Keen v. Wausau Business Insurance Company et al
Filing
27
ORDER denying 8 Pltf's MOTION to Remand, granted with respect to Keene's claims under Texas Insurance Code and Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act 19 MOTION to Dismiss, Pltf shall file an amended complaint against Deft Wausau within 30 days of the date of this order or shall inform the Court that he no longer wishes to pursue this claim. Adrianne Annette Herrera terminated.(Signed by Judge Melinda Harmon) Parties notified.(htippen, )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
HOUSTON DIVISION
TIMOTHY KEEN
Plaintiff
VS.
WAUSAU BUSINESS INSURANCE
COMPANY
§
§
§
§
§
§
CIVIL ACTION NO. H-11-1415
OPINION AND ORDER
Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Timothy Keen’s motion to remand this case to the
152nd District Court for Harris County. Doc. 8. Also pending before the Court are motions to
dismiss Keen’s amended complaint filed by Defendants Adrianne Annette Herrera (Doc. 15) and
Wausau Business Insurance Company (“Wausau”) (Doc. 19).
Defendants have responded to Keen’s motion to remand and argued that Keen cannot
state a claim against Herrera, the non-diverse Defendant in this case, and that Herrera therefore is
improperly joined in this case. Doc. 12.
Having considered the motion to remand, the facts of this case, and the relevant law, the
Court finds that the Herrera is improperly joined and should be dismissed. Because no nondiverse parties remain in this action, the Court denies Keen’s motion to remand.
In its motion to dismiss, Wausau urges the Court to dismiss Keen’s amended complaint
in light of the Texas Supreme Court’s recent decision in Ruttiger.1 Doc. 19.
The Court finds that Ruttiger forecloses Keen’s claims under the Texas Insurance Code
and the DTPA and therefore grants Liberty’s motion for summary judgment as to these claims.
Because Ruttiger did not explicitly foreclose the traditional cause of action for breach of
1
Texas Mutual Insurance Co. v. Ruttiger, --- S.W.3d ----, 2011 WL 3796353 (Tex. Aug. 26, 2011).
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common law duties of good faith and fair dealing, however, the Court denies Wausau’s motion
on this ground. Nevertheless, because Keen fails to satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule
8(a)(2), the Court dismisses this remaining claim but grants Keen leave to amend.
Background
This case arises out of the Defendants’ purported mishandling of Keen’s workers’
compensation claim. Doc. 10 at 3. In his amended complaint, Keen asserts that he was injured
on the job while working for Cencor Realty Services, Inc. Id. Keen does not identify the cause,
nature, or extent of his injuries. Nor does he state that he sought or received medical care for the
injuries.
Although Keen does not state as much, it appears from the nature of his complaint that
Wausau provided workers’ compensation coverage to Keen’s employer, Cencor Realty Services,
and that Herrera was the adjuster assigned to his case. Keen also fails to allege that he filed for
workers’ compensation benefits, but claims that “[r]ather than properly investigate Mr. Keen’s
injuries to ensure Mr. Keen would receive the medical and other benefits to which he was
entitled[,] . . . without reasonable basis, WAUSAU and Ms. Herrera chose to continue to deny
timely payment of insurance benefits.” Id. Keen alleges that Wausau and Herrera denied his
claim for benefits on August 12, 2009, and October 15, 2009. Id. “After proceeding through all
preliminary proceedings before the Texas Department of Insurance, Mr. Keen was able to secure
a binding final determination from the Texas Department of Insurance, Division of Workers’
Compensation, ordering payment of the long overdue benefits.” Id. at 4.
Keen filed his original petition against Wausau and Herrera in the 152nd District Court
for Harris County on March 4, 2011 asserting claims for violations of the Texas Insurance Code
and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”). Doc. 1 at 12-20. On April 13,
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Defendants removed that case to this Court stating that Herrera, a Texas citizen, was joined
improperly and that complete diversity existed between the parties. Id. at 1-7. On June 15, Keen
moved to remand this case to the 152nd District Court (Doc. 8) and on June 22, he filed an
amended complaint adding a claim for breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing against
both Defendants. On August 26, Herrera filed a motion to dismiss. Doc. 15. On October 11,
Wausau filed its own motion to dismiss. Doc. 19.
Standard of Review for Improper Joinder
Federal diversity jurisdiction exists “where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or
value of $75,000.00 . . . and is between . . . citizens of different States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a);
Addo v. Globe Life and Accident Ins. Co., 230 F.3d 759, 761 (5th Cir. 2000). “Defendants may
remove an action on the basis of diversity of citizenship if there is complete diversity between all
named plaintiffs and all named defendants, and no defendant is a citizen of the forum State.”
Lincoln Property Co. v. Roche, 546 U.S. 81, 84 (2005). Where federal diversity jurisdiction
exists, a defendant may remove an action from a State court “to the district court of the United
States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 1441(a). The removing party bears the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction. Allen v. R &
H Oil and Gas Co., 63 F.3d 1326, 1335 (5th Cir. 1996); Laughlin v. Prudential Ins. Co., 882
F.2d 187, 190 (5th Cir. 1989).
After removal, a plaintiff may move for remand and, if “it appears that the district court
lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Removal
statutes are construed “strictly against removal and for remand.” Eastus v. Blue Bell Creameries,
L.P., 97 F.3d 100, 106 (5th Cir. 1996); Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 108–
09 (1941). All “doubts regarding whether removal jurisdiction is proper should be resolved
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against federal jurisdiction.” Acuna v. Brown & Root, Inc., 200 F.3d 335, 339 (5th Cir. 2000).
Once a motion to remand has been filed, the burden is on the removing party to establish that
federal jurisdiction exists. De Aguilar v. Boeing Co., 47 F.3d 1404, 1408 (5th Cir. 1995). All
factual allegations are evaluated in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Guillory v. PPG
Indus., Inc., 434 F.3d 303, 308 (5th Cir. 2005).
A removing party can establish federal jurisdiction on the basis of 28 U.S.C. § 1332 by
demonstrating that in-state defendants have been “improperly joined.” See Smallwood v. Illinois
Cent. R. Co., 385 F.3d 568, 573 (5th Cir. 2004). To establish improper joinder, a removing party
must show either “‘(1) actual fraud in the pleading of jurisdictional facts, or (2) inability of the
plaintiff to establish a cause of action against the non-diverse party in state court.’” Id. (quoting
Travis v. Irby, 326 F.3d 644, 646-47 (5th Cir. 2003). The Fifth Circuit has made it clear that “the
test for fraudulent joinder is whether the defendant has demonstrated that there is no possibility
of recovery by the plaintiff against an in-state defendant, which stated differently means that
there is no reasonable basis for the district court to predict that the plaintiff might be able to
recover against an in-state defendant.” Id. A court may determine a plaintiff’s possibility of
recovery by conducting “a Rule 12(b)(6)-type analysis, looking initially at the allegations of the
complaint to determine whether the complaint states a claim under state law against the in-state
defendant.” Id.
Standard of Review for Motion to Dismiss
Rule 12(b)(6) allows dismissal if a plaintiff fails “to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b) (6). In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,550 U.S. 544, 555, 127
S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949,
173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), the Supreme Court confirmed that Rule 12(b)(6) must be read in
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conjunction with Rule 8(a), which requires “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that
the pleader is entitled to relief.” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2).
To withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must contain “enough facts to state a
claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570; see also Elsensohn v. St.
Tammany Parish Sheriff's Office, 530 F.3d 368, 372 (5th Cir. 2008). Under Rule 8(a)(2),
plaintiffs are not required to include “‘detailed factual allegations,’ but more than ‘an unadorned,
the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation’ is needed.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at
555). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but
it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).
Motion to Remand
In his motion to remand, Keen argues that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction
because the parties are not completely diverse. Doc.8.
Defendants respond that Keen
improperly joined Herrera to defeat diversity.
The question here is whether “there is no reasonable basis for the district court to predict
that the plaintiff might be able to recover against” Herrera, the in-state defendant. Smallwood,
385 F.3d at 573. Defendants urge that Keen cannot recover from Herrera because he has not
“pled any factual allegations regarding Defendant Herrera that form the basis of any cause of
action against her individually, as opposed to the carrier.” Doc. 1 at 4. Keen argues that his
“unambiguous pleadings outlin[e] Herrera’s personal responsibility for the wrongful acts at
issue” sufficient to state a claim against Herrera in her individual capacity. Doc. 8 at 2
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While Keen is correct that specific and individualized factual allegations against an
adjuster can give rise to individual liability, his complaint fails to meet this standard. Keen
alleges generally that “[t]he Defendants . . . fail[ed] to conduct a reasonable investigation of the
events and facts relating to Mr. Keen’s claim.” Doc. 10 at 4. His allegations against Herrera in
her individual capacity are an almost verbatim recitation that Herrera “fail[ed] to conduct a
reasonable and objective investigation of the facts giving rise to Plaintiff’s claim.” Id. at 5.
This Court previously has stated that when an adjuster’s actions “can be accomplished by
[the insurer] through an agent” and when the claims against the adjuster are identical to those
against the insurer, the adjuster’s actions “are indistinguishable from [the insurer’s] actions” and
hence are insufficient to support a claim against the adjuster. Centro Cristiano Cosecha Final,
Inc. v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 2011 WL 240335, *14 (S.D.Tex. Jan. 20, 2011).
Here, because Keen’s claims against Herrera are identical to his claims against Wausau,
he fails adequately to state a claim against Herrera. For that reason, Herrera is improperly joined
in this action and Keen’s motion to remand is denied.
Wausau’s Motion to Dismiss
Wausau argues that, as a result of the Ruttiger decision, “[i]ndividual plaintiffs may no
longer pursue actions against workers’ compensation carriers under Texas Insurance Code
Section 541.060” or the DTPA. Doc. 19 at 2-3. Wausau additionally asserts that “it is almost
certain that plaintiffs may no longer assert common law bad faith claims either” and that Keen’s
claims for Wausau’s alleged breach of the common law duty of good faith and fair dealing also
must be dismissed. Id.
Ruttiger Forecloses Claims Under Section 541.060 and the DTPA
In his amended complaint, Keen claims that Wausau’s initial denial of his workers’
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compensation claims violated the Texas Insurance Code provisions which prohibit unfair
settlement practices by an insurer “with respect to a claim by an insured.” Tex.Ins.Code §
541.060(a). Specifically, Keen claims that Wausau violated provisions of Section 541.060 that
prohibit an insurer from:
(2) failing to attempt in good faith to effectuate a prompt, fair, and equitable
settlement of:
(A) a claim with respect to which the insurer’s liability has become
reasonably clear; . . .
(3) failing to promptly provide to a policyholder a reasonable explanation of the
basis in the policy, in relation to the facts or applicable law, for the insurer’s
denial of a claim or offer of a compromise settlement of a claim; . . .
(7) refusing to pay a claim without conducting a reasonable investigation with
respect to the claim.
Tex.Ins.Code §§ 541.060(a)(2)(A), (a)(3), (a)(7). Keen also alleges that Wausau breached
portions of the Texas Insurance Code that prohibit an insurer from:
(1) making an untrue statement of material fact;
(2) failing to state a material fact necessary to make other statements made not
misleading, considering the circumstances under which the statements were made;
[or]
(3) making a statement in a manner that would mislead a reasonably prudent
person to a false conclusion of a material fact.
Tex.Ins.Code §§ 541.061(1-3).
Keen’s claims are foreclosed by the Texas Supreme Court’s ruling in Tex. Mut. Ins. Co.
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v. Ruttiger, 2011 WL 3796353.2 In Ruttiger, the plaintiff filed suit against his employer’s
workers’ compensation carrier, alleging violations of the Insurance Code and the DTPA, as well
as a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, for the insurer’s delay in paying workers’
compensation benefits. Id. at *3. The Texas Supreme Court found that “the current [Texas
Workers’ Compensation] Act with its definitions, detailed procedures, and dispute resolution
process demonstrating Legislative intent for there to be no alternative remedies,” foreclosed a
plaintiff’s right to a private action under Section 541.060 of the Texas Insurance Code. Id. at
*12; see also England v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 2011 WL 5873002, *5 (S.D.Tex. Nov. 21, 2011)
(The Texas Supreme Court “determined that the general provisions of § 541.060 of the Insurance
Code were inconsistent with the legislative intent of the amended TWCA.”).
Because Keen asserts rights to private action under § 541.060 that have been foreclosed
by the Texas Supreme Court, the Court finds that Keen’s claims must be dismissed.
Keen also alleged in his initial complaint that “Defendants’ violations of the
Texas Insurance Code create a cause of action under the DTPA.” The Texas Supreme
Court in Ruttiger confronted the same circumstance in which a plaintiff’s DTPA claims
turn on a defendant’s violation of the Insurance Code and found that, because Insurance
Code claims were foreclosed, DTPA claims also must fail. Ruttiger, 2011 WL 3796353 at
*14. Here, because Keen cannot recover on his Insurance Code claims, his DTPA claims
necessarily must fail. The Court therefore dismisses Keen’s DTPA claims.
Ruttiger Does Not Explicitly Foreclose Claims Alleging a Breach of the Duty of
Good Faith and Fair Dealing
Keen asserts that Wausau “had a duty to deal fairly and in good faith with Mr.
2
The Texas Supreme Court's opinion in Ruttiger has not been published and remains subject to withdrawal or
modification. Because it nonetheless reflects the current position of the state's highest court on this issue, the court
will consider it in accordance with Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938).
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Keen in the processing of the workers’ compensation claim” that it breached when it
“refus[ed] to properly investigate” that claim. Doc. 10 at 8. Keen’s common law claim
asserts a right within the framework of Aranda v. Ins. Co. of North America, which
established the right of employees to assert claims for breach of the duty of good faith
and fair dealing against workers’ compensation insurers. 748 S.W.2d 210, 215 (Tex.
1998). Wausau contends that “[t]he Texas Supreme Court’s Ruttiger decision also likely
precludes claims for common law bad faith against carriers,” but admits that Ruttiger
does not explicitly eliminate common law claims for breach of the duty of good faith and
fair dealing. Doc. 19 at 5. In the absence of an explicit ruling by the Texas Supreme
Court on the continuing vitality of the Aranda action, this Court declines to overrule
established state law precedent. Wausau’s motion to dismiss on this ground therefore is
denied.
As discussed above, however, Keen’s amended complaint contains little more
than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Twombly, 550
U.S. at 555. Apart from his allegations that he a) worked for Cencor Realty Services, b)
was injured on the job, and c) that Wausau denied his claim, Keen’s amended complaint
consists almost entirely of legal conclusions. See Doc. 10. His allegations relating to
breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing are that Wausau “breached this duty by
refusing to properly investigate and effectively denying medical care and other benefits . .
. [and that Wausau] knew or should have known that there was no reasonable basis for
denying or delaying the required benefits.” Id. at 8. Such a statement, unaccompanied by
factual allegations, fails to satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 8(a)(2). The Court
therefore dismisses Keen’s remaining claim for breach of the duty of good faith and fair
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dealing, but grants Keen leave to amend his claim to conform to the federal pleading
requirements.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby
ORDERS that Plaintiff Timothy Keen’s motion to remand (Doc. 8) is DENIED
and that his claims against Defendant Adrianne Annette Herrera are DISMISSED.
ORDERS that Defendant Wausau Business Insurance Company’s motion to
dismiss (Doc. 19) is GRANTED with respect to Keen’s claims under the Texas
Insurance Code and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Further, the Court
ORDERS that Keen’s remaining claim for breach of the common law duty of
good faith and fair dealing is DISMISSED without prejudice to his right to amend this
claim to satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 8(a)(2). Plaintiff shall file an amended
complaint against Defendant Wausau within 30 days of the date of this order or shall
inform the Court that he no longer wishes to pursue this claim.
SIGNED at Houston, Texas, this 20th day of March, 2012.
___________________________________
MELINDA HARMON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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