Ahmadi v. Pool et al

Filing 37

MEMORANDUM AND OPINION denying 34 MOTION/APPLICATION to Proceed In Forma Pauperis; granting 29 MOTION for Summary Judgment . (Signed by Judge Vanessa D Gilmore) Parties notified.(gclair, 4)

United States District Court
Southern District of Texas

ENTERED
I TH E UN I
N
TED STA TES D I
STR I CO UR T
CT
FO R TH E SO UTH ER N D I
STR I T O F T EX A S
C
H O U STO N DI I O N
V SI

June 29, 2017
David J. Bradley, Clerk

BO B A H M A D I
,

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ai if
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i nal

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usie
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ie ompl nt
r
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9 3 algng h t al fiil v oae s i l i hs
r c e s o e n nf r
pau ri. Ahma i tal tl t ss ti t For W o t Di s on oft Unie St t sDitit
pe s
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t ( ke r 29)
Ahmadihasrs
e ponded.( ke Enti Nos 32& 33 .
Doc t res .
)

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s d n he e dn s t e to o u r ud me t t e o d, n h p lc bl
lw,hi co t a st motonf s
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nt
e ons or hes ulngs r ttd n
de a lbe ow .
ti l
1
.

A hm adisA legatons
' l i

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di ompli ofcvi rght vi a i t toc r d a t M CM HTF.Hewa plc
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s
s r m na pr e i nd onvi i i Ta r ntC o t Texas
d on n r a
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.

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fld tton or i
bea or
eni ha onviton
r
S. j
i t Norhe n Diti tofTe ,Ci lAc i Numbe 4: 4- 901 A. Tha c ts ma ied
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r 1 CV- t our um rz
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y
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nt
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f e e l s ul. Stt be s
2- 6.
i c m entwasl t am e
ndi t
a er nded t i ude t of e e ofbur ar ofa
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gl y
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o om t
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ae

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s nt nc dt fveye sk i m e .1 a 206- 4, Nos. 2e e e o i ar confne nt (d. t 1 ECF
1 20
& 1 21)
2- .

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downa ij td hi pli ifsnos wa bl di
nd nece m, antf' e s ee ng.
( ke EntyNo,1 p.3)
Doc t r
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a dij ncierle .
n n u tv eif
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I.

The A pplcabl LegalSt
i e
andard
A.

The M oti f Sum m ar Judgm ent
on or
y

Summayj
r udgmenti a opraei noge neis ofmaera fc e ssandt movi
s ppr it f
nui sue
t il a t xit
he
ng

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a' s ni e o u g n a
t
t
te o a FE R. V. 5 () k- v n b as h u d n
-h
ofi ntf ng t e por i oft r co d i bele s de onsr t t a e ofa ge ne i s of
de iyi hos
tons he e r t i ve m t a e he bs nce
nui s ue

maei fc. Trpl Te Gol I .v Ni , nc.485F. 253, (t Ci.
tral a t' i e e f nc . ke l ,
'
3d
261 5h r 2007)( ii Ceotx
ctng l e
Cor v
p .

l t bur
f he den of pr a ti l les w ih t
oof t r a i
t he

nonm ovi pa t t m ova m a s i f isi ta bu den by id how i - t ti , ntng ou t
ng ry, he
nt y ats y t nii l r
ss
ng' ha s poi i
to
(ïtïE;(5I(3he)B#
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3

t dit i tc t t t e i a a e e ofevi nce t s
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de
o uppor t nonm ovi pa t sca e ' Se
t he
ng r y' s .' e

Ceoe , 7U. a 3 . W h l tep rymo ig f rs mmayj d me tmu td mo srt te
l tx 47 S. t 25
ie h a t vn o u l u g n s e n tae h
a e e of a ge ne i s of m a e i f c , i doe not ne d t neg e t e e ent of t
bs nc
nui s ue
t ral a t t s
e o
at he l m s
he

n n va tsc s . u r a x v Swl T a s Co,4 2 F.d 5 6,5 ( t Ci. 0 )(iai n
o mo n ' a e Bo d e u . j r np. . 0 3 3 40 5h r 20 5 ctto
t
omit .$ f ti d t i 'iisrs utoni fvorofonepa t mi afc t outomeoft
ted) k ac s maeral f t eol i n a
A
ry ght fe t he c
he

lws i u d rg v r n lw. So s mo v Lo eSa Stt o - . 5 0 F.d 31 ,3 ( t Ci.
a ut n e o enig a ' s a n . n tr ae fl x, 6 3 6 26 5h r
'
e
2 0 )( u tto o te ) ûft mo igp ryf ist me t(tqi iil ur e , h mo in (o
0 9 q o ain mi d . i he vn a t al o e is nta b d n t e to f r
t
l
s
ummayj
r udgme jmus bede e r gadls oft nonmovantsr pons ' Unie St e v.
nt
t
nid, e r e s he
' es e.' td ats
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#JJPJ. n
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r nc
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quotng tl . qui r p.

.

37F. 1 1 ( h Ci.1 (nbanc)
3d 069, 075 5t r 994) e
l.
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n he
ng t
tt e c r
he
ng ry nnot ur i

as
ummayj
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nt i
esi
he r le tons t e ngs
nt
m us i ntf s ii e de e i t r cor and a tc a e how t tevi nc s
t de iy pec fc vi nc n he e d
r i ul t
ha de e uppor st tpa t s
t ha r y'

cam. anows iv Har, F. 11 11 ( t Ci.
li Bar
k . t486 3d 2, 9 5h r2007) ç-hi bur nwilnotbestsidby
. l- s de l
l
aife
l om e m e a
s
t phys c doubta t t m a e i f c s by conc us r a l tons b uns t i t
i al
s o he t ral a t ,
l o y lega i , y
ubs anta ed

a s ri ,orb onl as i il ofe de .'Boud e x, F. a 540( i fite, F.
s etons y y cntla vi nce'' r au 402 3d t
quotng tl 37 3d

a l 7 ) l d cdigas mmayj d me t to ,h c u t rwsa1 e s n b cif rn e i te
t 0 5 . n e i n u r u g n mo in te o r d a 1 r a o a l n e e c s n h
lg mos fvorbl t t nonmovi pa t Conno sv Gr e 538F. 373, ( hCi.
iht t a a e o he
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r . av s,
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i docum e t l dpr s i io belbe a l c tue '.. a ' pr s com pl i , e
'
A
nt i e / e s t
i r ly ons r ds . nd a o e
a nt how ver
i tuly pl ade m us be he d t l s s rnge s a r t n f m a pl adi d afe by
narf l e d,
t
l o es ti nt t nda ds ha or l e ngs r t d

lwye s''Se Erck onv. r s, U . 8 94 (
a r .' e i s
Pa du 551 S. 9, 2007) Unde t ssa r pladi tld by
.
r hi t nda d, e ngs se
arrl e ltga a e e il d t albe al
t s ii nt r ntte o i r eonsr ton t ta f dsa l e ona e i e e swhi h c n
t uc i ha f or l r as bl nf r nce
c a
4

bedrwnfo t m. eHai sv Ke ne,404U. 51 520- ( 972) Olve v.Scot,276F.
a r m he Se
ne . r r
S. 9, 21 1 ) i r
t
3d
736,740( hCi.
5t r 2000)
.
B.

The Sum m ar Judgm entEvi nc
y
de e

Th Dee d nspr vd t f lwigs mmayj dg n e d n e Ex i i A: CM HTF
e fn a t o ie he ol n u l u me t vie c : h bt M
o
Cle ChatFa eShe t( s hagel Exhi tB: ept fom Ahma ' g ivanc r or ,wih
int r c
e Dic r ; bi Exc r s r
dis re e ec ds t
s
uppor i bus nes r cor af i t
tng i s e ds fdavi.
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n
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e nt '
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(
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(
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fda t
ook vor elow nmae he

(
C)

Afi vi ofM evi Tur ns ,af l i t oft M CM HTF;
fda t
l n bi ki elow nmae he

(
D)

Ofende medi lpas dae De embe 1 201 fom TDCJ;
f r
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(
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Tar ntCount Core tons l t Reques f He t Ser ce ,dae Ocobe 24,201
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and

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( etEnr No.3 .
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The ls ofL i iatons
sue
m t i

Fe ea c u t ma d s s acam fldif r
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u rs l ) t aite h th cin
i
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s rvol r lci .'
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Asnotd,t Te pei oflmiai f peronalij ' aci i t yeas Se TEX.
e he xas rod i ttons or s n ul tons s wo r. e
y
CI PRAC. REM.
V.
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CODEANN.j1 003()( r 201 .Ahma ' cli r lt t hi me c l
6. a Venon 7)
dis ams eae o s dia
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nd yc a rc r t nt t he
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us
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Doc t r
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ol i
t
i e ol ton olow d
ontnui
c e nce ; onl contnuous unl w f a t ca f m t ba i of a contnuous vi a i '
ons que s
y
i
a ul c s n or he s s
i
ol ton.'

Mc e rv fa Stt Unv Bd o u ' , F. d8 0 8 7( t Ci. 9 )ctn Unie rLie ,
Grgo . . ae i. fs p r 3 3 5 , 6 5h r 1 93 (iig tdAi n s
s
I . . ans 431U. 553, ( 977). Fit Cic tha wane t t dheo yofc i ng
nc v Ev ,
S. 558 1 )The fh r ui s r d hathe ç r ontnui
t
vi aton ha t be gua dc y e pl ye bec e w ihi i a e t s eds of de t cto of t
ol i
s o
r dl m o d
aus t n t r he e
s nl i n
he

gp lc bl)saueo l tto ' Ab amsv Ba lrCo lg o d , 05F.d 5 , 3 (t Ci.
a pia e tt t f i ain. r
mi
'
. yo le e fMe . 8 2 28 5 3 5h r
1 .TheFit Cic thashel t t co i ngvi ai docrnea i t cai br
986)
fh r ui
d hat he ntnui olton ti pples o l ms ought

unde 42 U. C.j l
r
S.
983. He hv.Bd.t Su r s sforS.Uni & Agrc.d:Mec Col.No.
at
? pe vior
f
v.
i
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1 30625,201 W L 923408,a *5( h Ci.M a .8, 7 (e ri ama srt j
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t 5t r r 201 ) rve sng
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t tpl i if s s c i 1 hosie w or e r e a l ga i di notco tt e a c i ng
ha a ntf e ton 983 tl
k nvionm nt le tons d
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olton) e s
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di ied s m ai
pt m r
di ha ac e i es f nda t

aci nsasa c i ng vi a i As umi a gue t tAhm a s f r fom a contnui
to
ontnui
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di ufe ed r
i ng
vi a i t l s vi a i t pl ce a t l es , A ugus l 201 t da ehew asdi c r ed
ol ton, he a t ol ton ook a , t he at t on
t 2, 2, he t
s ha g
fom t M CM HTF. Hi com pl ntfl on Se em be 1 201 i untm e y be us i w a fl
r he
s
ai ied
pt
r 4, 4, s i l ca e t s ied

mor t t y r a t t vi ai
e han wo ea s fer he ol ton.
Ahm a ne a g st tt lm ia i pc i di notc
di xt r ue ha he i ttons rod d
omm e untl ha e use t
nce i he d xha t d he
ad i sr tveg i va pr dur wihi t M CM HTF.Thesaut oflmia i i t l whie
m nita i re nce oce e t n he
t t e i t tons s oled l

a prs rf fls 42 U. C,j 1
ione ulil
S.
997e' a nitai exhausi rquie .Se Wri v.
s dmi srtve
ton e rment e ght
Holigs t,260F.d357,359( hCi.2001.TheDet nt ar t tt r i noe de
ln worh
3
5t r
)
knda s gue ha hee s vi nce

t tAhma ha e rutlze t M CMHTF gre nc pr dur ( ketEntyNo.29,p.4)
ha
di s ve ii d he
iva e oce e. Doc
r
.
W he t movi pat hasme isRul 56()bur t nonmovi pa t cn s vi
n he
ng ry
tt e c den,he
ng ry nnot ur ve

a s mmayj d me tmo in b r sig o te me ealg to so ispe dng . Ah d mu t
u r u g n to y e tn n h r le ain f t la i s ma i s
i n iy s cii e de e i t r c d a a tcul t how t t e denc s
de t f pe fc vi nc n he e or nd r i a e
ha vi e uppor s hi c a m .
t s li

Bar
anows v Har, F. 11 1l ( hCi.
ki . t486 3d 2, 9 5t r 2007) Ahma ha ofeednocompetnts
.
di s fr
e ummay
r

j d me t vd n ee tbih n t a h e a se t ea mi itai g iv nc p o e u ewi i te
u g n e ie c sa ls i g h t e xh u t d h d nsrtve re a e r c d r t n h
h
M CM HTF.

Ahm adi xt r st t i entte t equia et lng be us hew a i om pe e durng
ne a gue ha he s il d o
t bl oli
ca e
s nc
t nt i
t r e ntpe i û e a e t Texa s a u e oflm ia i i bonow e i Se ton 1 ca e ,
he el va
r od. i c us he
B
s ttt
i t tons s
d n c i 983 s s
û xa ' e t bl t lng pr nc pl s c r t sltga i n. 'M ye sv. h,464 F.
' s s quia e oli
re
i i e ontol hi ii to '
'
r Nas
App' 348,
x
349

(t Ci.201 ) C
5h r 2). '
Texasc ' s i ya yequia et lngandl i erala,t whet ra
ouls parngl ppl
t
tbl oli
ooksnt i o
he
8

pl i ifdii ntypuruedhi rght ;ltga sm a notus t doc rne t a d t c e
antf lge l
s
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e he ti o voi he ons quenc
es

oft i ownne i nc Fe r c t as a yt docrnes rngl '1 (ii Myes 464F.
her
glge e. deal ours lo ppl he ti pai y.'d.ctng r,

Ap x a 3 . ûg quia et lng i a l e whee apli ifhasa tvel purue j ci
p' t 49) tEl tbl oli s vaiabl
r
antf
ci y s d udi al
rme esbutfl adefci pladi asl a t pli ifhasexecie duediienc . . ( he
e di
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r sd
lg e . .T)
prnci esofe t bl t lng . . not xt nd t w ha i a be ta ga de va i t c ai ofexc a e
i pl
quia e oli . do e e o
ts t s
r n rey l m
us bl

ne ec. 1 a * (nt na quoai maksandciai omitd)
gl t' d. t 3 i er l tton r
'
ttons te .
I Te ,whe a pe s i ofuns
n xas
n
r on s
ound m i a t tme hi c e ofa ton ac r ,t
nd t he i
s aus
ci
c ues he
a i abl s a u e of lm ia i w ilbe t l d untlt di a lt i r m oved.TEX.Cl PRAC.&
pplc e t t t
i t tons l
ole
i he s biiy s e
V.

REM.
CODEj 1 001b) Het v Cl nt,832F. 332,336( hCi.1 ) Ahmadihasnot
6. ( ; lon . eme s
2d
5t r 987 .

s
hownt thewa una eioma r s afisort undertndhi l lrght orla lte ,'
ha
s bl ' nage hil far o
t
sa s ega i s ibiiis'and
t ha nots
hus s
hown t thewasofuns nd mi on Augus 1 201 SeeHelon,832F. a 336
ha
ou
nd
t 4, 2.
t
2d t

( ai a cttonomitd)
quotton nd iai
te .
Ahm a s a est t c ac ed anum berofa hort e t r por t i de sm a t ba i
di t t ha he ont t
ut ii s o e t he nci nt de he s s

oft slws t (
hi a ui. Docke Enty No.25)
t r
.Ahmadialeg t therpo t t e s me undel ng
l es ha
e red hes a
ryi
e nt t Dia lt Riht ofTe sa t r e ntsaeaut ii prort hi dic r .(d)
ve s o s biiy g s
xa nd o elva tt hortes i o s s hage 1 .

Th s fl s o ta Ah d wa a r o t eij re hen w s su o , ndwh h b lc e wa
e e ii h w h t ma i s wae fh nu is o ue p n a
ng
o e eiv d s
r s nsbl Het afima i y e t ihe hi e fnott ha be n unde al galdia lt a
e po i e.
hus fr tvel sabls s ms l
o ve e
r e
s biiy s
r quied f t lng. A hm a ' com pe e y e ua i c
e r or oli
dis
t nc val ton onduc e J y 30, 201 e t bls d
t d ul
2, s a i he
unc r red e de t thew asbo h com pe e f hi c i i lt i la l ly abl t pur ue
ont ove t vi nce ha
t
t nt or s r m na r a nd ega l e o s

t eci lcli asoft tdae.( ke Enr No. 2,pp. 22) Ahma ' c entont thi
hes vi ams
ha t Doc t ty 298- .
dis ont i ha s
m en a i
t l ncom pe e r nde e hi una e t pur uehi l gal i ht w ih r pe tt hi tea m e a
t nce e r d m
bl o s
s e r g s t es c o s r t nt t
t M CM H TF,i unavaii
he
s
lng.
9

A hm a al o hass n no ba i f e t bl t lng. eH ol v Te sz & kl Uni . 1
di s
how
s s or quia e oli Se
mes . xa q
v , 45

F. 681 68 85(t Ci,l ;Barow v Ne Orean S. As ' 93 F. 473, (t Ci.
3d , 4- 5h r 998) r . w l s S. sn, 2 2d
478 5h r
1 ) Asnotd,bec et Texa saueoflmiai i borowe i j 1 c es Texa s
991.
e
aus he
s ttt
i ttons s r d n 983 as , s'
e tbl t lngprncpl a y. adi v Ed d ,3 F. x 1 2009W L3150322(t Ci.
quia e oli i i es ppl M s . war s 47 App' 06,
5h r

2009)(ii Rotla v Pe s l F. 8 897( h Ci.1 ) Neihe Ahma ' lc of
ctng el . derons 44 3d 92, 5t r 998). t r
dis a k
r pr e a i no hi a t m ptt a r c
e es nt ton r s te
o cquie ouns l i s fci ntt t lt lm ia i pe i under
e s uf i e o ol he i t tons r od

Te slw, eKel v. t o c t Fals 65F. x508( hCi. )(npubls d)(i ng
xa a Se ly Ci fWihia l, App'
y
5t r2003 u
ihe fndi
no gr
ounds f equiabl t lng unde Texa l w w he pl i ifS a una e t obt i t s r ce
or
t e oli
r
sa
n a ntf û s bl o a n he e vi s
w

ofalwye t puruehi cl ms'; ns v. l PolceDe ' 275F. 1 ( hCi.2001
a r o s s ai ' Robi on Dalas i p t
)
,
3d 080 5t r
)
(
unpubls d)(ee tng agume kt tlmiai s d be e tbl t l underTexa 1w
ihe rj ci r nt ûha i ttons houl
quia y oled
sa

b c u e g p io e wa lil eaea db e u eh s ug ttea ssa e o f u d fee tat r e s
e a s a rs n r s li rt n e a s e o h h s itn e f o r ifr n to n y
t
whos dha be npr e tnghi rg s'.
houl ve e otci s iht'
)

Thoug fdealcours c alo ûa hi t rown t lng pr sonL)i e e i
h e r
t an s û s on hei
f
oli ovii s n xc ptonal
st tons'Sl v Car ntr 7F. 41 420( hCi.1 ( rc im)( ai a ciain
iuai , ack . pe e, 3d 8, 5t r 993) pe ura quotton nd tto
'

omit ) Ahmadis d a laiy wih t l alpr e s gndjl k ofrpr ent i 'ae not
ted ,
' i miirt t he eg oc s a ac
unf
e es aton' r
gr
oundsf e t bl t lng unde f r l1 eiher Bar ow v N ew Or eansS S As ',932 F.
or quia e oli
r ede a aw t . r
.
l
sn
2d

47 478( t Ci.1 1.
3,
5h r 99 )
The s a u e of lm ia i ba s A hm a f om as e tng hi c vi r ght cl i s a ns t
ttt
i t tons r
di r
s ri
s i l i s a m gai t he

na d De e nt
me
f nda s.
I .
V

TheS ecà- arred Cl m
B
ai

The Def nda sa gu i t ale na i ,t Ahm a ' cl m s a e ba r d by t hol ng i
e nt r e, n he t r tve hat
dis ai r r e
he di n

Hec v Humphry,51 U. 477, 87( 994) ( ke EntyNo. pp. 6) DurngAhma '
k,
e 2 S. 486- 1 . Doc t r
29, 5- . i
dis
10

c i i l ti ,t s at c r e e e or r r l tng t A hm adis c pe e t s a ti . l
rm na ral he t e ou t nt r d de s e a i o
' om t ncy o t nd ral n
Ahm a ' f de alha s pr e di i Ci lA c i N um be 4: 4dis e r
bea oc e ngs n vi ton
r 1 0901 t r cor s s t t
, he e d how ha

Ahm a wa i tal f
di s nii ly ound me a l i m pe e t sa ti ,t c m it d t t M CM HTF
nt ly nco t nt o t nd ral hen om te o he
f te t e ,be or bengr evauaedon J y30,201 Thesat ti lcour f
or r a m nt f e i e l t
ul
2.
t e ra
t oundt thi m e al
ha s nt
com pet
ency wasr or
est ed.

The i s i whe he a r i by t s c tgr ntng A hm a t r lef he s eks w oul
s ue s
t r ulng
hi our a i
di he e i
e
d
ne es a iy u
c s rl nder i t va i t ofhi 201 c
m ne he ldiy
s 2 onvi ton f bur a y ofha t ton w ih i e t
c i or gl r
bia i
t nt nt o

c
omm i a s ul i Ca e Num be 1 l 1 a t r s tng tve yea s nt ne Ahm a '
t s a t n us
r 20 247 3 nd he e uli i - r e e e.
dis
c
ompl i i t thcwa ilga l media e cha ge a de aned i t M CM HTF.
ant s ha
s le ly
c t d, r d, nd t i n he

A c tmus dimisa cvi rght co ai br
our t s s i l i s mpl nt oughtunde 42 U. C.j 1983whe t
r
S.
n he
c
ompl i ,i s c s ul wo d ne es a iy i pl t i i t of t pli ifs c cto or
ant f uc es f , ul c s rl m y he nvaldiy
he antf onvi i n
s nt nc u e st ai ifde onsr t t t convi ton ors nt nc ha be nr ver e on die
e e e, nl s hepl ntf m t a es hat he
ci
e e e s e e sd
r ct
appe l expunge by exe utve o de , cl r i i b a s a e t i
a,
d
c i r r de a ed nvald y t t r bunalaut i e t m a s
hor z d o ke uch
ade e m i ton, ca l d i o ques i by a f r c tsi s nc ofaw rtofha a co pusu r
t r na i or le nt
ton
ede al our ' s ua e
i
be s r
nde

28U. C.j2254.He kp Humphry,5l U. 477,486- ( 994)
S.
c .
e 2 S.
87 1 .
Ahm a c le st a tonsofM CM HTF ofi al i a i se i f c d me c tons
di hal nge he c i
fci s n dm nit rng or e
dia i

r ae t t saeti eour' c
eltd o he tt ral ts ompee yc l to .l Ahmadipr val onhi j 1 cli
tnc vauains f
e is
s 983 am
r r ng f c d a i sr i ofm e c ton t r s or com pe e y, he va i t ofhi c
ega di or e dm ni taton
di a i o e t e
t nc t
ldiy
s onvi ton
ci
woul nec s a iy be i plca ed,
d e s rl
m i t
Unde H e , hm adi us de o t a et thi c
r ck A
m t m nsr t ha s onvi ton a s nt eha be n r r e
c i nd e enc ve e eve s d,

i ldae ore
nvai td, xpunge pro t brngi a acin unde j 1
d ir o i ng n to
r 983. Hec ,51 U. a 486k 2 S. t 87.
Ahm a c
di annot m a s h s i
ke uc how ng. H e has not a l ge t t hi c
le d ha s onvi ton i Ca e N um be
c i n us
r
(ïkhEJ4r1(7) c). p1
)Ft%)h)h 1t tIw
L)C(21 5 2
l
-

11

1 2471 ha be n r ve s i i t d, ot r i e e
201
3 s e e r ed, nvalda e or he w s xpunge U ntlAhm a r ce vesa r i
d. i
di e i
ulng
dec a i hi s nt nc i ld,he c nnot pur ue hi c a m f r le .1 a 488- , Rande l v.
l r ng s e e e nva i
a
s
s l i or e i f d. t
89.
l

denid,
e

S.Ct 1 ( )(i a e
. 601 2001 tBec us

g ai if i s e ngdamag purua t j l f unc tt i i ionme andhehasnot
pl ntfj s e ki
es s nto 983 or onsiutonalmprs nt
s tsid t fvorbl tr nai rquie
aife he a a e emi ton e rmentofHe kshe i bar fom a r ovey....)
c
s red r ny ec r
'.
'
Ahm a ' cai c le ng hi c c i f bur a yofha t tonw ih i ent ocomm i a s t
dis l ms ha lngi s onviton or glr
bia i
t nt t
t s aul

aeûeg l fi ous' t nt mea ngofs tons1 5()2)and1 5A( .Hamit v.
r s aly rvol 'wihi he ni
l
eci 91 e(
91 b)
lon Lyons
,
7 F. 99,1 1 (t Ci.1996)(û j1 cli whihf l unde t r ei Hec i lgal
4 3d
02- 03 5h r
tA 983 am
c als r he ul n k s e ly
fi ol unl s t c
r v ous es he onvi ton or s nt nc a i s ha bee r ve s d,expunge i lda e or
ci
e e e t s ue s n e r e
d, nva i t d,

ot r s c le i oque to ') Ahmadiscai aedimisdwihoutprj c t t bei
hewie ald nt sin. .
'
' l ms r s se t
eudie o hem ng
r se tdit He c tonsaeme.Se Cl kev St de ,1 F. 186,1 ( hCi.1 )
eas re fhe ck ondii r t e ar . al r 54 3d
91 5t r 998 4
J onv. Elee 1 F. 423, ( hCi.l )
ohns Mc v n, 01 3d
424 5t r 996 .Ahma ' camsar bardbyHe k, nd
dis li e re
c a

t Dee nt aeentte t j
he fnda s r ild o udgmen asamatroflw.
t
te a
The C l m s A gai tDef ndant i Thei l vi
ai
ns
e
sn
r ndi dualC apac tes
ii
The Def nt a s r t tasam a t rofl w , he a ee il d t qualte i m uniybec us
enda s s e t ha
te
a t y r ntte o
iè d m
t
a e
A h a f ied t ale a c tt i lvi a i and be aus t undi put d e de e s st t
m di a l o l ge ons iutona ol ton
c e he
s e vi nc how ha

tei a tonsweeob e tvel ras bl i lghtofceal e t ihedlw.( ke EntyNo.
h r ci
r j ci y e ona e n i
l ry sabls a Doc t r
29,
Dee nt'Motonf SummayJ me ,pp.6- .
fnda s
i or
r udg nt
7)
Thedef ns ofqualfe i uniy s edsgo r e ofi a speror i dic ei r
e e
ii d mm t hi l
ve nm nt fcil
f m ng s r tona y
f tonsf om la lt f ci lda a si of rast i conduc doe not ol e c e l es a i hed
unc i r i biiy or vi m ge ns a he r
t s vi at l ary t bls

rg st tara ona epe s woul ha known. l v. tge al 457U. 800, 8( 98 ;
iht ha e s bl ron
d ve
Harow Fiz r d,
S. 81 1 2)
Wis v fa 526U. 603, 4( 999) Quaii i
lon . yne,
S. 61 1 . lfed mmuniys el govenme ofii sSr
t hi ds r nt feal i om
f
( $ / ) /) h( 5I -3I c I '
)$ k h r 5 ) ï5t d ( wp
F (N (2 l 1 1 à d
:

ci lda ag la lt a l ast i a i coul r as bl ha be t
vi m es i biiy s ong he r ctons
d e ona y ve en houg c i t ntw ih
ht ons s e
t

terght te aealge t ha vi ae 'Fr r vArigt 957F. 1 1 (t Ci.1
h i s h y r le d o ve oltd. aie . ln on,
'
2d 268, 273 5h r 992)
( tngAndes v.Cr ght 483 U. 635,638( ). A saea t i e il t quaii
cii
ron
ei on,
S.
1987 )
tt cor s ntted o lfed

i nt i h sc n u twa o j ciey r a o a ei lg to t e lg lr e t a wee ce ry
mmu iy f i o d c s b e tv l e s n bl n i h f h e a uls h t r lal
esa iheda t tmeofhi a ons Mcclndonv Ciyo umbi 305F.d31 ( t Ci. 4)
tbls the i
s di .
e
. t fcol a,
3 4 5h r 200 .
A t se pr es hasta tonal bee empl d i eval tng t de e e ofqua ii
wo-t p oe s
r dii ly n
oye n
ua i he f ns
lted

i
mmuniy. cirv Kat 533U. 1 ( 1 .A e tis consde swhehe khefcsaleg
t Sau e . z,
S. 94 200 ) our trt i r
t r d a t l ed
t
s
how t ofi e ' c
he f c r s onduc vi a e a c tt i lrght' t n de des whet t r g a i s
t ol t d onsiutona i , he ci
'
her he i ht t s ue
w a i ea l es a i he 'a t tm e of t de e n ' alege m i conduc .1 a 201 M or
s k ry t bls d' t he i
cl
he f nda t s l d s
t d. t
.
e
r ce l t Supr m e Cour hel t taca e m ay be di m i s d ba e on eihers e i t qua ii
e nty, he
e
t d ha
s
s se sd
t t p n he lted

i
mmuniya yss Pe s v.Calahan,555U. 223,236(
t nal i. ar on
l
S.
2009)
.
O nc a def nda ha i
e
e nt s nvoke t def ns ofqualte i m uniy,t bur n i upon t
d he e e
ii d m
t he de s
he

pli ifode taet i pplca lt oft de e e.
antft monsrt he na i biiy he f ns Mcclndonv Ci o umbi 305F.
e
. t fcol a,
y
3d
31 3 (t Ci.
4, 23 5h r 2002)
.TheFit Cic tha sae t tadititc tmus frttndSha t
fh rui s ttd ha src our
t is l s t he
t
pl i ifspladi a s r f c swhi h,ftue woul ove c et de e eofquaii i uniy.
antf
e ngs s e t a t
c i r ,
d r om he f ns
lted mm t '
'

Bac ev. Bl ,Ci l tonNo.11 40460, 2W L 351
k Le anc viAci
201
7361(t Ci.Augus 1 201 , ii
5h r,
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