AHBP LLC v. The Lynd Company et al
Filing
50
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART #27 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim Signed by Judge Xavier Rodriguez. (mgr)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
SAN ANTONIO DIVISION
AHBP LLC,
Plaintiff
-vsTHE LYND COMPANY, BIO SUPPLIES
LLC, VIA CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES
LLC,
Defendants
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SA-22-CV-00096-XR
ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS
On this date, the Court considered the motion to dismiss filed by Defendants The Lynd
Company and Bio Supplies LLC (ECF No. 27), Plaintiff’s response (ECF No. 34), Defendants’
reply (ECF No. 35), and the parties’ arguments at the hearing held on June 14, 2022. After careful
consideration, the Court issues the following order.
BACKGROUND
In the summer of 2020, in the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Plaintiff AHBP,
LLC (“AHBP”) began negotiating with Defendants The Lynd Company (“Lynd”) and Bio
Supplies LLC (“Bio Supplies,” and, together with Lynd “the Lynd Defendants”) for the exclusive
license to market and sell a surface disinfectant/cleaner known as “Bioprotect 500” (the “Product”)
in Argentina. ECF No. 25 ¶ 1. Plaintiff alleges that the Lynd Defendants made false representations
about the quality of the Product, including that it was effective against the virus that causes
COVID-19 and that it would meet the governmental standards for approval by Argentina’s
National Administration of Drugs, Foods and Medical Devices (“ANMAT”), as required to sell
the Product in Argentina. Id. ¶ 2.
I.
Formation of Bio Supplies and Publication of Press Release
Plaintiff alleges that, on May 5, 2020, the owners of the Lynd Company, Adam Lynd and
Matthew Merritt, caused the incorporation of Bio Supplies, LLC on May 5, 2020, as “a shell
company to insulate The Lynd Company from any and all liability arising from the Product.” Id.
¶ 13. The Lynd Defendants have a substantial overlap in ownership, management, officers, and
employees, including Adam Lynd and Matthew Merritt. Id. ¶ 9. Plaintiff alleges that this overlap
also extends to day-to-day operations: the owners, directors, and employees of both entities use
Lynd email addresses to conduct business purportedly on behalf of Bio Supplies; Bio Supplies
uses Lynd’s office to conduct business; and Lynd uses its own assets, resources, and finances to
operate Bio Supplies while collecting its profits. Id. ¶¶ 9, 16–19.
On May 21, 2020, approximately two weeks after Bio Supplies was formed, Lynd issued
a press release for the Product (the “Press Release”), titled “LYND To Disinfect & Protect
Apartments with BIOPROTECTUs System.” Id. ¶ 14. In the Press Release, Lynd announced its
own purported use of the Product, advertised the Product as effective against the coronavirus, and
directed potential purchasers to purchase the Product “through www.biosupplies.com.” Id. The
Press Release did not disclose that Lynd and its owners also owned and controlled Bio Supplies.
Id. Thus, Plaintiff contends that readers “would have been left with the impression that The Lynd
Company was an uninvolved third-party that was so impressed with the Product, it issued its own
press release.” Id. “In reality,” Plaintiff alleges, “the Press Release was deliberately designed to
hide The Lynd Company’s self-interest in increasing sales of the Product and dupe unsuspecting
customers into purchasing the Product to increase The Lynd Company’s revenue.” Id.
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II.
Negotiations and Contract Between Plaintiff and the Lynd Defendants
As the COVID-19 pandemic ravaged Argentina in the summer of 2020, Plaintiff began
negotiating with Bio Supplies, primarily through Matthew Merritt (an owner and officer of both
Bio Supplies and The Lynd Company), to market and sell Bioprotect 500, which Bio Supplies and
Via Clean held out as a disinfectant/cleaner manufactured by Via Clean that would effectively
destroy the virus that causes COVID-19. Id. ¶ 15.
Plaintiff alleges that, during these negotiations, Bio Supplies, acting through officers and
employees of The Lynd Company, held itself out to Plaintiff as being one with the Lynd Company.
Id. ¶ 16. For example, all of Bio Supplies’ email communications to Plaintiff were sent from email
accounts of employees of The Lynd Company and contained The Lynd Company’s information in
the emails’ signature blocks. Id. Moreover, David Lynd represented to Plaintiff during telephone
calls in August and September 2020 that The Lynd Company intended to buy Via Clean, so that
The Lynd Company would have full vertical control over the Product from manufacture—through
Via Clean—to distribution and licensing—through Bio Supplies—implying that The Lynd
Company already dominated and controlled Bio Supplies. David Lynd also allegedly advised
Plaintiff through a Lynd email account, that “we” (i.e., Lynd and Bio Supplies) distribute and sell
the Product. Id. ¶ 18. In short, BioSupplies’ statements and conduct, made by and through Lynd
employees, allegedly “caused Plaintiff to believe that The Lynd Company stood behind Bio
Supplies in terms of providing resources and operations for the distribution of the Product.” Id. ¶
19.
Plaintiff alleges that, during contract negotiations throughout August and September 2020,
it advised Bio Supplies that it needed certain information about the Product’s composition,
manufacturing and quality controls, toxicology, and shelf life in order to obtain approval from
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ANMAT (Argentina’s version of the FDA) to sell the Product in Argentina. Id. ¶ 20. Bio Supplies
responded that it could not provide the requested information due to confidentiality concerns.
Plaintiff repeatedly advised that receipt of this information was vital to Plaintiff’s decision to sign
an agreement to purchase, sell, and market the Product. Id.
Plaintiff asserts that Bio Supplies—through Lynd Company employees David Lynd,
Matthew Merritt, and Christopher Jett, each of whom used Lynd Company email addresses—
repeatedly confirmed to AHBP over those two months that the Product would meet the applicable
standards and promised to provide the relevant information once the parties signed a written
contract. Id. ¶ 21. Despite these representations, Plaintiff alleges that Bio Supplies knew that the
Product would not, and could not, perform as Defendants claimed and could not meet ANMAT’s
standards to allow the Product to be sold in Argentina. Id. ¶ 23. Indeed, according to Plaintiff, Bio
Supplies at all times “intended to defraud Plaintiff by providing fraudulent, doctored laboratory
reports that grossly and falsely exaggerated the efficacy of the Product.” Id.
Unaware of this alleged scheme, Plaintiff relied on Bio Supplies’ representations
concerning the Product and its quality standards, “and with no way to verify them,” Plaintiff
entered into an Exclusivity and Resale Agreement with Bio Supplies, dated October 2020 (the
“Agreement”). Id. ¶¶ 22, 24. Under the Agreement, Bio Supplies agreed to grant Plaintiff an
exclusive license to sell the Product in Argentina. Id. ¶ 25. In return, the Agreement required
Plaintiff to purchase no less than $100,000 worth of the Product from Bio Supplies within 45 days
of execution of the Agreement and to spend no less than $350,000 to advertise and market the
Product in Argentina, with additional, escalating Product purchase requirements thereafter. Id.
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III.
Defendants’ Submission of Falsified Data to Plaintiff and ANMAT
Plaintiff alleges that, after entering into the Agreement, Bio Supplies—through Lynd
officers and employees, including Matthew Merritt—repeatedly promised to provide AHBP with
information supporting its purported two-year shelf life and identifying the Product’s composition,
manufacturing and quality controls, and toxicology. Id. ¶ 26. Relying upon these promises, and to
fulfill its contractual obligations under the Agreement, Plaintiff began preparing its media
campaign to market and sell the Product, including by hiring employees and designers, consulting
with lawyers, accountants, biologists and virologists, renting warehouse and office space, and
entering into contracts with buyers in Argentina. Id. ¶ 27.
Beginning on December 1, 2020, Bio Supplies, with the assistance of Via Clean, through
its officer and general manager Joseph Raich, provided Plaintiff with some of the requested
information, including several laboratory reports on the Product’s efficacy and chemical
composition. Id. ¶ 28. Finally, after repeated requests from Plaintiff, Bio Supplies and Via Clean
sent a stability report (the “Report”) on the Product performed by Cambridge Materials Testing
(“Cambridge”), a Canadian laboratory, to ANMAT in support of Plaintiff’s application to sell the
Product in Argentina. Id. Defendants also sent a copy of the Report to Plaintiff. Id.
After reviewing the Report, ANMAT posed a number of questions to Plaintiff about the
Product, including “why the Product’s ‘DMODA’ content was part of the calculation of the
Product’s ‘TPOA’ content.” Id. ¶ 29. Plaintiff alleges that it asked BioSupplies for the information
necessary to answer ANMAT’s questions, but Bio Supplies failed to respond. Id. ¶ 30. To obtain
answers, Plaintiff contacted Cambridge directly. Id. ¶ 31. Cambridge informed Plaintiff that the
version of the Report that had been sent to Plaintiff and ANMAT was “not the same as what we
had originally issued.” Id. Cambridge observed that the product identification in the Report
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submitted to ANMAT was different, and pointed out that “the TPOA values in the Table on page
3 have been altered . . . Please note, if you perform the equation with the numbers in the altered
report, the TPOA will not yield the values shown in the Table on page 3.” Id.
Plaintiff alleges that it immediately demanded answers from Bio Supplies and its agents
regarding the altered Report that Bio Supplies and Via Clean provided to ANMAT on Plaintiff’s
behalf. Id. ¶ 32. Plaintiff alleges that Bio Supplies—through David Lynd and Matthew Merritt—
and Via Clean—through Joseph Raich—initially denied altering the Report, claiming, among other
things, that “the lab reports had not been altered by anyone.” Id. ¶ 33.
Several weeks later, however, on March 5, 2021, Bio Supplies admitted that, along with
Via Clean, it had in fact provided ANMAT with a version of the Report that had been “modified
from the original.” Id. ¶ 34. “In other words,” Plaintiff asserts, “Defendants admitted that they
fraudulently provided Argentina’s version of the FDA with a falsified document on Plaintiff’s
behalf and in support of its application to sell the Product in Argentina.” Id. ¶ 35.
Plaintiff alleges that this admission “severely underplayed their fraud.” Id. ¶ 36. A
comparison of the “modified” version of the Report with the original revealed that the product on
which the Report was actually based was not the Product at all, but rather a different disinfectant
containing 72% of the Product’s active ingredient. Id. The Product contains a mere 5% of the same
ingredient. Id. According to Plaintiff, “not only would a product containing a super concentrated
amount of the active ingredient be expected to significantly outperform the Product, but it would
also have a much longer shelf life than the diluted Product.” Id. Thus, Plaintiff concludes that the
Report sent to ANMAT on its behalf did not represent the properties of the Product, and parts of
the Product information provided by Defendants were false and misleading. Id. ¶ 37.
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In further support of its claim that the Lynd Defendants misrepresented the quality and
utility of the Product, Plaintiff notes that, on March 31, 2021, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (“EPA”) issued a Stop Sale, Use or Removal Order (“Stop Order”) to Via Clean
ordering Via Clean to stop marketing the Product with claims that it was effective against public
health-related pathogens, including the virus that causes COVID-19. Id. ¶ 38.
Plaintiff asserts that, as a result of Defendants’ fraudulent scheme, it was unable to sell the
Product in Argentina—the only place in the world that Plaintiff has a license to sell the Product.
Id. ¶ 39. Plaintiff’s buyers refused to continue doing business with Plaintiff because Plaintiff could
not fulfill its obligations to deliver the Product, its business reputation was severely diminished,
and its pursuit of the media campaign was rendered a total loss. Id. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants
have caused damages in the amount of no less than $90,426,300, including $89,600,000 in lost
profits and $826,300 in out-of-pocket expenses. Id. ¶ 40.
IV.
Procedural History
Plaintiff filed its initial Complaint against Lynd, Bio Supplies and Via Clean on February
3, 2022. ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 1–2. On February 18, 2022, AHBP filed its First Amended Complaint
(“FAC”). ECF No. 15. Thereafter, all three Defendants filed motions to dismiss the FAC. ECF No.
22. On April 5, 2022, Rather than filing oppositions to the motions, AHBP filed a Second Amended
Complaint (“SAC”), the operative pleading. ECF No. 25.
The SAC asserts six causes of action against Lynd, Bio Supplies and ViaClean, alleging
claims for (1) fraudulent inducement; (2) fraud; (3) negligent misrepresentation; (4) violations of
the Lanham Act; (5) business disparagement; and (6) breach of contract, and seeking over $90
million in damages. Id. ¶¶ 41–83.
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Defendants Lynd and Bio Supplies (collectively, the “Lynd Defendants”) now move to
dismiss all of Plaintiff’s claims, on several bases. ECF No. 27. First, Defendants argue that all
claims against Lynd must be dismissed because the SAC fails to sufficiently allege that Lynd is
the alter ego of Bio Supplies, which is the only basis for AHBP’s causes of action against Lynd.
Id. at 13–19. Next, the Lynd Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claims sounding in fraud fail to
satisfy the heightened pleading standard under Rule 9(b). Id. at 21–26. With respect to Plaintiff’s
claim for violations of Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, the Lynd Defendants contend that, not
only does the SAC fail to sufficiently allege a claim for such a violation, but that Plaintiff lacks
standing to raise such a claim in the first place. Id. at 26–31. The SAC also fails to state a claim
for breach of contract, they argue, because AHBP fails to identify any specific provision of the
Agreement that Bio Supplies purportedly breached. Id. at 36–37. Finally, the Lynd Defendants
submit that the Agreement itself limits Plaintiff’s claims in two ways. First, they argue that
Plaintiff’s tort claims are barred by the economic loss doctrine. Id. at 33–36. Second, to the extent
Plaintiff’s claim for breach of contract survives, they assert that the portions of the SAC seeking
damages in excess of $100,000.00 must be dismissed pursuant to the limitations of liability
provision in the Agreement. Id. at 38–39. The Court will address each argument in turn.
DISCUSSION
I.
Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) allows a party to move for the dismissal of a
complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” To survive a motion to
dismiss, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff
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pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is
liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A claim for relief must contain: (1) “a
short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction”; (2) “a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to the relief”; and (3) “a demand for the
relief sought.” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a). A plaintiff “must provide enough factual allegations to draw
the reasonable inference that the elements exist.” Innova Hosp. San Antonio, L.P. v. Blue Cross &
Blue Shield of Ga., Inc., 995 F. Supp. 2d 587, 602 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 3, 2014) (citing Patrick v. Wal–
Mart, Inc.-Store No. 155, 681 F.3d 614, 617 (5th Cir. 2012)); see also Torch Liquidating Trust ex
rel. Bridge Assocs. L.L.C. v. Stockstill, 561 F.3d 377, 384 (5th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he complaint must
contain either direct allegations or permit properly drawn inferences to support every material
point necessary to sustain recovery”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
“Claims alleging fraud and fraudulent inducement are subject to the requirements of Rule
9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Schnurr v. Preston, No. 5:17–CV–512–DAE, 2018
WL 8584292, at *3 (W.D. Tex., May 29, 2018). Rule 9(b) states that “[i]n alleging fraud or
mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.”
FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b). “[A]rticulating the elements of fraud with particularity requires a plaintiff to
specify the statements contended to be fraudulent, identify the speaker, state when and where the
statements were made, and explain why the statements were fraudulent.” Williams v. VMX
Technologies, Inc., 112 F.3d 175, 177 (5th Cir. 1997). “Directly put, the who, what, when, and
where must be laid out.” Id. at 178. “Facts and circumstances constituting charged fraud must be
specifically demonstrated and cannot be presumed from vague allegations.” Howard v. Sun Oil
Co., 404 F.2d 596, 601 (5th Cir. 1968). “Anything less fails to provide defendants with adequate
notice of the nature and grounds of the claim.” Hart v. Bayer Corp., 199 F.3d 239, 247 n.6 (5th
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Cir. 2000). “Although the language of Rule 9(b) confines its requirements to claims of . . . fraud,
the requirements of the rule apply to all cases where the gravamen of the claim is fraud even though
the theory supporting the claim is not technically termed fraud.” Frith v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
Am., 9 F. Supp. 2d 734, 742 (S.D. Tex. March 31, 1998).
In considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), all factual allegations from the
complaint should be taken as true, and the facts are to be construed in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party. Fernandez-Montes v. Allied Pilots Assoc., 987 F.2d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 1993).
Still, a complaint must contain “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of
the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. “‘[N]aked assertions’
devoid of ‘further factual enhancement,’” and “threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of
action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” are not entitled to the presumption of truth.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557); see also R2 Invs. LDC v. Phillips, 401
F.3d 638, 642 (5th Cir. 2005) (stating that the Court should neither “strain to find inferences
favorable to plaintiffs” nor accept “conclusory allegations, unwarranted deductions, or legal
conclusions.”).
II.
Analysis
A.
Veil-Piercing Claims Against Lynd
Defendants argue that the claims against Lynd premised on Bio Supplies’ conduct must be
dismissed because the factual allegations in the SAC are insufficient to justify disregarding the
corporate form. ECF No. 27 at 13–19.
“Under Texas’s choice-of-law rules, whether a corporation, LLC, or individual may be
held liable pursuant to a veil-piercing theory is determined by the law of the state in which the
entity is organized.” Ogbonna v. USPLabs, LLC, No. EP–13–CV–347–KC, 2014 WL 2592097, at
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*5 (W.D. Tex. June 10, 2014). As Lynd was formed in Texas, Texas law will determine whether
Lynd can be held responsible for the alleged acts of Bio Supplies. ECF No. 25 ¶ 7. Under Texas
law, claims to disregard the corporate statutes fall into three categories: “(1) the corporation is the
alter ego of its owners and/or shareholders; (2) the corporation is used for illegal purposes; and (3)
the corporation is used as a sham to perpetrate a fraud.” W. Horizontal Drilling, Inc. v. Jonnet
Energy Corp., 11 F.3d 65, 67 (5th Cir. 1994); see also Castleberry v. Branscum, 721 S.W.2d 270,
272 & nn. 2–3 (Tex. 1986) (listing the grounds for veil-piercing). Whether a plaintiff may pierce
an entity’s veil pursuant to either the alter ego theory or the sham to perpetrate a fraud theory
depends on whether the plaintiff’s claims sound in tort or contract. Ogbonna, 2014 WL 2592097,
at *8. Whereas a tort claimant may freely pierce the veil under either of these theories, a contract
claimant may only pierce the veil if the defendant has also committed an actual fraud against the
plaintiff for the defendant’s direct personal benefit. Id. That is, the contract claimant must show
that the “holder, beneficial owner, subscriber, or affiliate caused the corporation to be used for the
purpose of perpetrating and did perpetrate an actual fraud on the obligee primarily for the direct
personal benefit of the holder, beneficial owner, subscriber, or affiliate.” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE §
21.223(b).
In Texas, “[a]lter ego comes into play where a corporation is organized and operated as a
mere tool or business conduit of another corporation.” Adams Offshore Ltd. v. OSA Int’l, LLC, No.
H–09–0465, 2011 WL 4625371, at *9 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 30, 2011). “Parties are not [] jointly liable
for a corporation’s obligations ‘merely because they were part of a single business enterprise,’ i.e.,
‘merely because of centralized control, mutual purposes, and shared finances.’” Robinson, 390
S.W.3d at 508. “Rather, ‘[d]isregarding the corporate structure involves two considerations’: (1)
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“the relationship between [the] two entities” and (2) “whether the entities’ use of limited liability
was illegitimate.” Id.
Plaintiff has adequately alleged that Bio Supplies was organized and operated as a mere
tool or business conduit of Lynd. Plaintiff alleges that Lynd’s owners created Bio Supplies mere
weeks before negotiating with Plaintiff as a shell entity to knowingly sell a defective product and
insulate Lynd from liability, while the revenue from selling the Product “would go directly to The
Lynd Company.” ECF No. 25 ¶¶ 13–14. Plaintiff further asserts that Bio Supplies communicated
with Plaintiff through Lynd officers/employees David Lynd, Matthew Merritt, and Christopher
Jett, using Lynd email accounts with Lynd signature blocks, suggesting that Bio Supplies and Lynd
were one in the same. Id. ¶16. Moreover, during telephone calls in August and September 2020,
David Lynd allegedly represented to Plaintiff that The Lynd Company intended to buy ViaClean
so that Lynd would have “full vertical control” over the manufacture and distribution of the
Product, creating an inference that Lynd also controlled Bio Supplies. Id. ¶ 17. As detailed above,
the Lynd Defendants have a substantial overlap in ownership, officers and management, and Bio
Supplies operates from Lynd’s office space. Id. ¶ 9. These facts are sufficient to establish that Lynd
and Bio Supplies were part of a single business enterprise. Adams Offshore, 2011 WL 4625371, at
*9 (denying motion to dismiss where plaintiffs alleged that two entities were controlled by the
same officers). Accordingly, the Court will turn to Plaintiff’s allegations of “actual fraud.” TEX.
BUS. ORGS. CODE § 21.223(b) (permitting disregard of corporate fiction when actual fraud was
done “primarily for the direct personal benefit” of the corporate owner or affiliate).
“‘Actual fraud’ is defined as ‘involv[ing] dishonesty of purpose or intent to deceive.’” See
Spring St. Partners–IV, L.P. v. Lam, 730 F.3d 427, 442 (5th Cir. 2013). (quoting Tryco Enters.,
Inc. v. Robinson, 390 S.W.3d 497, 508 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, writ dism’d)).
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Importantly, “in the context of piercing the corporate veil, actual fraud is not equivalent to the tort
of fraud.” Latham v. Burgher, 320 S.W.3d 602, 607 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.). Indeed,
“the requirements for showing actual fraud are less burdensome than those for establishing fraud.”
Weston Grp., Inc. v. Sw. Home Health Care, LP, No. 3:12-CV-1964-G, 2014 WL 940329, at *2
(N.D. Tex. Mar. 11, 2014) (emphasis added).
“Since actual fraud requires showing ‘dishonesty of purpose or intent to deceive,’” see
Archer v. Griffith, 390 S.W.2d 735, 740 (Tex. 1964), establishing actual fraud is controlled by
9(b)’s guideline that “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be
alleged generally.” FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b) (emphasis added). In practice, Courts may deduce
fraudulent intent from all of the facts and circumstances of a given case. See Matter of Chastant,
873 F.2d 89, 91 (5th Cir. 1989); Weston Grp., 2014 WL 940329, at *2 (“[C]ourts generally look
at the totality of a shareholder’s actions to determine whether he committed actual fraud.”); see,
e.g., Spring St. Partners, 730 F.3d at 445 (finding actual fraud where the defendant created an LLC
to shift assets and allowed the company’s charter to lapse after litigation began); In re Arnette, 454
B.R. 663, 694–95 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2011) (holding that a party committed actual fraud by making
material misrepresentations, failing to disclose important information, and never intending to
comply with the terms of the parties’ agreement); Latham, 320 S.W.3d at 610 (“A rational juror
could also have decided Latham’s conduct in dissolving the corporation in the face of Burgher’s
claim represented dishonesty of purpose or an intent to deceive, i.e., actual fraud.”).
Without ever defining the term, the Lynd Defendants appear to view the “actual fraud”
showing not as an independent evidentiary requirement for piercing the corporate veil but as an
additional element to be superimposed onto a claim for common-law fraud. ECF No. 27 at 14–16
(suggesting that Plaintiff has failed to allege “actual fraud” because the allegations of fraud in the
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SAC do not satisfy Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirements). In other words, the Lynd
Defendants interpret “actual fraud” as a more demanding showing than “fraud.” There are multiple
reasons to doubt the Lynd Defendants’ reading of the veil-piercing requirements.
First, the Lynd Defendant’s focus on common-law fraud is misplaced because the
appropriate counterpart to “actual fraud” is not “fraud” but “constructive fraud.” See Archer, 390
S.W.2d at 740. “Actual fraud” involves “dishonesty of purpose or intent to deceive, whereas
constructive fraud is the breach of some legal or equitable duty which, irrespective of moral guilt,
the law declares fraudulent because of its tendency to deceive others, to violate confidence, or to
injure public interests.” Id.
Second, as a practical matter, Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirements is at odds with
the totality-of-the-circumstances approach courts have taken in assessing “actual fraud”—a
plaintiff would be required to lay out the “the who, what, when, and where” with respect to each
“circumstance” bearing on the defendant’s state of mind. Weston Grp., 2014 WL 940329, at *2;
Williams, 112 F.3d at 177. Even then, it is very unlikely that the actions showing an individual’s
“intent to deceive” would independently support a claim for common-law fraud. Indeed, much of
the relevant conduct would amount to routine business matters—forming and dissolving entities,
transferring funds and ownership interests, executing contracts, sending invoices, marketing
products—that, absent “dishonesty of purpose or intent to deceive,” would not amount to
wrongdoing at all. See Spring St. Partners, 730 F.3d at 445 (creation of LLC was evidence of
actual fraud); Latham, 320 S.W.3d at 610 (dissolution of corporation was sufficient to establish
actual fraud). The very purpose of the intent inquiry is to determine whether the defendant used
otherwise legitimate corporate structures and procedures to achieve dishonest ends.
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Finally, the Lynd Defendants’ proposed interpretation of actual fraud would seem to
obviate the need for veil-piercing under most circumstances. That is, if every contract claimant
seeking to pierce the corporate veil must come armed with an independently actionable claim for
fraud against the targeted shareholder, why bother with veil-piercing in the first place? After all,
the fraud claim would open the door to punitive damages unavailable in a purely contractual
dispute. Tex. Nat’l Bank v. Karnes, 717 S.W.2d 901, 903 (Tex. 1986) (“Punitive damages are not
recoverable for breach of contract. The party seeking punitive damages must obtain at least one
finding of an independent tort with accompanying actual damages.”) (citations omitted).
In short, the Court is unpersuaded by the Lynd Defendants’ characterization of the “actual
fraud” showing required to disregard the corporate form in breach-of-contract cases. All that is
required at the pleading stage is a general allegation of Lynd’s dishonest purpose or deceitful intent
with respect to Bio Supplies and its transactions. See Archer, 390 S.W.2d at 740; FED. R. CIV. P.
9(b). Here, Plaintiff easily meets that standard. Plaintiff asserts that Lynd owners created Bio
Supplies as a shell company for the sole purpose of selling a “sham Product,” simultaneously
allowing Lynd to collect all of the revenue from Product sale and insulating Lynd from any
liability. ECF No. 25 ¶¶ 13–14. Plaintiff further alleges that Lynd abused the corporate form by
suggesting in some circumstances—e.g., the Press Release announcing Lynd’s use of the
Product—that the entities were unrelated third parties and in others—e.g., in negotiations with
Plaintiff—that Lynd and Bio Supplies were a single enterprise. Id. ¶¶ 14, 16–19. Finally, Plaintiff
asserts that Lynd intended to deceive Plaintiff as to the quality of the Product—both its ability to
meet ANMAT standards and its ability to destroy the virus that causes COVID-19 and to meet
ANMAT’s standards. See id. ¶¶ 23, 38.
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In sum, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that Bio Supplies is
Lynd’s alter ego. Weston Grp., 2014 WL 940329, at *2 (misrepresentations by defendants
regarding contractual obligations sufficient to allege alter ego liability because fraud allegations
that “go beyond a mere ‘conclusory description’ of wrongdoing” are such that a “jury could infer
actual fraud” and should not be dismissed). While the Lynd Defendants appear to dispute many
allegations offered in support of Plaintiff’s claims for alter ego liability, those factual disputes must
be resolved at the summary judgment stage or at trial.
B.
Fraudulent Inducement and Common Law Fraud (Counts One and Two)
Under Texas law, there are two types of common-law fraud: (1) simple fraud, also known
as fraudulent misrepresentation, and (2) fraudulent inducement, which is when someone allegedly
induces another to enter into a contract by using false representations.” Bates Energy Oil & Gas v.
Complete Oilfield Servs., 361 F. Supp. 3d 633, 660 (W.D. Tex. 2019). Although fraudulent
misrepresentation and fraudulent inducement are separate causes of action, both have the same
elements. Id. These elements are (1) that a material representation was made; (2) the representation
was false; (3) when the representation was made, the speaker knew it was false or made it
recklessly without any knowledge of the trust and as a positive assertion; (4) the speaker made the
representation with the intent that the other party should act upon it; (5) the party acted in reliance
on the representation; and (6) the party thereby suffered injury. Flaherty & Crumrine Preferred
Income Fund, Inc. v. TXU Corp., 565 F.3d 200, 212 (5th Cir. 2009). To show fraud based on a
promise of future performance, a plaintiff must also show that the person making the promise had
no intention of performing at the time he made the promise. Fluorine On Call, Ltd. v. Fluorogas
Ltd., 380 F.3d 849, 858 (5th Cir. 2004); Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs &
Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998).
16
As a preliminary matter, the Lynd Defendants’ sprawling attack on Plaintiff’s fraud claims
appears to rest on the assumption that plaintiffs must reiterate every relevant factual allegation
under each cause of action to which it applies. This assumption is not supported by either law or
common sense. Martinez v. Nueces Cnty., Tex., No. 2:13-CV-178, 2013 WL 6190519, at *3 (S.D.
Tex. Nov. 26, 2013) (“To require Plaintiffs to recount the specific facts upon which each claim
rests when stating that claim would require Plaintiffs to repeat the two pages of facts with respect
to each claim. Such repetition would render the pleading unwieldy and would detract from, rather
than add to, its clarity.”). It is true that referring to the defendants collectively, “without
distinguishing which entity or persons committed the various alleged fraudulent conduct,” is
generally insufficient. Hidden Values, Inc., No. 3:11–CV–1917–L, 2012 WL 1836087, at *4 (N.D.
Tex. May 18, 2012). Still, “[m]ultiple defendants’ conduct may be ‘lumped together’ ” without
violating Rule 9(b) “if the plaintiff’s allegations elsewhere designate the nature of the defendant’s
relationship to a particular scheme and identify the defendants’ role” in the alleged fraud.
Ogbonna, 2014 WL 2592097, at *10. See also Hellas Constr., Inc. v. Premier Polymers, LLC, No.
A-07-CV-759-JN, 2008 WL 11383486, at *2 (W.D. Tex. Jan. 10, 2008) (“Defendants argue that
Plaintiff fails to distinguish which people were acting on behalf of which Defendant, Premier
Polymers or Crystal Products, as is required under Rule 9(b). However, Plaintiff explicitly pleads
that all three were representatives, and employees or officers of ‘both Premier and Crystal.’”
(citations omitted). As discussed below, the facts in the SAC are alleged with sufficient
particularity to support Plaintiff’s claims for common-law fraud.
Plaintiff identifies two false and material representations by Bio Supplies. First, Plaintiff
alleges that in August and September 2020, Bio Supplies repeatedly represented over email,
through Lynd employees David Lynd, Matthew Merritt, and Christopher Jett, that the Product
17
would meet ANMAT standards. ECF No. 25 ¶ 21. Second, Plaintiff alleges that, on December 1,
2020, Bio Supplies and Via Clean, through general manager, Joseph Raich, provided Plaintiff with
numerous reports purporting to represent the Product’s efficacy and chemical composition. See id.
¶ 28. Plaintiff has established that both representations were material. Plaintiff repeatedly advised
Bio Supplies during negotiations that it needed certain information about the Product’s
composition, manufacturing, and quality controls to obtain ANMAT approval and that receipt of
this information was vital to Plaintiff’s decision to enter into the Agreement. See id. ¶ 20. Plaintiff
asserts that, despite these material representations, the Product did not meet ANMAT standards,
and the laboratory results submitted to Plaintiff and ANMAT by Bio Supplies and Via Clean later
proved to be inaccurate. Id. ¶¶ 34–37. 1 Plaintiff alleges that Bio Supplies knew that the Product
could not satisfy ANMAT standards during contract negotiations, but falsely represented that it
would in order to induce Plaintiff to enter into and perform under the Agreement and proceed with
the ANMAT approval process based on the falsified information in the Report. See id. ¶¶ 21–23,
33–34.
Together, these allegations establish the first four elements of a claim for common law
fraud: the Lynd Defendants knowingly made false and material representations with the intent that
Plaintiff should act them. Courts have recognized claims for fraud under similar circumstances. In
M-I, LLC v. Enventives, LLC, for example, the magistrate judge found that the plaintiff had
satisfied the pleading requirements of Rule 9(b) by alleging that “(1) all [d]efendants, through the
acts of [specified employees] (who); (2) misrepresented to M-I the quality of chemicals M-I
purchased from [d]efendants (what); (3) between April 6, 2016 and September 9, 2016 (when); (4)
by performing laboratory tests on samples that were materially different than those shipped to M–
Indeed, the EPA Stop Order further suggests that any representations as to the efficacy of the Product against
the virus that causes COVID-19 were also false. ECF No. 25 ¶ 38.
1
18
I and providing M-I with falsified certificates of analysis for the defective product (where and
how).” No. 4:17-CV-3275, 2018 WL 2376503, at *2 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 26, 2018), report and
recommendation adopted, No. 4:17-CV-3275, 2018 WL 2371038 (S.D. Tex. May 24, 2018).
Plaintiff has likewise identified the false representations (what) made by Bio Supplies through
specific Lynd employees and Via Clean partners (who) in emails and lab reports (where and how)
in August, September, and December 2020 (when). These allegations satisfy Rule 9(b)’s
heightened requirements, Williams, 112 F.3d at 178; Howard, 404 F.2d at 601, and are certainly
sufficient to “provide defendants with adequate notice of the nature and grounds of the claim.”
Hart, 199 F.3d at 247 n.6.
As to the two remaining elements, the SAC established that Plaintiff both relied on the
Lynd Defendants’ representations about the quality of the Product and has suffered injuries as a
result. Plaintiff continued to rely on these false representations as it began to perform its obligations
under the Agreement by “preparing its media campaign to market and sell the Product, including
by hiring employees and designers, consulting with lawyers, accountants, biologists and
virologists, renting warehouse and office space, and entering into contracts with buyers in
Argentina.” Id. ¶ 27. Plaintiff further relied on the false misrepresentations contained in the Report
when it ordered Bio Supplies to submit a copy of the Report to ANMAT in support of Plaintiff’s
application for approval of the Product. Id. ¶¶ 28, 54. As a result, Plaintiff further alleges that its
buyers refused to continue doing business with AHBP, that its business reputation was severely
diminished, and that its pursuit of the media campaign was rendered a total loss. Id. ¶ 39.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged claims
for common-law fraud and fraudulent inducement.
19
C.
Negligent Misrepresentation (Count Three)
To state a claim for negligent misrepresentation, a plaintiff must show that “(1) the
defendant made a representation in the course of its business or in a transaction in which it had an
interest, (2) the defendant supplied false information for the guidance of others in their business,
(3) the defendant did not exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating
the information, and (4) the plaintiff suffered pecuniary loss by justifiably relying on the
representation.” Kersh v. UnitedHealthcare Ins. Co., 946 F. Supp. 2d 621, 638–39 (W.D. Tex.
2013) (quoting Cunningham v. Tarski, 365 S.W.3d 179, 186–87 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet.
denied)). When claims for fraud and negligent misrepresentation arise from the same factual
allegations, the pleading standard under Rule 9(b) applies to each claim. See Lone Star Fund V
(U.S.), LP v. Barclays Bank PLC, 594 F.3d 383, 387 n.3 (5th Cir. 2010).
The Lynd Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff’s claim for negligent representation must be
dismissed is premised on the insufficiency of AHBP’s claims for common-law fraud and
fraudulent inducement. Because the Court has concluded that the factual allegations in the SAC
satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 9(b), however, those allegations can readily support a
claim for negligent misrepresentation. Nonetheless, the Lynd Defendants submit that the SAC fails
to allege that Plaintiff reasonably relied on any misstatements made before the Agreement was
formed. ECF No. 27 at 26. Specifically, they argue that, given Bio Supplies’ failure to produce the
requested verification that the Product would comply with ANMAT standards and Plaintiff’s
inability to independently confirm this information, “AHBP provided no explanation for why it
continued forward with the Agreement, absent the requested information.” Id.
Justifiable reliance usually presents a question of fact for the jury to decide. Barrow-Shaver
Res. Co. v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc., 590 S.W.3d 471, 497 (Tex. 2019). Given that the Lynd
20
Defendants refused to provide the information before Plaintiff entered into the Agreement “due to
confidentiality concerns,” it is unclear how Plaintiff could have discovered the suboptimal quality
of the Product through due diligence. It was reasonable for Plaintiff to rely on the representations
of Lynd employees that the Product would meet the applicable standards and that the relevant
information would be provided once the parties signed a written contract. The reliance was
especially reasonable considering the Lynd Defendants’ representations that they distributed the
Product to many different large companies and governmental agencies, which are themselves
presumably subject to regulatory standards such as those set by ANMAT. At the very least,
whether Plaintiff justifiably relied on the Lynd Defendants’ representations is a question of fact
that cannot be decided on a pre-answer motion to dismiss. Barrow-Shaver Res. Co., 590 S.W.3d
at 497. Viewing the SAC in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the Court concludes that the
factual allegations are sufficient to support Plaintiff’s claim for negligent misrepresentation.
D.
Lanham Act § 43(a) (Count Four)
Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act provides a cause of action for “unfair competition through
misleading advertising or labeling.” POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co., 573 U.S. 102, 107
(2014) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)). The Fifth Circuit has “interpreted this section of the Lanham
Act as providing protection against a myriad of deceptive commercial practices, including false
advertising or promotion.” Pizza Hut, Inc. v. Papa John’s Int’l, Inc., 227 F.3d 489, 495 (5th Cir.
2000) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). A plaintiff may sue a competitor when that
competitor’s advertisements misrepresent the qualities or characteristics of its own goods or
products or of the plaintiff’s goods or products. Harleysville Mut. Ins. Co. v. Buzz Off Insect Shield,
L.L.C., 692 S.E.2d 605, 620 (2010) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B)).
21
1.
Statutory Standing
By its text, the Lanham Act “authorizes suit by ‘any person who believes that he or she is
likely to be damaged’ by a defendant’s false advertising.” Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control
Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 129 (2014) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)). It provides a civil
cause of action against any person who, in connection with goods or services, uses any “false or
misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact. . . .” 15 U.S.C. §
1125(a)(1). The Supreme Court, however, has concluded that not everyone with Article III
standing can bring a false advertising claim under the Lanham Act. Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 129. In
Lexmark, the Court set forth a two-part test for determining whether a plaintiff can sue under the
Lanham Act: (1) the “zone-of-interest test” and (2) the “proximate cause requirement.” Id. at 134.
Relying on the text of the Lanham Act, the Supreme Court concluded that “to come within
the zone of interests in a suit for false advertising under § 1125(a), a plaintiff must allege an injury
to a commercial interest in reputation or sales.” Id. at 132. Consumers or businesses that are misled
into purchasing an inferior product are generally not considered within the zone of interest. Id.
“Even a business misled by a supplier into purchasing an inferior product is, like consumers
generally, not under the Act’s aegis.” Id.
The “proximate-cause requirement” for statutory standing “generally bars suits for alleged
harm that is ‘too remote’ from the defendant’s unlawful conduct.” Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 133. To
satisfy this requirement, “a plaintiff suing under § 1125(a) ordinarily must show economic or
reputational injury flowing directly from the deception wrought by the defendant’s advertising;
and that occurs when deception of consumers causes them to withhold trade from the plaintiff.”
Id. at 134. “At the pleading stage, general factual allegations of injury resulting from the
defendant’s conduct may suffice, for on a motion to dismiss [the Court] presume[s] that general
22
allegations embrace those specific facts that are necessary to support the claim.” Lujan, 504 U.S.
at 561 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiff’s alleged injuries—“lost profits and loss of goodwill”—are injuries to precisely
the sorts of commercial interests the Act protects. AHBP is suing not as a deceived consumer, but
as a “perso[n] engaged in” “commerce within the control of Congress,” whose position in the
marketplace has been damaged by the Lynd Defendants’ false advertising as to the quality of their
product. 15 U.S.C. § 1127. Nonetheless, drawing on several cases arising out of the Third Circuit
interpreting a single sentence in Lexmark, the Lynd Defendants insist that Plaintiff’s injuries
cannot fall within the Lanham Act’s zone of interest because “courts have consistently held that a
business does not have standing to bring a Section 43(a) claim against its supplier, even where the
business alleges to have been misled by its supplier into purchasing a mislabeled product.” ECF
No. 27 at 27 (citing, inter alia, The Knit With v. Knitting Fever, Inc., 625 F. App’x 27, 41 (3d Cir.
2015); see also MHA, LLC v. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc., No. 15-1573 (JLL), 2017 WL
838797, at *2–3 (D.N.J. Mar. 2, 2017) (quoting POM Wonderful, 573 U.S. at 107 (“[plaintiff] is
not protected by the Lanham Act in this instance, because even though ‘in the end consumers also
benefit from the [Lanham] Act’s proper enforcement, the cause of action is for competitors, not
consumers.”).
In The Knit With, the Third Circuit concluded that a yarn retailer who was misled by its
supplier into purchasing mislabeled yarn was not within the zone of interests protected by the
Lanham Act. 625 F. App’x at 41. In reaching this conclusion, the Third Circuit relied on the
following language from the Supreme Court’s decision in Lexmark:
[T]o come within the zone of interests in a suit for false advertising under § 1125(a),
a plaintiff must allege an injury to a commercial interest in reputation or sales. A
consumer who is hoodwinked into purchasing a disappointing product may well
have an injury-in-fact cognizable under Article III, but he cannot invoke the
23
protection of the Lanham Act—a conclusion reached by every Circuit to consider
the question. Even a business misled by a supplier into purchasing an inferior
product is, like consumers generally, not under the Act’s aegis.
572 U.S. at 132 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
The Court is neither bound nor persuaded by this apparently categorical rule that a business
entity can never assert a claim for false advertising under the Lanham Act against one of its
suppliers. Such a rule disregards the economic realities of modern supply chains in favor of a
shallow and artificially narrow understanding of the distinction between consumers and
competitors. In this Court’s view, whether an entity’s claims fall within the ambit of the Lanham
Act does not depend on its place in the supply chain but on the manner in which its interests have
allegedly been harmed. This understanding is consistent with the practical approach that courts
take in assessing allegedly anticompetitive conduct in other contexts. In antitrust cases, for
example, injuries to competition are generally identified by reference to the relevant market, which
must reflect the realities of competition. See Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Tech. Servs., Inc., 504
U.S. 451, 466–67 (“Legal presumptions that rest on formalistic distinctions rather than actual
market realities are generally disfavored in antitrust law[.]”); Walker Process Equip., Inc. v. Food
Mach. & Chem. Corp., 382 U.S. 172, 177 (1965) (“Without a definition of [the] market there is
no way to measure [the defendant’s] ability to lessen or destroy competition.”).
This understanding is also consistent with the Supreme Court’s characterization of the
scope of the Lanham Act in Lexmark. There, the Court acknowledged that the “classic Lanham
Act false-advertising claim” is one in which a competitor induces customers to purchase its
products instead of those of the plaintiff by making false statements about its own goods or the
competitor’s goods.” Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 137 (quoting Harold H. Huggins Realty, Inc. v. FNC,
Inc., 634 F.3d 787, 799 n.24 (5th Cir. 2011) (“The paradigmatic case in which the directness of
24
the plaintiff's asserted injury most clearly supports standing is one in which the defendant's
‘literally false advertising about its own goods influenced its customers to buy its products instead
of [the plaintiff]’s product.’”)). The Court recognized that “a plaintiff who does not compete with
the defendant will often have a harder time establishing proximate causation,” but it declined to
adopt a rule prohibiting all suits under the Lanham Act by noncompetitors because doing so
“would read too much into the Act’s reference to ‘unfair competition.’” Id. at 136 (“It is thus a
mistake to infer that because the Lanham Act treats false advertising as a form of unfair
competition, it can protect only the false-advertiser’s direct competitors.”). The Court held that:
a plaintiff suing under § 1125(a) ordinarily must show economic or reputational
injury flowing directly from the deception wrought by the defendant’s advertising;
and that that occurs when deception of consumers causes them to withhold trade
from the plaintiff. That showing is generally not made when the deception
produces injuries to a fellow commercial actor that in turn affect the plaintiff.
For example, while a competitor who is forced out of business by a defendant’s
false advertising generally will be able to sue for its losses, the same is not true of
the competitor’s landlord, its electric company, and other commercial parties who
suffer merely as a result of the competitor’s ‘inability to meet [its] financial
obligations.
Id. at 133–34 (emphasis added) (citing Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451, 458 (2006));
see id. at 136 (“It is thus a mistake to infer that because the Lanham Act treats false advertising as
a form of unfair competition, it can protect only the false-advertiser’s direct competitors.”).
The distinction between “consumers generally” and the entities protected under the
Lanham Act is clearer in context. Here, a hypothetical proposed in Lexmark is instructive:
Consider two rival carmakers who purchase airbags for their cars from different
third-party manufacturers. If the first carmaker, hoping to divert sales from the
second, falsely proclaims that the airbags used by the second carmaker are
defective, both the second carmaker and its airbag supplier may suffer
reputational injury, and their sales may decline as a result. In those circumstances,
there is no reason to regard either party’s injury as derivative of the other’s; each is
directly and independently harmed by the attack on its merchandise.
Id. at 138–39 (emphasis added). It would not appear, on the other hand, that a restaurant could
25
recover under the Lanham Act for harm to its commercial interests arising out of its purchase of
an inferior sanitizer based on false advertising about its quality and efficacy. Even assuming that
business slowed down after several instances of food poisoning, the restaurant’s injuries—in the
form of lost profits and reputational harm—would not fall within the scope of the Lanham Act
because it was harmed, like any other consumer, by its use of the product. Conversely, a codistributer of the sanitizer that suffered losses as a result of the supplier’s overstatements of the
product’s quality would suffer lost profits and reputational harm as a distributer rather than as a
consumer.
Here, both Plaintiff and Bio Supplies were distributors in the market for sanitizing
products. Indeed, the SAC explicitly alleges that “Plaintiff and Bio Supplies each act as distributors
of the Product, and, thus, are competitors.” ECF No. 25 ¶ 68. Despite the parties’ respective
positions in the supply chain, the Court concludes that, as a competitor of Bio Supplies, Plaintiff
falls squarely within the Lanham Act’s “zone of interests.” Even if Plaintiff and Bio Supplies were
not competitors, Plaintiff would have standing under the Lanham Act because it lost sales as a
result of the Lynd Defendants’ false advertising of the Product. See Educ. Impact, Inc. v.
Danielson, No. 14–937 (FLW)(LHG), 2015 WL 381332, at *14 (D.N.J. Jan. 28, 2015) (“although
DGLLC is not in direct competition with EI, the claims made on its website, if shown to be false,
likely have the effect of limiting EI’s sales”); see also Societe Des Hotels Meridien v. LaSalle
Hotel Operating P’ship, L.P., 380 F.3d 126, 132 (2d Cir. 2004) (denying Rule 12(b)(6) motion,
“the text of the Lanham Act makes it clear that a false advertising claim can properly be brought
against a defendant who misrepresents the quality of its own goods as well”); Twentieth Century
Fox Film Corp. v. Marvel Enters., 277 F.3d 253, 259–60 (2d Cir. 2002) (“The licensor’s sole
enjoyment of the goodwill in the licensed mark does not entitle it to make false claims to promote
26
its own product, allegedly to the detriment of its licensee, and we see no reason why a false
advertising claim may not be brought by a licensee just because the alleged violator is the
licensor.”) (citations omitted).
Plaintiff has likewise satisfied the “proximate-cause requirement” for statutory standing
under the Lanham Act. Plaintiff has alleged that it has suffered both economic and reputational
injury flowing directly from the Lynd Defendants’ deceptive advertising as to the quality of the
Product. Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 133. Plaintiff was allegedly unable to sell the Product as a result of
the Lynd Defendants’ false advertising as to its efficacy.
Plaintiff has established that its false advertising claim falls within the Lanham Act’s zone
of interest and has satisfied the proximate-cause requirement set forth in Lexmark. Accordingly,
the Court concludes that Plaintiff has statutory standing to assert a cause of action under the
Lanham Act.
2.
Sufficiency of Plaintiff’s Section 43(a) Claim
To state a claim under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, a plaintiff must allege: (1) a false
or misleading statement of fact about a product; (2) that the statement actually deceived or has a
tendency to deceive a substantial segment of its audience; (3) the deception is material, in that it
is likely to influence the consumer’s purchasing decision; (4) the product is in interstate commerce;
and (5) the plaintiff has been or is likely to be injured as a result. Eastman Chem. Co. v. Plastipure,
Inc., 775 F.3d 230, 234 (5th Cir. 2014). On a motion to dismiss a Lanham Act claim, courts do not
“require heightened pleading of specifics, but only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Vill. Farms, L.P. v. Mastronardi Produce, Ltd., 2014 WL 12492040, *2
(W.D. Tex. Feb. 25, 2014).
27
The allegations in the SAC are sufficient to support a claim under Section 43(a) of the
Lanham Act. First, Plaintiff alleges throughout the SAC that the Lynd Defendants made false
representations concerning the quality of the Product that it licensed to Plaintiff for sale in the
Press Release. Specifically, the Press Release mispresented the Product’s ability to destroy the
virus that causes COVID-19 and to meet ANMAT’s standards. See ECF No. 25 ¶ 23. Second,
Plaintiff alleges that it was actually deceived by the Lynd Defendant’s false representations. Id. ¶
24. Third, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that the deception as to the quality of the product is
material in that it is likely to influence consumers’ purchasing decisions. Indeed, the EPA Stop
Order issued in connection with the same suggests that the false statements about its effectiveness
against public-health related pathogens were likely to influence consumers. Id. ¶ 38. The parties
do not appear to dispute that the Product is in interstate commerce. Finally, Plaintiff has
sufficiently alleged that it has been injured as a result of the Lynd Defendants’ false
representations—buyers have refused to continue doing business with AHBP; its business
reputation was severely diminished; and it has suffered monetary losses arising out of its failed
media campaign. Id. ¶ 39.
The Lynd Defendants object that Plaintiff’s claim must fail because (1) Plaintiff has not
alleged that any information contained in the Press Release was false (“i.e. that Lynd used the
Product or that the Product was effective in combatting coronavirus”); and (2) Bio Supplies cannot
be held liable for any misrepresentations contained in the Press Release because it did not issue
the Press Release. 2 ECF No. 27 at 30–31. The Court disagrees on both counts.
The Lynd Defendants also appear to suggest, without any explanation, that the Press Release was not an
“advertisement” within the meaning of the Lanham Act. See ECF No. 27 at 30 (citing Gordon & Breach Sci. Pubs.
S.A. v. Am. Inst. of Physics, 859 F. Supp. 1521, 1535 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) (“While the representations need not be made
in a ‘classic advertising campaign,’ but may consist instead of more informal types of ‘promotion,’ the representations
. . . must be disseminated sufficiently to the relevant purchasing public to constitute ‘advertising’ or ‘promotion’
within that industry.”). The Court disagrees. The Press Release constitutes the kind of commercial promotion governed
by the Lanham Act.
2
28
First, the Court can reasonably infer from the EPA Stop Order that the Product was not
effective against the virus that causes COVID-19. The Lynd Defendants emphasize that Plaintiff’s
losses allegedly arise out of their inability to sell the Product in Argentina and note that the Press
Release makes no reference to Argentina or ANMAT compliance. Id. at 32–33. But Plaintiff’s
claim under the Lanham Act is distinct from its claims for fraud and misrepresentation. The Press
Release was misleading as a general matter insofar as it suggested that the Product was effective
and that Lynd was using the Product as a disinterested consumer.
Second, Plaintiff has clearly alleged a false advertising claim against Lynd individually,
see ECF No. 25 at 13, and, given the Court’s conclusion that Bio Supplies is Lynd’s alter ego, the
Court need not parse out any liability stemming from the Press Release at this stage of the
proceedings. Indeed, Plaintiffs allege that the Press Release was attributed to Lynd to deliberately
conceal its relationship with Bio Supplies. Id. ¶ 14.
Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has adequately alleged a violation of
Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, and the Lynd Defendants’ motion is denied.
E.
Business Disparagement (Count Five)
The tort of business disparagement “encompasses falsehoods concerning the condition or
quality of a business’s products or services that are intended to, and do in fact, cause financial
harm.” Innovative Block of S. Tex., Ltd. v. Valley Builders Supply, Inc., 603 S.W.3d 409, 417 (Tex.
2020) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 629 (1977)). To prevail on a business disparagement
claim, a plaintiff must show that (1) the defendant published false and disparaging information
about it, (2) with malice, (3) without privilege, and (4) that resulted in special damages to the
plaintiff. Forbes, Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 170 (Tex. 2003).
29
Plaintiff alleges that Defendants published false and disparaging information about
Plaintiff by providing ANMAT with the falsified Report on Plaintiff’s behalf. ECF No. 25 ¶ 73. It
is undisputed that the information provided in the Report was false. The parties disagree, however,
on whether the false information was disparaging. The Lynd Defendants argue that submitting the
falsified Report to ANMAT did not disparage Plaintiff because it provided false information about
the Product rather than about AHBP and because the false information itself—the inflated
percentage of the active ingredient—was not itself disparaging of either the Product or AHBP. See
ECF No. 27 at 32; ECF No. 35 at 27. Plaintiff responds that the Lynd Defendants’ submission of
the falsified Report “created the false impression” that Plaintiff was misrepresenting the contents
of the Product to ANMAT and Plaintiff’s prospective customers. ECF No. 34 at 32.
The Lynd Defendants correctly note that false or inaccurate information alone is not
enough to sustain a cause of action for business disparagement—the statement must be both false
and critical of the plaintiff. Fluor Enters., Inc. v. Conex Int’l Corp., 273 S.W.3d 426, 434 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2008, pet. denied). Although the Report itself concerned the quality of the
Product, Plaintiff alleges that the Report was submitted on AHBP’s behalf in support of the
application for ANMAT approval. Construing the allegation that the Report was submitted “on
Plaintiff’s behalf” in light most favorable to AHBP, the Court is satisfied that the SAC establishes
a sufficient nexus between the Report and AHBP to reasonably infer that statements about the
Product in the Report would reflect on AHBP. ECF No. 25 ¶ 35; see also id. ¶ 29 (alleging that
ANMAT directed its questions about the discrepancies in the Report “to Plaintiff” rather than to
Bio Supplies or Via Clean).
Nonetheless, the Court cannot conclude that the false information contained in the Report
was disparaging. The Restatement provides that “a statement is disparaging if it is understood to
30
cast doubt upon the quality of another’s . . . chattels . . . and (a) the publisher intends the statement
to cast the doubt, or (b) the recipient’s understanding of it as casting doubt was reasonable.”
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 629 (1977). Generally, to be liable for a claim for business
disparagement, the defendant must “intend the statement to be understood in a disparaging sense,
or the statement though not so intended must be such that a reasonable man would so understand
it.” Id.
Plaintiff argues that statements that create “false impressions” about a product can create
an actionable claim for business disparagement. ECF No. 34 at 32 (citing Kinect Solar, LLC v.
Panasonic Corp. of N. Am., No. 1:20-CV-378-LY, 2020 WL 6385292, at *4 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 30,
2020). In Kinect Solar, the defendant manufacturer, Panasonic Corporation of North America
(“Panasonic”), entered into a partnership with Tesla, Inc. to manufacture a line of solar panels
known as “SolarCity” solar panels. The plaintiff, Kinect Solar, later purchased SolarCity panels
from Tesla in a liquidation sale, and began selling them at a discounted price. At the same time,
Panasonic was also selling SolarCity panels directly through its own distribution network, at a
higher rate. In a letter to its customers, Panasonic indicated, truthfully, that the SolarCity panels
manufactured for Tesla “were not covered by warranties issued by Panasonic Life Solutions
Company of America.” Id. at *4. The letter “conveniently omitted” the fact that “the Solar Panels
were, in fact, backed by a warranty from another entity or division of Panasonic,” thus creating
the false impression that Kinect was selling the SolarCity panels without any warranty from
Panasonic. Id.
Kinect Solar is inapposite here, where the question is whether the falsified information in
the Report was disparaging. The false impression created by Panasonic’s omission was
unquestionably disparaging—it cast doubt on the quality of Kinect’s solar panels. Restatement
31
(Second) of Torts § 629 (1977). Here, it appears that, far from casting doubt on the quality of
AHBP’s Product, the falsified information was intended to overstate its quality to conform to
ANMAT requirements. Moreover, the SAC does not offer any reason to believe that the Lynd
Defendants intended for ANMAT to discover that the Report contained falsified data such that its
falsity would reflect negatively on AHBP or, alternatively, that they intended to secure ANMAT
approval through deceit and then publicly disparage AHBP for introducing a defective product to
the Argentinian market. In other words, Plaintiff does not plausibly allege that the false
information in the Report was intended to cast doubt on the quality of the Product or AHBP or to
be understood in a disparaging sense. 3
Although Plaintiff reasonably believes it suffered reputational harm as a result of the
discovery that the information was falsified, a business disparagement claim is not the proper
vehicle for addressing harm that is purely reputational in nature. While the torts of business
disparagement and defamation are “similar in many respects,” “[t]he two torts differ in that
defamation actions chiefly serve to protect the personal reputation of an injured party, while a
business disparagement claim protects economic interests.” Forbes, 124 S.W.3d at 170.
Because business disparagement, unlike defamation, is solely concerned with economic
harm, proof of special damages is a “fundamental element of the tort.” Waste Mgmt. of Tex., Inc.
v. Tex. Disposal Sys. Landfill, Inc., 434 S.W.3d 142, 155 (Tex. 2014). “That special damages are
fundamental to business disparagement makes a plaintiff’s injury a useful proxy for determining
The parties further disagree about whether the false information was published “with malice.” A defendant
acts with malice “only if he knew of the falsity or acted with reckless disregard concerning it, or if he acted with ill
will or intended to interfere in the economic interest of the plaintiff in an unprivileged fashion.” Kinetic Concepts, Inc.
v. Bluesky Med. Corp., No. SA-03-CA-0832-RF, 2005 WL 3068209, at *2 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 1, 2005) (quoting Hurlbut
v. Gulf Atlantic Life Ins. Co., 749 S.W.2d 762, 766 (Tex. 1987)). Regardless of the Lynd Defendant’s subjective intent
in submitting the false report, however, accepting the allegations in the SAC as true, the Lynd Defendants “knew of
the falsity” of the information they submitted to ANMAT on Plaintiff’s behalf. Accordingly, Plaintiff has sufficiently
alleged the “malice” element of its business disparagement claim.
3
32
when the tort is actionable. Thus, if the gravamen of the plaintiff’s claim is for special damages
(e.g., an economic injury to the plaintiff’s business), rather than general damages to its reputation,
then the proper cause of action may be for business disparagement.” Innovative Block, 603 S.W.3d
at 418.
The special damages requirement “goes to the cause of action itself and requires that
plaintiff ‘establish pecuniary loss that has been realized or liquidated as in the case of specific lost
sales.’” Hurlbut v. Gulf Atlantic Life Ins. Co., 749 S.W.2d 762, 767 (Tex. 1987) (citations omitted).
To prove special damages, a plaintiff must provide evidence “that the disparaging communication
played a substantial part in inducing third parties not to deal with the plaintiff, resulting in a direct
pecuniary loss that has been realized or liquidated, such as specific lost sales, loss of trade, or loss
of other dealings.” Encompass Off. Sols., Inc. v. Ingenix, Inc., 775 F. Supp. 2d 938, 959 (E.D. Tex.
2011) (finding conclusory statements regarding lost profits and lost business, “void of any
supporting facts, is insufficient to support a claim for business disparagement”).
Plaintiff alleges that the alteration of the Report prevented AHBP from receiving approval
from ANMAT, caused it reputational harm, and left it unable to sell the Product, resulting in
damages. ECF No. 34 at 32. However, it is unclear from the SAC that AHBP’s failure to sell the
Product was a direct result of the Lynd Defendants’ publication of false information to ANMAT.
ECF No. 27 at 33. Indeed, it appears that the AHBP was unable to sell the Product based on
ANMAT’s discovery of the true quality of the Product, rather than concern about Plaintiff’s
integrity or reputation. Even setting aside that the false information in the Report was not
disparaging, the Court cannot conclude that the communication of the false information “played a
substantial part in inducing third parties not to deal with the plaintiff, resulting in a direct pecuniary
loss that has been realized or liquidated, such as specific lost sales, loss of trade, or loss of other
33
dealings.” Encompass Off. Sols., Inc., 775 F. Supp. 2d at 959. While the false information in the
Report may indeed have caused Plaintiff to suffer reputational harm, reputational injury alone is
insufficient to support a claim for business disparagement.
Because the false information contained in the Report was not disparaging and because the
SAC does not establish that AHBP suffered special damages as a result of its falsity, Plaintiff has
failed to state a plausible claim for business disparagement.
F.
Breach of Contract (Count 6)
In Texas, a claim for breach of contract requires “(1) the existence of a valid contract; (2)
performance or tendered performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach of the contract by the defendant;
and (4) damages sustained by the plaintiff as a result of the breach.” Mullins v. TestAmerica, Inc.,
564 F.3d 386, 418 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Aguiar v. Segal, 167 S.W.3d 443, 450 (Tex. App.—
Houston 2005, pet. denied)). While the Lynd Defendants do not dispute the existence or validity
of the Agreement or Plaintiff’s performance thereunder, they argue that Plaintiff’s claim for breach
of contract should be dismissed because Plaintiff fails to identify a specific provision of the
Agreement that was breached. ECF No. 27 at 27 (citing Innova Hosp. San Antonio, L.P. v. Blue
Cross & Blue Shield of Ga., Inc., 995 F. Supp. 2d 587, 602 (N.D. Tex. 2014)).
There is some authority for the proposition that a plaintiff must identify a specific provision
of the contract that was allegedly breached in order to properly plead a breach-of-contract claim.
See, e.g., Williams v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 560 F. App’x 233, 238 (5th Cir. 2014) (“It has been
held that a claim for breach of a note and deed of trust must identify the specific provision in the
contract that was breached.”). Many of these cases pertain to mortgage foreclosures, however, and
“it is not clear that the Fifth Circuit extends this holding to all claims for breach of contract.”
Royalty Clearinghouse, Ltd. v. CTS Properties, Ltd., No. A-16-CV-1342-LY-ML, 2017 WL
34
5071340, at *17 (W.D. Tex. July 12, 2017). Indeed, in the primary case on which the Lynd
Defendants rely, Innova Hospital, the Fifth Circuit reversed the district court’s dismissal of breach
of contract claims based on a purported failure to identify the specific terms of the agreement. 892
F.3d 719, 732 (5th Cir. 2018).
It appears that fairly generic allegations as to the nature of the breach can satisfy the
pleading requirements under Rule 8(a). See id. at 731–32 (concluding that the plaintiffs’ allegation
that the defendant insurer “breached the provision of the agreement obligating it to pay the
plaintiff’s claims for covered products and services” was sufficient to allege a breach by the
insurer); Rapid Tox Screen LLC v. Cigna Healthcare of Tex. Inc., No. 3:15-CV-3632-B, 2017 WL
3658841, at *10 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 24, 2017) (rejecting the defendants’ motion to dismiss where the
plaintiff alleged that contracts provided for reimbursement of medical expenses incurred by
defendants at “usual, customary, and reasonable rates”). “Such a recognition is consistent with the
principle that ‘a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed
factual allegations[.]’” Innova Hosp., 892 F.3d at 728–29 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555); see
also Curtis v. Cerner Corp., 621 B.R. 141, 161 (S.D. Tex. 2020) (“To require such formulaic
pleading would militate against the simplicity and brevity of statement which the rules contemplate
and harken back to rigid writ pleading which the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure were meant to
repeal.” (citations and quotation marks omitted)). This understanding also comports with
substantive law in Texas, which recognizes that “[a] breach of contract occurs when a party fails
to perform an act that it has expressly or impliedly promised to perform.” Methodist Hosps. of
Dallas v. Corp. Communicators, Inc., 806 S.W.2d 879, 882 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, writ denied)
(emphasis added).
35
Here, Plaintiff alleges that it “expected Defendants to perform [under the Agreement] by
delivering the bargained-for Product,” that the Product “could not meet ANMAT’s standards,” and
that it suffered money damages resulting from Defendants’ breach of contract. ECF No. 25 ¶¶ 2–
3, 5. Despite the Lynd Defendants’ arguments to the contrary, these factual assertions, taken as
true and construed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, sufficiently allege that Defendants
breached the Agreement by failing to deliver a conforming product. It is possible that the sanitizer
was defective in multiple respects, given ANMAT’s refusal to approve the Product and the EPA’s
Stop Sale, Use or Removal Order. Plaintiff need not specify the precise manner in which the
sanitizer deviated from the “bargained-for Product” at this stage of the litigation.
Citing an unauthenticated copy of the Agreement attached to their motion to dismiss, see
ECF No. 27-1, the Lynd Defendants assert that none of Bio Supplies’ purported conduct runs afoul
of the Agreement: “The Agreement itself does not set forth any requirement that the Product
comply with ANMAT. The Agreement does not state that Bio Supplies was responsible for
conducting testing on the Product. The Agreement does not allege that Bio Supplies was
responsible for any representations regarding the Product.” ECF No. 27 at 37 (citations omitted).
They also point to a warranty disclaimer in the Agreement, which provides:
Warranty Disclaimer. BIO SUPPLIES HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS
ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND OR NATURE CONCERNING
THE PRODUCTS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY
WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.
ECF No. 27 at 37 (citing ECF No. 27-1). “In this respect,” the Lynd Defendants argue, “the
contractual obligations in the Agreement are not aligned with any of AHBP’s allegations regarding
Bio Supplies’ purported wrongdoings, e.g. making misrepresentations about the Product’s
36
compliance with ANMAT and providing a Report to AHBP after the formation of the Agreement.”
Id.
Plaintiff did not attach a copy of the Agreement to the SAC. Generally, if a motion to
dismiss refers to matters outside the pleading it is more properly considered as a motion for
summary judgment. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(d). However, if a defendant attaches to its motion to dismiss
under 12(b)(6) a contract referenced in the plaintiff’s complaint and which is central to the
plaintiff’s claims, the court may consider the contract part of the pleadings when ruling on the
motion to dismiss. In re Katrinia Canal Breaches, Litig., 495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007); see
also Causey v. Sewell Cadillac–Chevrolet, Inc., 394 F.3d 285, 288 (5th Cir. 2004). The Fifth
Circuit has explained that, under these circumstances, it considers the attached contract to be part
of the pleadings because “[i]n so attaching [the contract], the defendant merely assists the plaintiff
in establishing the basis of the suit, and the court in making the elementary determination of
whether a claim has been stated.” Collins v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 224 F.3d 496, 499 (5th
Cir. 2000). The contract attached to the defendant’s motion to dismiss can only assist the plaintiff
where there is no dispute that the attached contract is in fact the same contract that is referenced
in the complaint and central to the plaintiff’s claims. M-I, LLC v. Enventives, LLC, No. 4:17-CV3275, 2018 WL 2376503, at *3 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 26, 2018).
Here, the Court declines to consider the exhibit submitted by the Lynd Defendants. Plaintiff
explicitly notes that the version of the Agreement attached to the motion to dismiss “is not
authenticated by any person with knowledge.” ECF No. 34 at 35 (citing Raybourne & Dean
Consulting, Ltd. v. Metrica, Inc., No. CV SA-14-CA-918-OLG, 2015 WL 12866335, at *8 (W.D.
37
Tex. Aug. 11, 2015) (declining to consider documents where “none of the exhibits are
authenticated”). 4
For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a claim
for breach of contract.
G.
Economic Loss Doctrine
The Lynd Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claims sounding in tort are barred by the
economic loss doctrine. ECF No. 27 at 33–36; ECF No. 35 at 29–31. Under Texas’s economic loss
rule, no duty in tort exists when plaintiffs have suffered only economic losses.” Mem’l Hermann
Healthcare Sys. Inc. v. Eurocopter Deutschland, GMBH, 524 F.3d 676, 678 (5th Cir. 2008). While
the economic loss rule generally precludes tort claims resulting from failure to perform under a
contract when the harm consists only of the economic loss of the contractual expectancy, “it does
not bar all tort claims arising out of a contractual setting.” Chapman Custom Homes, Inc. v. Dall.
Plumbing Co., 445 S.W.3d 716, 718 (Tex. 2014). The rule is not generally applicable, and its
application depends on an analysis of its rationales in a particular situation. McCaig v. Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A., 788 F.3d 463, 474 (5th Cir. 2015). When a party states a tort claim arising from (1) an
alleged breach of an independent duty (i.e., one not arising from the contract), and (2) the harm
suffered is not merely the economic loss of a contractual benefit, the economic loss rule does not
apply. Chapman, 445 S.W.3d at 718. Thus, what matters in determining whether the economic
Even if the Court were to consider the exhibit, Plaintiff has alleged that it was fraudulently induced to enter
into the Agreement. To the extent that the disclaimer in the Agreement was procured by fraud, it would not relieve
the Lynd Defendants from liability. Regus Mgmt. Grp., LLC v. IBM Corp., No. 7:19-cv-00417, 2008 WL 1836360,
*4 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 24, 2008) (“The law does not support such a finding [that the limitation of liability provision is
enforceable even if was procured by fraud] . . . Nothing in Texas law requires the Court to enforce particular provisions
in a contract that has been fraudulently procured”) (collecting cases); see also Reynolds Metals Co. v. Westinghouse
Elec. Corp., 758 F.2d 1073, 1078 (5th Cir. 1985) (“Such a failure would constitute a total failure of performance, a
breach of contract for which the warranty disclaimer would not protect Westinghouse, or at least the jury was entitled
to so conclude on this record”).
4
38
loss rule applies are the source of the duty allegedly breached and the nature of the injury. Formosa
Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contrs., 960 S.W.2d 41, 45 (Tex. 1998).
The Texas Supreme Court has applied the economic loss rule in cases involving defective
products or failure to perform a contract. Sharyland Water Supply Corp. v. City of Alton, 354
S.W.3d 407, 418 (Tex. 2011). In such cases, losses are more appropriately addressed through
common-law breach of contract claims than through tort claims. Id. Courts have not extended the
economic loss rule to fraudulent inducement claims, however, noting that “it is well established
that the legal duty not to fraudulently procure a contract is separate and independent from the
duties established by the contract itself.” Formosa, 960 S.W.2d at 46; see also Curtis v. Cerner
Corp., 621 B.R. 141, 167 (S.D. Tex. 2020) (“Defendants may not rely on the economic loss rule
to dismiss noncontractual claims where the contract was procured by fraud.”); Sharyland, 354
S.W.3d at 418 (“[A] party [cannot] avoid tort liability to the world simply by entering into a
contract with one party. The economic loss rule does not swallow all claims between contractual
and commercial strangers.”). “Accordingly, tort damages are recoverable for a fraudulent
inducement claim irrespective of whether the fraudulent representations are later subsumed in a
contract or whether the plaintiff only suffers an economic loss related to the subject matter of the
contract.” Formosa, 960 S.W.2d at 47.
Plaintiff correctly points out that, with respect to its claim for negligent misrepresentation,
the Lynd Defendants’ falsification of the Report violated duties that arose independently of the
parties’ contractual obligations. ECF No. 34 at 37–38. A duty to disclose arises when one party
knows the other is relying on a concealed fact and does not have an opportunity to discover the
truth, or when one party voluntarily discloses some but not all material facts, thereby creating a
false impression. Union Pac. Res. Grp., Inc. v. Rhone-Poulenc, Inc., 247 F.3d 574, 586 (5th Cir.
39
2001) (citing World Help v. Leisure Lifestyles, Inc., 977 S.W.2d 662, 670 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
1998, pet. denied)).
The Lynd Defendants’ argument that any duty to provide accurate laboratory results arises
solely pursuant to the Agreement is unavailing. It is undisputed that the Agreement does not
contain any requirement that Bio Supplies conduct testing on the Product or make any
representations concerning the Product to ANMAT. See ECF No. 34 at 37; ECF No. 27 at 37.
Nonetheless, Bio Supplies and ViaClean took it upon themselves to arrange for the testing and to
make the representations in the Report to Plaintiff and to ANMAT. The Lynd Defendants
represented to Plaintiff that the Product complied with ANMAT’s standards and then provided the
falsified Report to Plaintiff and ANMAT, knowing that Plaintiff relied on their so-called
“confidential” laboratory tests for its ANMAT application. In doing so, the Lynd Defendants
assumed an affirmative duty to make a full and truthful disclosure. Thus, even absent the
Agreement, Plaintiff would have a claim against the Lynd Defendants for negligent
misrepresentation. Id.
The Lynd Defendants contend that Plaintiff alleges only economic damages in the SAC,
noting that AHBP “seeks recovery for the same economic loss purportedly caused by Bio Supplies’
breach of contract” in each of its causes of action for fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and
business disparagement—$93,426,300. ECF No. 37 at 33 (citing ECF No. 25 ¶¶ 56, 63, 77). While
this specific figure does appear under each of the causes of action in the SAC, the Lynd
Defendants’ reading is flawed in at least two respects. First, it overlooks that the SAC consistently
alleges that “Plaintiff has been damaged in an amount to be determined at trial, but in no event less
than $90,426,300.” See ECF No. 25 ¶¶ 49, 56, 63, 71, 77, 93 (emphasis added). Second, the SAC
40
clearly alleges that Plaintiff has suffered reputational harm as a result of Defendants’
misrepresentations. See id. ¶¶ 39, 71.
“Texas law treats damage to reputation as a non-economic loss.” Finishmaster, Inc. v.
Richard’s Paint & Body Shop, LLC, 2012 WL 2376218, at *7–8 (W.D. Tex. June 22, 2012)
(collecting Texas cases). As reputational damages are not purely economic, they are not barred by
the economic loss rule. Id. at *3; see also Nazareth Int’l, Inc. v. J.C. Penney Corp., No. Civ.A.
304CV1265M, 2005 WL 1704793, at *8 (N.D. Tex. July 19, 2005) (“It is possible for Plaintiff to
prove that these alleged injuries [of harm to Plaintiff’s business resulting from the alleged
negligent misrepresentations] are independent from the subject matter of the contract”).
Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s surviving tort claims for fraudulent
inducement, common-law fraud, and negligent misrepresentation are not barred by the economic
loss doctrine.
H.
Contractual Limitation on Liability
The Lynd Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s recovery should be limited to $100,000.00, per
the contractual limitation on liability set forth in the Agreement. ECF No. 27 at 38–39. They urge
the Court to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims for damages in excess of the contractual limit because
“AHBP does not allege that the Agreement is unenforceable or contrary to public policy.” Id.
The Court disagrees with the Lynd Defendants’ characterization of AHBP’s claims.
Indeed, Plaintiff has explicitly alleged that it was fraudulently induced to enter into the Agreement
by the Lynd Defendants’ misrepresentations as to the Product’s quality and ability to meet
ANMAT’s standards. See ECF No. 25 ¶ 24 (“In reliance on Bio Supplies’ representations
concerning the Product and its quality standards, and with no way to verify, Plaintiff entered into
41
[the Agreement], dated October 2020.”). Indeed, these factual allegations are at the heart of
Plaintiff’s claims sounding in fraud.
It is well established that “Texas courts may not enforce a contractual limitation of liability
as a defense to an intentional tort such as fraud.” Helms v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 794 F.2d 188, 193
(5th Cir. 1983); see also Budner v. Wellness Int’l Network, Ltd., No. 3:06-CV-0329-K, 2007 WL
806642, *8 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 15, 2007) (“Defendants cannot prospectively limit their liability for
intentional torts such as those pleaded by Plaintiffs. Texas courts have held that a party cannot
prospectively insulate itself contractually from liability for intentional torts.”); Simmonds Equip.,
LLC v. GGR Int’l, Inc., 126 F. Supp. 3d 855, 867 (S.D. Tex. 2015) (citing Solis v. Evins, 951
S.W.2d 44, 50 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1997, no writ) (finding that it would be “contrary to
public policy” for a party to “prospectively contractually exculpate itself with respect to intentional
torts”). Accordingly, the Court concludes that the Lynd Defendants may not limit their liability
pursuant to the limitation of liability clause in the Agreement at this stage of the proceedings.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion to dismiss the Petition (ECF No. 27) is
GRANTED IN PART with respect to Plaintiff’s claims for business disparagement and DENIED
in all other respects.
It is so ORDERED.
SIGNED this 18th day of November, 2022.
XAVIER RODRIGUEZ
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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