Hajibeklou v. State of Utah et al

Filing 42

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND WRITTEN ORDER Following 41 Minute Entry/Order on Motion for Summary Judgment (oral order of 3/29/13). Signed by Judge David Nuffer on 8/1/13 (alt) Modified on 8/1/2013: added link to 22 Motion (alt)

DAVID V. PEÑA (6962)
Assistant Utah Attorney General
JOHN E. SWALLOW (5802)
Utah Attorney General
160 East 300 South, Sixth Floor
P.O. Box 140856
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-0856
Telephone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
CENTRAL DIVISION
VIDA HAJIBEKLOU,
Plaintiff,

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER GRANTING SUMMARY
JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF
DEFENDANTS

vs.
STATE OF UTAH, UTAH DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION,
Defendant.

Case No. 2:10CV00654 DN
Judge David Nuffer

Plaintiff, Vida Hajibeklou, was employed by the Defendants, State of Utah and the Utah
Department of Transportation (“UDOT”), from 1984 until her retirement in 2006. Plaintiff
brought suit alleging claims of discrimination and harassment based on her gender, national
origin and age. She also claims she was retaliated against after filing a charge of discrimination.
On January 31, 2012, Defendants filed a Motion for Summary Judgment and Supporting
Memorandum (Docs. 22, 23). Plaintiff filed a memorandum in opposition on March 27, 2012
(Doc. 29). On April 25, 2012, Defendants filed a reply memorandum in support of their motion

(Doc 36). A hearing was held by the Court on March 29, 2013, at which time the parties
stipulated to undisputed material facts and presented argument.
Having reviewed the submissions of the parties and heard oral arguments, the Court
hereby finds and orders as follows.
UNDISPUTED MATERIAL FACTS
1.

Ms. Hajibeklou was hired on February 18, 1984, and worked in the Structures Division
for the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) for twenty-three years.

2.

Ms. Hajibeklou claims that throughout her employment she was subjected to negative
and offensive comments and actions by some supervisors and coworkers of a sexist and
racial nature.

3.

Boyd Wheeler was Ms. Hajibeklou’s supervisor from approximately 1996 to 2004. In
2004 he became her second level supervisor.

4.

According to her testimony, “prior to 1989” she did not have “any issues with
management, harassment, or any other issues.”

5.

Sometime “during the first few years of her employment,” Plaintiff claims she “applied
for many jobs, but her Human Resource Manager threw away her applications because
[she was] not responding to his personal needs.”

6.

Also, “in the first few years” Plaintiff claims a coworker molded an eraser “in the shape
of a male private part in a certain way and put it on the wall.”

7.

On another occasion, Plaintiff claims a co-worker named Chris Glazier placed a condom
on her desk and said “this is for Kevin because he needs it on wedding night.” Plaintiff

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did not complain about this incident. Instead, she spoke to Risk Management who
instructed her to tell him [Glazier] she would “turn him in,” she did so and “he stopped.”
8.

At another point in time, Plaintiff claims she had issues with three co-workers: Phil Pool,
Bob Nash and Boyd Wheeler.

9.

Plaintiff claims Bob Nash “had a yelling problem.” On one occasion, Plaintiff claims
Mr. Nash yelled at her during a meeting about her not talking to another co-worker
named Phil Pool.

10.

Plaintiff claims Mr. Pool instigated that yelling incident because “of the plan he always
had for humiliating woman.” Plaintiff also claims Mr. Pool would take the first copy of
anything she printed on the work printer and that on one occasion he told her, “Vida, if
you were a bird, I would shoot you between the wings.”

11.

Plaintiff also claims Mr. Pool “brought a gun to work. That was before 9/11...I don't
know whether he wanted to scare me or what, but he brought a handgun to work.”

12.

As for Mr. Nash, Plaintiff claims it was discriminatory that he gave a job to Larry
Meppen because “Larry Meppen never had any experience in Structures, no experience
in DigiMap, no experience. That's what I understood, ok?”

13.

When hired in 2000, Mr. Meppen did have eighteen years of experience and some
relevant computer aided design (CAD) experience. However, he did not have experience
in the type of structural engineering (concrete or steel bridges, overpasses and culverts)
that Ms. Hajibeklou and other employees of UDOT’s Structures Division possessed.

3

14.

In October of 1998, Ms. Hajibeklou passed the NICET Level IV Highway Design Exam.1

15.

With respect to Mr. Wheeler, Plaintiff claims Mr. Wheeler told Hugh Boyle, her
supervisor, “Do not let Vida learn more computer[.]... I wasn’t allowed to learn new stuff
[new CAD version] and that was their decision.”

16.

On July 11, 2000, Plaintiff claims she was “hit on the head with a metal bar by a
co-worker named Duane Glad.” During a remodeling of the office, Plaintiff asked Mr.
Glad to help her install two end bars for the entrance of her cubicle. Plaintiff claims
while she was bent down putting screws on the floor, Mr. Glad intentionally hit her on
the head with one of the metal bars she had placed against the wall. However, Plaintiff
testified there was no proof he hit her intentionally. Plaintiff testified she never saw what
happened:
Q. You said he picked up the pole and he–
A. I think he did. I didn’t see it [because I do not have eyes in the back of my
head], but this is–you know, when I–when my head was down–

17.

Ms. Hajibeklou testified that Mr. Glad didn’t want women to work (outside of the home)
and that at the time of the July 11, 2000 incident, Mr. Glad was tired and very angry.
This incident caused Ms. Hajibeklou pain and suffering for many years.

18.

When asked about specific incidents of discrimination based on gender, Plaintiff testified
all the incidents referenced above are sexist in nature because “to me, the way they
were–the threat to me that if you were a bird, I would shoot you between the wings or

1

The acronym NICET stands for National Institute for Certification in Engineering
Technologies. NICET administers exams and awards certain engineering certificates.
4

bringing a gun to work and the way they were after, you know–Phil Pool was always
planning on doing something and then when the guy hit me on the head, these are all
saying, ‘I am [a] man. I am in control.’”
19.

Ms. Hajibeklou testified that the male employees mentioned above seemed to act as if
they thought they could get away with anything they did to her because she was a woman
and from a different race and national origin (Iranian). She viewed these actions as
showing the power of a man over a woman.

20.

When asked specifically “what racial comments and racial slurs did you hear at the
workplace,” Plaintiff responded “action speaks louder than words.”

21.

When pressed for specifics, Plaintiff testified that sometime before 2000 Phil Pool was
talking to someone and said “the reason why UDOT or in Structures we hire women is
because we don’t want them to go to Second South at night.... He didn’t say that, but
that’s what he–he was talking about.”

22.

Other than that comment, Plaintiff's testimony with regard to racial discrimination was
that she “was prevented from promotion, from transferring, from going anywhere, from
getting out of that violent place.”

23.

Even though Ms. Hajibeklou asked to be transferred out of the Structures Division,
UDOT never transferred her.

24.

When asked about specific incidents of discrimination based on national origin, Plaintiff
testified as follows:
I think it is a combination of being a woman and Iranian for the way Phil Pool,
the way Duane Glad hit me, and this whole thing was a combination of
5

nationality or–I mean origin and being a woman from–it was combined. That’s
what I see.
25.

However, when asked “Did any of them ever make comments directly about your
national origin,” Plaintiff testified “No, but–not directly.”

26.

Ms. Hajibeklou claims she was paid lower than similarly situated male employees
because of her gender, race and national origin.

27.

Sometime in 2001, Plaintiff raised to her supervisor, Boyd Wheeler, the issue of pay
disparity:
Q. So when did you first become aware that there was a pay disparity or that you
believe there was a pay disparity?
A. Actually–let's see, when I was talking to Boyd Wheeler, and I kept asking
for–the thing is I was asking for transfer, I was asking to promotion and all these
things. At that time, I went after finding out why, you know, you know my
income is so low. And I had no idea what was going on. And Boyd Wheeler told
me that you are paid–because you are paid less than everybody, that’s why you
are not—you don’t make the money like [the] guys. That’s what he told me[.]

28.

In response, Plaintiff was given a chart with pay rate information for all technicians in
the Structures Division from 1984 through 2001. According to the Pay Rate Chart,
Plaintiff was indeed paid less than the other technicians in her division.

29.

She was the lowest paid of all the level III technicians. Indeed, she was the lowest paid
of all the technicians of any level in the Structures Division.

30.

During her tenure she asked for an audit [regarding her pay rate] on several occasions.

31.

On June 19, 2003, she sent an email to Bonnie Garcia with Human Resources stating in
part:
“I would like to know about filing a grievance. It is for the purpose of
comparison why I am paid less than any one who started almost the same time as
6

I started working here in UDOT Structures.... I am doing Level 4 Tech job. I
expect the same pay. I have been the victim in this system for almost 20 years.”
32.

In fact, when Plaintiff was first hired as a Draftsman, there were three other individuals
occupying similar positions: Stephen Peterson, Phillip Pool and Terry Butcher. Mr.
Peterson was hired by Defendants in 1967, while Mr. Pool and Ms. Butcher were hired in
1980.

33.

When Ms. Hajibeklou was hired in 1984, none of the male employees were Level IV
employees.

34.

In response to Ms. Hajibeklou’s inquiry, Bonnie Garcia sent Plaintiff a link for the
policies and procedures to file a grievance, and set up a meeting on August 23, 2003 so
Plaintiff could discuss all her concerns. At the meeting, Plaintiff “discussed everything:
pay equity, harassment, my problem with head injury, and the effect it had. And–and I
talked about everything.” However, thereafter Plaintiff never filed a grievance.

35.

Ms. Hajibeklou states she did not file a grievance because she was afraid she would
suffer another injury if she did. She had also seen how management treated other
employees (Steve Peterson, Saiid Jirsa) who had filed grievances and did not want to
subject herself to such treatment.

36.

Plaintiff was not a Level 4 Tech, but a Level III Tech. In her deposition she testified as
follows:
Q. Let me ask you some questions about this email. First of all, you indicate you
were doing a Level IV Tech job, but weren't, in fact, a Level IV tech, correct?
A. No.

7

Q. Why did you expect the same pay as a Level IV tech when you were a–you
were a Level III tech, correct?
A. Yes.
...
A. Because I was doing the work. I was doing Level IV work.
...
And I thought since I'm doing Level IV, I should be paid, but in other district,
if–they just–after passing NICET. they give them.
37.

In her June 19, 2003 e-mail to Bonnie Garcia, she represented that she was doing Level
IV work.

38.

With regard to the NlCET exam, Plaintiff had been notified two years earlier, in 2001,
that:
“[b]ecause you are in Highway Design you do not get a cross over for passing
NICET.... There is only one crossover allowed per position and you received your
cross over for NICET Level 3 in Construction when you were promoted to Design
Technician III. This occurred on July 16, 1994.”

39.

Thereafter Plaintiff inquired about pay disparity again and received an email from Alan
Lake dated June 23, 2003, wherein she was notified a study had been done “and you are
paid equally.”

40.

That email states as follows:
“Jerry Stone reviewed the historical salary and salary ranges of Ms. Beklou. Our
records indicate that she has always been paid within the range of her designated
position. As the salary range has changed, based on market comparison, she has
been treated consistent with other similarly situated employees of the State.”

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41.

According to the email when Plaintiff was hired in 1984, she was a Drafting Technician,
grade 13, at step Level IV and was paid $6.14 per hour. In June 2003, Plaintiff’s salary
range was a step 37 through 60, which ranged from $12.37 to $23.09 per hour.

42.

Plaintiff did not do any follow up after receiving that email. She claims she “couldn’t do
anything.”

43.

Then in February 2004, she showed up without an appointment to visit Mr. Lake.

44.

During that meeting she “expressed frustration that she was low paid and had not been
promoted.... She also stated that she felt her lack of opportunities and her lack of
promotional opportunity was tied to her being a woman from Iran.... She made no
specific mention or complaint of specific discrimination or legal action.”

45.

Thereafter in May 2004, Plaintiff sent an email to the Governor’s Office wherein she
claimed she was being “paid almost ½ of other Engineering Technicians who are doing
the same work.”

46.

When asked during her deposition, “what other engineering technicians are you referring
to in this email,” Plaintiff responded, Phillip Pool, Farrell Bouck and Steve Peterson.

47.

These three individuals were all Level IV Technicians, not Level III as was Ms.
Hajibeklou.

48.

In 2000, management hired Larry Meppen as a Level III technician at a higher pay level
than it was then paying Ms. Hajibeklou. Ms. Hajibeklou also testified that management
groomed Larry Meppen to advance to Level IV status.

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49.

In December 2003, Plaintiff inquired about applying to a Level IV technician position,
but she only wanted to apply to the job if she was qualified.

50.

Plaintiff believed that a T cube certificate and TET certificate “were the same thing.”
Plaintiff did not have a T cube certificate.

51.

Mr. Lake explained to the Plaintiff:
“the TET program has not been used as a minimum requirement for engineering
technician jobs. If management would like to use this as a minimum requirement,
they can always work with HR to determine if its fits.... I am sorry this does not
align with your experience or education.”

52.

Plaintiff still believed she was qualified for the position. She testified:
Q. “[S]o you were–you were informed that essentially you didn’t have the
qualifications because you didn't have T cube; is that accurate.
A. That’s what they say, but I was qualified because I wasted four years for that.”

53.

Plaintiff was unable to convince “management or anybody else that [her] TET would
satisfy the T cube requirement.”

54.

In August 2005, Plaintiff sent another email to Mr. Lake wherein she claimed she had
been passed over for a Level IV Technician position. Plaintiff stated “I have passed
NICET Level IV in Highway Design, Level IV Construction and in house Level IV
Structure. I deserve to...go to Level IV.”

55.

Ms. Hajibeklou was never promoted to a Level IV technician position.

56.

In September 2005, her supervisor at the time, Jim McMinimee, responded to her inquiry
and explained as follows:
As you outlined in your email, it appears you have met some of the requirements
for a Technician IV position. However, two of the critical requirements outlined
10

in this document that you did not identify you have successfully completed are,
the recommendation from a division engineer for a Technician IV position and
the peer review process. The peer review requirements are a key difference
between a Technician III and Technician IV position. The Technician IV position
requires an advance level of technical expertise and the ability to produce plans
and simple projects independently. ...I have discussed the requirements for a
Technician IV position with the management of the Structures Division. At this
time, they do not believe you are performing at the advanced level required to fill
a Technician IV position.
57.

When asked about the two requirements she was missing–the peer review process and
recommendation from an engineer–during her deposition, Plaintiff acknowledged that
she never followed up or complained to anyone about these requirements. Her position
was simply that the requirements were unfair: “I was working in a division that–it was
male dominated and I just didn’t want to be there.”

58.

Between August 2005 and August 2006, Plaintiff claims she applied for several positions
which would have been promotions, but was not promoted because her supervisor “did
not like foreigners” and “wanted to keep her in her place in the Structures Division.” A
summary of these positions, based on their position number, is as follows:
a. Engineering Technician IV, #2316: Ms. Hajibeklou withdrew her application
and the recruitment was canceled.
b. Engineering Technician IV, #5454: Ms. Hajibeklou was not qualified and did
not submit a resume with her application as required by UDOT policy. UDOT
hired a Portuguese woman with eight years of related experience.
c. Engineering Technician IV, #7730: this position was cancelled as none of the
applicants had certificates required for the position.
d. Engineering Technician IV, #7832: Plaintiff was interviewed for this position,
but had difficulty answering the interview questions. UDOT hired a 41 year old
white male with 20 years of experience. Plaintiff testified “he was” better
qualified for the position than her.
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e. Engineering Technician IV, #88 18: Plaintiff was interviewed for this position,
but had difficulty answering the oral interview questions and [was] unable to
complete the written part of the interview in the time allotted. Plaintiff
acknowledged during her deposition she was unable to finish the written
assignment. A 47 year old white male with 25 years of experience was hired.
f. Purchasing Coordinator, #89 19: Plaintiff was interviewed for this position but
“she had difficulty with the practical part of the interview.” Also, Plaintiff
testified she had no experience as a purchasing coordinator and that the person
hired was more qualified than her. A 41 year old white female with five years
experience was hired.
g. Purchasing Agent, #9334: Plaintiff was interviewed for the position but had
difficulty answering oral questions, as well as [received] a low score on the
practical written test. Plaintiff testified she had no training or experience as a
purchasing agent. A 44 year old white female was hired for the position.
59.

In January 2006, Plaintiff sent an email to human resources alleging she was being forced
to put up with her supervisor’s “behavior from insult, harassment, intimidation, support
of assault and emotional injury.... So what, I am a woman, Moslem, from the Middle
East...and getting old.”

60.

Then in March 2006, Plaintiff was place[d] on a corrective action plan (“CAP”) for poor
performance.

61.

Plaintiff claims the CAP was in retaliation for her earlier complaints of discrimination
and harassment.

62.

The CAP did not affect Plaintiff’s duties, pay or benefits.

63.

However, Plaintiff claims that during the CAP she was subjected to intimidation and
verbal abuse by her supervisor–that he was “putting her through hell.”

64.

In June 2006, Plaintiff was informed by her supervisor she had not successfully
completed the CAP and he was going to discipline her.
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65.

Ms. Hajibeklou did not file a grievance because she was afraid that she might get hurt
again.

66.

At that meeting Plaintiff became belligerent and yelled at her supervisor:
A. He–he talked too loud. And I talked too loud, too.... And I know that wasn't
right. But I couldn’t help it because I was under a lot of stress.

67.

Plaintiff also threatened her supervisor and as a result was suspended for one-day.

68.

In October 2006, Plaintiff informed UDOT she planned to retire at the end of the year.
Plaintiff’s last day of work was December 29, 2006.

69.

When asked about her reason for retiring, Plaintiff testified she had retired due to the
incident with the metal bar in 2000. Specifically, Plaintiff testified as follows:
Q. How did this event that happened back [i]n July of 2000 lead you to feel like
you had to retire in December 2006?
A. I kept having anxiety attack after that. And the chest pain and anxiety attack
and pain was severe. And MRI done, the–my doctor put me on Ultram, which is
pain killer. But anxiety attack for six years never left me. And then when there
was those fighting and argumenting[sic], the environment between Saud Jirsa and
Boyd Wheeler and all those guys. These guys were always yelling and screaming
at each other and it was very tense[.]

70.

Plaintiff also testified the corrective action plan of March 2006 was another reason she
thought she had to retire, as well as her fear of losing her retirement:
A. Because I have worked so long so–so hard. I didn’t want to lose my
retirement, because four corrective action, you’re out. That’s what I understood.
Q. You wouldn’t lose your retirement, however. You are vested in your
retirement.
A. If they–if they fire you, you lose it.
Q. So you feared losing your retirement–
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A. Uh-huh (Affirmative).
Q. Because of the CAP–
A. Yes.
71.

When asked specifically if her supervisor had ever told her “he was going to make a file
of corrective action [to] force you to retire,” Plaintiff testified, “He didn’t say, I will
make you retire. But he said [will put you on corrective action plan.”

72.

Plaintiff claims her voluntary retirement constituted constructive discharge.

73.

On August 7, 2006, Plaintiff filed a Charge of Discrimination (“Charge”) with the Utah
Anti-Discrimination and Labor Division.

74.

In her charge Plaintiff alleges that she was subject to “racial slurs, intimidation and sexist
and negative comments about my gender.”

75.

Plaintiff also alleged that on January 23, 2006, she complained to her manager about
discrimination and was retaliated against for this act by being place[d] in “Coaching.”
She further alleges that her coaching “consisted of berating, intimidation and verbal
abuse and disciplinary action notice placed in my personel [sic] file.”

76.

Finally, Plaintiff alleged in her Charge that she was denied promotions and transfer
opportunities.

77.

The UALD determined that there was not reasonable cause to conclude that UDOT had
discriminated or retaliated against Ms. Hajibeklou.

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CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P.
56(a). “A mere scintilla of evidence will not suffice to allow a nonmoving party to survive
summary judgment.” Smith v. Rail Link, Inc., 697 F.3d 1304, 1309 n. 2 (10th Cir. 2012). When
a moving party does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party may discharge its
burden of supporting its motion with affidavits or other materials by showing that “there is an
absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 324 (1986).
Defendants moved for summary judgment on each of Plaintiff’s various causes of action
on the grounds that Plaintiff’s claims are legally barred or cannot be sustained because, even if
viewed in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, the facts are not sufficient to support Plaintiff’s
claims.
First Claim for Relief
Plaintiff sought relief under the Utah Antidiscrimination Act (“UADA”). U.C.A. § 34a5-101 et seq. As Plaintiff acknowledged in her response to Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment and during oral argument, pursuant to the language of the UADA, parties may only
attempt to enforce the UADA in state agencies and state courts. U.C.A. § 34a-5-107(15) & (16).
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims brought pursuant to the UADA are dismissed.

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Second Claim for Relief
Plaintiff alleged discrimination based on her age and in violation of the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, § 2 et seq., 29 U.S.C.A. § 621 et seq. (“ADEA”).
However, as Plaintiff acknowledged during briefing and oral argument, the State and its
agencies, such as UDOT, have Eleventh Amendment immunity from such claims. Kimel v.
Florida Bd. Of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000). Therefore, Plaintiff’s ADEA claim is dismissed.
Third Claim for Relief
Plaintiff alleges that based on her gender and national origin she was harassed and also
discriminated against in her pay and denial of promotions in violation of Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). Specifically, Plaintiff alleges she was subject to
unwelcome conduct and comments based on her gender and national origin, was paid less than
similarly situated males, and was denied promotions.
In her pleadings and during oral argument, Plaintiff conceded that the facts were
insufficient to support her failure to promote claim and the claim is dismissed. As for Plaintiff’s
pay claim, the Court finds that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies and the
Court may not exercise jurisdiction over the claim. In Martinez v. Potter, 347 F.3d 1208 (10th
Cir. 2003), the Tenth Circuit Court ruled that claims not raised at the administrative level may
not be advanced to this Court. Plaintiff’s pay claim is dismissed.
On Plaintiff’s claims of a hostile work environment, the Court finds that even if viewed
in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, the undisputed facts are insufficient to support a charge of
unlawful harassment. To prevail on a claim of hostile work environment, a plaintiff must be

16

able to demonstrate that her workplace was permeated with discriminatory comments or conduct
so severe they altered the terms and conditions of employment. MacKenzie v. Denver, 414 F.3d
1266, 1280 (10th Cir. 2005). In addition, when reviewing allegations of harassment, courts are
to “filter out offhand comments, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious).” Id.
In Ms. Hajibeklou’s case, the small number of alleged offensive comments and
unwelcome conduct (some of which do not appear to be directed at Ms. Hajibeklou due to her
membership in any protected class and, thus, are not discriminatory) occurring over the span of
Plaintiff’s long career at UDOT, are insufficient to establish that any terms and conditions of Ms.
Hajibeklou’s employment were unlawfully altered. (Compare with Hasco Corp. v. Renner, 475
F.3d 1179, 1188 (10th Cir. 2007)(finding for Plaintiff when facts showed an “environment
polluted with gender-specific comments and behavior.”)). Plaintiff’s claims of unlawful
harassment and discrimination are dismissed.
Fourth Claim for Relief
Plaintiff alleges Defendants retaliated against her after she filed a charge of
discrimination with the Utah Labor Commission. Plaintiff alleged in her charge of
discrimination that after she complained to her employer of unlawful discrimination she was
placed in “coaching.” In her complaint filed with this Court Plaintiff further alleged that she was
placed on a corrective action plan, suspended for one day, and eventually constructively
discharged.
As to the “coaching,” Plaintiff admits that her employer placed her in “coaching” prior to
the time Plaintiff alleges she engaged in protected activity. Thus, the “coaching” could not have

17

been an act of retaliation for Plaintiff having engaged in protected activity. In addition, being
placed in “coaching,” is not the kind of adverse job action which rises to the level of being
considered unlawful retaliation.
Regarding Plaintiff’s allegations that she was place on a corrective action plan,
suspended and constructively discharged in retaliation for her having complained of unlawful
discriminatory conduct, Plaintiff failed to amend her charge of discrimination to include these
claims. Each is a discreet act of alleged discrimination and Plaintiff is required to exhaust her
administrative remedies as to both. Martinez, 347 F.3d at 1210. Plaintiff has failed to do so and
her claims must be dismissed.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is
GRANTED.2 The clerk of this Court is directed to close the case.

August 1, 2013.
BY THE COURT:
s/ David Nuffer
_____________________________
David Nuffer
United States District Judge

2

Docket no. 22, filed January 31, 2012
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