Eugene Cadena v. Daniel Scott, et al

Filing 35

ORDER GRANTING 25 25 Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment. The Court ORDERSthat all claims against Christopher Ray, Craig Rodriguez, and Michael Marotta beDISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all claims against GrantReudemann and Ruben Martinez be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all claims against Grant Reudemann and Ruben Martinez be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. Signed by Judge David A. Ezra. (rg)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
SAN ANTONIO DIVISION
EUGENE CADENA,

§
§
Plaintiff,
§
§
vs.
§
§
CHRISTOPHER RAY, CRAIG
§
RODRIGUEZ. MICHAEL MAROTTA, §
GRANT RUEDEMANN, RUBEN
§
MARTINEZ,
§
§
Defendants.
§

No

-DAE

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT
Before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss or in the alternative Motion
for Summary Judgment 1 filed by Christopher Ray (“Ray”), Craig Rodriguez
(“Rodriguez”), and Michael Marotta (“Marotta”) (collectively “Defendants”).2
(Dkt. # 25.) On October 26, 2016, the Court held a hearing on the motion:
Christopher J. Deeves, Esq, appeared on behalf of Plaintiff Eugene Cadena
1

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(d), the Court will treat the Motion
as a Motion for Summary Judgment because Defendants have presented matters
outside the pleadings, such as affidavits and deposition testimony.

2

Originally, police officers Daniel Scott and Catherine Gagnon had joined this
motion. However, on August 26, 2016, Plaintiff filed an unopposed motion to
dismiss these police officers with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 41(a)(2). (Dkt. # 32.) Accordingly, the Court issued an order granting
the motion and dismissing the case with prejudice against Scott and Gagnon. (Dkt.
# 33.)
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(“Cadena” or “Plaintiff”); Mark Kosanovich, Esq., appeared on behalf of
Defendants. After careful consideration of the memoranda filed in support of and
in opposition to, as well as the arguments advanced at the hearing, the Court, for
the reasons that follow, GRANTS Defendants’ Motion (Dkt. # 25).
BACKGROUND
This case arises out of events occurring at the conclusion of a joint
bachelor and bachelorette party, and those events are undisputed. On the evening
of July 6, 2013, Cadena and his wife attended a combined bachelor and
bachelorette party at the Hotel Valencia, located in downtown San Antonio, Texas.
(“Cadena Dep.,” Dkt. # 25admits that he “drank a little alcohol.” (Id. at 32:13.) At approximately 1:00 a.m.
on July 7, 2013, a San Antonio police officer arrested Cadena’s wife in the Hotel
Valencia’s lobby where she was publically intoxicated to such an extent that she
had urinated on herself. (“Scott Aff.,” Dkt. # 25, Ex. A.)
Shortly thereafter, Cadena arrived and started using his cell phone to
record the scene. (“Cell Phone Video,” Dkt. # 25, Ex. F.) Cadena’s cell phone
footage captures a conversation with Police Officer Tim Garcia, a non-party to this
suit. (Id.) The footage captures Cadena first admitting he was intoxicated by
stating he was “not overly intoxicated,” but then stating he was not “intoxicated at
all.” (Id.

iguez states that
2

“Cadena smelled of intoxicants, had bloodshot eyes, was unsteady on his feet and
had slurred speech.” (“Rodriguez Aff.,” Dkt. 25, Ex. B.) Officer Garcia asked
Cadena to leave the scene because his presence was agitating his wife, who can be
heard screaming in the background as she sits handcuffed on the floor. (Cell
Phone Video
After being asked to leave the scene to avoid both interference with
police work and the agitation of his wife, surveillance video footage from the Hotel
Valencia shows Cadena walking towards his wife, who was surrounded by police
officers. (“Surveillance Video,” Dkt # 25
unambiguously shows multiple police officers standing in his way, and pulling
Cadena back from his wife. 3 (Id.

3:18.) As a result, Cadena begins to

walk away from the scene. (Id. at 3:27.) However, within seconds Cadena
reverses course and pivots back to the scene. (Id.
# 30, Ex. A.) Cadena walks around a pillar and up to Officer Rodriguez who told

3

During his deposition Cadena states that at this point an officer shoved him in the
back, and he characterizes this alleged action as an assault. (Cadena Dep. at
Cadena’s account; his back was
never to a police officer, and the video unequivocally shows that he was never
shoved in the back at this time. Instead, the video shows officers using their hands
to escort Cadena away from his wife. In response, Cadena attempts to walk
Therefore, the
Court “need not rely on plaintiff’s description of the facts where the record
discredits that description but should instead consider ‘the facts in the light
depicted by the video.’” Carnaby v. City of Houston, 636 F.3d 183, 187 (5th Cir.
2011).
3

Cadena “to put his hands behind his back.” (Rodriguez Aff. at 2.) Cadena
immediately responds “No, I’m not” multiple times, retracts his arm, and back
pedals away.

.)

The Surveillance Video continues to show Cadena resist Officer
Rodriquez’s attempt to place him under arrest. Officer Ray then assists Officer
Rodriguez by grabbing the back of Cadena’s neck, and the two officers wrestle
Cadena to the ground. (Id.

Once on the ground, the video shows

Cadena continuing to resist arrest to such a degree that four police officers are
unable to get control of his body. (Id.
police officers never punched or struck Cadena, but instead appeared to kneel on
his body to hold him in place.4 (Id.
During this struggle, Officer Marotta arrived in the hotel lobby. He
observed that Cadena’s hands were free and that he was attempting to roll over
while the four officers struggled to arrest him. (“Marotta Aff.,” Dkt. # 25, Ex. C.)
Marotta un-holstered his electronic control device, commonly referred to as a taser.
(Id.). Marotta fired the taser into Cadena’s back, and administered a five second
impulse shock. (Id.
4

After the first shock,

Cadena states under oath that he “recall[s] being struck” and that “there was

that “I don’t know if they punched me, but they did drive knees into me.” (Id. at
The surveillance video discredits Cadena’s description of the facts,
and the Court will not consider the evidence in the light most favorable to him, but
instead in the light depicted by the video. See Carnaby, 636 F.3d at 187.
4

Marotta delivered a second impulse shock because Cadena continued to resist.
(Surveillance Video at 3:57.) At this point, the officers were able to handcuff
Cadena.
On July 7, 2015, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit. (Dkt. # 1.) On February
10, 2016, Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint. (Dkt. # 17.) Plaintiff
asserts various causes of action under the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Id.)
He seeks compensatory and punitive damages. (Id.)
On July 20, 2016, Defendants filed their Motion for Summary
Judgment. (Dkt. # 25.) On August 26, 2016, Plaintiff filed his Response. (Dkt.
# 30.) On August 30, 2016, Defendants filed a Reply. (Dkt. # 32.)
I.

Summary Judgment Standard
A court must grant summary judgment when “the movant shows that

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Meadaa v. K.A.P.
Enterprises, L.L.C., 756 F.3d 875, 880 (5th Cir. 2014). “Substantive law will
identify which facts are material.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
248 (1986). A dispute is only genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable
jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id.

5

In seeking summary judgment, the moving party bears the initial
burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). If the moving party meets this burden,
the nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts that establish the
existence of a genuine issue for trial. Distribuidora Mari Jose, S.A. de C.V. v.
Transmaritime, Inc., 738 F.3d 703, 706 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Allen v. Rapides
Parish Sch. Bd., 204 F.3d 619, 621 (5th Cir. 2000)). “Where the record taken as a
whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there
is no genuine issue for trial.” Hillman v. Loga, 697 F.3d 299, 302 (5th Cir. 2012).
In deciding whether a fact issue has been created, “the court must
draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not
make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence.” Kevin M. Ehringer
Enters. v. McData Servs. Corp., 646 F.3d 321, 326 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Reeves
v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000)). However,
“[u]nsubstantiated assertions, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation
are not sufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment.” United States v.
Renda Marine, Inc., 667 F.3d 651, 655 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting Brown v. City of
Hous., 337 F.3d 539, 541 (5th Cir. 2003)).
“Although we review evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, [the Fifth Circuit] assign[s] greater weight, even at the summary
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judgment stage, to the facts evident from the video recordings taken at the scene.”
Carnaby v. City of Houston, 636 F.3d 183, 187 (5th Cir. 2011). “A [court] need
not rely on plaintiff’s description of the facts where the record discredits that
description but should instead consider ‘the facts in the light depicted by the
video.’” Id. (quoting Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 381 (2007)).
II.

Qualified Immunity
“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials

from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known. Qualified immunity gives government officials breathing room to
make reasonable but mistaken judgments, and protects all but the plainly
incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Thompson v. Mercer, 762
F.3d
Once a defendant raises qualified immunity as a defense, the burden
shifts to the plaintiff to show a violation of a clearly established constitutional
right. Harris v. Serpas, 745 F.3d 767, 771 (5th Cir. 2014). Accordingly, when a
defendant pleads qualified immunity as an affirmative defense and moves for
summary judgment, a court must decide: “(1) whether the undisputed facts and the
disputed facts, accepting the plaintiff’s version of the disputed facts as true,
constitute a violation of a constitutional right; and (2) whether the defendant’s
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conduct was objectively reasonable in light of clearly established law.” Carroll v.
Ellington, 800 F.3d 154, 169 (5th Cir. 2015). A court may determine these
questions in any order. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). As to
the second prong, a government official’s acts are not objectively unreasonable
unless all reasonable officials in the defendant’s circumstances would have then
known that the defendant’s conduct violated the plaintiff’s rights. Carroll, 800
F.3d at 169.
DISCUSSION
I.

First Amendment Claim
As is the Court’s discretion, the Court begins its analysis of the

second prong. The second prong of the qualified immunity analysis requires a
court to decide “whether the defendant’s conduct was objectively reasonable in
light of clearly established law.” Carroll, 800 F.3d at 169. Here, Cadena seems to
assert that Defendants arrested him in retaliation for exercising his First
Amendment right to video-tape his wife’s arrest. (Am. Compl. ¶¶
However, the Court finds that he has failed to meet his burden to overcome
Defendants’ assertion of qualified immunity because there is no evidence that the
Defendants acted unreasonably. 5 Upon review of the video evidence and sworn

5

To the extent Cadena tries to articulate the “clearly established” prong, he fails.
Cadena cites no case law that he had a clearly established right to videotape police
arresting his wife. Instead, he cites a 2015 case from this district finding “the right
8

testimony, the Court finds that there is no objective or subjective evidence that
Cadena was arrested in retaliation for video-taping his wife’s arrest. To be clear,
Cadena testified that no police officer ever told him to stop filming his wife’s
arrest. (Cadena Dep.
Alternatively, even if Cadena had met his burden, he has failed to
show a violation of that right. The right in question is not the general right to be
free from retaliation for one’s speech or exercise thereof, “but the more specific
right to be free from a retaliatory arrest that is otherwise supported by probable
cause.” Reichle v. Howards, 132 S. Ct. 2088, 2094 (2012). The Supreme Court
“has never held” that there is a right to be free from a retaliatory arrest that is
otherwise supported by probable cause. Id. Accordingly, if a plaintiff’s arrest is
based on probable cause, he or she may not state a First Amendment retaliation
claim. Mesa v. Prejean, 543 F.3d 264, 273 (5th Cir. 2008). “Probable cause exists
when the totality of the facts and circumstances within a police officer’s
knowledge at the moment of arrest are sufficient for a reasonable person to

to photograph and videotape police officers as they perform their official duties
was clearly established.” Buehler v. City of Austin, No. A-13-CV-1100-ML, 2015
WL 737031, at *9 (W.D. Tex. Feb. 20, 2015). However, Cadena was arrested in
2013, so Buehler lacks any analytical force to demonstrate the existence of a
constitutional right during the time of his arrest. Since Cadena fails to otherwise
show the existence of a clearly established right to videotape police operations, he
has failed to meet his burden to overcome the assertion of qualified immunity. In
any event, the Court need not reach this question because Cadena has presented no
evidence that he was arrested in retaliation for filming his wife.
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conclude that the suspect had committed or was committing an offense.”
Haggerty v. Tex. S. Univ., 391 F.3d 653, 655 (5th Cir. 2004). Under Texas law, “a
person commits an offense if the person with criminal negligence interrupts,
disrupts, impedes, or otherwise interferes with a peace officer while the peace
officer is performing a duty or exercising authority imposed or granted by law.” 6
Tex. Penal Code § 38.15. However, a statutory defense exists if the alleged
“interruption, disruption, impediment or interference . . . consisted of speech.” Id.
§ 38.15(d).
In this case, there is no genuine dispute of material fact that probable
cause existed to arrest Cadena for interfering with official police duties. The cell
phone video clearly establishes that Officer Garcia told Cadena that his continued
presence in the area was agitating his wife, and thus interfering with the officers’
exercise of their authority to arrest her. (Cell Phone Video.) Indeed, Cadena
acknowledges this risk by agreeing to follow Officer Garcia’s order to leave the
hotel lobby. (Id.; Cadena Dep. at

Cadena starts to leave, but instead

6

“A person acts with criminal negligence, or is criminally negligent, with respect
to circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his conduct when he
ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist
or the result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that the
failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an
ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the
actor's standpoint.” Tex. Penal Code. § 6.03
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comes back and approaches Officer Rodriguez. 7 (Surveillance Video at
Officer Rodriguez has given an unrefuted sworn statement that
“[w]hen I saw Cadena come around the pillar, he headed toward the group of
officers including [the officer arresting Cadena’s wife].” (Rodriguez Aff. at 2.)
The surveillance video corroborates the fact that Cadena walked towards the
officers arresting his wife. Accordingly, due to Cadena’s return to the scene after
acknowledging that his presence was interfering with police operations, Officer
Rodriguez had probable cause to arrest Cadena for violating Section 38.15 of the
Texas Penal Code.
Cadena’s sworn assertion that he did not return to interfere with his
wife’s arrest is an immaterial fact. (Cadena Aff.) Instead, Cadena states that he
returned to determine who allegedly shoved him. (Id.) A probable cause
determination is made from “circumstances within a police officer’s knowledge at
the moment of arrest.” Haggerty, 391 F.3d at 655. Accordingly, Officer
Rodriguez’s knowledge, not Cadena’s knowledge, is the material perspective. As
stated above, it is undisputed that Officer Rodriguez believed Cadena was heading
toward the officers arresting his wife.

7

Cadena states he came back to the scene to determine why Officer Rodriguez had

is irrelevant.
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Finally, Cadena’s conduct that created probable cause did not consist
of speech. “Texas courts have recognized that merely arguing with police officers
about the propriety of their conduct . . . falls within the speech exception to section
38.15.” Freeman v. Gore, 483 F.3d 404, 414 (5th Cir. 2007) (citing Carney v.
State, 31 S.W.3d 392, 394, 398 (Tex. Ct. App. 2000)). Here, Cadena did more
than just argue with the police and talk to his wife from afar; after being told to
leave the scene, Cadena doubled back and walked toward the officers arresting his
wife, thus threatening the safety of the arresting officers and creating probable
cause that he was interfering and disrupting the police. Therefore, Cadena may not
avail himself of the statutory defense.8
Accordingly, all officers are entitled to qualified immunity from
Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim. Alternatively, Plaintiff may not state a First
Amendment claim for retaliatory arrest because his arrest was otherwise supported
by probable cause.
II.

Fourth Amendment Excessive Force Claim
One prong of qualified immunity is whether a defendant’s conduct

violated a constitutional right. Hogan v. Cunningham, 722 F.3d 725, 734 (5th Cir.
2013). To state a violation of the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on excessive
force, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) an injury that (2) resulted directly and only from

8

Indeed, Cadena has not raised this defense in his Response.
12

the use of force that was excessive to the need, and that (3) the force used was
objectively unreasonable.” Id. (quoting Flores v. City of Palacios, 381 F.3d 391,
396 (5th Cir. 2004)). Under the third element, whether the use of force was
objectively unreasonable depends on the “totality of the circumstances.”
Tennessee v. Garner

(1985); Schaefer v. Whitted, 121 F. Supp. 3d

circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime at issue,
whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or
others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by
flight.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989).
The “reasonableness” of a particular use of force “must be judged
from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than on the 20/20
vision of hindsight.” Id.; Rockwell v. Brown, 664 F.3d 985, 991 (5th Cir. 2011).
Indeed, “not every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the
peace of a judge’s chambers” constitutes a Fourth Amendment violation. Graham,
490 U.S. at 396 (citation omitted). The determination of reasonableness must take
into account the fact that “police officers are often forced to make split-second

the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” Id. at 397.

13

The “reasonableness” inquiry is an objective one: “the question is
whether the officers’ actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and
circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or
motivation.” Id. (citing Scott
evil intentions will not make a Fourth Amendment violation out of an objectively
reasonable use of force.” Id.
A. The Take-Down by Officers Rodriguez and Ray
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Cadena, but also
as depicted by the Surveillance Video, the Court finds that the use of force applied
by Officers Rodriguez and Ray was objectively reasonable given the totality of the
circumstances. An arrest “necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree
of physical coercion.” Bush v. Strain, 513 F.3d 492, 502 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting
Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). Here, after being told to leave the lobby, Cadena
returned to the scene where the officers were arresting his wife. Interference with
police officers is a serious crime because such conduct affects the safety of the
officers, those who may be in their custodial control, and innocent bystanders.
Further, Cadena’s movements towards the officers made it objectively reasonable
for Officer Rodriguez to believe that Cadena posed a threat to his fellow officers
because he doubled back on the scene after being told to leave. Finally, Cadena
visibly resisted arrest by backing away from Office Rodriguez and refusing to
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surrender his arms. After Officer Rodriguez told Cadena to “put his hands behind
his back,” Cadena repeatedly stated “No I’m not,” while backing away. (Cell
:44.) Once on the ground, the surveillance video
unambiguously shows Cadena actively struggling with officers attempting to place
him in handcuffs. Accordingly, grabbing the back of Cadena’s neck, wrestling him
to the ground, and kneeling on his back to hold him in place were objectively
reasonable uses of force given the totality of the circumstances. See Poole v. City
of Shreveport, 691 F.3d 624 (5th Cir. 2012).
B. The Use of a Taser by Officer Marotta
Here, the Court has no trouble finding that Officer Marotta’s two-time
usage of a taser to arrest Cadena was objectively reasonable. The Fifth Circuit has
found the use of a taser objectively reasonable where an individual resists arrest by
fighting with officers. Galvan v. City of San Antonio, 435 F. App’x 309, 311 (5th
Cir. 2010); Poole, 691 F.3d 624, 629 (5th Cir. 2012) (holding that an officer’s use
of a taser was objectively reasonable because the individual did not obey orders);
see Carroll v. Ellington, 800 F.3d 154 (5th Cir. 2015). The surveillance video
clearly depicts Cadena resisting arrest once on the ground. Indeed, the surveillance
video shows Cadena resisting the force of four officers. Officer Marotta gave a
warning by yelling “taser, taser, taser” before discharging the first taser shot into
Cadena. (Marotta Aff.) The surveillance video shows Cadena continue to resist,
15

so Officer Marotta issued a second jolt of electricity. (Id.) Since Cadena can be
seen resisting, it was necessary and reasonable for Officer Marotta to issue a
second jolt of electricity. At this point, Cadena finally acquiesced to Defendants.
Accordingly, given the “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving” situation as
depicted in the surveillance video, the Court finds that Officer Marotta’s use of a
taser was objectively reasonable and not clearly excessive. Graham, 490 U.S at
397.
III.

False Prosecution
Cadena asserts that Defendants violated his First and Fourteenth

Amendment rights because they “continued their false prosecution of [him]
without probable cause.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 13.) The use of the term “false
prosecution,” like the term “malicious prosecution,” describes “a wide range of
events attending a filing of criminal charges.” Castellano v. Fragozo, 353 F.3d
939, 945 (5th Cir. 2003). No matter the form, “causing charges to be filed without
probable cause will not without more violate the Constitution.” Id. at 953. Here,
the Court has explained that there is no genuine dispute that Defendants had
probable cause to arrest Cadena for violating Section 38.15 of the Texas Penal
Code. Further, even if Defendants lacked probable cause, Cadena has failed to
offer any evidence of “additional government acts” that could “give rise to claims
of constitutional deprivation” that would amount to false prosecution. Id.
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Accordingly, to the extent Cadena asserts a constitutional cause of action for false
prosecution, the Court will grant summary judgment in favor of Defendants.
IV.

Conspiracy Claim
Finally, Cadena contends that Defendants willfully deprived him of

his constitutional rights by “conspiring to and/or engaging in conduct which
caused, encouraged, and continued violations of [his] civil rights” (Am. Compl.
¶ 16.) Cadena fails identify the specific federal statute under which he asserts a
conspiracy cause of action.
To succeed on a Section 1983 conspiracy claim, “a plaintiff must
establish (1) the existence of a conspiracy involving state action and (2) a
deprivation of civil rights in furtherance of the conspiracy by a party to the
conspiracy.” Pfannstiel v. City of Marion, 918 F.2d 1178, 1187 (5th Cir. 1990),
receded from on other grounds by Duckett v. City of Cedar Park, Tex., 950 F.2d
272 (5th Cir. 2010). It is well settled that “‘mere conclusory allegations of
conspiracy cannot, absent reference to material facts,’ state a substantial claim of
federal conspiracy.” McAfee v. 5th Circuit Judges, 884 F.2d 221, 222 (5th Cir.
1989). In this case, Defendants have shown that there is an absence of evidence
that a conspiracy existed. Further, Cadena has failed to meet his burden of
showing the existence of a genuine dispute of any material fact as to this claim.
Indeed, Cadena has proffered no evidence that Defendants entered into an
17

agreement with each other or in any way conspired among each other to deprive
him of his civil rights. Accordingly, the Court will grant summary judgment on
this claim in favor of Defendants.
CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, the Court finds that Defendants are
entitled to qualified immunity from all claims. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. # 25). The Court ORDERS
that all claims against Christopher Ray, Craig Rodriguez, and Michael Marotta be
DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all claims against Grant
Reudemann and Ruben Martinez be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) because Plaintiff has not served them with
process within 90 days of filing the Amended Complaint. Claims against these
officers are with prejudice because re-filing would be futile as a matter of law.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATE: San Antonio, Texas, October 27, 2016.

_____________________________________
DAVID ALAN EZRA
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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