Burns v. Stephens et al

Filing 33

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER granting 26 MOTION to Dismiss; granting 24 MOTION to Dismiss . (Signed by Judge Alfred H Bennett) Parties notified.(gclair, 4)

United States District Court
Southern District of Texas

ENTERED
I THE U NI
N
TED STA TES D I
STRI CO URT
CT
FOR THE SOUTHERN D I
STRI OF TEXA S
CT
H OU STON D I SI
VI ON

September 22, 2017
David J. Bradley, Clerk

AN TH ON Y BU RN S,
Pl ntf ,
ai i f
VS.

CI I A CTI N O .4: CV V L
ON
15- 3280

LORI DA VI D iect ,Texas
E
S, r or
De rt e ofCr m i J tce
pa m nt
i nal usi Cor ec i
r tonalI tt i D i s on,lan d
nsiutons vi i
FRAN K A LLUM S,
Def ndant
e
s.

M EM O R AND UM O PI O N A ND O RD ER
NI
Pl ntf A nt
ai if hony Bur a s a e i a e pr
ns, t t nm t oceedi pr s has fl a ci lrght
ng o e,
ied
vi i s

c mpl itu r 4 U. C.j1 3 ( c tEn t No.1 Cs mpl i '. Bumsbrng
o an nde 2 S.
98 Do ke ty
'
) co anf)
i s
s t a ns D ef nt Lore D a s Diect of TD CJ and Fr nk Alum s a drver f
ui gai t
enda
i
vi , r or
,
a
l ,
i
or

TDCJ im ae ta po tto De e n Da sha fld a M o i n t Dimis ( k t
n t r ns ra in. f nda t vi s ie
to o s s Doc e
En r No.24 ,t whih Pli tf fld a r s ns ( ke En r No.25 . De e da
ty
) o c a n if ie
e po e Doc t ty
)
f n nt
Alumsa s tld a M o i t Dim is ( c e En r No.26 ,t whih Pl itf Gld a
l
lo ie
ton o s s Do k t ty
) o c an if e
r s s ( ke En r No.2 ,De e ntfl d a r pl ( k tEnty No 28 ,a d
e pon e Doc t ty
7) fnda ie
e y Doc e
r
. ) n
Plitf fld as re y ( c tEntyNo. .Ha ngc i r dt mo i ns bre i
an if ie u r pl Do ke r
29) vi onsde e he to , i fng,

Pl ntf br hts ta i tW ila St phe ,t f merdie oroft Te De t tof
ai if oug ui ga ns li m e ns he or
r ct
he xas parmen

Crmi l J tc -core tonall tt i Di son (t
i na usie rci
nsiutons vii ûTDCJ',i hi ofi a c pa iy. The
' n s tcil a ct
)
cur tdiecor LoreDavi,i s tt e a omai lya pa t Fed.R. v.P. d)
ren r t , i
s s ubsiutd ut tcal s ry.
Ci 25( .

r d, and a i bl l w , t Cour G R AN TS bot m otons t di m i s a
ecor
pplca e a
he
t
h
i
o s s nd
DI I
SM SSES t sl w s tf t r onsexpl ned bel .
hi a ui or he eas
ai
ow
1
.

BA CK G R O UN D

On J
anuar 26,2015,Bur w as a pas enger on a TD CJ bus t t coli w ih
y
ns
s
ha
lded t

a te ve ce Bu 'ba k wa ij r d.Bur alge i hi Co an t tn s a
noh r hil. ms c s nu e
ns le s n s mplit ha o e t
bels w e e avaia e on t bus,w hi h w ast a lng a sxt t s vent m ies pe hour
t r
lbl
he
c
r veli t i y o e y l
r
.
I hi br efng,he f t alegest tcondii w e e f
n s ii
urher l
ha
tons r oggy,t pa e w as wet a
he vem nt
s nd

t tA lum s, t drver l tt s ne oft acc dentw ihoutpr ri tuctons fom hi
ha l 2 he i , ef he ce
he i
t
ope nsr i
r
s
TDCJ s pe i s or1 w enf c ent
u r or
a
or em .
Bur w astea ed atTD CJ m edi f ltes f a oxi a el one w e afert
ns
r t
cal aciii or ppr m t y
ek t he

ac dent t n r ved f l up m edi tea m enta hi uni. See D ocke Enty N o.1
ci , he ecei
olow
cal r t
t s t
t r
7
ds r he t l
t ed
uar
( dia r c dss bmit d by Pl itf Recor fom t Es ele Uni,dat Febr y
me c l e or u te
an ig.
1 201 i ca e t he ha an ûgl ut s a n sr i of l we ba k; wih ol
3,
5, ndi t hat
d
ûa c e pr i /tan
o r c
t d

c e so fa t r ofL- . Doc e Enty No.1 - ( r c i lM a a dCa eClni
ompr s i n r cu e
15
5 kt r
7 3 Core tona n ge r i c
No e ) a 1
t s, t .
On Aprl 1 201 Bur fl a St 1 greva r di t acci nt See
i 6, 5, ns ied
ep
i nce egar ng he
de .

Do k tEnty No.1 1( e 1Ofe rGre n e Fo m)(k iv nc ' . Bu nsalge
ce r
4- Stp
f nde iva c r û e a e' r le d
Gr
)
i t G re nce t tt bus drverwasnotpa ng atenton w hen t acci ntocc r
n he i va
ha he
i
yi
t i
he
de
ured;

t t Bul s f r d a b o n b c a t a t a cde
ha
' ufe e
ns
r ke a k; nd h t he c i ntha c us d hi û e re
d a e m l ve l l
s
wa ol/nf i i ofpai ' a t he had w or a bac s
nt ai lcton
ni' nd hat
n
k uppor br a bee undera
t ace nd
n

2 Pl ntf i taly di not know t i iy of t bus drve i ve i t ac i nt b
ai if nii l d
he dentt
he
i r nvol d n he c de , ut
D e e nt have i ntfed A ltm s t o h TD CJr or .
f nda s
de ii
ll hr ug
ee ds

doc or s c e. 1 ,at 1 TDCJ deem ed t Greva untm el a di notr pond. f
t ' ar d.
.
he i nce i y nd d
es
#.
a 2.
t

Bur brngs s t a ns t TDCJ Die or a Alums,s ki $1 m ilon i
ns i
ui gai t he
r ct nd l
ee ng
li n

compens or damagesa $25, i punii da
at y
nd
000 n
tve mages
.
I.
I

LEG AL STA NDA RD

A moto t d s s u rRul 1 ( )6)ma beg a e i t pla ng S a ls t
in o imis nde e 2 b (
y r nt d f he e di t il) o
f
saeacam u n whih r le c n beg a t d. Fe R. v. 1 b)6) l c i e i
t t li po
c e if a
r n e ' d. Ci P. 2( ( . n onsd rng
'

aRul 1 b)6)mo i n, o t ge r ly mus a c ptt f cua a lgai nsc n an d i
e 2( (
to c urs ne a l
t c e he a t l le to o t i e n
t c mpli ta tu .Har igt v St t Far Fie t Ca .Co. 56 F.d 1 1 1 ( t
he o a n s r e
rn on . a e m r t s , 3 3 4 , 47 5 h
Ci. 00 . Fe e a pla i g r l sr q r t nl û s r a pli sae ntoft cam
r 2 9) d r l e d n u e e uie û y a ho t nd a n t t me
o
he li
s i t tt pl deri e il t r i .' Bel At.Cor v.Twom bl 550 U . 544,
how ng ha he ea
s ntted o elef'' l l
p.
y,
S.

5 5 ( 00 ( o i Fe R.Ci P.8 a ( ) The c mpl i mus,ho ve ,c nti
5 2 7) qu tng d.
v. ( )2).
o ant t we r o an
s Gci f t ale tons as oppos d t l
uf ent ac ual l ga i ,
e o egalconcl i ,t sat a cl m f r i
us ons o t e
ai or elef

t a i û a i l o is f c . As c o t v l al 5 U. 66 67 -78 ( 00 ;s e
h t s û usb e n t a e' h rj . qb , 56 S. 2, 7
pl
'
2 9) e
Pati k v WalM ar,I c ,681F.d 61 61 ( t Ci.2 1 ) Th pla i a s mus
rc . - t n .
3 4, 7 5h r 0 2 . e e dngs lo t
c a m t t t pl ntf i e il t r lef unde a vald l
l i ha he ai if s ntted o e i
r
i egalt y. See Neizke v.
heor
t

Wilams 49 U. 31 327( 98 , l v Jo r , 4 F.d 371 373( t Ci. 005 .
li , 0 S. 9,
1 9) Geker . we s 40 3
.
,
5h r 2 )

û e di mus be c nsr d s a t do j tc . Fe R.Ci P.8e . A
: a ngs t
pl
o tue o s o
usie' d.
'
v. ()
pl adi fl by a pr s ltgant m us be ûlber l c tued,' even i çi rf l
e ng ied
o e ii
t
%i aly onsr '
f ûna tuly
pl adeds' and lm us be hel t l s srnge s andar t n f m alpl ngs dr t by
e
'
% t
d o es ti nt t
ds ha or
eadi
afed
1 ye s' Erc s n v Par s 5 U. 8 9 ( 00 (n e n lctton a quo ai
aw r -' ik o . du , 51 S. 9, 4 2 7) it r a ia i nd
tton

ma k omit d ;a c r Alx de v Wel Far Ba , A. 8 F. 5 6 & 1.6
r s te ) c o d e an r . ls go nk N , 67 3d 93, 01 13

(t Ci.2 1 )( ci n t srcl c nsr pr e ltga ' pla i i c ne tof
5h r 0 7 de lnig o tity o tue os ii nts e dngs n o tx
mo i t d s s )
ton o imis .
11
1.

DI USSION
SC
A.

Exhaus i ofAdm i s r i R em e es
ton
ni t atve
di

Unde t Prs
r he i oner Lii ton Ref m A c , i a es brngi an a i r di
tga i
or
t nm t
i ng
cton egar ng

prs n c dii ns u de 42 U. C. j 1 3 o o h r f de a lw mus frt e ha ta l
io on to n r
S.
98 r t e e r l a
t is x us l
a mi sr tver me e t sa ea a lbl ' 42 U. C.j 1 97 ( ) eRo sv Bl e 1 6
d nita i e dis û r v ia e.
a
'
S.
9 e a .Se s . ak , 3

S. .1 0 ( 01 ; one v Bo k 5 U. 1 9,21 ( 007 . Th TDCJha at se
Ct 85 2 6) J s . c , 49 S. 9 2 2 ) e
s wo-tp
f m algre
or
i vance pr s
oces :

The S e 1 gre a e wh c mus be fl d wi n Jl e n da of t
tp
i v nc , i h
t ie t
hi p e ys he
com pl ned- i de ,i handl wihi t prs
ai of nci nt s
ed t n he i oner s f lt Afer a
' aciiy. t n
a
dver e deci i at St p 1, t pr s r has t days t fl a St 2
s
son
e
he i one
en
o ie
ep
grevanc whi h i ha ed a t s a e l vel Thi cour has pr vi l
i
e,
c s ndl t he t t e . s
t
e ousy
hel t a prs
d hat i onerm us pur ue a gr e
t s
i vance t ough bot s e f i t be
hr
h t ps or t o
consde ed e used.
i r xha t

J n onv Jo s 38 F. 5 ,51 ( t Ci. 04 ( mp ssa e .
oh s . hn on, 5 3d 03 5 5 h r 20 ) e ha i dd d)
l t s cas Bur di not e us al r edi a l e t ough t TD CJ
n hi
e,
ns d
xha t l em es vaiabl hr
he
greva
i nce pr s The bus ac dent occ r on J
oces .
ci
ur ed
anuar 26, 2015. Bur St 1
y
ns' ep
gre nce w as fl on Apr l 1 201 w el out i t ffeeni va
ied
i 6,
5,
l s de he i t day pe i
r od. See

Gre nc ,a 2. Se alo Compli ,a 3 (e po et Gre nc wa çl me Expie ' .
iva e t
e s
ant t r s ns o iva e s ç-i
r d'
)
Alhough Bur s a ed on t Greva
t
ns t t
he i nce t he had tf l a com pl nt t t TD CJ
hat
ûied
ai o he
a hortes'on J
ut ii '
anuar 26,201 w hi w a t da e oft acci nt s Gre
y
5, ch s he t
he
de , ee ivanc a 1
e, t ,

4

t r d bef e t Cour cont ns no e denc of a gre nce or any ot doc ent
he ecor
or he
t
ai
vi e
i va
her um
fl d on J
ie
anua y 26, 201 3
r
5.

Bur cl m s i t s lw s t ar unexhaused and m us be dim i s
ns' ai n hi a ui e
t
t
s s ed. Se 42
e

U. C. 1 7e a ; ohn on, 5 F. a 51 .
S. j 99 ( ) J s 38 3d t 5
B.

Ei h A m endm entCl m s
ght
ai

l addii eve i Bur had pr l exha t hi cl m s t y w oul be
n
ton, n f
ns
opery
us ed s ai , he
d

s b e t odimis lb c u eBu nsfist saeacam u nwhihr le c nbegrne
u j c t s sa e a s r al o tt li po
c eif a
a td.
Om calCa c' Cl ms
i pa l ai
t
y
Pl i if a
a ntf ppea s t br ng a cl m agai tt D ie or i he of i i ca iy f
r o i
ai
ns he r ct n r fc al pac t or
TDCJ S f l et equi i at bus w ih s belsorot rs e y m eas es A ttm es i
' aiur o
p nm e es t eat t
he af t
ur .
i
n
hi brefng,Pl ntf al o r e s t an ofi a ca t cl m agai tA lum s The Cour
s ii
ai if s ef r o
fci l paciy ai
ns l .
t

w il a s e,f pur es of t s opi on,t Pl ntf brngs ofi alcapaciy cl m s
l s um
or pos
hi
ni hat ai if i
fci
t ai
aga ns bot D ef nt
i t h
enda s.
A cl i a ns a TD CJ of i i i hi or he ofi alca t i a cl m aga ns
a m gai t
fc al n s
r fci
paciy s
ai
i t

TDCJ a tusacam a i tt Stt ofTe a .Se Mahedv.F x.De 'o Crm.
, nd h
li gans he ae
xs e y l
c ptf i
Ju tc ,5 F.d 59 6 4 ( t Ci.2008 . Be a e t Elve h Ame me pr t cs
sie 29 3 9, 0 5 h r
) c us he e nt
nd nt o e t

t sae 's veeg i
he tts o rin mmunt fd r lc urslc j iditon o rs isa ans a sae
iy, e e a o t a k urs ci ve ut g i t tt
3Bum s al appearst alege i hi brefng t TD CJ f l t pr
so
o l n s i i hat
aied o operl t e or r ur a St 1
y il
et n
ep

giva .Se Doc tEntyNo.25( antf Re pons ) a 5! 8(heEseleUni' g ivanc
re nce e ke r
Pli ifs s e, t
t t l ts re e
de rme taie i e i ly t pr ry fl/eunf't Stp 1 g ivanc ) i a Exhi tA
pa t nt t ld ntntonal o opel ier t
f
he e
re e ; d. t
bi
(n t Re tt Ofk ilf m,datd M a 7,201 c anst tBur ha notrc i d a
Imae ques o t a or
e y
5, ompli ha ns d
e eve
rs et hi Stp 2 greva e a t hi Stp 1gre nc wasde me untmel .Eve tki
epons o s e
i nc fer s e
iva e
e d i y) n a ng
a lBu nsalege a tu Exhi tA does no pur tt s
l r
l s s r e,
bi
t por o how t ta St p 1 gre nc wasfld
ha
e
iva e
ie
wihi ffe da of t a i . To t c r r i a e l r f s t Bur ' untmey
t n iten ys
he ccdent
he onta y, t ppar nty e er o
ns
i l
Gr e nc fl d on Aprl16,201
i va e i e
i
5.

f m oney dam ages unl s t s at has w ai is i m uniy or Congr s ha cl ry
or
es he t e
ved t m
t
es s ea l

a r ae t ti u t Ni n Bi tc ,L. C. v xt 8 F.d 38 3 -9 ( t
b og td ha mm niy. Ge o e h L. , .Pa on, 04 3 9, 93 4 5 h
Ci. 1 ) M oo e v fa Bd.OfElm. d S c d yEduc,7 F.d95 96 (t Ci.
r 20 5 . r . .
,
e An e on ar
. 43 3 9, 3 5h r
2 1 . Te sh sno wave isElve t Ame m e ti
0 4) xa a t i d t e n h
nd n mmuniy,a d Co r s di n t
t n ng e s d o
abr e t ti m uniy w hen enactng Sec i 1
ogat ha m
t
i
ton 983.N l en,804 F. at394.
.
G
3d

Plitf b i camsf rmon y da ge a do s n s e ij nci rle .
anif rngs li o
e ma s nd e ot e k n u tve eif
The s a e i i m une fom Pl ntf cl m sagai tD ef nt i t rofi alca tes
tt s m
r
ai ifs ai
ns
enda s n hei fci pacii ,

a t s camswilbeds se frlc of u idcin.
nd ho e li
l imis d o a k j rs ito
l vi
ndi dualCa
paciy Cl ms
t ai
Pl i ifsbrefng i
a ntf
i i nvoke i vi
s ndi duallabiiy f bot Def nda s
i lt or h
e nt .
Rega di t D iec or Bum s aleges t tt D iec or f l d t pr ry over ee
r ng he r t ,
l
ha he r t aie o ope l
s
t TD CJ tans t ton de t entbecaus t bus s f i at tans tton l s t
he
r por a i
parm
e he e or nm e r pora i ack ea

bet. Se Co an , a 3 (t e sve rs s t i mae he lh o s f t , t wi;no
ls e mpli t t û s i ik o n t at r a ey o t
Exc
s abet o o he s f t me s r s o b f r i ts';Do ke Enty No.25,a 2 !
e t ls r t r a ey a u e n us o nmae '
) c t r
t 4
( le ng t tDie t ri la e i hi i i i lc pa iy be a e he û a ld t pr pe l
algi ha r c o s ibl n s nd v dua a ct c us
ç ie o o ry
f

( ve Se i d ti t ta po tto De .)( mp sso i n l;i a 4 ! 6 ( r c o
Ol r e n ea l he r ns ra i n pt' e ha i rgi a ) d. t
'
Die t r
had r pons biiy t hie,tai nd ove s conduc of e pl
es
i lt o r r n,a
r ee
t
m oyees and t e or t
o nf ce he

r ls a r g ai ns f r s ft on o n r d ) Bu ns a lge no f c s pe ti ng t
ue nd e ulto o a ey
pe oa s . r le s
a t rani o
s cii pe s
pe fc r onali vem entby D iect Davi orherpr
nvol
r or
s
edeces or D iec or St phe ,i
s , r t
e ns n

te b a cde t talg dl ij e hi Hi i i d lc pa iy cam a ans t
h us c i nt ha le e y nurd m. s ndviua a ct li g i t he

6

Diec ort ef e f l Por e v E ,65 F. 44 44 ( t Ci.2 1 . M o e ve ,
r t her or ais.
tr
pps 9 3d 0, 6 5h r 01 )4 r o r
.

t abs
he ence of s bels on a prs bus s a ng al
eat t
ion
, t ndi
one,i notan i lcton of cr land
s
nti i
ue
unus punihm e i vi aton oft Ei h Am e
ual
s nt n ol i
he ght
ndm e . Jabbar v.Ficher 683 F.
nt
s ,
3d

5 5 ( d Ci.201 ) Se alo Co s v ai 32 F.App' 4 49 ( t Ci.20 )
4, 8 2 r 2 . e s ok .Cr n, 7
x 93, 4 5 h r 09

(fimi dimis lo TDCJi t scam t tt a e eofs abet o TDCJva
afr ng s sa f
nmae' li ha he bs nc
e t ls n
ns
vi a e af de a rgh )
oltd e r l i t.
Bur al o s A lum s i hi i vi
ns s ues l
n s ndi dualca t f hi conduc w hie drvi t
paciy or s
t l i ng he
bus. A lum shas i
l
nvoke t def ns ofqualfed i m uniy,w hi tpr ec s gover e
d he e e
ii m
t
ch l ot t
nm nt

ofiil fo la ly f rcvi da ge t te e tn t tt i c nd ti o j ci l
fcas r m ibii o i l ma s o h xe t ha her o uc s b e tvey
t
r as bl i lght of cl l es a i hed l .' Cros ly v.Lamar C/ , Fc ,71 F.
e ona e n i
eary t bls
aw '
te
y. x. 7 3d

41 4 ( t Ci. 3)( iig Ha lw v Fi ge al 45 U. 80 81 ( 98 ) Ki ne
0, 22 5 h r 201 ctn ro . t r 4 7 S. 0, 8 1 2 ; n y
z
v Fc c ,36 F.d 337 3 ( t Ci.2 4)( n ba c ) Pli tf be r t e bu d n t
. lv r 7 3
, 46 5h r 00 e n l. a n if a s h r e o
s
how t ti m uniy s d nota y. 1 To m ee t s bur
ha m
t houl
ppl d.
t hi
den,Bur m us alege t
ns
t l
he
vi a i of a cons iutonalr ghtt w as cl ary esa i hed a t tm e oft acc de .
olton
tt i
i hat
e l t bls
t he i
he i nt

Se Esat o ns v c t Cf Te . 795F.d 45 46 ( t Ci.201 ) Cr sly,
e t e fHe on .Wihia y, x,
3 6, 2 5h r 5 ; o te
71 F. at422. A cons iutonalr ghti c eary esabls
7 3d
tt i
i
s l l t ihed whe t c our of t
n he ont s
he
rght ar s cl ar t :a r ona e of i alw oul under t t w hat he i doi
i
e o e hat û eas bl fci
d
s and hat
s ng

vi a e t a rg t' Cante lv Ci o Mu ph 6 F. 91 ,91 ( t Ci.2 2
olts h t i h .
'
r l . t f r y, 66 3d 1 9 5h r 01 )
y
(n e na ct to sa q t ton ma kso i e .
it r l ia i n nd uo a i
r m t d)
t
4 A n ofi a c nnot be hel la e unde s cton 1
fci l n
d i bl
r e i
983 m er l be a e he has s r s y
e y c us
upe vi or
a hort ove s di t ofi a swho a e al ge t havec m it d a c tt i lvi a i
ut iy r ubor nae fcil
r le d o
om te
onsiutona olton.

1 . Ris v Ci o klRi,T x,4 4 F.d 41 42 ( t Ci. 00 ) Ol e v S ot 2 6 F.d
d; o . t fl
y
o e . 4 3 7, 5 5h r 2 6 ; i r . c t, 7 3
v
736,7 ( t Ci.
42 5h r 2002)
.

Bur cl i f l unde t Ei h Am e e ' ba on c e a unus
ns' a m als
r he ght
ndm nts n
nl l nd
ual
punihm e . To sat an Ei h Am endm entcl m ,Bur m us alege a ûs t ntalrs
s nt
t e
ght
ai
ns
t l
tubs a i i k
ofs rousha m r'asw el asûdelber t i f er
ei
r '
l k i a e ndif ence' by A lum s'
'
l .
To pl d a Ei h A m endm ent vi aton bas on t condii of a
ea n ght
ol i
ed
he
tons
n
i at s confne ent a pl ntf m us alege condii
nm e'
i m ,
ai i f
t l
tons t t pos a
ha
e
s t ntal r s of s rous ha m . The pl ntf m us alo ale t t t
ubs a i ik
ei
r
ai if
t s l ge ha he
def ndant prs ofi i s w e e de i at y i f er t t i at s
e
ion fc al
r
lber el ndif ent o he nm e'

h at o s f t ...( p io o fca a t wih dei e ae i fe e e
e lh r a ey.
A1 rs n fi il c s t lb r t ndif r nc
whe heknow s of a di r r an exces i rs t i at healh or
n
nd s ega ds
sve i k o nm e
t
s ey;t of i alm us bot be aw a e of f t f om w hi t i er e
af t he fci
t h
r
ac s r
ch he nf enc
coul be dr
d
awn t t a s t ntalrs of s r ous ha m e s s a he mus
ha
ubs a i ik
ei
r xi t , nd
t
al o dr w t i er nce.
s a he nf e

Hi jo a v Liigson,8 F.d 65 6 ( t Ci.2 5 (n e na qu t ton ma ks
no s . vn t 07 3 7, 65 5 h r 01 ) i t r l o a i
r ,
ctton ,a atr to omitd) ( uo i Fa me v Br n n,511 U. 8 ( 9 4).
ia i s nd le a in
te q tng r r . e na
S. 25 1 9 )

Dei rt i ifrnc i a û xte l hi sa ad. Do nov T x.De 'o i
l ae ndfee e s n l rmey gh tnd r ' mi . e p t fcrm.
be
e
'
Ju tc ,23 F.d 75 75 ( t Ci.2 ) l r quie l e t n a a lgai n o me e
sie 9 3 2, 6 5 h r 001 . t e r s ç
mor ha n le to f r
ne i e e b ls t a a al g ton ofp pos ork wl d . Hi o o a,8 F.d a
glg nc , ut e s h n n le a i
ur e no e ge' n j s 07 3 t
'

66 S eEa trv Po l, F. 459 46 ( t Ci. 06 .
5. e se . we l467 3d , 4 5 h r 20 )
Bur alega i agai tA lum s a e,i t rentr y,t A lum sdr be w e
ns' l tons
ns l
r n hei iet hat l
ove t en

s xt a s
i y nd event m iespe hour de pie wetpa enta f
y l
r
, s t
vem
nd oggy condii and t the
tons,
ha
l t t s ne of t a dent w ihout i t uctons f om hi TD CJ s ror or l w
ef he ce
he cci
t
nsr i
r
s
upe i s
a
enf cem e . Thes alegatons s
or
nt
e l i
ound i neglgence a
n
i
nd, i f , B ur r peat y
n act
ns e edl
des rbes hi cl m as one of tneglge ' or ûgr s neglgence-' Alega i of
ci
s ai
ç i nce'
û os
i
'
s
l tons

ne lge edo no sae a cam u e 42 U. C.j 1 3. S eH io o a,8 F. a 6 .
g i nc
t t t li nd r
S.
98 e n j s 07 3d t 65
5se , eg.Doc t tyNo. a 1!2,d. t5! 7,d. t6, ke EntyNo. a l!2'd. t
e . , ke Enr
25, t 'i a
'i a '
Doc t r
27, t ,i a

2!2( .
B)
8

Even i Bur coul pr hi alegatons t A lum s ii e i ly' e eded t s
f ns
d ove s l i hat l
çnt ntona l ' xce
he peed
lm i orvi at drvi polci ,t e alega i ,w ihoutm or ar i ufk i t sa e
i t
ol ed i ng i es hes l tons t
e, e ns f ent o t t

a cam t tAlu wa s j c ie y a r ofa dir g r e a ç x e sve rs ' t
li ha lms s ub e tv l wa e nd se a d d n ç c s i ik' o
e
Bur 'healh and s e y,as i r r f delber e i f e ence. See i ;Dom i 239
ns
t
af t
s equied or i at ndif r
d.
no,

F. a 756. pl ntf has notm e hi bur t s
3d t
6 ai if
t s den o how t qualfed i m uniy doe not
hat
ii m
t
s
pr ec A lum s See Croste 71 F. a 422.
ot t l .
ly, 7 3d t
Bur cl m sagai tD ef nt i t i i vi
ns' ai
ns
enda s n her ndi dualca t a e di m i s
paciy r s s ed.
I .
V

C ON CLU SI N
O

De e a t Da s M o in t Dimis ( c t En r No. 2 i GRANTED.
f nd n vi' to o s s Do ke ty
4) s
De e a t Alu ' M o i t Dimis ( c t En r No.2 i GR ANTED. Thi
f nd n l ms
ton o s s Do ke ty
6) s
s
l w s t i DISM I
a ui s
SSED W I
TH PR EJUD I E. A ny and al pe ng m otons a e
C
l ndi
i
r
D EN I AS M O O T.
ED

SEP 2 2 2 1
27
SI ED a H ous on,Te ,On
GN
t
t
xas

-

.

A LFRED H .
ETT
UN I
TED STA T S D I
STRI J DGE
CT U

6 C Ro r v.Boat ght 7O9 F. 403 406 409 ( h Ci.201 (nmae saed cli of
ri ,
f ge s
3d , ,
5t r 3) i t tt am
de i r t i f e enc aga ns va drve be aus he a l ge t t drverha t d a he ofi e
lbe a e ndif r e i t n i r c e
le d ha i
d ol not r t c r

ta ohe i mae h d b e ij rd C l te tme'u d r smi r cru tn e a d t a te
h t t r n ts a e n n u e t l h i ' n e i l ic msa c s n h t h
a
a
imae 'ij re ween taS i d a';Pa me v J h s n 1 3 F.d 3 ,3 3 (t Ci.1 9 )
n ts n u is r o ç g e 1) l r . o n o , 9 3 46 5 5h r 9 9
b
'
(nmaedemonsrtd delbe ae i fe e eby wa de be us heprs ntd e de et tt
i t
tae i r t ndifr nc
r n ca e
e e e vi nc ha he
w a de w a a e t t pl ntf w a be ng f c t s e p ou s de i e r m e c d a w a
r n s war ha ai if s i or ed o l e
t i n xt e
ol nd s
de i of bas c el m e s of hygi ,a t w a den t e t d t r pe t t puni hm enti
prved
i e nt
ene nd hat r
hr a ene o e a he
s
f

pli ifdi notcoopeaewiht wade si tuci )
antf d
rt t he r n' nsr tons.
9