Turbo Aleae Investments, Inc. v. Borschow et al

Filing 13

ORDER AFFIRMING the rulings of the bankruptcy court. Signed by Judge Kathleen Cardone. (dl1, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO DIVISION
In Re: ALLEN C. BORSCHOW,
PATRICIA I. BORSCHOW,
Debtors.

TURBO ALEAE INVESTMENTS, INC.,
Appellant,
v.
ALLEN C. BORSCHOW, PATRICIA I.
BORSCHOW,
Appellees.

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EP-11-CV-248-KC

ORDER
On this day, the Court considered Allen C. Borschow and Patricia L. Borschow’s appeal
from a final order of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas. Br.
of Cross-Appellants (“Debtors’ Brief”), ECF No. 6. The Court also considered Turbo Aleae
Investments Inc.’s competing appeal regarding the bankruptcy court’s final judgment. Turbo
Aleae Investments Inc.’s Opening Br. (Turbos’s Brief”), ECF No. 7.
For the reasons set forth below, the Court AFFIRMS the bankruptcy court’s rulings.
I.

BACKGROUND
The bankrupcty court conducted a trial on December 3, 2010, and found the following

facts. See Turbo Aleae Invs., Inc. v. Borschow (In re Borschow), 454 B.R. 374, 379 (Bankr.
W.D. Tex. 2011). Allen C. Borschow (“Allen”) and Patricia L. Borschow (“Patricia”)

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(collectively “Debtors”) owned a business called Borschow Industries (“BI”). Id. at 381. BI, in
turn, owned a company called Almost Originals that specialized in transferring prints of artwork
onto canvas. Id. In 2004, the business began to decline, and Debtors needed an injection of cash.
Id. BI obtained a Small Business Administration Loan through State National Bank (“SNB”) for
$90,000 (the “SNB Loan”). The SNB Loan was secured by all of BI’s inventory, accounts
receivable, and equipment. Id. Additionally, BI secured a $75,000 line of credit by executing a
promissory note with SNB that was also secured by all of BI’s inventory, accounts receivable,
and equipment. See id.; Debtors’ Resp. 14, ECF No. 10; Turbo’s Reply 4, ECF No. 12.
In 2005, Allen became friends with Ernest Koury (“Ernest”) and Omar Koury (“Omar”)
(collectively “Kourys”). In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 381. The three met at the El Paso Country
Club and played poker together. Id. In March of 2006, Allen, through Almost Originals, began
working with Eureka Media Group (“Eureka”) to create a catalogue of prints and update BI’s
website. Id. Ernest owns and operates Eureka, a high tech marketing and promotions business.
Id.
Despite hopes that Eureka would reinvigorate BI’s business, BI continued to lose money.
See id. Debtors became increasingly dissatisfied with Eureka’s work, complaining that Eureka
failed to complete the catalogue in a timely manner and failed to sufficiently populate the website
with images of its products. See id. Debtors were also not paying Eureka, and thus BI started to
owe Eureka thousands of dollars. See id. at 381-82. To make matters worse, BI’s business
account was overdrawn and incurring fees. See id. at 385, 390-91.
In September of 2006, Allen announced at the weekly poker game that he could no longer
afford his membership at the El Paso Country Club. Id. at 381. According to Allen, the Kourys
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then asked if they could help. Id.
Allen and the Kourys met a few days later at Jaxon’s Restaurant and Brewing Company.
Id. Exactly what the parties discussed at that meeting is not clear. Id. However, two things are
certain. First, the parties agreed that Allen would talk to the Kourys’ banker at JPMorgan Chase
Bank (“Chase Bank”) about obtaining a loan. Id. at 382. Second, Omar started loaning Allen
money after their meeting at Jaxson’s. Id.
On September 30, 2006, Omar wrote the first check payable to Allen for $10,000. Id. On
November 3, 2006, Turbo Aleae Investments Inc. (“Turbo”) acting through Omar, wrote another
check payable to Allen, this time for $80,000. Id. Omar and Allen were directors of Turbo. Id.
at 381. That same day, Allen signed a promissory note in favor of Turbo for $90,000. Id. at 382.
On December 1, 2006, Omar wrote a third check payable to Allen in the amount of
$10,000, and wrote in the memo section “personal loan.” Id. On December 8, 2006, Omar wrote
a fourth check payable to Allen for $27,608.46, again labeled as a “personal loan.” Id.; Debtors’
Br. 3. On January 18, 2007, Omar wrote a final check payable to Allen — this time in the
amount of $21,391.54 (the “Final Check”). In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 382, 401. Omar labeled
the Final Check as a “personal loan.” Id. at 382.
At some point during this time period, Chase Bank declined to grant Allen, BI or Debtors
a loan. Id. Instead, on January 25, 2007, Turbo obtained a loan from Chase Bank for $150,000
with an interest rate of 7.25%. Id.
On January 29, 2007, Allen signed a second promissory note in favor of Turbo in the
amount of $150,000 with an interest rate of 10.25% (the “January 29th Note”). Id. Although the
total amount from the checks only added up to $149,000, Omar testified that the extra $1,000, the
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difference between the $149,000 lent by the checks and the $150,000 January 29th Note,
reflected accrued interest. Id. at 382 n.3.
On September 18, 2007, both Allen and Patricia executed a letter agreement in favor of
Turbo in the amount of $174,500.41 (the “Letter Agreement”). Id. at 383. This was the first
time that Patricia was involved with the loans. See id. at 383, 403. The Letter Agreement
consolidated all the debt owed by Debtors and BI to Turbo — specifically the $153,775 balance
from the January 29th Note and the remaining amount BI owed to Eureka for its work on BI’s
catalogue and website. See id. at 383. As part of the agreement, Debtors immediately paid
$7,000 to Turbo. Id. On September 28, 2007, Debtors executed a new promissory note in favor
of Turbo for approximately $167,500 with an interest rate of 10.25% (the “Final Turbo Note”).
Id. Debtors agreed to pay monthly payments to Turbo of $1,700. Id.
Debtors made the first six payments on the Final Turbo Note, for a total of $10,200, but
then stopped paying in March of 2008. See id. On January 26, 2009, Debtors filed for
bankruptcy under Chapter 7. Id. Turbo then filed an adversary proceeding in Debtors’
bankruptcy case seeking a determination that Debtors fraudulently secured the loans from Turbo,
and thus the loans are non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). Id. at 379. Section
523(a)(2)(A) states that “money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of
credit, to the extent obtained by false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud” is nondischargeable in bankruptcy. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A).
To support their claim under § 523(a)(2)(A), the Kourys testified that Allen promised
during the loan process that he would use the loans (1) to pay off the SNB Loan, which would
release SNB’s lien on BI’s equipment, (2) to cover the overdrafts and bank charges in BI’s
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business bank accounts, (3) to obtain life insurance listing Turbo as a beneficiary, and (4) to pay
off the amount owed to Eureka.1 In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 388-93.
In regard to the first three promises — to pay off the SNB Loan, to cover the overdrafts,
and to obtain life insurance — the bankruptcy court found the Kourys’ testimony lacked
credibility. See id. at 398-400, 402. The bankruptcy court found that these issues were likely
discussed, but were not promises or conditions to the loan. See id. at 398-402. Critically, there
was no written evidence from the relevant time period to support the Kourys’ account. See id.
None of the notes or agreements mentioned any of these alleged promises. See id. Rather, the
bankruptcy court found that the contemporaneous written evidence — the checks themselves —
suggested there were no conditions because several of the checks were labeled personal loans and
were payable to Allen personally. See id. Additionally, the bankruptcy court found that the
undisputed evidence showed that the Kourys had expected to be paid back once Allen secured a
loan from the Kourys’ banker at Chase. See id. at 397-98. Thus, it seemed unlikely that the
Kourys were counting on Allen’s promises about how he would use the loan. See id. Finally, the
Kourys testified that BI’s paying off the SNB Loan was important to them because that would
allow the Kourys to secure their loan with BI’s equipment. See id. at 389, 398. But, according to
the bankruptcy court, the Kourys’ testimony was not credible because the undisputed evidence
showed that the Kourys never examined the equipment, never ascertained the equipment’s value,
and never secured a lien on the equipment. See id. Therefore, the bankruptcy court held that
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Turbo also alleged that Allen promised a lien on Debtors’ homestead. Id. at 393.
The bankruptcy court determined that there was insufficient evidence of reliance
or damage. Id. at 402. Thus, the bankruptcy court held that “Allen did not
commit actual fraud under § 523(a)(2)(A) by falsely representing that he would
grant Turbo a lien on his homestead.” Id. Neither party contests this
determination on appeal.

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Turbo could not establish a claim under § 523(a)(2)(A) for the alleged promises to (1) to pay off
the SNB Loan, which would release SNB’s lien on BIs equipment, (2) to cover the overdrafts and
bank charges in their business bank accounts, and thereby improve his cash flow, or (3) to obtain
life insurance listing Turbo as a beneficiary. See id. at 404.
The bankruptcy court did rule in favor of Turbo on one issue. The bankruptcy court
found that Allen had promised to use the Final Check in the amount of $21,391.54 to
immediately pay off the $21,391.54 then owed to Eureka (the “Eureka Debt”). Id. at 401. The
evidence showed that Allen had asked Omar for $50,000 in December of 2006. Id. at 392. Omar
testified that he only gave $27,608.46, and initially withheld $21,391.54 because Debtors owed
Eureka that amount.2 Id. Allen stated that he wanted the money paid directly to him for
accounting purposes, and promised to immediately pay the Eureka Debt with a credit card or
directly if Omar gave him the money. See id. at 392, 401. Omar then wrote the Final Check for
$21,391.54. Id. Despite Allen’s promise to “immediately write a check or use a credit card to
pay Eureka directly,” the bankruptcy court found that Allen only paid $4,000, and never paid the
remainder. Id.
The bankruptcy court found Omar’s testimony credible because Omar “intended to hold
back the money to pay Eureka directly and it is unlikely he would be willing [to] part with the
money without the representation that Allen would pay Eureka with the money.” Id. at 401.
Moreover, Allen admitted at trial that he apologized to the Kourys for not paying the Eureka
Debt. Id.

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The Court notes that these two amounts do not add up to $50,000, but to
$49,000. This factual discrepancy, however, does not change the analysis.

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Accordingly, the bankruptcy court held that the Eureka Debt was non-dischargeable under
§ 523(a)(2)(A) because (1) Allen represented he would pay the Eureka Debt; (2) at the time he
made the representation he knew he would not pay the Eureka Debt; (3) he made the statements
intending to deceive Omar so he would give him the money; (4) Omar justifiably relied on
Allen’s representation; and (5) Omar was damaged because Allen did not use the money to pay
off his Eureka Debt. Id. After crediting Debtors for their $4,000 payment to Eureka on February
27, 2007, the bankruptcy court determined that $17,391.54 plus $7,576.19 in pre-judgment
interest was non-dischargeable due to actual fraud by Allen.3 See id. at 401, 404.
In summary, the bankruptcy court determined that all but the Eureka Debt was
dischargeable. See id. at 404. The bankruptcy court aptly explained that this “case illustrates
what can happen when a friend loans money to another friend, and then the relationship turns
sour when the friend cannot repay the loan.” Id. at 379. Both sides now appeal.
II.

JURISDICTION
District courts have jurisdiction to hear “appeals from final judgments, orders, and

decrees . . . of bankruptcy judges entered in cases and proceedings” under the bankruptcy laws in
Title 11 of the United States Code. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). Such proceedings include so-called
“core proceedings,” such as “proceedings to determine, avoid, or recover fraudulent
conveyances.” 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(H). Unlike in non-bankruptcy cases, a final order for the
purposes of § 158 appellate jurisdiction need not dispose of the entire case. Smith v. Revie (In re

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The bankruptcy court found that only Allen, and not Patricia made the
representation about paying off the Eureka Debt. See id. at 43. Thus, the
bankruptcy court held that Patricia’s debt was dischargeable. Id. Patricia only
joins the appeal “because of the future impact the judgment for $29,967.23 may
have upon her community property.” Debtors’ Br. 2 n.*.

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Moody), 817 F.2d 365, 367-68 (5th Cir. 1987). The Fifth Circuit explained that “for the purpose
of Yogi Berra’s celebrated maxim, ‘The game isn’t over till it’s over,’ a bankruptcy proceeding is
over when an order has been entered that ends a discrete judicial unit in the larger case.” Id.
Here, the order of the bankruptcy court entered final judgment on a core proceeding
between Debtors and Turbo. See In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 379, 404. Specifically, the
bankruptcy court held that the debt owed by Debtors to Turbo was dischargeable, with the
exception of $17,391.54 plus $7,576.19 in pre-judgment interest which was non-dischargeable
due to actual fraud by Allen. Id. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court’s ruling ended a discrete
judicial unit, and this Court has jurisdiction to hear the appeal. See In re Moody, 817 F.2d at
367-68.
III.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
“When reviewing a bankruptcy court’s decision in a ‘core proceeding,’ a district court

functions as a[n] appellate court and applies the standard of review generally applied in federal
court appeals.” Webb v. Reserve Life Ins. Co. (In re Webb), 954 F.2d 1102, 1103-04 (5th Cir.
1992) (citing Griffith v. Oles (In re Hipp, Inc.), 895 F.2d 1503, 1517 (5th Cir. 1990)). Federal
Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8013 specifically provides that district courts shall not set aside a
bankruptcy court’s findings of fact unless clearly erroneous. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013. “As long as
there are two permissible views of the evidence,” a bankruptcy court’s “choice between
competing views” is not clearly erroneous. Gen. Elec. Capital Corp. v. Acosta (In re Acosta),
406 F.3d 367, 373 (5th Cir. 2005). The bankruptcy court’s account need only be “plausible in
light of the record viewed as a whole.” Id.
In contrast to the standard of review for factual determinations, a district court reviews
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the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law de novo. Century Indem. Co. v. Nat’l Gypsum Co. (In
re Nat’l Gypsum Co.), 208 F.3d 498, 504 (5th Cir. 2000). Likewise, a district court reviews
mixed questions of fact and law de novo. Id.
IV.

DISCUSSION
Debtors and Turbo filed competing appeals. In their appeal, Debtors argue that the

bankruptcy court erred in determining that the Eureka Debt was non-dischargeable. Debtors’ Br.
1. Turbo responds that bankruptcy court was correct that the Eureka Debt was nondischargeable. Turbo’s Resp. 5, ECF No. 9.
In its appeal, Turbo argues that the bankruptcy court erred when it determined the rest of
the debt, which the Debtors owed to Turbo, was dischargeable. Turbo’s Br. 1. Not surprisingly,
Debtors argue that the bankruptcy court correctly determined that the rest of the debt was
dischargeable. Debtors’ Resp. 27. The Court first examines Debtors’ appeal and then Turbo’s
appeal.
A.

Debtors’ Appeal — The Eureka Debt

Debtors argue that bankruptcy court erred in determining that the Eureka Debt was nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). Debtor’s Br. 1. Section 523(a)(2)(A) states that
“money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent
obtained by false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud” is non-dischargeable. 11
U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). “The Bankruptcy Code has long prohibited debtors from discharging
liabilities incurred on account of their fraud, embodying a basic policy animating the Code of
affording relief only to an ‘honest but unfortunate debtor.’” Cohen v. de la Cruz, 523 U.S. 213,
217 (1998) (quoting Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 287 (1991)).
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For a debt to be non-dischargeable under the actual fraud provision of § 523(a)(2)(A), the
creditor must show by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the debtor made a representation;
(2) that the debtor knew the representation was false; (3) the representation was made with the
intent to deceive the creditor; (4) the creditor actually and justifiably relied on the representation;
and (5) the creditor sustained a loss as a proximate result of its reliance. In re Acosta, 406 F.3d
at 372 (citing AT&T Universal Card Servs. v. Mercer (In re Mercer), 246 F.3d 391, 403 (5th Cir.
2001).
Debtors argue that bankruptcy court erred in determining that the Eureka Debt was nondischargeable based on two of the elements. First, Debtors argue that Turbo failed to establish
detrimental reliance. Debtors’ Br. 13. Second, Debtors argue that Turbo failed to establish that
Allen made a false representation. Debtors’ Br. 16. Finally, Debtors argue that even if the
Eureka Debt was non-dischargeable, the bankruptcy court failed to credit the $17,200 that
Debtors paid towards the Eureka Debt. Debtors’ Br. 20. The Court examines each argument in
turn.
1.

Detrimental reliance

According to Debtors, the bankruptcy court erred in determining that the Eureka Debt
was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) because the lender was not Turbo, but Omar.
Debtors’ Br. 13. Therefore, according to Debtors, Turbo could not establish the necessary
element of reliance. Id.
As stated above, Omar wrote Allen a check for $27,608 in response to Allen’s request for
a $50,000 loan. See In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 382. The bankruptcy court found that the
reason Omar only gave $27,608 and not $50,000 was because Omar had subtracted the amount
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owed to Eureka. Id. at 401. Allen then asked Omar to give him the remaining $21,391 so that
“he could pay Eureka directly for accounting purposes.” Id. Despite Allen’s promise to
“immediately write a check or use a credit card to pay Eureka directly,” the bankruptcy court
found that Allen only paid $4,000, and never paid the remainder. Id. at 392, 401.
The bankruptcy court held, and Debtors do not appear to contest that Omar later assigned
the Eureka Debt to Turbo.4 See id. at 382 (“It was not disputed that the loans made by Omar
personally were assigned to Turbo”); Debtors’ Br. 13. Rather, Debtors’ argument is that because
Omar lent the money, not Turbo, any “misrepresentation” by Debtors to Omar could not result in
Turbo relying on the misrepresentation. Debtors’ Br. 11-15. Turbo responds that it can step into
the shoes of Omar as an assignee. Turbo’s Resp. 5-7.
This dispute presents a narrow issue: whether the assignee of a debt must itself have
relied on the false statement or whether it is enough that the original creditor relied on the false
statement to prevent a debtor from discharging the debt in bankruptcy.
Although the Fifth Circuit has not considered this issue, the Ninth Circuit in Boyajian v.
New Falls Corp. (In re Boyajian) examined a similar anti fraud provision — § 523(a)(2)(B) —
and held it was enough that the original creditor relied on the false statement to prevent a debtor

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If Debtors are trying to contest the validity of the assignment from Omar to
Turbo, that issue cannot be raised on appeal because it was not presented to the
bankruptcy court. “It is a bedrock principle of appellate review that claims
raised for the first time on appeal will not be considered” absent exceptional
circumstances. ASARCO, Inc. v. Elliott Mgmt. (In re ASARCO, L.L.C.), 650
F.3d 593, 600 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Cadle Co. v. Duncan (In re Duncan),
562 F.3d 688, 697 (5th Cir. 2009)). In the bankruptcy court, Debtors did argue
that Turbo cannot establish reliance because only Omar, and not Turbo, heard
the alleged promise and made the loan. In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 380.
However, Debtors did not dispute at trial “that the loans made by Omar
personally were assigned to Turbo.” Id. at 382. Therefore, Debtors can raise the
issue of reliance, but cannot challenge whether the loans were in fact assigned to
Turbo.

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from discharging the debt in bankruptcy. 564 F.3d 1088, 1091-93 (9th Cir. 2009). The provision
at issue in this case, § 523(a)(2)(A), generally covers fraud, but does not cover statements about a
person’s financial condition. See id.; Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 66 (1995). The statue at issue
in In re Boyajian, § 523(a)(2)(B) fills that gap and makes a “transfer or extension induced by a
materially false and intentionally deceptive written statement of financial condition upon which
the creditor reasonably relied” non-dischargeable. Field, 516 U.S. at 66; see also 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(2)(B).
The Ninth Circuit held that an assignee could seek a claim for non-discharge under §
523(a)(2)(B) because the statutory language and policy considerations supported that
construction. See In re Boyajian, 564 F.3d at 1091-93. Moreover, the Ninth Circuit noted that
the Seventh Circuit similarly held that an assignee could seek a claim under both § 523(a)(2)(B)
and § 523(a)(2)(A). See In re Boyajian, 564 F.3d at 1092 (citing FDIC v. Meyer (In re Meyer),
120 F.3d 66, 70-71 (7th Cir. 1997)). The Seventh Circuit explained that “the very reason that the
institution of assignment exists is to enable Creditor to transfer its rights against Debtor . . . to
Assignee.”5 In re Meyer, 120 F.3d at 70.

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Several lower courts have similarly concluded that it is enough that the original
creditor relied on the false statement. See First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Pazdzierz
(In re Pazdzierz), 459 B.R. 254, 261-62 (E.D. Mich. 2011) (holding that an
assignee could seek recourse under § 523(a)(2)(B)); Bertuca v. Flores (In re
Flores), Bankruptcy No. 09-10109, 2010 W L 3811920, at *3 (Bankr. S.D. Tex.
Sept. 22, 2010) (“The assignment of a debt does not alter its nondischargeability
under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A)”); FDIC v. Bombard (In re Bombard), 59 B.R.
952, 955 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1986) (assuming an assignee could bring a nondischargeability claim, and finding that the debtor’s debt to the FDIC, an
assignee of the original creditor, was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A)).
But see WDH Howell, LLC v. Hurley (In re Hurley), 285 B.R. 871, 875-76
(Bankr. D.N.J. 2002) (stating an assignee must also show reliance, but providing
no analysis of the issue); Tompkins & McMaster v. Whitenack (In re Whitenack),
235 B.R. 819, 825-27 (Bankr. D.S.C. 1998) (citing Gen. Elec. Capital Corp. v.
Bui (In re Bui), 188 B.R. 274, 278-79 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1995), overruled by

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The Court agrees with the Ninth and Seventh Circuits and holds that an assignee of a debt
can step into the shoes of the original creditor for purpose of § 523(a)(2)(A) — i.e. it is enough
that the original creditor relied on the false statement. As explained below, this interpretation
best accords with the text of the statute, policy considerations, and general principles of
bankruptcy law.
The text of § 523(a)(2)(A) states that “money, property, services, or an extension,
renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by false pretenses, a false representation,
or actual fraud” is non-dischargeable. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). The words “obtained by . . .
fraud” suggest that the relevant time period is the inception of the debt. See McClellan v.
Cantrell, 217 F.3d 890, 896 (7th Cir. 2000) (Ripple, J., concurring) (“The language ‘obtained by’
clearly indicates that the fraudulent conduct occurred at the inception of the debt, i.e., the debtor
committed a fraudulent act to induce the creditor to part with his money or property.”). Thus, the
language of the statute suggests that the loan became fraudulent at the point when Allen
misrepresented he would immediately pay back the amount owed to Eureka, and Omar then
relied on that misrepresentation and lent the money. And the language of the statute does not
suggest that loan’s characterization as fraudulent somehow changes if the original creditor later
assigns the loan.
Policy considerations also suggest that § 523(a)(2)(A) allows an assignee to step into the
shoes of the original creditor. Under Debtors’ interpretation of § 523(a)(2)(A), a person can
fraudulently obtain the loan, but then still have the debt discharged, if the original creditor

Boyajian, 564 F.3d at 1092).

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transfers the loan. There is no good policy reason to reward a person for defrauding another
simply because the defrauded party later chose to assign the loan. See In re Boyajian, 564 F.3d at
1092 (noting “the perversity of permitting dishonest debtors to receive a discharge through the
fortuity that their creditor chose to assign the debt”). Reading § 523(a)(2)(A) to ensure a debtor
who defrauds another is not rewarded also comports with the basic principle of bankruptcy law to
afford relief only “to an ‘honest but unfortunate debtor.’” Cohen, 523 U.S. at 217 (quoting
Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 287 (1991)). Thus, § 523(a)(2)(A) should discourage fraud
regardless of whether the creditor later assigns the loan.
Additionally, Debtors’ interpretation of § 523(a)(2)(A) could disrupt the functioning of
the modern debt markets. See In re Boyajian, 564 F.3d at 1092. It is a common feature of
modern debt markets for original creditors to assign loans to companies who then bundle the
loans together and resell them to spread the risk of default. See Frank Partnoy and David A.
Skeel, Jr., The Promise and Perils of Credit Derivatives, 75 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1019, 1019-21,
1023, 1036 (2007). The purchasers of the loans rely on the original creditor to assess the risk of
default. The original creditor, in turn, relies on the borrower to provide accurate information. If
the borrower defrauded the original creditor, the bankruptcy code recognizes that the creditor
should not have to suffer discharge — after all, the creditor assessed the risk based on false
information. If that first assignment were to negate a means to challenge dischargeability, as
Debtors argue, later purchasers of the loan would lose this valuable protection from bankruptcy
discharges. This in turn would diminish the value of loans on the secondary market or force
parties to spend resources investigating the original loan transaction for potential fraud.
In response, Debtors argue that 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(14), (14A), and (14B) provide the
14

only three situations in which an assignee can step into the shoes of an earlier creditor. Debtors’
Reply 4, ECF No. 11. This argument wholly lacks support.
Those provisions state that a debt shall not be dischargeable if:
(14) incurred to pay a tax to the United States that would be nondischargeable
pursuant to paragraph (1);
(14A) incurred to pay a tax to a governmental unit, other than the United States,
that would be nondischargeable under paragraph (1);
(14B) incurred to pay fines or penalties imposed under Federal election law.
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(14), (14A), (14B).
These are simply additional reasons a debt may not be dischargeable. Just as 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(2)(A) prevents the discharge of fraudulently obtained loans, § 523(a)(14B) makes fines or
penalties imposed under federal election law non-dischargeable. 11 U.S.C. § 523(14B). There is
no suggestion in the statue, and Debtors cite no authority to suggest that these provisions govern
whether an assignee can utilize § 523(a)(2) to prevent the discharge of a fraudulently obtained
loan.
In conclusion, the Court holds that Turbo, as the assignee of the Eureka Debt, stepped
into the shoes of Omar for the purposes of § 523(a)(2)(A). Therefore, the bankruptcy court did
not err in ruling that Turbo, as an assignee, could seek recovery under § 523(a)(2)(A).
2.

False representation

According to Debtors, the bankruptcy court erred in determining that the Eureka Debt
was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) because Turbo failed to establish the necessary
element of false representation. Debtors’ Br. 15-16. Debtors specifically argue that the
bankruptcy court erred in finding that Allen never intended to pay back the Eureka Debt. Id.

15

Debtors suggest that Allen “had all along informed Omar that [BI] was losing money, and each
new advance was in response to Allen’s reports of [BI]’s ongoing poor sales and need for
capital.” Id. 16. Turbo responds that the trial record supports the bankruptcy court’s factual
determination that Allen never intended to pay back the Eureka Debt. Turbo’s Resp. 7.
Debtors have a significant burden to overcome. A district court will only set aside a
bankruptcy court’s findings of fact if “clearly erroneous.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013. “As long as
there are two permissible views of the evidence,” the bankruptcy court’s “choice between
competing views” is not clearly erroneous. In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 373. The bankruptcy
court’s account need only be “plausible in light of the record viewed as a whole.” Id.
Here, the bankruptcy court’s findings were amply supported by the record. The
bankruptcy court heard testimony from Allen, Omar, and Ernest regarding the Eureka Debt.
According to the testimony, Allen claimed that he would only pay off the Eureka Debt if he
could. In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 392, 401. Omar and Ernest testified that Allen promised to
pay off the Eureka Debt with the additional money. Id. The bankruptcy court found that the
testimony of Omar and Ernest was “very credible” while Allen’s testimony was “conflicting.”
Id. The court reasoned that the fact that Omar originally held back the amount owed to Eureka
makes it “unlikely he would be willing [to] part with the money without the representation that
Allen would pay Eureka with the money.” Id. Moreover, Allen admitted at trial that he
apologized for not paying the Eureka Debt. Id. In sum, the bankruptcy court’s finding that Allen
never intended to pay off the Eureka Debt was not clearly in error.
The Court notes that it is odd that Allen paid $4,000 of the Eureka Debt, and yet the
bankruptcy court still found that Allen had never intended to pay the Eureka Debt. However, the
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relevant time period for determining Allen’s intentions was the time of the promise — i.e. at the
time Allen promised to pay the Eureka Debt immediately, did he actually intend to follow
through with his promise? What happened after the promise is relevant, but not conclusive.
Allen could have never intended to pay back the loan at the time of the promise, and yet later
decided to pay back a portion of it. And the bankruptcy court was in the best position to make
this determination by considering the competing testimony and evidence. See Smith v. FDIC (In
re Smith), 39 F.3d. 320, at *2 (5th Cir. 1994) (“The bankruptcy court was in the best position to
weigh the evidence and judge the credibility of the witnesses.”).
Debtors point to In re Sheridan, 57 F.3d 627 (7th Cir. 1995) to support their argument.
Debtors’ Br. 17. In In re Sheridan, a bank loaned money to a debtor upon his promise that he
would use the funds for deposits on real-estate transactions. 57 F.3d at 630-31, 635-36. The
evidence showed that the debtor first put the money in an overdrawn bank account, and then later
used other money for the deposits on two real-estate transactions. See id. The creditor thus
argued that the debtor had failed to honor his promise, and that the debtor never intended to
honor his promise. See id. Despite the debtor technically using different funds, the bankruptcy
court found that the debtor had followed through with his promise to use the money for deposits
on real-estate because money is generally fungible. Id. at 632, 636. The Seventh Circuit then
affirmed this finding. Id.
Debtors argue that the bankruptcy court’s finding in the instant case was in error because
just like in In re Sheridan, Allen was not lying to Omar. Debtors’ Br. 17-18. Debtors argue that
Allen simply could not immediately pay off the Eureka Debt because the bank overdraft charges
consumed most of the funds. Id. But this argument is flawed in two respects. First, there is a
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significant factual difference between this case and In re Sheridan — namely, in In re Sheridan
the debtor did what he said he would do. The debtor placed deposits on two real estate
transactions. In re Sheridan, 57 F.3d at 630-31, 635-36. The court found that the debtor’s later
performance of his promise was strong evidence that the debtor intended, at the time of the
promise, to honor his promise. See id. In contrast, Allen said he would pay back the Eureka
loan, but then only paid back a small portion of it. In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 392, 401. In
other words, Allen did not do as he promised. Id. Therefore, Allen’s partial performance is of
much more limited evidentiary value in determining Allen’s intent to honor his promise.
Second, the Seventh Circuit did not create a rule of law in In re Sheridan that
performance of a promise necessarily means that the party originally intended to honor the
promise. Rather, the Seventh Circuit affirmed the factual finding of a bankruptcy court and
explained why the factual finding made sense. See In re Sheridan, 57 F.3d at 630-31, 635-36. In
this case, Debtors have the burden of showing that the bankruptcy court’s finding of fact was
clearly erroneous. See In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 373. Just because another court came to a
different factual conclusion regarding similar circumstances does not make the bankruptcy
court’s conclusion in this case necessarily erroneous. See Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S.
564, 573-74 (explaining that two courts could come to different factual conclusions based on the
exact same facts and neither would be clearly erroneous). After all, the two cases have different
facts and different witnesses. That the bankruptcy court in In re Sheridan ruled differently does
not mean that the witnesses in this case were any more or less credible.
In conclusion, the bankruptcy court’s factual finding that Allen never intended to pay
back the Eureka Debt is not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, the Court affirms the bankruptcy
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court’s determination that the Eureka Debt was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).
3.

Credit for payment on the Eureka Debt

Debtors argue that bankruptcy court erred in determining how much of the Eureka Debt
was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A). Debtors’ Br. 20. The bankruptcy court found that
Allen made a $4,000 payment on the Eureka Debt, and thus the remaining $17,391.54 was nondischargeable. In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 392-93, 401. Debtors argue that the bankruptcy
court failed to also credit their later payments totaling $17,200. Debtors’ Br. 20. Turbo responds
that the $17,200 paid by Debtors was towards the Final Turbo Note, not the Eureka Debt.
Turbo’s Resp. 10.
As stated above, this Court will only set aside a bankruptcy court’s findings of fact if
“clearly erroneous.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013. Here, the record supports the bankruptcy court’s
findings. The evidence showed that Allen made a $4,000 payment on February 27, 2007, to
Eureka. In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 392-93, 401. The evidence also showed that Allen made
several payments to Turbo after the parties consolidated all of the debt into the Final Turbo Note
in September of 2007. Id. at 383. Those payments were $7,000 in September of 2007, and then
six payments of $1,700 in 2008, for a total of $17,200. Id. Thus, the timing of the payments
supports the bankruptcy’s determination that the $4,000 payment in February should be credited
towards the Eureka Debt, but not the later payments on the Final Turbo Note. And critically,
Debtors provide no explanation why those later payments should be credited towards the Eureka
Debt. See Debtors’ Br. 20-21. Simply concluding that the “bankruptcy judge clearly erred”
without giving any explanation or competing evidence does not make it so.

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4.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the bankruptcy court’s determination that the Eureka Debt was procured by
actual fraud is affirmed. The Eureka Debt was non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) in the
amount of $17,391.54 plus $7,576.19 in pre-judgment interest.
B.

Turbo’s Appeal

In its appeal, Turbo argues that the bankruptcy court erred, and the bankruptcy court
should have held that entire $150,000 loaned to Debtors was non-dischargeable under §
523(a)(2)(A). Turbo’s Br. 6. Turbo specifically argues that Allen fraudulently represented he
would use the loan proceeds to pay off the SNB Loan and cover bank overdrafts. Id. In the
alternative, Turbo argues the entire debt should be non-dischargeable under a false pretense or
false representation theory. Id. 10-12. Debtors argue that Bankruptcy Court did not err.
Debtors’ Resp. 18. The Court examines each of Turbo’s arguments in turn.
1.

Actual Fraud

As stated above, for a debt to be non-dischargeable under the actual fraud provision of §
523(a)(2)(A), the creditor must show by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the debtor made
a representation; (2) that the debtor knew the representation was false; (3) that the representation
was made with the intent to deceive the creditor; (4) that the creditor actually and justifiably
relied on the representation; and (5) that the creditor sustained a loss as a proximate result of its
reliance. In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 372 (citing In re Mercer, 246 F.3d at 403).
The bankruptcy court organized its opinion based on each of the alleged purposes of the
loan. See In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 380, 397-402. The Court follows the same structure, but
only examines the promise to pay off the SNB Loan and cover the overdrafts because those are
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the focus of Turbo’s appeal.
a.

SNB Loan

The bankruptcy court held that Turbo failed to establish three of the necessary elements
for its § 523(a)(2)(A) claim based on Allen’s alleged promise to pay off the SNB Loan. Id. at
397-99. First, the bankruptcy court found that Allen did not make a representation that he would
pay off the SNB Loan. Id. at 398-99. Second, the bankruptcy court found that Turbo did not rely
on this alleged representation. Id. at 397-98. And third, the bankruptcy court found that Turbo
failed to prove damages. Id. at 399. In its appeal, Turbo argues these findings were clearly
erroneous because the evidence established all of the elements. Turbo’s Br. 6.
Given that Turbo challenges the factual findings of the bankruptcy court, it has a
significant burden to overcome. As stated above, a district court will only set aside a bankruptcy
court’s findings of fact if “clearly erroneous.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013. “As long as there are two
permissible views of the evidence,” the bankruptcy court’s “choice between competing views” is
not clearly erroneous. In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 373. The bankruptcy court’s account need only
be “plausible in light of the record viewed as a whole.” Id.
In this case, the record amply supports the the bankruptcy court’s finding that there was
no misrepresentation. The bankruptcy court explained the conflicting evidence as follows:
Here, the Court is faced with two versions of the events surrounding the loans
from Turbo to Allen. On the one hand, we have a creditor swearing that the
debtor promised to use the loan proceeds to pay off the SNB Loan. On the other
hand, we have a debtor swearing that he made no such representation.
In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 397.
The bankruptcy court then found Allen’s testimony more credible because there was no
written evidence that Allen promised to pay off the SNB Loan. Id. at 397-98. The bankruptcy
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court reasoned that although written evidence is not required, “it is hard to imagine that if the
purposes of the $150,000 loan were so important to the Kourys that they relied on them in
making the loan, that these experienced and sophisticated businessmen would not document
those purposes in writing in some manner.” Id. at 398. Moreover, the bankruptcy court noted
that Omar wrote the checks directly to Allen, and wrote “personal loan” in the memo section of
several of the checks. Id. The court reasoned that if the loan was meant to pay off the SNB
Loan, one would think Omar would have written the check to SNB or at least to BI given that the
loan was in BI’s name. See id.
The bankruptcy court also found that even if Allen had promised to pay off the SNB
Loan, Turbo failed to show it relied on the alleged misrepresentation. See id. 397-98. “For a
debt to be non-dischargeable under section 523(a)(2)(A), the creditor must show . . . that the
creditor actually and justifiably relied on the representation.” In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 372
(citing In re Mercer, 246 F.3d at 404). Justifiable reliance is an intermediate level of reliance
between reasonable reliance and mere reliance in fact. Field, 516 U.S. at 73-75. “Justification is
a matter of the qualities and characteristics of the particular plaintiff, and the circumstances of
the particular case, rather than of the application of a community standard of conduct to all
cases.” Id. at 71 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 545A, Comment b. (1976)). The
person is “required to use his senses, and cannot recover if he blindly relies upon a
misrepresentation.” Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 541, Comment a).
The bankruptcy court’s determination that Turbo failed to show reliance was not in error.
The undisputed evidence showed that the Kourys originally believed that Allen would pay back
their loan upon obtaining a loan from Chase Bank. See In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 397-98. The
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bankruptcy court logically reasoned that “there is no reason Turbo would rely on any statements
Allen might have made about how he would use the loan proceeds to pay SNB at the time the
loans were made because at that time Turbo expected to be paid from the Chase Bank loan
proceeds.” Id.
Turbo suggests the Kourys did rely because paying off the SNB Loan would “thereby
free[] up the corporate assets for use as security.” Turbo’s Br. 7-8. But this argument holds no
weight when the uncontradicted evidence showed the Kourys never attempted to secure a lien on
the corporate assets. In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 398. And this alleged reliance is even more
dubious given that the undisputed evidence showed that the Kourys neither examined the assets
nor knew their value. See id.
The heart of Turbo’s argument on appeal is that the bankruptcy court should have
believed the testimony of Omar and Ernest. See Turbo’s Br. 7. That is just not enough to show
clear error when “[t]he bankruptcy court was in the best position to weigh the evidence and judge
the credibility of the witnesses. See In re Smith, 39 F.3d. 320, at *2.
In conclusion, the bankruptcy court did not err in determining that Turbo failed to
establish a misrepresentation or reliance. Further, because both of these are necessary elements
to establish a claim under § 523(a)(2)(A), the Court need not examine the other elements. The
bankruptcy court’s holding that Turbo could not establish a claim under § 523(a)(2)(A) is
affirmed.
b.

Overdrafts

The bankruptcy court found that Turbo failed to establish that Allen made a
representation that he would use the loan to cover overdrafts, failed to establish that Allen
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intended to deceive Omar, and failed to establish that Turbo justifiably relied on Allen’s alleged
promise. See In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 399. Any one of these failings would defeat Turbo’s
claim under § 523(a)(2)(A). In its appeal, Turbo argues these findings were clearly erroneous
because the evidence established all of the elements. Turbo’s Br. 7.
Once again, Turbo’s argument is essentially that the bankruptcy court should have
believed Turbo’s witnesses. See id. As stated above, that is not enough when “[t]he bankruptcy
court was in the best position to weigh the evidence and judge the credibility of the witnesses.”
See In re Smith, 39 F.3d. 320, at *2.
The record amply supports the bankruptcy court’s finding that Turbo failed to show that
Allen represented that he would use the loan to cover overdrafts. As much as Turbo may think
its witnesses were more credible, the bankruptcy judge disagreed. In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at
400. Beyond the testimonial evidence, there was no written evidence that the loan was given on
the condition that Allen cover his bank overdrafts. See id. at 389-92, 400. Instead, Omar wrote
the checks to Allen, and labeled many of them as “personal loans.” Id. at 400. This suggests
Allen could use them as he saw fit. Id. In summary, the bankruptcy court did not err in
determining that Turbo failed to establish a misrepresentation by Allen.
The bankruptcy court also did not err in finding that Turbo failed to establish reliance. As
stated above, to establish a claim under § 523(a)(2)(A), “the creditor must show . . . that the
creditor actually and justifiably relied on the representation.” In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 372
(citing In re Mercer, 246 F.3d at 404). In this case, Turbo’s only evidence of reliance was the
testimony of Omar and Ernest. See In re Borschow, 454 B.R. at 389, 400. The Bankruptcy court
did not find that testimony credible, and for good reason. See id. Omar wrote the checks to
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Allen, and often labeled them as “personal loans.” Id. If it was so important to Omar that Allen
cover the overdrafts, Omar would have likely written the checks to BI, and thus required Allen to
clear the overdrafts on the BI account when Allen deposited the check. Id.
In conclusion, the bankruptcy court did not err because Turbo failed to establish a
misrepresentation and failed to establish reliance. Further, because both of these are necessary
elements, the Court need not examine the other elements. The bankruptcy court’s holding that
Turbo cannot establish a claim under § 523(a)(2)(A) based on actual fraud is affirmed.
2.

False pretense or representation theory

Turbo argues in the alternative that the entire debt should be non-dischargeable under a
false pretense or false representation theory. Turbo’s Br. 10-12. The bankruptcy court held that
Turbo cannot pursue a false pretense or representation theory because “promising to use the loan
proceeds in a certain way in the future — does not describe a past or current fact.” In re
Borschow, 454 B.R. at 396-97.
Section 523(a)(2)(A) states that “money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or
refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by false pretenses, a false representation, or actual
fraud” is non-dischargeable. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). In the past, the Fifth Circuit has
distinguished between false pretenses, a false representation, and actual fraud. See In re Mercer,
246 F.3d at 403; RecoverEdge L.P. v. Pentecost, 44 F.3d 1284, 1292-93 (5th Cir. 1995); Bank of
La. v. Bercier (In re Bercier), 934 F.2d 689, 692 (5th Cir. 1991). More recently though, the Fifth
Circuit treated the three terms identically. See In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 372 (5th Cir. 2005).
However, in an unpublished opinion in 2007, the Fifth Circuit acknowledged that “[o]ur court
has applied different, but somewhat overlapping, elements of proof for § 523(a)(2)(A) actual
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fraud, as opposed to false pretenses/representation.” Jacobson v. Ormsby, No. 06-51460, 2007
WL 2141961, at *2 n.2 (5th Cir. July 26, 2007) (quoting In re Mercer, 246 F.3d at 403). Given
the uncertainty in the case law, the Court considers Turbo’s allegations of non-dischargeability
under a false representation or false pretense theory even though all of these claims may have the
same elements.
The Fifth Circuit in Bercier explained the distinction between false representations and
pretenses on the one hand, and actual fraud on the other: a promise related to a future action is
only actionable under an actual fraud theory, and not a false pretense or a false representation
theory. See In re Bercier, 934 F.2d at 692. The idea is that a promise about a future action is not
a statement about a past or current fact. See id.; Gilbert v. DeLeon (In re DeLeon), Bankruptcy
No. 09-10310, 2011 WL 1435675, at *4-5 (Bankr. E.D. Tex. Apr. 14, 2011). Accordingly, to
establish a claim for false pretense or false representation under § 523(a)(2)(A), the creditor must
show: (1) a knowing and fraudulent falsehood; (2) describing past or current facts; (3) that was
relied upon by the other party. Pentecost, 44 F.3d at 1292-93 (emphasis added).
Here, the bankruptcy court properly applied the case law when holding that the alleged
promise by Allen to use the loan proceeds for specific purposes was not a false pretense or false
representation. Turbo argues that Allen “made a present tense representation that money lent
would immediately be used” to pay off the SNB Loan and cover the overdrafts. Turbo’s Br. 11.
Thus, Turbo suggests the representation was a current fact about what Allen intended or did not
intend to do. See id. However, this argument fails because this was a promise about future
actions — a promise to use the loan to pay off the SNB Loan and cover the overdrafts after
receiving the money. And the Fifth Circuit in Bercier explained that a promise about future
26

actions was not recoverable under a false pretense or false representation theory. See In re
Bercier, 934 F.2d at 692.
Moreover, even if the alleged promise was a statement about a current fact, Turbo still
cannot meet the elements of § 523(a)(2)(A) because Turbo failed to establish reliance. See
Pentecost, 44 F.3d at 1292-93; In re Bercier, 934 F.2d at 692. Under any of the § 523(a)(2)(A)
theories — actual fraud, false representation, or false pretense — the creditor must show it
justifiably relied. See Field, 516 U.S. at 70, 73-75; In re Acosta, 406 F.3d at 372; Pentecost, 44
F.3d at 1292. As explained in the analysis above regarding the actual fraud theory, Turbo failed
to show reliance on either the alleged promise to pay off the SNB Loan or promise to cover the
overdrafts. This defeats Turbo’s claim under § 523(a)(2)(A).
In conclusion, Turbo cannot establish a claim under a false representation or false
pretense theory. Accordingly, Turbo’s appeal fails on this issue, and the bankruptcy court is
affirmed.
V.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court AFFIRMS the rulings of the bankruptcy court.
SO ORDERED.
SIGNED on this 8th day of February, 2012.

______________________________________
KATHLEEN CARDONE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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