 7W L 8 381 ,a *1 ( . . .Ma .1 , ci t. v ' r s . t f ia ep i, 0 y 5 1 t 1 E D Pa r 9
2007)(ii gLewi v Tr it 960 F.Supp.1 5,17 - 8 ( . .Id.1 97). The scond ctn s . u t, 7 6 7 SD n 9 ) e
e t gor i t e i e s na l ac om m odai n' t e r t nde whi h t e polc pr pe l ae y s h : a o b e c r to ' h o y ç r u ch ie o ry
i ve tga e a d a r s a pe s n w ih a di a iiy f ra c i e unr l t d t t a di a iiy,but n si t n re t r o t s b lt o r m e a e o h t s b lt

f i t r as na l a c m m oda e t e dia l d pe s n' dia iiy i t e c ur e of al o e o b y c o th sb e r o s s b lt n h o s

i v siain o ar s,ça sn t epes n t s fe Fe trij r o id g iy i t a n etg to r re t c u ig h ro o u fr ae n u y r n in t n h t
pr c s ta ot e ar se s'' I .(iig Gohirv.Enrght 18 F.d 1 1 ,1 20 ( 0t o e s h n h r re te .' d ctn e i , 6 3 26 2 1 h Ci.1 99). He e Ofie Esrda a peas t ha e us d f re i r s ons t s m e r9) r , fc r ta p r o v e o c n e p e o o
be a i rofAa on Ho a tst a wa r lt d t hi dia iiy. Thi i undo bt dl no a h vo r b r' h t s e a e o s s b lt ss u e y tn
ar e t s t a i n, a d s t i Co r wil co s de t i c s unde t e û e s na l r s iu to n o hs u t l n i r hs ae r h ' ao be r ac om m oda i n' c t gor . U nde t i c t gor , t e H oba t ' a gu e t i t a O fi e c to ' a e y r h s ae y h rs r m n s h t fc r

Esr da ove r a t d t Aa o Ho a ts co duc ,whi h was a s m pt m of hi me t l ta re c e o r n b r' n t c yo s na
il e s One pot nta a c m m oda i n he e, a i M or i , w oul be f r t e polce t ln s . e il c o to r sn as d oh io

tefan fom tkig a grs ieacin a ans ( obat untlheprs ntd an i m e it t ri r a n g e sv to g i t H r) i r ee e m d ae
t r a t hum a lf . f . h e to n ie' # '

D e e da t a gue t a t e Hoba ts c am i f r cos d by t e Fi h Cic i' fn ns r ht h r' l i s o e l e h h r u ts

de iini Haizev Rihar s,207F.d 795( t Ci.2000) l Haize t eFit Cic i cso n n . c d 3 5h r . n n ,h fh rut
hed t a ûril 1 does not a pl t a ofi ers on-he sr e r s o s s t r pored l h t û te 1 p y o n tc ' t -te t e p n e o e t

d su b nc so ohe smia icd ns wh t e o n ttos c lsiv l es be t wi itr a e r t r i lr n i e t, eh r r o h e al n ov u j cs t h
m entldi a iii s prort t e ofi e ' s c rng t e s e e a d e s rng t a t e e i no a s b lte , i o h fc rs e u i h c n n n u i h t h r s tle tt huma lf . f .a 801 Alho g t i hol i g ce ti l doe pr cudet e flng lr a o n ie ' J t . t u h h s d n ra n y s e l h ii '
of Til 1 s is i m a y exi e t c r um s a c s a t i s age t e Co r c nnot s y t a te 1 u t n n g n ic t n e , t h s t , h ut a a ht

H ai z ba sr leff l sop. TheHai z c ur f c d a muc dif r ntf ct a r cor t a n e r e i ul t n e o ta e h fe e a u l e d h n t i Cour doe i t e i sa tca e. Fis,t a c ur had a f ly de elpe r c r be a s hs t s n h n tn s rt h t o t ul v o d e o d c u e

t ec s wa o a pe lfo a s mm ayj d ue tmoin. Byc nr s, nt i c s,we h a e s n p a r m u r u p n to o ta t i hs a e
c nsde onl t e pl a i gs f rt e pur os s ofam oton t dim i s Sec nd,t e r c r o i r y h e dn o h pe i o s s. o h e od i Hai z co cusvel e t bls ed t a t e pl i tf pos d a i m e i t t r a t t e n n e n l i y sa ih h t h an if e n m d a e h e t o h ofie si t atca e The polc ofi e s a rve a t e s ene t fnd pli tf hol i g a fc r n h s. i e fc r ri d t h c oi a n if d n knie a d sa di g ne tt a tuc occ pi d by t o unknown pe s ns He t e be a f n tn n xo rk ue w ro . hn gn m ovi g quikl t w a d a ofi e ,diobe i g hi r peae or e s t sop. The ofi e n c y o r n fc r s y n s e td d r o t tc r t e e di nots ootuntlt epl i tf wa wihi a f w f e . The Fit Cic i dee m i ed hr d h i h a n if s t n e e t fh r u t tr n t a t e ofi e ' a tons t e e t er s l ofa qui k dic e i na y de ii n ma e i s lh t h fc rs c i t r h e u t w c s r to r c so d n ef de e s a d f rt e s f t oft os a t e s e e' f .a 801.Unde t os c r um sa c s f n e n o h a ey h e t h c n . # t ' r h e ic t n e ,

20

t e Fi h Cic i he d,ofs e s we enotr quie t r as na l a c m m odae a s s e ts h h r u t l ic r r e rd o e o b y c o t u p c' dia iiy unde Til l. s b lt r te I
B y c nt as ,t e Hoba t 'we lpl a ed f c s es a ls t atA a on H o a tw as not o rth r s l- e d a t t b i h h r br

a i m e it t r a t Ofi e Esr da ora yone i t e vi i iy. H e wasunar e a d n m d a e h e t o fc r ta n n h cn t md n nont r a e i g. The Fit Cic i' r as ni g t e ef r doe nots ua e ne ty wih t e h e tnn fh r u ts e o n h r o e s q r al t h
lm ie f c s a a l bl i t i c s . Furhe m o e o t e bass oft e f c s i H ai z ,t e i t d a t v ia e n h s a e t r r, n h i h at n ne h

Fi h Cic i r peaed y not dt a t epl i tf wa notde i d be eksofapu lce tt ' û ru t e t l e h t h an if s ne n t b i n iy s

s r i e or pr gr m s by r a on of hi dia iiy,butr t e by r a on of hi own lf e vc s oa es s s b lt ah r es s ie
tle t ni g be a i r V iw i g t e f c s i t e Hoba t' f vor he e, Aa on Hoba t lr a e n h vo . e n h a t n h rs a r r r diplye no lf -hr aeni g be a i r The ef r i i atl a t plusbl t a he was sa d ie t e t n h vo . r oe t s es a i e h t de id t ebe e isoft eCiy' polces r i e by r as n ofhi di a iiy. n e h n ft h t s i e vc s e o s s b lt For t e e r a ons a t i sa e of t e ltgai n, t e Cour wil not dim is h s e s , t h s tg h ii to h tl ss Pl i tf ss c nd Til I/ eci n 504 c am . Al oft eHo a t cli sunde Til 1 a d an if e o te ls to li lh b rs am r te 1 n

Seci n 50 wilgo f l a d. to 4 l ow r
F. St t L a C l i s a e w am

Fi aly,t e De e da t m o et dim ist e Ho a t'sae 1 w cli sa ans t e nl h fn n s v o s s h b rs t t a am g i t h

Ciy ofSt for . The Cour fndst a t e Ho a t'c m pl i tf is a t one s cton,a d t af d ti h th b rs o an a l s o ei n
t er f r deci e t a dr s t e ot e s. h e o e ln s o d e s h h r
1. Sect on 101. 21 i 0

Def nda t a gu t a Pli tfs cli s a e ba r d by Seci n 1 1.21 of t e e n s r e h t an if ' a m r re to 0 0 h Te a Ci i Pr ci e a d Re e i sCode Tha saut wa ve gove nm e t li m uniy i x s v l a tc n m de . t tt e i s r na m tn

t re ae s us ofpublcy- wne ve ils pr mie dee t,a d ij resa iig fom h e ra : e il o d h ce , e s s fcs n nu i rsn r
c ndii nsorus ofpr pe t .Br wn v M ont om ey Ca@. o p.Dit, S. .2d 481, o to e o ry o . gr Hs s. 905 W

483 ( e .App. Bea mont 1 95) Thi Cour nots t a t e onl e plct vilton Tx -u 9. s t e hth y x ii oai drce a teCiyi ane lgentfiur t tan a d s pe viecam .( oc. 1 563. ie td t h t s gi al e o r i n u r s li D No. , )
The Ciy c nnot be la l f r da a e unls t e a lge ne lge ce f ls unde a ta i b e o m g s e s h le d g i n al r sa ut r wave ofi m uniy. The Co r c nc udest a t e Ho a t f i t i di a e i tt o y i r m t ut o l hth b rs a l o n c t , n t ei c mpl i t how t e Ciy ha wa ve is i m uniy unde a y oft e t r e wave h r o a n, h t s idt m t rn h he ir c t gores SeeBr wn,902 S. .d at484.TheCour wilr quie t eHoba t t r pl ad ae i . o W2 t le r h rs o e e t i cli t a lge s fi i nt f cs t a esa ls a wave of gove n e t li m uniy h s am o le u tc e a t h t t b ih ir rm na m t unde t eTTCA. rh
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