Slater v. Stephens

Filing 36

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER granting 30 MOTION for Summary Judgment . Slater's petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied, and case is dismissed with prejudice. The court will not certify any issue for appellate review. (Signed by Judge Alfred H Bennett) Parties notified.(rosaldana, 4)

United States District Court
Southern District of Texas

ENTERED
UNI
TED STATE S D I
STR I CO UR T
CT
SO U TH ER N DISTR I T O F T EXA S
C
H O U STO N D I SI N
VI O
PA UL W A Y NE SLA TER,

March 30, 2017
David J. Bradley, Clerk

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Background
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18

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vi i vi nc '
'28 S.
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notlght H em us s
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t how t tt y w e e t ont a y t ora unr as bl a i ato of f r ll w .'
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r t r r o, n e ona e pplc i n , ede a a '
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28 U. C.j 225 d)1 . Sltrmus as rbuta fcua fndi by tcea a c nci
S.
4( ( ) ae
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e ie c - 28U. C.j 2 5 ()1 . S ae c aln e t saec u t u g n b ag ig ta
vd n e'
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S.
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Fr e a s a fda tw a notcr di e t ta r as bl com pe e ato ney w oul notha alow e
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s int o rii t n he c son
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1
6
Sltr rmai rl so : 1 a afd vtFe ma s b te i adifrn c s e pann ta atil ton y
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h n s, rehc l ton y.( c e Enr No 21a 2 -4)
o eto tia atre Do k t ty . t 2 2 .
19

mus çc i ro yt rcor t twa befr t saeha a c t'.7 Sltrsne evi nceha
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5 0(t Ci. 01 ) fndn t a e e i hs u g n wa mitke ) Th Te a Co r o Crmi a
4 5h r 2 1 (i ig h t v n f ij d me t s sa n . e x s u t f i n l
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f ns f
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l

46,55 ( x.Crm.App.2004) t h c osng t f goalse -ncl d- fns i tu i
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ma e j r r c o s b t e c n ito a d a a q itli û ik 'i çss mei ss c e su.
k s u o s h o e ewe n o v ci n n n c uta s t s y, t û o tme u c s f l'
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. at 60 W 2d
Te App.1 .
993)
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l
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v Se n , 9F. p' 2 0 2 0( t Ci. 01 ) tl u , n eacam i c n iee a dde ido t mei b te
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bea
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20

a q itlu d ra ûl o - oh n 'srtg b s d o ara o a l d u tta ( ltr c mmitd
c uta n e n al rn ti g tae y a e n e s n be o b h t S ae l o te
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obbey.' Doc
r
) aers i ttme n s ai
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pos i lt ofbot def es butt Stt' sr e de (ncl ng e wines t tmony a
sbiiy
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ornsc vi nce ef e ae ' ri
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s fde e ei t c i woul notha bee ba e on an sr rt tmony.
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( cke EntyNo. a 32) Theti c thowe r di notfndt is s smpl a rce sd
Do t r
21 t .
ral our, ve , d i he sue o i e, nd e se
t pr ee ngs t alow t par i s t r s r h t i s Tr V ol 1 a 2 26,31 37.Onl a t r
he oc di
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r e r h a s t nta dicus i di t tilc r uli t l r us t i l a i tuci n on
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1
8

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isrcinu tl he h c n utdwi Sae a o thealo- t n a p o c .( c e Enr No 35a 5 . rc r
ntuto nia r e o s l t ltr b u t l-rnohig p r a h Do k t ty . t ) The e od
e h
s
howst te ry i t c eFr ema kne t ti cour' postonont r ltons p bewe ls e -ncl dofe e
ha a l n he as e n w he ral ts ii
he eai hi t en e s ri ude f ns s
a s fde e ee l i t ti . Tr Vol4 at1 50. Eve t n,t ti c talowed sgnii antdicus i a
nd el- f ns ary n he ral . .
49n he he ral our l
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1
9
St eha sc el r dt tt ti c t
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te e eror
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Re d a 5, 3 34.
cor t 28, 2-

Mc ke 727 F. 358,362 (t Ci.1 4) Some decsonss h aswhehe t pl d guit
Kas l,
2d
5h r 98 .
ii uc
t r o ea ly,

wh te t tsiy wh t rt wav aj r til o wh t e t tk a a p a a es f n a na t
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s

v Bar s 463U. 745,751( 983) Asdefom t ede ii b ongi t t cint Sl e has
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S.
1 . i r hos csons el ng o he le , atr
nots
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il ae r
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f
hr hol te
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s n pa e
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t nf nne cso
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.7 t
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mu d ra d smp emu d r h h d p e iusy e p re c dah a ij r a dp sby h do g ni
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d cso o ho t c u t h u disnzttej r o telw. ( c e En r No. a 3 )
e ii n f w he o r s o l n t c h u y n h a ' Do k t ty 21 t 8 .
'

2
0
sltrdi no as t sa ec t t c i rwheherhi i tuci t co lwe ei or e kno ng,or
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t
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unar

The1w i ce rt a a c mp tn d fn a tst ie to s gr )e tte t b f lo d'
a s la h t o ee t ee d n ' l r cin ae n i d o e o lwe .
d
l
'
fo n l v Ph l ,8 7 F.d28 , 2 (t Ci.1 8 ) s eRo e t v Dr te 35 F.d6 2 6
wehed . eps 1 2 5 29 5h r 9 7 ; e b rs . ek , 6 3 3 , 38
( h Ci.2004) Auty,727 F. a 362. Sltrhasnotpr vi d brei t tc e nsvey
5t r
; r
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ae
o de ifng ha omprhe i l
c a ii t c pe e y s a r f m a ng ti lde s ons m uc l spoi t t 1 r quii t t
l rfes he om t nc t nda d or ki r a ci i , h es
n ed o aw e r ng ha
s h dec sons be knowi a vol a y.' I s m iara c e , he supr m e cour hasbe w a y
uc
ii
ng nd unt r z n i l
ont xt t
e
t
en r
t i pos a i or e a know i r r m e on a de e
o m e n nf m d nd
ng equie nt
f ndant s de s on. Se Sc i o v
' ci i
e hr r .

fandrgan, U. 465, (
i 550 S. 479 2007)(eusngt i et tsa r onadee
rf i o mpos ha tndad
fndantsde sonnot
' cii
t prs nt mii tng e de e) l ot r c s s t Fit Cic t has f
o ee
tgai vi nc . n he a e , he fh rui
ound no i fe tve
nefci
r pr e ai nwhe c
e es nt to
n ouns lf l hi clen ' ûnf me dec son. Br
e olows s i ts E or d ii ' awne v Epps 439F.
i
'
r.
,
App'
x

396, (t Ci. l;Dowt tv John on, F. 733, ( hCi.
401 5h r20l )
hit . s 230 3d
748 5t r2000)s ealoAuty, 27
;e s r 7
F. a 362 (çfAur knowi y ma t c ce ,( slwye)wasehial bound t f l
2d t
ç ty
I
ngl de he hoi s hi a r
t c ly
o olow
Auty' wihes')
r s s ..
'
Ther co d s
e r uggesst tSl t rw asnot ghl i e lge .How e , a e snot hown t t
t ha a e
hi y nt li nt
ver Sl t rha
s
ha

he co d no unde sa t lgalpa hwa a a of hi ,pa tc a l afe c
ul t
r t nd he e
t ys he d
m
riulry tr ouns ls l hy
e ' engt
di c son w ih hi . A pr ti ps hol ca eva ua i di notû e a a e denc ofa m e a
s us i
t m
e-ral yc ogi l l ton d
û ve l ny vi e
r
nt l
di e e or m e a de e t on or a
s as
nt l f c
boutt tm e oft alege of e e. Cl r s Re d a 23. A
he i
he l d f ns ' e k' cor t
'

co t yevaua i f
mpeenc
l ton ound t tSlt runde sood t r mentr c er ofhi c i nalti l
ha a e
rt
he udi a y onc ns
s rmi ra .
Cl k' Re or a 26.Sl t ' hit yc anedmi devi eofl i e lge e,Cl k' Re or
er s c d t
aers sor ont i
xe
denc
ow nt li nc
er s c d

a 26,butaprtilc
t
era ompeenc e l ton f t tt tngtfigdlt r alan evi nc ofa
t y vauai ound ha esi ûale o eve y de e
m e a di e s orm e alde e ofs fci nts rt t pr bi M r Sl e f om s a ng t i la t
nt l s a e
nt f ct uf i e eve iy o ohi t . at r r
t ndi ra t he

2
1

Sltrful tetilc u tfrn tt d ns ig gi o terc r t e sr t tted cso ...wa
ae a t h ra o r o o t mo ihn hml n h e od o n ue ha h e iin
s
a
s

knowigl vol a iy, eli or e a f l unde sood, butdoe notpoi t an l plci t tr r m e on
n y, untrl w l-nf m d, nd uly
rt '
'
s
nto y aw a ng ha equie nt

atil o r.( c t tyNo. 5a 8 .
ra c ut Do ke Enr
3 t)

pr e tm e M r Sltrde
es nt i . . ae monsr t st a lt t cons t t hi ato e wihar a ona ede e
ta e he biiy o
ul wih s t m y t e s bl gr e
of atonal
r i unde s a ng a he de onsr t bot ar tonal nd af t under t ndi of hel ga
r t ndi nd
m ta es h a i a
ac ual
s a ng t e l

pr ee ngsag ns hi ' Clr sRe or a 27.A pos-ra ps hol c e uai û ro td)
oc di
ai t m. ek' c d t
'
ttil yc ogial val ton t rre
mi
t i or a i i t St t sf l ' t ts w ed t tSl t r s E em or wasi ac 'hi a t nton a
he nf m ton n he a e' ie ' ha ho
ha a e ' ç
m
y
nt t s te i nd
,

a ta tt nki wa nor ;he wasc
bsr c hi ng s mal
oope a i hewasore ed t per o plce a st ton .
r tve;
i nt o s n, a , nd iua i
. .

hi i i wasgood c e ni hi l gal e c m e . St e H a asRe or a 1 2 The s a e
s ns ght
onc r ng s e pr di a nt' at be
'
c d t 093.2
tt

ha asc te e sy fund t tc e ûf l expl ne t lga c e
be our xpr sl o ha ouns l luly ai d he e l onsquenc of( atrs
es Sl e 'l
de ii ' Stt Ha a Rec d a 1
c son. a e be s
'
or t 094. Slt rha nots
ae s
hown t the di notunde sand t
ha
d
rt
he

e a ton.AsSltrwasû se ofhi owndef e'M oor v Johns 1 F. 586,606(t
xplnai
ae
t tr s
ma
ens ,'
e.
on, 94 3d
5h

Ci.1 ,hi tilat ne camotbef
r 999) s ra tor y l
ound i feci f f l ng hi wihes Se Far tav
nef tve or olowi s s . e et .

Ca f r i,4 2 U. 8 6 8 0 (97 )(t-e c u e p o iin ...s a o t e tsitn e o
l o na 2 S. 0 , 2 1 5 ll o nsl r vso
-h
pe ks f h a ssa c ' f
c e, nda a ssa , we e ti sila a ssa ouns la n s itntho ver xper, s tl n sitnt'
).
E tng t oug t s
û i hr h he moke,i i a rntt t(hi Cour i)beng as t pe mi a
cut
t s ppae ha t s
t s i ked o r t
de e
f ndan t a dconvitonont gr
t o voi
ci
he oundt t sl wy di e c l what a ke hi t do. t
ha hi a er d xa ty
he s d m o Tha

agume a we sis l ' Unie St e v Mas ,896F. 88,9 (t Ci.1 .Sltrha not
r nt ns r tef' td ats . at
2d
2 5h r 990) ae s
s wnt tFr e n pr de detc e pe f m a er a i t t dic son of a a ce a of
ho ha e ma ovi d i i nt ror nc eltng o he s us i
, nd c ptnce
hi wi hesc
s s
once ni t i lt c i .
r ng, r a a tcs

5.

Pr j c
eudie

The sa e ha as c t di no m a any e i i fndi a
tt
be our d t ke
xplc t i ngs bout w he he Fr e a s
t r e m n'

I t pr -rale u i t ps hol s obs r ed:tM r Sltri cae t thei cu rntychagedw ih
n he eti valaton,he yc ogit e v ç . ae ndi td ha
s re l r
t
c pialmur r W he as i heknowst dif r ebewe ca t mur randmur hesae i sn' W he
a t
de . n ked f
he feenc t en pial de
der ttd no, i
n
a ke i ca tlmur ri wore t mu de hesaed 1 do tknow.' Clr sRec d a 23. Sltrmaynothave
s d f pia
de s s han r r tt 1 n'
' ek'
'
or t
ae
knownt difr ncebewe ca tlandsmpl mur ri t i ta sa ofti .Tha,howe ,doesno mea he
he fe e
t en pia
i e de n he niil tges ral
t
ver
t n
di no,m uc Is t thecoul not lt i til es aly wih c elsa ssanc
d t
h e s ha
d , aer n ra, peci l t ouns ' s it e.

24

rp e e tto wi rg r t telse-ncu e - fe s isr cin p eu c dt d fn e Sae
e r sn ain t e ad o h e sri ld d o fn e n tu to s rj die he e e s . ltr
h
ag e t tteCo r mu tc n ie t is ed n o n r l çwl n asae c u trj csa
r u s ha h u t s o sd r he su e ov .Ge e al û he tt o r eet
y, g
f de a cl i w ihoute e sy add e sng t tcl i ,a f de alha
e r l am t
xpr s l
r s i ha a m
e r
beasc t us pr s e t tt
our m t e um ha he

fd rl li wa a j dc tdo t emeis'J h s nv Wi ims 1 3S. . 0 8 1 9 ( 01 )s e
e ea cam s d u iae n h rt. o n o . l a , 3 Ct 1 8 , 0 6 2 3 ;e
'
l
aloHar igt v Rihtr 562U. 8 98- ( 1 .W hehe unde a#enov orAEDPA r e
s
rn on . c e ,
S. 6, 99 201 )
t r r
o
eviw,
howe r Slt rhasnots wnat e ona epr biiyt t but orcouns lsunpr es i e r s
ve , a e
ho
ç as bl oba lt ha , f
r
e'
of sonal ror ,
t r s toft pr e ng woul ha bee dif e . Stikl 466U . a 694.
he e ul he oc edi
d ve n fer nt' rc and,
'
S. t

Sltrs rj dc ag me t rs me t a d fn e b s do s l- ee ea dr b eywo l
ae ' p eu ie r u n p e u s h t ee s s a e n efd fns n o b r ud
ha c eaed ar as
ve r t
e onabl pr
e obabiiy ofadif r ntr s t W hienoti t c e ofaSti l
lt
fe e e ul.
l
n he ont xt
rckand
c am ,heCour ofCrm i lAppe l c i r dt vibiiyoft Slt rspr pos d def e .On
li t
t
i na
a s onsde e he a lt
he a e ' o e
ens s

drc a p a, ae ag e ta t ee i e c wa lg l is fiin t s p o t h j r ' v r it
ie t p e l Sltr r u d h t h v d n e s e al n u fce t o u p r t e u y s ed c
y
whih r r d fndi t thehadcomm itd ar
c equie i ng ha
te obber TheCour ofCrm i Appea ss v ye
y.
t
i nal
l ur e d
t e de e and f
he vi nc
ound a f l s
s olow :

Thee denc a ti wa c itntonl wihas he by( ae)a hiac omplce
vi e tral s onsse
y t c me Sltr nd s c i
t rp of t vi tmswho wer mil d i o bele ng t y we e goi t pur ha e
o i f he ci
e se nt
i vi he
r
ng o c s

d u sfo g ae ) A rto a tiro f c c u d c n l d fo W a hn o s
r g r m sltr. ain l re f a t o l o cu e r m s igtn'
t tmonyt thea omplcese tfo onesdeofhec rand( ae 'lpostoni
esi
ha t cc i ' xi r m
i t a
Sltrs ii ng
ofhi efne rt o he sdea t nt i smula ousys i a t vitm si
ms l a he t r i nd he her i t ne l hootng t he c i n

teb c s a wa /vd n eo ap e dttdr b e ymu d r A rto a j r c l
h a k e t se ie c f rme iae o b r/ r e . ain l uy oud
as c l ( atr a orhi a complc huri yt neal al oft $3000
lo oncude Sl e) nd/ s c
ie redl ook ry l he
fom vitm Andr w ' bodybe or fe ng t s ene.The ewasno e de ea ti
r
ci
e s
f e l ei he c
r
vi nc t ral

ir
ntoduce s ri ( ae 'lcam hefrd onl a trone oft vitm' frt
d uppo tng Sltrs li
e y fe
he ci s is
puled a gun. Fis,no we ponswe e f
l
rt
a
r ound a t s e
t he c ne. Sec
ond,s ve aloft
e r
he
wot we et t vi i ' ba ks Thid t sugsr c e du i t a opse
mds r o he ctm s c . r he l e over d rng he ut i s
w e ef om t o dif r ntg s
r r w f e e uns uppori W a hi o st s i on a la a ulus
tng s ngt n' e tm y ppe l nt ndl i
W oodst ge he s t vi tm s Four h, he e w a no phys c e de e s ppor i g
o t r hot he c i .
t t r s
i al vi nc u
tn

( ae 'lcli s ha bule hol i t c wah wher t ofe et pl eo
Sltrs am uc s lt es n he ar s
e he fns ook ac r
on t ousdeof( ae 'lc rt tW a hi on trd s veals sa ( ae la
he ti
Sltrs a ha s ngt ie e r hot t Sltr nd
W oods Fi l ( ae 'jcai t tt $2800wasa t lyblwna ybyt wi
. naly Sltrs l m ha he
cual o wa he nd
i we k. I i unlkel t t s a ls a kst t lng $200 whih we e f
s a t s i y he wo m l t c o a i
c
r ound ne r
a
25

Andr wsbod woul r m an i pl e whie t m uc l r rwa ofca h t alng
e
y
d e i n ac
l he
h a ge d
s ot i

$
2800 s
omehow bl w a y.
e wa

Opn o o Die tAp a a 3 .Th Co r o Crmi l p asf u dt a û rto a j r c ud
ii n n rc pe l t 5 e u t f i na Ap e l o n h t 1 ai n l u y o l
a
c l ( aelkildt vitmsa pa t apr diae r bbey. Opi ononDie tAppe a
oncude Sltr le he ci s r of eme ttd o r ' ni
'
rc
al t
35. Furhe ,t Cour ofCrm i Appe l add e s Sl t r sar e t the s t vi tm s i
t r he
t
i nal
a s r s ed a e ' gum nt ha
hot he c i n

s l- ens
e fdef e:
I t i t t c e t r we e no de e e w ines es The onl e de e i r
n he nsan as he e r
f ns t s .
y vi nc nt oduc d
e

fvorbl t ( ae lwast pori ofhi own vi tpe sae nti whih he
a a e o Sltr
he ton
s
deoa d ttme n c
cai she s t vitm s i s fde e e or aler tvey,Erc W a hi on wa
lm
hot he c i n el- f ns , t na i l
i
s ngt
s
i ve i hes i .N oneoft phys ca e de orot revi ncei r
nvol d nt hootngs
he
i l vi nce
he de
nt oduc d
e

a tils
t ra uppore ( ae 'lcam heace i s l- ens ort tErcW a hi on
td Sltrs li
td n efdef e ha i s ngt
frda ys t et ra ( ltr o a t ev ci .
ie n hos i t S ae ) r t h itms
he
Opi ononDiec Appea a 35.TheCour ofCrmi lAppe sc ude tl aers uns
ni
r t
lt
t i na
al oncl d:tslt 'l uppore
td
ca m ofs fde e ewasi onsse w iht physca e de ef
li
el- f ns
nc it nt t he
i l vi nc ound a t s neoft ofe e.
t he ce
he f ns '
'
Opi o on Diec Appe la 36.3
ni n
r t
a t 2
W hiet lngua quot a
l he a
ge
ed bove a es e cai sbr
ddr s d l m oughtunde dif r l ga sa r
r fe ent e l t nda ds
f om t tbef e t Cour ,t l c l a t t s m e co l i no r s na e pr biiy of a
r ha
or he
t he ogi e ds o he a
nc us on: ea o bl oba lt
di f r nt es tfow sfom c
f e e r ul l
r
ouns ' a l ge y defci ntpe f m anc A st s a ec t e ens ve y
els le dl i e
r or
e. he t t our s xt i l
di c s d, a e ' polces a e en pr de a fn e or f om w hi h t ar t tSl t rdi no r
s us e Sl t r s i t t m t ovi d r m w k r
c o gue ha a e d t ob

ori e t kilt vitm s butt physca e de a e wines t s i
ntnd o l he c i ,
he
i l vi nce nd ye t s e tmony c e t d a much
rae
sr
tonge c e t tSl t c m it d c pia m ur r Undere t ra #c novo ordef r ntalA EDPA
r as ha a er om te a t l de .
ihe
ee i

sa r Slt r has not s
tnda d, a e
hown a r as
e onabl pr ba lt of a dif e r ul ha til c
e o biiy
fer nt es t d ra ouns
el
Thesaeha scour obs vedt tt Cou tofCrm i lAppe sf
tt bea
t er ha he r
i na
al oundt tt e de wastl l an
ha he vi nce
ç
egaly d

fcu l sfiin t etbihta (ltrc mmitdmud rd rn tec u s o c mmit go atmpigt c mmi
a tal u tce to sa ls h t Sae) o te r e uig h o re f o ti r te tn o o t
y
n
rbb r'a dth r wa n e d n es p o t g( ltrs cam ta h Grdo l a r n o tevitm'p ldag n'
o ey' n ç ee s o vie c u p ri Sae'l li h t e e ny he o e fh ci s ul u .
t
n
e
'
St eHabe Rec da 1
at
as or t 098.Thesat habe c r s
te
as ou t umm a ie t sfndi onha sr e :dhee denc di not
rz d hi i ng
bea eviw t vi e d
t

s p o tSltrs cam ta h a tdi s l d fn ea d(ilu s p o tdcam o s l d fn ewa ic nsse t t
u p r ( ae') li h t e ce n ef ee s n hs n u p re li f ef ee s s n o itn wih
t ph ialevi ef
he ysc
denc ound a t s eneoft ofens ' Stt Ha sRec da 1
t he c
he f e.' a e bea
or t 098.

26

pe f meddif r nty.Thi c am i de e
ror
fe e l
s l i s nid.
B.

Or cBr n l r ntand Lear ngDiabiiis( ai Two)
gani ai mpaime
ni s lte Cl m

Sl t r s m o he w a t onl de e e wines ca l d i t pena t phas Sl t ' m ot r
a e ' t r s he y f ns t s le n he
ly
e. a er s he

tsiidt a ac rhtSae wh n h wa tv y a sod whc r s le i ah a ij r rq iig
e tfe h t a i ltr e e s i e e r l, ih e utd n e d n u y e u rn
s gey.Sltrsmot ras e ai dt theha a I of63,unci onaf t orffh- a
ur r ae' he lo xpl ne ha
d nQ
f toned
ourh- it grde

lv la dddn t owel c d mial TrVo . a 8 - 7.I cosn , r e ne o rg dj r r
e e, n i o d la a e c l
y. . l21 t 5 8 n l i g F e ma nc u a e u o s
t c i rt cic tnc oft crmei t contxtofSltrsl I Tr Vol21a 1 o onsde he rumsa es he i n he e
ae ' ow Q. . . t 4142.

Th p osc t rho ve, r u di co igt a alw I a dh a ij r ddn t tg t a an ta
e r e uo , we r ag e n lsn h t o Q n e d n u y i o mi ae g is
i
de t s nt nc Tr Vol 21a 1
a h e e e. . . t 48.
Sl trf ulsFr ema f noti tga i andpr e i a tonal de ofhi l r ng
ae a t e n or nvesi tng
es ntng ddii evi nce
s ea ni
dia ltesa pos i e or ani br n da
s biii nd sbl g c ai mage Slt ra g st ta de peri s i ton i o hi
. a e r ue ha
e
nve tgai nt s

j v nl hso ywo l ha erv ae miiaige i e c of l me tl ead to a apo sb e
u e ie it r u d v e e ld tg tn v d n e mid n a rtr ain nd sil
cloni or ni br i dior r St eHabe sRec da 47.l doi s Slt rr i ont e prma y
lr c ga c a n s de . at
a
or t
n ng o, a e eles hr e i r

s t c so i o mai nz Fis, y h l gs Dr W atrY. ia owh p ro me a e au to i
ol e fnfr to . rtps c o o it . l
r
4
e Quj n o ef r d n v lain n

1 98i ihh fu atp e s n lyc a g d et h a ij r ; iihbi da da g e sv tp .
9 nwhc e o nd E lro ai h n e u o e d nu y d sn i t n g r sie y e'
l
t
e
'
SaeHa e sRe o d a 1 . Dr Quj n as o s r e a l o n tv dio d r' n ate r n
tt b a c r t 01 . ia o lo b e v d ç g aie s r e'a d û anig
c
l
d s r e , b t o ie f w ohe d tis S aeHa a Re o da 1 .Dr Quj n rc mme e
io d r' u pr vd d e t r eal. tt be s c r t 01 . ia o e o nd d
'
at ol c a ne ops chol ca w or
t
neur ogi al nd ur y ogi l kupt m ea ur c r ntbr i s r ra d f tons '
o
s e ur e
a ndi o de nd ys unc i .
'
St t Ha a Re or a 1
a e be s c d t 02.
Sl erpr en sa tona i or tono f r l asr e Aspr vi l dicused,e r ha r ew
at es t ddii lnf mai n ede a habe eviw.
e ousy s s fdeal beas evi

to u e o wh t saec u tk e a ddd'Pih ltr5 3U. a 1 2 Re s nn t tçi wo db srn et ak
t c ss n a a tt o r n w n i, n ose, 6 S. t 8 . ao ig ha t l ul e ta g o s
f
'
lt
fd rl o rsoa ay ewh te asaec utsaj dc t nrs l di ad cso ta u e s n bl a pl dfd rla
e ea c u tt n lz eh r tt o r' du iai eut n e iin h t nra o a y p i e ea lw
o
e
e
t fcsn t eoetesaec u q' n ose e l il h l ta x if cam h sb e aj diae o temeisb a
o at o b fr h tt o r 'Pih ltr xpi ty ed h tçj a li a e n du c td n h rt y
c
g
saec u qafd rl a e sp tin rmu t v ro tel tto ofj2 5 ( ()o terc r ta wa b f r ta
tt o r e ea h b a eio e s o ec me h i ain
t
mi
2 4d)1 n h e o d h t s eoe h t
s a e c t' 1 a l8
t t our . d. t 5.
'

27

Sec Drl La ge
ond, . ohn r npero me ane ops hol c e l i i 1 whi hdic s d
f r d ur yc ogi al vauaton n 991 c s us e

Sltrs e dij r , rv ae aFul aeIQ. c r o 7 , e o n z di ime t i me r a d
ae ' h a nu y2 e e ld lSc l . s o e f 7 rc g ie mpar n s n mo y n
5
a a m i f i ng, nd co l ng t tt tng r ulsw e e çc m e ur t w ih t pr e of
c de c unctoni a
nc udi ha es i es t r û om ns a e t he es nce

o ga c br n i r nt' St t Ha as Re d a 292.6 The pos i lt of or c br i
r ni ai mpaime .' ae be
cor t
2
sbiiy
gani an

i imen t as dlt pos i lt ofdii bior c r overe tonalr ci a posi y
mpar t t ieg he sbiiy
r
snhi t y ontol
moi ea tons nd sbl
or ni bas i
ga c ed mpuli be vi .' Stt Ha asRe or a 292.
sve ha or' a e be
c d t
Thid,Slt rsm ot rpr de a a fdavi s yi t tFr e a ne as d a
r ae '
he ovi d n fi t a ng ha e m n ver ke boutSl trs
ae '

h a ij r o h se u ai n l r blms SaeHa e sRe o da 6 6 0 Sae ' mo h ratc e
e d n u y r i d c to a p o e . tt b a c r t 0 - 7. ltrs t e ta h d
t he afda tHo tnl pe ntSc Ditit( SD) e t s wi ha a a t veSltr
o r fi vi uso nde nde hool src HI r pors ho ngt t t ge wel ae
wa f nc i ng on a s co ort r gr lveli r di s lng,lnguag and m ah. St t
s u toni
e nd- hid- ade e n ea ng, peli a
e,
t
ae
H a asRec d a 61 23.
be
or t 0-

Th saeh b a è u tsa j iaino t scam hng do a afd viF e ma s b te
e tt a e s o r' dudc to fhi li i e n n fia t r e n u mitd
t t e a ne hi a oa t t m ii tng e de e'ç twas t n a r m a nsnow ,t
ha xpl i d s ppr ch o he tga i vi nc . t
l
he nd e i
hough m y

pr e sona opi ont t( ae')me al ysunci sadoubl e ds r ha smula ousy
ofsi l ni ha Sltrs nt d f tonwa
e-dge wodt t i tne l
t nde t bot a e i ae hi blm e t ne sf t c r d ofe e a i cae t the was
e d o h m lor t s a worhi s or he ha ge f ns nd ndi t ha
,
i e lkey t beac i ngt e tt s ey. Stt Ha sRec d a 1 Fr ema ta s d
nde d, i l o
ontnui hr a o ocit ' a e bea
'
or t 97. e n ûdvie

( ltr ta e ie c o h sme tl y f n to c udb c n ie e b a u ya et e miiaigo
S ael h t vd n e f i na d su cin o l e o sd rd y j r s ih r tg tn r
a gr va i .... St t Ha sRe r a 275.
g a tng
' ae bea co d t
'

2
5

Dr Lag nn tdta çmldia hitr icu e hsb igsr c b ac ra a e5y asrs ligi ah a
.
r e oe h tt e c l soy n ld s i en tu k y a t g e r e utn n e d
l

ij r a dn uo ug r, u d ti o tea cd n weeIc ig.Th p te t nfssa a g dsa o hse frh a
nuy n e rs rey b t eal fh c ie t r a kn e ain ma iet jg e c r n ilA oe e d
s
whih e e t d t t ve t andr s t fom t abovec rac de .'St e Ha sRec da 288.
c xtnds owar o he rex
e uled r he
a ci nt' at bea
or t

Thesaeha sc t nealyr e r t Dr La ge srporaslheO rhar Cr ekH os t Re or . Stt
tt bea our ge r l efred o . r n' e t t
t
c d e
pial c ds' ae
'
Habe Re r at1
as co d 088.

28

The sat ha s cour f
t e bea
t ound t t Fr ema ade t l i tga e e de e of Slt rs
ha e n
qua ey nvesi t d vi nc
ae '
pos i e m e a1he t i s and l r ng diabiiy. The sa e ha ascour f und t tSlt rs
sbl nt - alh s ues
en ni
s lt
tt be
to
ha a e '
ps hol ca r c dswe e a ia e i t Stt s tl ,whi h Fr ema exa i d. St t Ha s
yc ogi l e or
r va lbl n he a e' i e
c e n m ne
a e bea
Re r a 1
co d t 086,1
088- 2 W hie Sl t ra gue t ta tonali tga i w oul have pr
89.7
l a e r s ha ddii
nves i ton
d
oduc d
e

gr a e evi nc ofor ni br n i r nta l n nngdit uli , a e r leson e de t t
e t r de e
ga c ai mpaime nd e r i
fk tes Slt r e i
vi nce ha
dif r onl i de al no i m ii tngt u t fom t ta ia et c
fe s y n t i, t n tgai hr s, r ha va lbl o ouns l
e.
W ih c
t ouns l s a ce s a a r ntus oft e r or ,t s a e ha s c te
e ' c s , nd ppa e
e, hos ec ds he t t bea our ndor e
sd
Fr m a s dec son nott pur ue a def ns ba e on m e aldys unc i The s a e ha as c t
ee n'
ii
o s
e e sd
nt
f ton.
t t be our

f u dt a t s o t eif r to i terc r si et e mo eh r u ta be ei ilo ( ae)
o n h tt t f h n o main n h e o d s ih r r amf lh n n tca t Sltr
mo
orc it ofnon- tga i e de e. a e Ha sRec d a 1
onsss
mii tng vi nc ' t bea
'St
or t 086. Fori t nce, he Or ha d
nsa
t
c r
Cr k Hos t r or sa e t ti l
ee
pial ec ds t t d ha t i d be consde ed difc tt e f c s rous c nge i
woul
i r
fi ul o fe t e i
ha
n

g ae 'lbe vi i muchashede e alogehe t be vi ofwhihhei c r da i it
sltrs ha or nas
nis t t r he ha or
c
s hage nd nsss
t thi onl pr e i a tt ofa
ha s y obl m s tiude ngert r ce t not rpeo e. St t Ha asRe or a 1 9.
owa d rai he
pl ' a e be
'
c d t 08

Be a et Or ha d Cr e Hos t lr or ûpr uc d m i d r s t , t saeha a cour f und
c us he c r e k
pia ec ds E od e xe e uls' he t t be s
'
to

ta Fre nwa n tiefcief rpu t gt e b f r tej r . SaeHa e sRe od a 1 9
h t e ma s o n fe tv o t n h m eo e h u y tt b a c r t 0 9.
i
Li w i e i or aton about a e ' t ot r sc a m t t sc l hood a ci nt e nt d hi f om
ke s , nf m i
Sl t r s t he ' l i ha hi hid
m
c de pr ve e m r

pr r snga a
og es i c demi ly'c lcedwihot ri or toni her co d s si ç ha hi aci ns
ca l ' onti t
t he nf ma i nt e r ugge tng û t s to
t

2
7
The defns i si td me a- lh is s be or til Forexa e Fr ma tld a mo i f t
e e nve tgae
ntlheat s ue f e ra.
mpl, ee n ie
ton or he
asit eofal ha or s ints. Clr sRe d a 1 Thetilcour di notr eont moton i dit y.
ssanc
ç vi al ce it' ek' cor t 3.
be
'
ra
t d
ul
hat i mme ael
Su equ l Dr Edwar Sive n m e w ih Slt t ases hi s niy a c
bs enty, .
d l nna
t t aer o s s s a t nd ompet y.Clr sRe d a 22enc
e k' cor t 27.
Reyi onclnialntr e a r c ds Dr Sive manf
l ng
i c i eviws nd e or , . l r
oundSltrc
ae ompee t sa ti a s ne.Clr sRec d
tnt o t nd ral nd a
e k' or

a 2 2 .l rviwighibak r u d Dr Slema srpot nin dahe dij r Sltrh ds fee a a efv
t 2-7 n e e n s c g o n , . i r n' e r me to e a nuy ae a ufrd t g ie
v
wh n h wa h tb a c r Dr Si e ma sr p r as a k o e g d p ir I s o e r n i g fo 6 t 8 Dr
e e s i y a . . l r n' e o t lo c n wld e ro Q c r s a g n r m 3 o 0. .
v
Sivema concl dt t ewa noçe de ofame a diea eor. .de e t... t t , t e, s vert t
l r n
ude hather s çvi nce
ntl s s
. f c of he ype naur or e iy o
pr bi M r Sl e fo knowi wheherornott algedbe orwaswr ' Clr sRec dat23.A fe Dr
ohi t . atr r m
ng t
he le
havi
ong. ek'
'
or
tr .
Sive nis hir por,hetil tol hedeens i
l nna sued s e tt ra court dt f e twoul gr ntfndsf
d a u orabe vi a s ints ipr de m o e
ha or l ce it f ovi d r
i o maton.Tr V ol 3a 57. Thede e edi notrt nanex to e u eSlt f or cbr n da a
nfr i
. . t
f ns d
eai
per t valat aer or gani ai m ge.

29

a db h vo weeb c ier te t a c n r l db ac id o dh a ij r . S aeHa e s c r
n e a ir r y hoc ah r h n o tol y h lh o e d n u y' tt b a Re o d
e
'
a 1 91 Th s F e ma ddn tt to u lj. . v ia l e u ain lh at , n u n l r c r s'
t 0 . u , r e n i o tn r d ce . a albe d c to a, e lh a dj ve ie e o d '
i
a aç e s n betil e iinb s do . .e o d whihc n ane ahit r o vo e c j xa s d
s ç a o a l ra d cso a e n .r c r s c o ti d so y f iln e u tpo e
ar
wiha i elge er nget tprcl d( ae )fo bei c i e me alyr adeda whih
t n ntli nc a ha e ude Sltr rm ng onsderd nt l etr nd c
s we an a pa e a lt t co or hi be ori he de ied. a eHa asRec d a 1
ho d
p r nt biiy o nf m s havi f
sr ' t be
'St
or t 092.
TheFit Cicui hashe dt tt decson t f eg pr e i tdoubl edge ' vi nc i
fh r t
l ha he ii o or o es ntng t
e- d'e de e s

ar ao a l tilsr tg .S eRo rgu zv Qu re ma ,2 4F. p' 4 9 5 0( t Ci. 0 6
e s n be ra tae y e d i e . a tr n 0 Ap x 8 , 0 5h r 2 0 )
(i ngt de ii t f eg pr s i doubl-dgede de er gadi peii rspema n
fndi he cson o or o eentng
ee
vi nc e r ng ttone' r ne t
br n da a wa r s na e snce i c d ha bolt e t St t c e r ar ng f tle
ai m ge s ea o bl i
t oul ve
ser d he a e as eg di utr

dan r us s;Ho nsv Coc el,325F. 579,586 ( h Ci.2003)( di Eha atcial
ge o nes) pki . kr l
3d
5t r
hol ng û t a tc
t
de son not t pur ue and pr s nt potntaly m ii tng e de e on t gr
cii
o
s
ee
e il
tgai vi nc
he ound t t i i
ha t s

d u l-d e i n tr i o j cieyra o a e'; a nv Sc t, F.d9 8 9 4(t Ci.1 9 )
o bee g d n au e s b e tv l e s n bl' M n . o t41 3 6 , 8 5h r 9 4
)
( i t he y deee e owed ti couns whe de di a a sr t c matrt fr
notng he av frnc
ral
el n ci ng s taegial te o oego
a ti e de ofaç e-dge naur whihmi ham dee tsc e .I riulrt
dmitng vi nce doubl e d t e' c ght r fndan ' as) npa tc a,he

Fit Cic i h sh l t a e d n eo o g n cb an ij r p e e t aû o b ee g d's r , nd
fh ru t a ed h t vie c f r a i r i nu y rs n s û u l-d e ' wo d a
d
l f r ncei a c dedt c
l ee
de
s c or o ouns lsi or d de sont a r ha m t tmaybe alt def nda by
e ' nf me cii o ve t r ha
f l he e nt

no s ti e de eoft snaur 'M ari zv Dr te, 4F. 878, ( hCi.
t ubmitng vi nc hi t e.
' tne . ek 40 3d
889 5t r2005)( tng
cii

Ki h n v J h s n 1 0F.d6 8 7 3( t Ci.9 9 ) A j r rc ul s es meme tl o i o
t e s . o n o , 9 3 9 , 0 5h r1 9 ). u o o d e o
c
n a c ndt ns
i
onl asag a tng bec us t y i r s t lkelhood t tadef ntw ila tvi e l a i Se
y
gr va i
a e he nc ea e he i i
ha
enda
l c ol nty ga n. e

Nes n v Qu re man 47 F.d 2 7 3 7 0 ( t Ci.2 0 ) t eSe e t Cic i h sn td
lo . a tr , 2 3 8 , 0 - 8 5h r 0 6 .As h v n h rut a o e ,
s nt nce sû a notbe i pr s ed w ih t i a t tt know t ca eofvi i nes i t e us i;
e e r û y
m
m es
t he de ha o
he us
c ous s s o xc e t

t y ma c l i t a t whe vi e be ora a st beouti t de e ntspowe
he
y oncude ns e d hat n olnt havi ppe r o
sde he f nda '
r
30

ofco r ,c pia puni hm e i a opr a e t i pa t t ' Fos erv Sc i 223 F. 626,
nt ol a t l
s nt s ppr i t o nca cia e.
' t . hom g,
3d
637

( hCi.
7t r 2000)( ai omitd) Thus t çi r tonofe denc t t( dee nt s frd
quotton te .
,he ûntoduci
vi e ha a fnda j ufee
fom or ni (..per ne )br ndama whih i asocat wih poori s c r a a
r
ga c ie, ma nt ai
ge, c s s i ed t
mpule ontol nd
vi e pr nst woul ha . .nc e edt lkelhoodofaf ur dange ousfndi ' M artne ,
olnt ope iy,
d ve . i r as he i i
ut e
r i ng.
'
i z
653 F.App' a 321. A c or ngl E uns ' dec s on nott i r
x t
c di y, l
co els i i
o ntoduc e denc ofneur ogi al
e vi e
ol c

i ime (. ,ogani bri dn ge asmii tngevi ncea t punihme pha ec tt e
mpar nt ie. r c an ma )
tgai
de the s nt s onsiutd

r ao a e a d p oe td p o e so a j d me t b c us e i e c o o g n c b an ij r i a
e s n bl n r tce r f sin l u g n' e a e v d n e f r a i ri nu y s
'
çd
k oubl - dge s o d. I a 887 90.
e e d w r ' d. t '

Th saeh b a c u t o dn d fce t ef r
e tt a e s o r fun o eiin p ro mmwei F e ma sh n ln o b an ij r
n r e n' a d ig f ri-nu y
a l a i di tc t e de e.G i t s r de e enc af o de Fr e a ss r t gi de s ons
nd e m ng- fi uly vi nc
ven he t ong f r e f r d e m n' ta e c cii ,
t s a e ha a c tse
he t t be s our ' ndor e e ofhi dec son not o pur ue a tona m ii tng e de e was
s m nt
s ii
t
s ddii l tga i vi nc
noturr as bl .8 Thi cl m i de e .
le ona e z
s ai s ni d
C.

Cl i Ar
osng gume s( ai Thr e
nt Cl m
e)

Slt ra g t tFr ema pr de i fe tve r pr s nt i i t pe t pha ecl i
a e r ues ha e n ovi d ne f c i e e e aton n he nalp s osng
ag e s I
r um nt. nauni
quepr e e, osngs
oc dur cl i ummaton i hi ca epr ee dwiht de ens a gui
i nt s s oc de t he f e r ng
frt f l d by t St t ,f l d t by a r buta fom t de e e,a e ng wih a fnal
is, olowe
he a e olowe hen
e tl r he f ns nd ndi
t i

sae n b teSae S ae f ut Fre nf rû rtczngt ej r d rn s mmain frb ig
ttme t y h tt . ltr a ls e ma o û iiii h u y u ig u to s o en
c
rl ar nta unwilngt a yz t e de eciialy. ( ke EntyNo. a 53 .Sltr
t roga , nd
de,
li o nal e he vi nc rtc l ' Doc t r
'
21 t ) ae
di not r i e a r a e St i l cl m on s a e ha s r vi w . To ove c e t r s t nt
d
a s ny el t d r ck and ai
t t bea e e
r om he e ula

pr e alba ,Slt ra gue t tsae ha asco elpr de i f c i r pr en a i by not
oc dur
r a e r s ha t t be
uns ovi d nefe tve e es t ton

Th saeha e sc ut i n te d ra e p esfn igo p eu ie ThsCo r' rve o tetil n te
e tt b a o r dd o rn e n x rs idn n rj dc . i u ts e iw fh ra a d h
e de Sltrpr entd on sae ha sr viw doesnots gge tar as bl pr bii ofadif e r s tha
vi nce ae es e
tt bea e e
u s e ona e oba lt
y
fkr nt e ul d
c elpr pa e adifr ntpunihmentpha edefns
ouns e r d fe e
s
- s
e e.

31

r i i a c a m c le ng Fr e a s c osng s m a i
a s ng l i ha l ngi
e m n' l i um ton.
1
.

I f e t ve A s i t e- - abe - ouns lSt
ne f c i - s s anc of H
as c
e andar
d

W ihoutel bor ton,Sl t a gues t t de i e e i hi habe c
t
a ai
a er r
ha tci nci s n s
as ouns l s r pr e ato
e ' e es nt i n
alow hi t ove co et pr dur l rof si f tve as i t ecl i sunde M ar i zv Ryan,
l
m o r m he oce a ba hi nefec i - s sanc a m
ï tne .

5 6 U..1 ( 01 ) Un e M a tn z S ae mus s w c us a d a t a p eu ie fo h b a
6 S 2 2 . d r rie , ltr t ho a e n cu l rj dc r m a e s
c
ouns l sr pr e a i l t i f tve as i t nc - - bea - ouns lc e , hec e t tus
e ' e es nt ton. n he nefec i - s s a e of ha s c
e ont xt t aus es es

t Sti l sa r Se Edwar v.Car ntr 5 U. 446,451(
he rckand tndad. e
ds
pe e , 29 S.
2000)(os ca etg ot
t how us tnl

j s a yd fce c i c u s lsp ro ma c wild ,h we e ' h a ssa c mu tha eb e s
u t n eiin y n o n e' ef r n e l o o v r t e sitn e s v e n o
,
i fe tveast vi aet Fedea Consiuton' ;M u ry v Car ir 477U. 478,492 ( 986)
nefci
o olt he
rl
tt i ' ra . re ,
l
S.
1
Cl t ne er s t i f tveasitnc ofc e doe notc tt ec us .' Tome tt
Ator y ror hor ofnefeci ssa e ouns l s onsiut a egl).
e he
St ikand sanda d i t ha a - ouns lc e ,t pe ii rm us do m or t n i iy is s
rc l
t r n he be s c
e ontxt he ttone
t
e ha dentf s ue
orc a m st tha asc
l i ha be ouns di notr i e a a e now ba r Se H it on v GD CP W ar
el d
a s nd r
r ed. e ts .
den,759

F. 1 0,1 ( 1hCi. 4)(t neaiedalgai ar i ufi e i ha asc es'ome t
3d 21 265 1 t r201 û rlz le tons e ns fcint n be as 't e
ge

teMa tn ze c p in ; mihv M u r y, 7 U. 5 , 35( 98 )(g h meef c t t o nsl
h rie x e to ) S t . ra 4 7 S. 27 5 1 6 û T) e r a tha c u e
1
f ie t r cog z t f t orl ga bas sf acl i , f ie t r i et cl i de pier cog z ng
a l d o e ni e he ac ual e l i or a m or a l d o a s he a m s t e ni i

i, snot onsiut c us f apr e al aul. A saeha sat ne ç ednota s d
tdoe c tt e a e or oc dur def t' tt bea tor y l
).
ne
tnd houl
notr s e r nonfi ouscli butrt rma s lc fom a
) aie vey rvol am, ahe y ee t r mongt m i or rt ma miet
he n de o xi z he
lkelhood ofs c sona
i i
uc es
ppea'be us tc
l' ca e çouns lc nno bedefc e f f lngt pr safi ous
e a t
i i nt or aii o es rvol

poi . Va qu zv Stphen 5 F.App' 775,779( h Ci. 5)( ai omitd)
nt' s e . e s, 97
'
x
5t r 201 quottons te .
Unde Mari z,apeii rma mee t ca eee tbys ngt 1 t thi cai of
r tne
ttone y t he us lmen
howi t ) ha s l m
(
i fe tveasitnceofc e a ti i s tntal ..ha s me i-a ( t t a c e
nefci ssa
ouns l trals ubsa i -/c, s ome rt nd 2)ha habe s ouns l
w a i f e tve i f ii t pr s ntt e c a m s i hi fr t s a e habe pr ee ng. Gar a v
s ne f c i n a lng o e e hos l i n s is t t
as oc di '
'
z .
32

Stphe s,738F.d 669,676 (t Ci.201 .A fdealco tsf usi on saehabe c e'
e n
3
5h r 3) e r ur' oc s tt
as ouns ls
rprs ntton.SeeMathe v Davi,665F. x31 31 1 ( hCi. 6)Mari zv Davs
e e e ai
t ws . s
App' 5, 7- 8 5t r201 ; tne . i,
653F. x308, 8(t Ci. 6) Tr i v Davs 8 F.d328(t Ci. 6) Tos t
App'
31 5h r201 ; evno . i, 29 3
5h r 201 . how hat

saeh b a c u s lsd fce c e utdi a ta prj d c , p t in rmu t h w h r t h s a e
tt a e s o n e' e in yr s l n cu l eu ie a ei o e s s o a m o i c s
e
t
û i nii anty gr a e ha t t e s r ' o es a ihpl n e r on diec r vi w . Car i r, U .
û g fc l e t rt n ha nec s a y' t t bls ai r or
s
r te e
r e 477 S.

a 4 3 9 .l ti cr ut ç cu l rj dc 'rq rst ep tto e t û sa ls n t r l t a t
t 9 - 4 n h s ic i,l t a p eu ie'e uie h eiin r o é tbih o meey h the
a
e
err a h stil rae apo sbi t of rj die b t h th ywo k dt h sa t a a s b tn il
ro s t i ra ce td si l y p eu c , u t a te r e o i cu l nd u sa ta
i
d sd a tg ,nfci i e tr ra wi n o c n t ui n l i nso .Mo r v Qu re ma ,
ia v n a e i e t s nietil t or f o si to a dme ins' o e . a tr n
ngh
he
t
'
5 F. 454, ( hCi.
34 3d
463 5t r 2008) s ealoHe nande v Stphe 5 F. x531 542( hCi.
;e s r
z . e ns, 37 App' , 5t r

2 3 ;Ba re e v J h s n 2 F.d 7 ,7 9 ( t Ci.2 0 .trj d c ...me n ta (
01 ) r ints . o n o , 21 3 41 6 5h r 00 ) ç eu ie
p
as ht a
p t in r mu t h w ara o a ep o a ii h t ewo l h veb e ga tdsaeha e s eif a
eio e ) s s o e s n bl r b b lyta h ud a e n r ne tt b a rle h d
t
t
hi ha a c
s be s ouns lspe f m a eno be dek int' M ari z,653 F.
e ' ror nc t en t e .'
tne
App' at318.
x
2.

Fr em an' Sum m at on
e
s
i

Sl t rc e t t e m a ovi i f e i as i t nc by delve i ac osnga gum e
a e ont nds ha Fr e npr ded ne f ctve s s a e
i r ng l i r
nt

t a ç rtcze ltej r ...f rb ig r d ,ar g n ,a d u wil t a ay e t e ie c
h t t iii gd h u y
c
o en u e ro a t n n lng o n lz he vd n e
i
c i c l ' ( c e En r No 5 ) A d fn e atr e sco ig ag me t a e s j c t t e
rt al ' Do k t ty . 3 . e e s to n y' lsn r u ns r ube t o h
i y.
Stikandsz ç SeeBelv Cone 535U. 685, (
rc l tndad.
l. ,
S. 697 2002) Beor asesi t tnean tnor
. f e s sng he o d e

o hi ag me t,t Co r o sr e t a F e ma n v rpr vd d aj tfc to f rh stn e
f s r u ns he u t b e v s h t r e n e e o ie usiiain o i e s ,
r m blng c osng a gum e .t lhough c sm a
a i l i r
nt l t
A
oM
ynot ndul ç t r tona i a i f ot s ls
i ge pos hoc a i lz ton' orc m e '

de sonma ngt tcon r dit t a ia ee de eofcouns lsa tons net rm a t y i it
cii
ki ha
ta c s he va lbl vi nc
e ' c i , ihe y he nss
c
ouns lco i m e r a pe toft s r t gi ba i f hi orhe ac i . Ri ht ,5621 5. t 1
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33

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37

a ditsikn t if (n q al r 'd rn cosn ag me tls eas Flrd v Nio , 4 U.
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1 1 (
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t bes a oa ht tkei t punihmen phae,teve t betcrmi ldee eat ne wo d
he t ppr c o a n he s t s ûgl n he s i na fns tor ys ul
no de e a pa tcul rcle ti t s m e w a ' St i k and,466 U . a 689. tlhe e ar c
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wa t pr deefe tvea ssa ei a gi nc ell'Ll ; ealoPi ser 563U. a 1
ys o ovi fci sitnc n ny ve as .' Ld.se s nholt ,
S. t 89.
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o as li s d
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ke her rc l d ai , n nefe tve a ssa e am oc i
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nt
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rs toft pr ee ng woul ha be n difrnt' Smih v S s 558 U. 1 1 ( 0)
eul he oc di
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S. 39, 54 201
(i ngt tc ms ' dipaagi comment i pe lypha ecosngar ntporr yi cle as
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l ik'çwitd'a dû e ne 'ween t u fce toe tbihp eu ie o gof //kl #gv n
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i notac ewhe eFr e a sconduc wass e e oust ti û
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f h d e sra r c s' u h h t t e ra a n t eid p n s a n r d c d h u t
t
r ul. Stikl 466 U. a 68
es t' rc and,
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t ha co e ,
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els
c osng a gume ,a r s bl habe s a t ne coul f go chal ngi Fr m a s s
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d ve a s he l i a gum nt a m m r a l
38

Sltrh sn t h wnta t ewa p eu ie b gtt ha e sc u s ls d fce t ro ma c -h t
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A x
31

(t Ci.201 ;s alo Gatsv Davs 6 F.App' 463,47 ( h Ci.201 . W iht he vy
5h r 6) ee s
e . i, 48
x
0 5t r 6) t he a

d frn egv nF e ma ssr tg c oc sa dt eo eain o Src l d p eu ie a dmi d u
eee c ie r e n' tae y h ie n h p r to f tikan rj dc , n n f l
t tt s a e ha asc tha ale dy opi d t Fr e a çwas a ze l advoc t ofhi clents
ha he t t be our d r a
ne hat e m n t
a ous
ae
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ntr t' a e be
or t 095,Slt rha nots
ae s
hown a r as
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e dva d hi am
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s o h t tt h b a c u s lsrp e e tto p o ie c u ea a t a prj d c t o ro te
h wnta sae a e s o n e' e r sn ain r vd s a s nd cu l eu ie o vec me h
PF C 1ZIba Oft sune us e cl i .3
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ae r
ha ppe l t ouns l ovi d i f c i as i t eby not hale ngt ti l
e pr de nef e tve s sanc
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c tsi t c i on e r ne of e e Dur ng t puni hm e pha e ofti l t St t pr e e
our ' ns nz ton
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e ie c o u r ltdo fns sa db da t Sltr a c mmitd.Fre nr q et dta t e uo s
vd n e f n eae fe e n a cs ae h d o te e ma e u se h t h j r r
o y c i rt ea t afe t St t ha pr n be
nl onsde hos c s tr he ae d ove yond ar s bl doubtt theha c
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te

t e Tr Vo . 0 a 1 - 8 Tr Vo . a 43 4 . I ta ,tetilc u ti t ce j r r n tt
h m. . l 2 t 6 1 ; . l 21 t - 4 nse d h ra o r nsnltd u o s o o
c i e r neo of e esl ora pur e unl syou fnd a be i ve b cl ar e de e t tt
onsder xt a us f ns t ny pos
f
es
i nd le y e vi nc ha he

defnda co teds hot rofens . .'Clr sRe or a 76(mphassadde .Sltragues
e nt mmit uc he f es . .' ek' c d t e
i
d) ae r
t ta la ec
ha ppe lt ouns ls d ha c le d t tilc tsdenilofhi pr e i tu ton.
e houl ve ha lnge he ra our'
a
s opos d nsr c i
Slt rdi note us t scli i sa ec t Fe r r viw i bare unl sSl e s
ae d
xha t hi a m n tt our. de al e e s r d es atr hows

3
3
I t atr i a f t s m er a onsdic s d a
n he lenatve, nd or he a e s
s us e bove t Cour woul de Slt rsStikl cl m
, he
t
d ny a e ' rc and ai
i t m e iswer f l aval ef f r lrviw .
f he rt
e uly iabl or ede a e e

39

c u ea dp eu c t f r iet r s la t r c d rl ea t Sae ag e ta ti Co rc nr a h
a s n rj die o o gv he e utn p o e u a d ful. ltr r u s h th s u t a e c
t me is be aus sae ha asco elpr ded de i e r pr e a i underM ari z by not
he rt c e t t be
uns ovi
fcint e es nt ton
tne
r i i hei f e tve- s sanc - - ppe l t c
a s ngt ne f c i as i t e of a la e- ouns l l i .TheFi t Cic t shel hat àr f z
e c am
fh r uiha dt M /nc
onl f gi t def ul ofi f c i - s s a e of ti lcouns l ai s.Se Re d v Stphe ,
y or ves he a t nef e tve as i t nc - -r a e cl m
e e . e ns 739

F. 75 778n.6( t Ci.201 .UnderFit Cic tlw,sat ha asc e' rpr e ai
3d 3,
1 5h r 4)
fh rui a t e be ouns ls e es ntton
c cnotf gi t Sl e ' f l r t e us t sc1i .4
a
or ve he atrs aiu e o xha t hi a m 3
Eve i t M ari ze e i i ude i fe tve- ssa e- - ppela e cou elcai ,
n f he
tne xc pton ncl d ne f c i as it nc ofa lt - ns l ms

Sae h sn t h wnta hsu d ryn cam h smei.S ae a g e t tu o smu ti db y n
ltr a o s o h t i n e lig li a rt ltr r u s haj r r s fn e o d
ar a ona edoubtt tac t de e
e s bl
ha apial f ndan c
t omm it d a exta ousofe ebe or c i i i i
te n r ne
f ns f e onsderng t n
a we i t s cilis . Sl trsaes
ns rng he pe a s ues ae t t :

Sic a lat1 2 ,h til o r mus isnlttej r a teg l/ no e c sa e
n e t e s 9 3 te ra c u t t n t c h u y t h ui i c n e tg
tn
t ti c nnotc i ran e r ne ofe e unls i be ivesbey ar as na e
ha t n
onsde
xta ous f ns
e s t le
ond e o bl

doubtha t defnda c
t the e nt ommitdi.Harlv. ae, 4S. . 1 4,1 58( x.
te t rel Stt 88 W 2d 5 57- Te
Crm.App.1 . The c tmus gi t smei tuci upon r ueta t
i
994)
our t ve he a nsr ton
eq s t he
punihme sage M ic l v.Stt,931S. . 950,954( x.Crm.App.1 )
s nt t . thel ae
W 2d
Te i
996 .
Furher e ari e370T s ci 3()oft CodeofCrmi Pr dur pr de
t mor, tcl . e ton a he
i nal oce e ovi s
t a t e u yc n t o i e e ta e us fns si a s s igp n s me t ne she
h th j r a no c nsd r x rn o ofe e n se sn u ih n u ls t y
ar pr nbe ar s bl doubtSe Huiarv.Stt 1 S. . 479, ( x.
e ove yond ea ona e
. e z
ae, 2 W 3d 481 Te
Crm.App.2000)
i
.
( ke EntyNo.21at63)(tlcsa
Doc t r
iai dded) Reponde count st tt tilc tdi no er
. s
nt
er ha he ra our d t r
be us t Cour of i nal
ca e he
t Crmi Appe l di no gi i
a s d tbe n mposngabe
i
yond- -e ona ea r as bl doubtsa r
t nda d
on e r ne of e e untla t rSl t r s ti l
xt a ous f ns s i f e a e ' r a .

Th p risfi t ditn us b t e j r i tu to si tep n l p a eo c ptla d
e ate al o si g ih ewe n u y nsr cin n h e at h s f a ia n
y

3
4
The Supr
eme Cour cure l hasunderco i r ton t quesi ofwheherM ari z é s a is t
t r nty
nsde a i he
ton
t
tne ç o pple o
al
pr edu al deauled, s t ili fe tvea ssanceof ppelt c ns cl ms'Davl Dfvx, l 621
oc r ly f t but ubsanta,nef ci s it
a lae ou el ai .
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2 1 WL 81 5 8 (01 ) ThiCo r, we e,st o n t f l w (it Cic i) rc d n a ie it td y. La d
06
1 9 6 2 6 . s u tho v ri t u d o ol Ffh rutp ee e t st xss o a ' d
b
o
'
v Liigso , 7 F.d2 6 2 0(t Ci. 5.
. vn tn 7 7 3 8 , 9 5h r201 )
40

non- a t ti l . Ari e 37. oft Te s Code ofCrmi Appe l gove st punihm e
c pial la s
tcl 07 he xa
i nal
as
m he
s nt
phas ofanon- pial r a a a l sbot pa test of e e de E t a m a t rt c t e s
e
ca t ti l nd low
h r i o f r vi nce t o ny te he our de m
as
r l va t s nt nc ng, nc udi but lm ie t . . vi nceofa e r ne c i e orba ac t t
e e nt o e e i i l ng not i t d o . e de
n xt a ous r m
d t ha

is
s hownbe
yondar s na edoubt. .' TEX.
ea o bl
. .'
CODECRI PRO. r. 07()a; ealoJac
M. a t37. 3 ()se s kwn
v St e 992S. . 469,477( x.Crm.
. at,
W 2d
Te i App.1 .l c r tt Co tofCrmi Appe l
999) n ontas,he ur
i nal
as
ha hed t
s l hat

gl e de ei c pia c e i c r l byaril 3707 whihc ansnos h
the vi nc n a tl ass s ontoled
tce . 1, c onti
uc
r srcino t eito u to o e ta e u o f n ee i e c .Fu te uo e a uyi
e tito n h n r d cin f x rn o s fe s v d n e rh n r , j r n
anon- pia c er eve noi tuc i c
ca t l as ec i s nsr ton ompa a et t s c a is si t u tons
r bl o he pe i l s ue nsr c i
i ac pia c e;hi ditnc i e ai t r quieme i nonca t lc est tt
n a t l as t s si ton xpl ns he e r nt n
pia as ha he

j r b s p rtl isr ce n tt c n ie e ta o so f n e u ls t y a e
uy e e aaey n tu td o o o sd r xrne u fe s s n e s he r
pr n be
ove yond ar s na edoubt
ea o bl
.

Jac s 992S. . a 477(mpha i a d) Theonl bur Te splce one r ne ofe e
k on,
W 2d t e
ss dde .
y den xa a s xta ous fns s
i a c pia s ntncng he rng i lhe oblga i of ç e l pr ng't t ti lc tt tt
n a tl e e i
ai s ç
t
i ton
clary ovi
o he ra our ha he

e r ne ofens wa commitda t t(hedee nlwast pe rt . Hughe v.St e,
xta ous f e s
te nd ha t fnda t
he metaor'
'
s at
24S. .d833,8 43( Crm. 2000 ; e aloSlrc v St e,8 S. . 877, ( x.
W 3
42- Tex. i App. ) s e s f/ç . at 76 W 2d
,
909 Te
Crm.
i App.1 .
994)

Thej r isr din i t i c s c nfr dt Te a 1w b r q ii G la e ie e'h t
u y n tu o s n h s a e o o me o x s a y e urng t e r vd nc 't a
c
Sltre ge i t e r ne ofe es Clr sRe or a 76. The l di notr quiet ti l
ae nga d n he xta ous f ns . e k' c d t
aw d
e r he ra
c r t pr de an m or r gor r qui e enta a l t c
ou t o ovi
y
e i ous e r m
nd ppela e ouns l di not ne e tt r s a
e d
gl c o ai e

m e io i cli .The Cour wilde t scai .
rt rous a m
t l ny hi l m

E.

TheDe h Penaly ( ai Fi )
at
t Cl m ve

Slt rsfna ha asc am a guest tt de t nalyvi aest c tt i pr bii
a e ' i l be l i r
ha he a hpe t ol t he onsiutonal ohi ton
on c ue andunus punihment Slt ra kst sCour t e nd t r cor a pe m i dic r
r l
ual s
. a e s hi
t o xpa he e d nd r t s ove y

41

t e o et us ofc pia punihmen nato de Slt rdi notr s t sc am i sa eco t nd
o xpl r he e a t l s
t i nwi . a e d
aie hi l i n t t ur a
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s
hown t theca ove comeanypr dur lde a t3
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ta
r nt ei f n he
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rt
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I t at r tve, a e ' cli lc me i unde t c r ntl w.Slt rprm a iyr le on
n he le na i Slt rs am a ks rt
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a e i rl ei s

adis i opi o i Gls i v Gr s,
sentng nin n o sp . os

U.
S.

,1 S.Ct 27 2755- ( ) whee
35
. 26,
80 2015, r

J tc Bry r j ie b J tc Gis eg c nsd rdpec ie pr be wi ted ahp nat,
usie e e , on d y usie n b r , o i ee rev d o lms t h e t e l
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usi e
Br ye ur dt Su e Cour t c i f lbrefng ont t rt de t pe lyvi a e t
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t o onsder ul i i
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whe
Consiuton. 1 a 2755.
tt i ' d. t
'

The Supr
eme Cour ha ne r hed t tt de t pe ly is f r t rt n t me t
t s ve l ha he ah na t tel, a he ha he ans o

i os i o me h ns t c ryi o tv oae t eCo ttto Th Gl sl mao i rc g ie
mp e t r c a ims o ar t u , i lts h nsi in. e o s; j rt e o nz d
u
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t ttti s tld t tca t punihm e i consiu i .... 35 S. .a 2732; e alo Ba ev
ha l s e te ha pial s nt s
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Ct t
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Re s 553U. 35, (
e,
S. 47 2008)Ctclpial s nti c tt i l'; nne yv fouii 55
g a t punihme s onsiutona.lKe d . sana, 4
'
U. 407, ( )(çT1 deahpe t i noti a yunc tt i l.' J tceBrye '
S. 420 2008 ç( he t naly s nvmi bl onsiutona gl). usi e rs
disntngopi oni Gl sl wa onl adisnt a i t inf f t rc i rtonbyhi flow
se i
ni n os ; s y se , n nviato or urhe onsdeai
p
s el

j sie . usieBry rs o n s i no ce t n w,lal e tbih dfd r l o siui n la
u tc s J tc e e ' c mme t d d t rae e ce ry sa ls e e ea c n t to a lw.
t
Thi Cour i û
s
tsû
boundbyprorSupr m eCour ca e untls h tmea i i ex e syove r e byt t
i
e
t s s i uc i s t s pr s l
ruld ha

Cour. UniedSt e v Hol s,822 F. 481 503 n. (t Ci.1 . Thi Cour woul be
t' t ats . me
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2d ,
2 5h r 987)
s
t d

3
5

Sltrar st iefeci r pr s nt i ysaeha sc elhoul f gi t pr dur l of sfnal
ae gue hatn f tve e e e atonb tt bea ouns s d or ve he oce a bar hi i

cam.Th Fit Cic t a rf sdt a pl Ma t e t t li ( al ono p rant teefcie eso c u s l'
li e fh ruih s eue o p y ri z o t ams t td t eti o h fe tv n s f o n e.
n
c
h
'
V s u zv Se e s 5 7F. px77 7 (t Ci. 01 )s eas Wi isv Se e s 5 0F Ap x29 , 0 n4
a q e . tph n , 9 Ap ' 5, 78 5h r 2 5 'e lo l n . tph n , 6 . p' 9 3 6 .4
,
k
(t Ci. 01 )Re dv Stph n ,7 9F.d7 3 77 (t Ci. 4 .
5h r 2 4 ; e . e e s 3 3 5 , 8 5h r201 )
42

c
ompeled t de r le e i Slt r sc lnge t c pia punihmen wa f l a ia e f
l o ny e if ven f a e ' hale
o a tl
s
t s uly val bl or
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e r e e
l .
V

Certfcate ofA ppeal lt
ii
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Un e AEDPA,a p io e c n o se a pelt rviw fo a lwe c u tsj d me t
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rs n r n n t e k p lae e e r m o r o r' u g n
wiho rc vi aCeriiaeofAppe lbiiyCt '.Se 28U. C.j22534) Sltrha no
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)
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te
t ha hi
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r ca ons de he s ue ua pont .
e

Se Alxande v Johns 211 F. 895,898 ( h Ci.2000) ç-he COA saue esa ihe
e e
r .
on,
3d
5t r
. û'
l
ttt tbls s
pr edur lr l sand r quies a t es d i r i t whe he t cr tc tm a e e t n a
oc a u e
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hr hol nquiy n o
t r he icui our y nt rai n

a al' Sl kv. c e,529U. 473,482(
ppe . ac M Danil
'
S.
2000) A c tma onl is aCOA whe tt
. our y y sue
n the
a i a ha m a a s t ntal s i of t de a of a c tt i
pplc nt s de ubsa i how ng
he ni l
ons iutonal rght' 28 U . C .
i .'
S.

j2253()2)
c( .
TheFi t Cic t dst t he s rt ofan i a e spuni hm e , ve a s nt nc ofde t
fh r ui hol ha t eve iy
nm t '
s nt e n e e e
a h,

t snoti a ofis fr quiet is nceofaCOA.'Clr v Johns 202F. 760,76 (t
ç
doe ,n nd tel, e r he sua
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on,
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Ci.2000) TheFit Cic t howe r ani pae t tac twilr ol a quesi a a
r
.
fh rui,
ve, tci ts ha our l es ve ny tons bout
COA i t de t rw i t sfvor Se He nande v Johns 21 F.d243, ( hCi.
n he ah-o nmae' a . e r
z.
on, 3 3
248 5t r2000)
.
The Supr m e Cour hasexpl ne t s a
e
t
ai d he t ndar f eva ua i t pr i t of g an i a C OA on
d or l tng he opre y
r tng

camsrj ce o termeisa f lo :t h r ad src c u th srj ce t ec nsi to a
li ee td n h i rt s ol ws t ee itit o r a ee td h o tt in l
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d mo taet a r ao a l j rsswo dfn t d src c u tsa s sme to t ec nsi to a
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u
c ai s deba a e or w'ong. Sl k,529 U . at48 M il r El 537 U . a 336- On t ot r
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t bl
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ha a di t i tc t ha ha de e ha sr le on pr dur lgr
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oce a ounds s d i s a COA Ewhe
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t ep io e s o , t e s,h t u it o ra o wo l tn id b tb ewh te t ep tto sae
h rs n r h ws a la tta j rss f e s n ud i d t e aa l eh r h eiin tts
43

av ldcam o t ed n a o ac nsi to a rg t n t tu it o r a o wo dfn i d b tbe
ai li f h e il f o tt in l ih a d ha j rss f e s n ul i d t e aa l
u
w he he t di t i tc t a c r ti ispr e al u i Sl k, U . a 48 M il r El 537
t r he sr c our w s or ec n t oc dur r lng. ac 529 S. t 4; le - ,
U . a 336- U nl s t pr s
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38. e s he i oner e t t CO A s a r ç a al oul bew a r nt d. Sl k,
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529 U . at484.
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Sltrsp tto rie is e wo ty o j dca rviw.Ne e tee s h vngc n i ee
ae ' eiin as s su s rh f u iil e e
v rh ls, a i o sd rd
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a er s tton n i
S t nda ds
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V.

Conc us on
l i

Fo t r a onsdi c s d a
r he e s
s us e bove t Cour GRANTS Re ponde ' moton f s
, he
t
s
nts i or umm a y
r

j d me tDENI Sae ' p tto f rawrt h b a c r s a DI M I SESt i c s W I
u g n,
ES ltrs eiin o
iof a e s opu , nd S S
hs a e TH
PREJU DI . The Cour w ilnotc r iy any i s f a la e r vi w .
CE
t l
e tf
s ue or ppe l t e e

The Clr wil ovi copi oft sOr rt t pa te .
e k l pr de
es hi de o he ri s

S GNED o
I
n

v&R a 2 2 1
27

, t u tn, x s
a Ho so Te a .

A LFRED H .BE
T
UN I
TED STA TES D I
STRJ J G E
UD

44