Pepper v. GVG Capital LLC

Filing 32

MEMORANDUM AND OPINION entered: The court grants the motion. Pepper's Telephone Consumer Protection Act claim is dismissed without prejudice, and with leave to amend by February 24, 2023. Pepper's state-law claim is dismissed with prejudice because amendment would be futile.(Signed by Judge Lee H Rosenthal) Parties notified.(leddins, 4)

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United States District Court
Southern District of Texas

ENTERED
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
HOUSTON DIVISION
TERRI PEPPER,
Plaintiff,
v.
GVG CAPITAL LLC d/b/a WeBuy-Homes4Cash.org,
Defendant.

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January 17, 2023
Nathan Ochsner, Clerk

CIVIL ACTION NO. H-22-2912

MEMORANDUM AND OPINION
Terri Pepper sued GVG Capital, asserting that it violated the Telephone Consumer
Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227 et seq., and the Texas Business and Commercial Code, § 302.101
et seq. (Docket Entry No. 11). GVG Capital moves to dismiss, arguing that Pepper has not alleged
that GVG Capital made unsolicited communications or engaged in telemarketing as defined by the
Telephone Consumer Protection Act, and that the provisions of the Texas Business and
Commercial Code apply only to telephone calls and not text messages. (Docket Entry Nos. 12,
29). Pepper has responded. (Docket Entry No. 20). Based on the pleadings and the applicable
law, the court grants the motion, dismissing the state-law claims with prejudice because
amendment would be futile, and dismissing the federal claim without prejudice and with leave to
amend by February 24, 2023. The reasons are stated below.
I.

Legal Standard
Rule 12(b)(6) allows dismissal if a plaintiff fails “to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). Rule 12(b)(6) must be read in conjunction with Rule 8(a),
which requires “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief.” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2). A complaint must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief
that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). Rule 8 “does

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not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned, the defendantunlawfully-harmed-me accusation.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “The plausibility standard is not akin
to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has
acted lawfully.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).
To withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must include “more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Lincoln
v. Turner, 874 F.3d 833, 839 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Nor does a
complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678 (alteration in original) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). “A complaint ‘does
not need detailed factual allegations,’ but the facts alleged ‘must be enough to raise a right to relief
above the speculative level.’” Cicalese v. Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch, 924 F.3d 762, 765 (5th Cir.
2019) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). A court reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6) may consider “(1) the facts set forth in the complaint, (2) documents attached to the
complaint, and (3) matters of which judicial notice may be taken under Federal Rule of Evidence
201.” Inclusive Cmtys Proj., Inc. v. Lincoln Prop. Co., 920 F.3d 890, 900 (5th Cir. 2019).
II.

Analysis
GVG Capital is “a real estate lead generator in the business of acquiring consumer data to

assist investors and realtors to buy and sell homes, for profit.” (Docket Entry No. 11 ¶ 15). GVG
Capital’s website, “webuyhomes4cash,” states that “[i]nformation submitted on this site will be
sent to a network which consists of real estate investors, real estate agents, and direct buyers.” (Id.
¶ 16). Consumers who wish to contact GVG Capital transmit their personal data, and GVC sends
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the date to potential buyers. (Id. ¶ 17). GVG Capital requires persons transmitting their data to
verify that they have no “exclusive contractual or other arrangement with any real estate
professional.” (Id. ¶ 18). Although the website states “[w]e are looking to buy homes in your
area,” (Docket Entry No. 11-1), “we” apparently refers to the investors, agents, or direct buyers to
whom GVG Capital transmits the consumer’s information, and not to GVG Capital itself.
Pepper alleges that she registered her cell phone with the Federal Do Not Call Registry in
December 2004. (Docket Entry No. 11 ¶ 13). She alleges that neither she nor her husband
consented to receiving calls or text messages from GVG Capital or had any established business
relationship with GVG Capital. (Id. ¶¶ 20, 22). Pepper alleges that GVG Capital sent multiple
text-message solicitations to her cell phone from April through July 2022. (Id. ¶¶ 23, 28). GVG
Capital did not respond to Pepper’s requests that it stop its behavior. (Id. ¶ 32). Pepper alleges
that GVG Capital has not registered as a telephone solicitor with the Texas Secretary of State. (Id.
¶ 35).
The TCPA prohibits persons or entities from making telephone solicitations to telephone
subscribers who have registered their telephone numbers with the National Do-Not-Call Registry.
47 U.S.C. § 227(c); 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(c). The implementing regulations also prohibit the
making of telemarketing calls unless the person or entity making the calls maintains a list of
persons who have requested not to receive calls from that person or entity. 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(d).
The statute provides a private cause of action. 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3).
“Telephone solicitations” are defined by regulation as “the initiation of a telephone call or
message for the purpose of encouraging the purchase or rental of, or investment in, property,
goods, or services, which is transmitted to any person.”

47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(f)(15).

“Telemarketing” is defined as “the initiation of a telephone call or message for the purpose of

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encouraging the purchase or rental of, or investment in, property, goods or services, which is
transmitted to any person.” Id. § 64.1200(f)(13).
GVG Capital argues that it has not made any “telephone solicitation” to Pepper because its
calls “only offered to buy something”—not sell something. (Docket Entry No. 12 at 4). GVG
Capital argues that the regulation applies only to calls “encouraging the purchase” of property,
goods, or services. GVG Capital cites Knutson v. Blue Light Sec., Inc., 17-cv-134, 2018 WL
1172611 (S.D. Cal. Mar.6, 2018), and Jance v. Homerun Offer LLC, No. 20-cv-482, 2021 WL
3270318 (D. Ariz. July 30, 2021), in support of its interpretation of the regulation. (Id.) at 4–5.
Pepper cites to other district court decisions in response. (Id. at 13–14 (discussing Buja v.
Novation Capital, LLC, No. 15-cv-81002, 2017 WL 10398957 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 30, 2017), and
Anderson v. Catalina Structured Funding, Inc., 2021 WL 8315006 (W.D. Mich. Dec. 21, 2021),
report and recommendation adopted, 2022 WL 3643733 (W.D. Mich. Aug. 24, 2022)). Pepper
also points to the FCC’s rejection of an exemption to the regulations advocated by the National
Association of Realtors. (Id. at 10). In its rejection, the FCC wrote, “we clarify that a telephone
solicitation would include calls by real estate agents to property owners for the purpose of offering
their services to the owner.” In the Matter of Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer
Prot. Act of 1991, 20 F.C.C. Rcd. 3788, 3793 (F.C.C. 2005).
Although Pepper cites the Anderson decision, applying the same analysis here supports
dismissing Pepper’s claims under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. Anderson concerned
solicitations made by Catalina, a company that purchased structured settlements. Catalina argued
that its solicitations were straightforward entreaties for the plaintiff to sell her settlement rights.
Anderson, 2021 WL 8315006, at *4. The plaintiff argued that “Catalina actually performs services
for payees [that is, parties selling their settlement rights] and charges them fees through discounted

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rates on the lump sum payments [for the settlements] it makes.” Id. Considering these arguments,
the court wrote,
Catalina’s argument sounds a little like a real estate buyer’s agent who tells his or
her client that the home sellers will pay the fees associated with the buyer’s agent’s
services, rather than the buyer. That is ridiculous, of course: the buyer could offer
to pay less for the house if the seller did not have to pay the buyer’s agent’s fees.
Here, too, just because the fees may be taken out of the lump sum payment to the
payee rather than itemized does not mean that no fees were charged in connection
with the transaction. But the real estate broker analogy is not perfect: Catalina is
not a broker—it is the principal buying the property in the transaction. One might
argue that the “services” Catalina performs—processing payment applications,
computing the present value of the structured settlement, filing all necessary legal
documents, and the like—are equally beneficial, if not more so, to Catalina, for
without them, Catalina could not accomplish its business objective of purchasing
structured settlements.
Id. at *5. The court looked to the substance of the transaction. The court stated that “Catalina
called Anderson to offer her the service of turning a long-term income stream into immediate
cash,” and that “the question of whether the payee pays the fees for services separately from an
itemized list or as part of a reduced lump sum payment is irrelevant to the question of whether the
payee pays fees as part of the transaction.” Id. at *6. The court concluded that Catalina had
solicited the purchase of its services with respect to purchasing the plaintiff’s structured settlement;
its payment was a discount on the present value of the settlement. Id.
In Anderson, Catalina was both the service provider and the purchaser. The same cannot
be said of GVG Capital. Pepper alleges only that “Defendant is a real estate lead generator in the
business of acquiring consumer data to assist investors and realtors buy and sell homes, for profit.”
(Docket Entry No. 11 ¶ 15). Pepper alleges that GVG Capital acts “on behalf of real estate agents
and investors.” (Id. ¶ 19). Pepper does not allege that a consumer pays for any part of the services
GVG Capital offers, whether through the payment of fees or by providing data at a discount. GVG
Capital’s website is “WeBuyHomes4Cash,” but the complaint does not allege that GVG Capital
offers to purchase homes, in contrast to the role Catalina played in purchasing structured
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settlements. Pepper alleges only that GVG Capital seeks to acquire data on behalf of others
seeking to purchase structured settlements. The allegations do not support an inference that GVG
Capital is offering a service to Pepper in exchange for any payment.
Pepper’s reference to the FCC communication does not help her argument. The FCC stated
that the statute “would include calls by real estate agents to property owners for the purpose of
offering their services to the owner.” In re Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991, 20 F.C.C. Rcd. at
3793. Those agents would presumably offer their services to the property owner with the
expectation of compensation when the sale of the property closed. In that same document, the
FCC stated that “calls by real estate agents who represent only the potential buyer to someone who
has advertised their property for sale . . . do not constitute telephone solicitations.” Id. Pepper’s
complaint alleges the kind of calls that the FCC stated are not covered by the Telephone Consumer
Protection Act.
Pepper also brings a claim under section 302.101 of the Texas Business and Commercial
Code, which states:
(a) A seller may not make a telephone solicitation from a location in this state or to
a purchaser located in this state unless the seller holds a registration certificate for
the business location from which the telephone solicitation is made.
(b) A separate registration certificate is required for each business location from
which a telephone solicitation is made.
“’Telephone solicitation’ means a telephone call a seller or salesperson initiates to induce a person
to purchase, rent, claim, or receive an item.” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 302.001(7). An “item”
may be a “property or service.” Id. § 302.001(1). “Telephone call” is not defined in the Code.
GVG Capital argues that it did not urge Pepper to buy anything but only to “sell an item.”
(Docket Entry No. 8 at 8). But section 302.001 defines a telephone solicitation as an attempt to
“induce a person to . . . receive an item”—not only to purchase an item. An item may be a
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“service.” GVG Capital solicited Pepper to purchase GVC Capital’s service of connecting
potential sellers of property to potential buyers.
GVG Capital also argues that the Texas statute does not apply to unsolicited text messages,
only to telephone calls. (Docket Entry No. 8 at 8). The parties have not cited, and the court has
not found, authority from the Texas courts construing the meaning of “telephone call” as used in
section 302.001(7). GVG Capital points to Powers v. One Techs., LLC, No. 3:21-cv-2091, 2022
WL 2992881 (N.D. Tex. July 28, 2022), holding that the Texas statute did not apply to text
messages. In Powers, the court noted that, while Chapter 304 was amended in 2009 to provide a
definition of “telephone call” encompassing text messages, 1 the legislature did not similarly amend
Chapter 302. Id. at *3.
Pepper points to the provision of Chapter 302 stating that the chapter “should be liberally
construed and applied to promote its underlying purpose to protect persons against false,
misleading, or deceptive practices in the telephone solicitation business.” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE
§ 302.003. Pepper argues that, for a consumer, the differences between receiving an unsolicited
phone call and an unsolicited text message are immaterial. (Docket Entry No. 20 at 22). Pepper
argues that the Texas statute should be applied the same way as the federal Telephone Consumer
Protection Act, where “call” encompasses text messages.
The revisions to Chapter 304 addressed by the district court in Powers were made as part
of Texas’s statutory revision program, which directed the Legislative Council to “clarify and
simplify the statutes and to make the statutes more accessible understandable, and usable.” TEX.

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The court notes that while the parties and the Powers court discuss the meaning of the word “call,” the
Chapter 302 defines “telephone solicitation” as a “telephone call”—“call” is never used without an
immediately preceding “telephone.” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 302.001(7). Chapter 304 defines
“telephone call,” not “call.” Id. § 304.002(10).

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GOV. CODE § 323.007(a). That provision states that “[w]hen revising a statute, the council may
not alter the sense, meaning, or effect of the statute.” Id. § 323.007(b). There does not appear to
be legislative history discussing the intent of the revisions to Chapter 304 beyond the statements
in the Government Code. If anything, the amendment of Chapter 304 demonstrates that the Texas
legislature already understood “call” to encompass text messages and amended Chapter 304 to
clarify that meaning.
On the other hand, the Texas Supreme Court has held that section 323.007 of the
Government Code does not control a court’s construction of a statute when the revisions enacted
through the Legislative Council’s revision program create unambiguous substantive changes in the
law. Fleming Foods of Tex., Inc. v. Rylander, 6 S.W.3d 278, 284 (Tex. 1999) (“Nor can the Code
Construction Act’s directive to the Legislative Council to refrain from changing the sense,
meaning, or effect of a previous statute be used as a basis to alter the express terms of a code that
the Legislature enacts as law, even when the Council's language does change the prior, repealed
law.” (internal citation omitted)). The “specific, unambiguous statutes” enacted by the Legislative
“are the current law and should not be construed by a court to mean something other than the plain
words.” Id.
The Texas Supreme Court’s holding in Fleming suggests that this court should not consider
the legislative history of Chapter 304 of the Business and Commercial Code, including the
reference to the section 323.007 of the Government Code, if “telephone call” is unambiguous. No
party has argued that phrase is ambiguous. The plain meaning of “telephone call” does not
encompass text messages. While the word “call,” used alone, may be ambiguous when used in
common contexts (“Call me when you’re ready to leave” may include a text message indicating
readiness), “telephone call,” as a phrase, is not. The placement of “telephone” before “call”

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indicates a particular kind of communication and removes whatever ambiguity might be present
with the word “call,” used alone.
The court dismisses Pepper’s state-law claim with prejudice because amendment would be
futile.
III.

Conclusion
The court grants the motion. Pepper’s Telephone Consumer Protection Act claim is

dismissed without prejudice, and with leave to amend by February 24, 2023. Pepper’s state-law
claim is dismissed with prejudice because amendment would be futile.
SIGNED on January 17, 2023, at Houston, Texas.

_______________________________________
Lee H. Rosenthal
United States District Judge

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