Walker et al v. Stroman et al

Filing 85

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART 77 Motion to Stay. Signed by Judge Alan D Albright. (dm)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
WACO DIVISION
DARYLE WALKER, MICHAEL
WOODS, DON FOWLER, DAVID
CEPEDA, KEVIN RASH,
RICHARD KREDER, GREG
CORRALES, BOBBY JOE
SAMFORD, JIMMY SPENCER,
JR., CRAIG RODAHL, ARLEY
HARRIS III, and RICHARD
DAULEY,
Plaintiffs,
v.
BRENT STROMAN, CHIEF OF
POLICE FOR THE WACO
POLICE DEPARTMENT, IN HIS
INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY;
MANUEL CHAVEZ, WACO
POLICE DEPARTMENT
DETECTIVE, IN HIS INDIVIDUAL
CAPACITY; ABELINO REYNA,
ELECTED DISTRICT ATTORNEY
FOR MCLENNAN COUNTY,
TEXAS, IN HIS INDIVIDUAL
CAPACITY; CITY OF WACO;
McLENNAN COUNTY; ROBERT
LANNING, IN HIS INDIVIDUAL
CAPACITY; JEFFREY ROGERS,
IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY;
PATRICK SWANTON, IN HIS
INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY;
STEVEN SCHWARTZ, IN HIS
INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY; AND
CHRISTOPHER FROST, IN HIS
INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY.
Defendants

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CASE NO. 1:17-cv-00235-ADA

ORDER ON DEFENDANT CITY OF WACO’S MOTION TO STAY TRIAL AND
OTHER PROCEEDINGS
Before the Court is Defendant City of Waco’s Motion to Stay the Trial and Other
Proceedings (ECF No. 77), Plaintiffs’ Response (ECF No. 79), and Defendant’s Reply (ECF No.

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82). After careful consideration of Defendant City of Waco’s Motion and applicable law, the
Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part.
I.

BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background
This case stems from the Twin Peaks restaurant incident on May 17, 2015. Members of
the Bandidos and Cossacks Motorcycle Club, along with hundreds of other motorcycle
enthusiasts, converged on the restaurant for a scheduled meeting. Tensions between the Bandidos
and Cossacks erupted in a shootout that left nine dead and many injured. In the aftermath of the
incident, police arrested 177 individuals on charges of Engaging in Organized Criminal Activity.
The probable cause affidavit in support of the arrest warrants was the same for each of the 177
arrestees, and a justice of the peace set bond for each of the arrestees at one million dollars. Only
one of the criminal cases ever went to trial (the defendant in that case is not a party to the instant
action), and those proceedings ended in a mistrial. The state eventually dropped all remaining
charges against the arrestees. The plaintiffs were arrested pursuant to the same probable cause
affidavit as the other arrestees but were not brought before a grand jury.
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiffs filed their Original Complaint for this case on March 14, 2017, (ECF No. 1),
their First Amended Complaint on May 11, 2017, (ECF No. 9), and their Second and Third
Amended Complaints on January 17, 2019 (ECF No. 43; 44). Plaintiffs bring this case under 42
U.S.C. § 1983. ECF No. 44. They allege that the defendants violated their Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendment rights, as well as committed conspiracy to deprive Plaintiffs of their rights. ECF No.
44 at 55-65. Additionally, Plaintiffs allege municipal liability against Defendant City of Waco
(“City”). Id. at 65.

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This Court granted the first motion to stay on June 28, 2017, to allow for nearly all
criminal charges relating to the Twin Peaks incident to be dismissed. ECF No. 21; 29; 33; 38.
Because of the ongoing investigation and criminal charges, this case was stayed for two-and-ahalf years until December 2018. ECF No. 42. Defendants asserted qualified immunity in their
Motions to Dismiss (ECF No. 45; 46), which the Court denied in part and granted in part on
September 30, 2019 (ECF No. 63). The Court’s Order, denying in part and granting in part, left a
Franks claim and related conspiracy and bystander liability claims pending against Defendants
Stroman, Lanning, Reyna, Chavez, Rogers, Schwartz, and Frost; as well as Plaintiffs’ Pembaur
claims against the City as they relate to the remaining claims against Defendant Stroman. ECF
No. 63 at 22. The Defendants subsequently filed an interlocutory appeal on the decision
regarding qualified immunity. ECF No. 80; 90. The City filed this Motion to Stay on November
5, 2019 and asserts that it is entitled to the stay of trial and other proceedings while the individual
defendants’ appeals regarding qualified immunity are being decided. ECF No. 77.
II.

LEGAL STANDARD

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not expressly provide for a stay of proceedings.
Rule 26, however, provides that a party against whom discovery is being sought may seek a stay
from the court where the action is pending and “the court may, for good cause, issue an order to
protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or
expense.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(c). A court’s power to stay trial proceedings is inherently within the
court’s power to “control the disposition of the causes on its docket with economy of time and
effort for itself, for counsel, and for litigants.” Landis v. N. Am. Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936).
The decision to stay proceedings or not “calls for the exercise of judgment, which must weigh

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competing interests and maintain an even balance.” Id. at 255. Thus, an order to stay proceedings
is within a court’s discretion.
III.

DISCUSSION

The Court previously denied the individual defendants qualified immunity, which
became immediately appealable. ECF No 63. As the City alleges in its motion, once an appeal is
filed, “the district court is divested of its jurisdiction to proceed against that defendant.” ECF No.
77 at 2 (citing Carty v. Rodriguez, 211 F. App’x. 292, 293 (5th Cir. 2006). The City asserts it is
entitled to an order to stay all proceedings against the City pending the interlocutory appeal
brought by the individual defendants, including Defendant Stroman. ECF No. 77 at 2. The City
asserts that until the individual Defendants’ qualified immunity is resolved that immunity
extends to protect the City from discovery. See id. at 3. In its Reply, the City further claims that
allowing discovery in a limited capacity against the City would deny the individual defendants’
protection while their qualified immunity classification is being resolved. ECF No. 82 at 1. The
City believes that the individuals would inevitably become involved in discovery or it would
“den[y] them the opportunity to protect their interests in the litigation.” Id. at 2. Additionally, the
City states that the appellant officers would have to be given the opportunity to re-depose the
witnesses after their qualified immunity is resolved. Id. at 2. Lastly, the City alleges that if the
appellate court finds that there was no clearly established law as part of the qualified immunity
analysis, the claims against the City would fail. Id. at 3. (citing Bustillos v. El Paso County Hosp.
Dist., 891 F.3d 214, 222 (5th Cir. 2018). Plaintiffs’ emphasize that this case has been pending
since 2016 and another stay will prejudice plaintiffs by impacting the witnesses’ ability to recall
the incident. ECF No. 79 at 4. Furthermore, Plaintiffs are willing to limit discovery to non-party
fact witnesses. Id.

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A. Iqbal
The City, to support its notion that even limited discovery “punishes” the officers
awaiting their interlocutory appeal, cites liberally from the Supreme Court’s opinion in Ashcroft
v. Iqbal. ECF No. 82 at 2. Specifically, the City relies on the Supreme Court’s comment in Iqbal
that “when discovery as to the other parties proceeds, it would prove necessary for petitioners
and their counsel to participate in the process to ensure the case does not develop in a misleading
or slanted way that causes prejudice to their position.” Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662, 685 (2009)). While this Court acknowledges the persuasive arguments the City advances
with support from selective portions of Iqbal, the Court is not obligated to grant the broad
reaching stay the City requests. Iqbal does not mandate a global stay of discovery, and district
courts have interpreted the opinion as balancing the goal of protecting parties from disruptive
discovery with the interest of progressing the case towards resolution. See Saenz v. City of El
Paso, Tex., No. EP-14-CV-244-PRM, 2015 WL 4590309, at *2 (W.D. Tex. Jan. 26, 2015);
Harris v. City of Balch Springs, 33 F. Supp. 3d 730, 732 (N.D. Tex. 2014); Mendia v. Garcia,
No. 10-CV-03910-MEJ, 2016 WL 3249485, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 14, 2016).
Iqbal does not stand for the idea that all discovery for all defendants must be stayed while
waiting for resolution of qualified immunity. In Iqbal, the Supreme Court considered a narrow
question that did not address the type of stay required when an assertion of qualified immunity is
waiting to be resolved. Saenz, 2015 WL 4590309, at *2; M.G. v. Metro. Interpreters &
Translators, Inc., No. 12CV460-JM MDD, 2013 WL 690833, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2013).
The Supreme Court, in Iqbal, held that a district court’s order denying a motion to dismiss on the
grounds of qualified immunity was reviewable under the collateral-order doctrine. Iqbal, 556

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U.S. at 673. The Supreme Court also held that the plaintiff’s complaint did not comply with Rule
8 under Twombly for a complaint to contain sufficient facts for a plausible claim of relief. Id at
682.
While not binding, the Supreme Court emphasized its concern with protecting officials
from litigation through qualified immunity. Id. at 685. The Iqbal court did not hold, nor imply,
that district courts no longer have discretion to determine a stay of discovery pending claims of
qualified immunity. Instead, the Supreme Court acknowledged that qualified immunity is meant
to protect officials from “disruptive discovery.” Id. at 685 (quoting Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S.
226, 236 (1991). Furthermore, the Supreme Court declined to “relax the pleading requirements
[of Rule 8] on the ground that the Court of Appeals promises petitioners minimally intrusive
discovery.” Id. at 686. In Crawford-El v. Britton, the Supreme Court specifically noted that it
“recognized that limited discovery may sometimes be necessary before the district court can
resolve a motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity.” Crawford-El v. Britton,
523 U.S. 574, 593 n.14 (1998).
As the City purports, the notice of appeal “confers jurisdiction on the court of appeals and
divests the district court of its control over those aspects of the case involved in the appeal.” ECF
No. 82 at 2 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 685). Thus, courts have concluded that district courts may
not continue proceedings for claims that have interlocutory appeals on qualified immunity
grounds. McFadyen v. Duke Univ., No. 1:07-CV-953, 2011 WL 13134315, at *2 (M.D.N.C. June
9, 2011). However, a “notice of appeal from an interlocutory order does not produce a complete
divesture of the district court’s jurisdiction over the case; rather, it only divests the district court
of jurisdiction over those aspects of the case on appeal.” Alice L. v. Dusek, 492 F.3d 563, 564-

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565 (5th Cir. 2007). Thus, if the claims are “legally distinct,” the remaining claims can proceed.
Id.
B. Motion to Stay Considerations
“A stay is not a matter of right, even if irreparable injury might otherwise result.” Nken v.
Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009) (quoting Virginian Ry. Co. v. U.S., 272 U.S. 658, 672 (1926).
Instead, a stay is “an exercise of judicial discretion,” and “[t]he propriety of its issue is dependent
upon the circumstances of the particular case.” Nken, 556 U.S. at 434. The party requesting the
stay bears the burden of showing that the circumstances justify the stay. Id. Clearly, while the
issuance or denial of a stay is an exercise of the court’s discretion, the judgment is guided by
legal principles. Id. For a stay of proceedings, the Court considers: “(1) whether the stay
applicant has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) whether the
applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay; (3) whether issuance of the stay will
substantially injure the other parties interested in the proceeding; and (4) where the public
interest lies.” Nken, 556 U.S. at 434. Before issuing a stay, “[i]t is ultimately necessary . . . to
balance the equities – to explore the relative harms to applicant and respondent, as well as the
interests of the public at large.” Barnes v. E-Systems, Inc. Group Hospital Medical & Surgical
Ins. Plan, 501 U.S. 1301, 1305 (1991). This Court has discretion to tailor a stay to operate with
respect to only “some portion of the proceeding.” Nken 556 U.S. at 428. While the first two
factors are the most critical, it is not enough that the chance of success on the merits be “better
than negligible.” Id. at 433 (quoting Sofinet v. I.N.S., 188 F.3d 703, 707 (7th Cir. 1999).
Additionally, the second factor requires a showing of more than “possibility of irreparable
injury.” Id. at 433 (quoting Abbassi v. I.N.S., 143 F.3d 513, 514 (9th Cir. 1998).

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1. The City has not made a strong showing on the merits
The first two factors do not directly relate to the applicant in this case. The City alleges it
is entitled to a stay because the claim is intertwined with claims against Defendant Stroman. ECF
No. 82 at 2. The City has not made a showing of whether it would succeed on the merits against
it regarding municipality liability, and there is also no showing concerning Defendant Stroman’s
interlocutory appeal for qualified immunity. As the City purports, if the Fifth Circuit overturns
this Court’s decision and grants Defendant Stroman qualified immunity, Plaintiffs’ Pembaur
claim against the City necessarily fails. ECF No. 82 at 2.1 There is no showing of the likelihood
of this result.
2. The City will not be irreparably harmed without a stay
Additionally, the City will not suffer irreparable harm if this Court denies a stay. The
City’s motion is based on the harm that could result to the individual defendants while their
interlocutory appeal is pending. ECF No. 77 at 2. The purpose of qualified immunity, as stated
by the Supreme Court, is to “free officials from the concerns of litigation, including ‘avoidance
of disruptive discovery.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 685 (emphasis added) (quoting Siegert, 500 U.S. at
236). This Court reiterates the Supreme Court’s emphasis on “disruptive discovery” to stress
that, in the process of resolving qualified immunity, limited discovery can be allowed. The Fifth
Circuit described qualified immunity’s protection as “not [to] shield government officials from
all discovery but only from discovery which is either avoidable or overly broad.” Lion Buolos v.

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A municipality can be found liable under § 1983 only when the municipality itself causes a constitutional violation.
Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). The constitutional violation must be the
result of deliberate government policy or custom. City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 379 (1989). The Pembaur
court recognized that municipality liability can attach, however, when the deliberate policy or custom is a single
decision by the final policymaker. Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480 (1986). A “policymaker cannot
exhibit fault rising to the level of deliberate indifference to a constitutional right when that right has not yet been
clearly established.” Bustillos, 891 F.3d at 222. Thus, if the Fifth Circuit finds Defendant Stroman is entitled to
qualified immunity, by either establishing that there were no facts to show a constitutional violation or that the law
was not clearly established at the time of the misconduct, the municipality claim against the City fails.

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Wilson, 834 F.2d 504, 507 (5th Cir. 1987). The City contends that even limited discovery would
be disruptive because Defendant Stroman would necessarily be involved. ECF No. 77 at 3.
However, Defendant Stroman and the City are represented by the same counsel. Notice of
Attorney Appearance, ECF 65. If discovery is attempted beyond the extremely limited scope that
this Court grants, the City and Defendant Stroman’s counsel is in a position to protect their
clients’ interests regarding any matter currently on appeal. See Harris, 33 F. Supp. 3d at 733;
Mendia, 2016 WL 3249485, at *5.
3. The Plaintiffs’ will be substantially injured by a stay and Public Interest lies in
denying in part
The “injury to the other parties” and “public interest” factors “merge when the
Government is the opposing party.” U.S. v. Transocean Deepwater Drilling, Inc., 537 F. App'x
358, 360 (5th Cir. 2013) (citing Nken, 556 U.S. at 435). Plaintiffs are at risk of being
substantially injured by the issuance of a stay. The incident that these claims revolve around
occurred in May 2015, over five years ago. By the time the Fifth Circuit announces its decision
regarding the interlocutory appeals, it will likely be 2021, which is six years since the incident.
ECF No. 79 at 3. This amount of time could significantly impact the likelihood of witnesses to
be able to recall specific details from the event. See Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 707 (1997)
(“[D]elaying trial would increase the danger of prejudice resulting from the loss of evidence,
including the inability of witnesses to recall specific facts, or the possible death of a party.”).
Qualified immunity does serve an important public interest by “helping to ensure that public
officials will not have a disincentive in performing their duties based on a fear that dissatisfied
persons will later impose upon them the burdens of litigation.” Torres v. Faxton St. Lukes
Healthcare, No. 6:16-CV-439, 2017 WL 11317906, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 26, 2017) (quoting V.S.
v. Muhammad, No. 07-CV-0213 DLI/JO, 2008 WL 5068877, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 24, 2008).
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However, “the public interest disfavors the grant of a stay where it would hinder the speedy
adjudication of constitutional claims.” Id. (quoting Verizon N.Y. Inc. v. Vill. of Westhampton
Beach, No. CV 11-252(AKT), 2013 WL 5762926, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 18, 2013).
This Court recognizes that there is a possibility that Plaintiffs’ claim against the City will
fail, pending the decision by the Fifth Circuit on Defendant Stroman’s qualified immunity. The
Court concludes that the substantial harm that Plaintiffs’ face from a stay along with the public
interest in expediency and case resolution support a limited discovery. While qualified immunity
is within the public’s interest, it is not at risk in the limited scope that this Court grants for
discovery. The City has not shown the likelihood of success on its merits and will not face
irreparable harm from an extremely limited discovery with non-party fact witnesses.
IV.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, Defendant City of Waco’s Motion to Stay the Trial and Other
Proceedings, is DENIED so as to allow Plaintiffs to (1) conduct depositions of any person who
is not an individual Defendant with an appeal pending, (2) conduct any discovery allowed under
the Federal Rules with regards to the DPS Defendants, and (3) amend their Complaint should
they decide to do so. Defendant City of Waco’s Motion is GRANTED in all other respects.
SIGNED this 30th day of June, 2020.

ALAN D ALBRIGHT
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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