Muir Enterprises v. Deli Nation et al
Filing
84
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER denying 63 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge David Nuffer on 2/7/14 (alt)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH, CENTRAL DIVISION
MUIR ENTERPRISES INC. d/b/a
MUIR COPPER CANYON FARMS,
Plaintiff,
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
AND STATING MATERIAL FACTS
NOT IN DISPUTE
v.
DELI NATION LLC d/b/a JASON’S DELI,
DELI PLANET INC., DELI PLANET LLC,
CLIVE BRAD PUSEY, COREY W.
SANDBERG, MICHAEL T. FLYNN, JAMES
T. MEADOWS
Case No. 2:12-cv-00120-DN
District Judge David Nuffer
Defendants.
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Undisputed Facts ............................................................................................................................. 4
Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 9
A.
Summary Judgment Standard.............................................................................................. 9
B.
Application of the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act to Restaurants .................. 10
C.
The Purchaser’s Identity is a Disputed Issue of Material Fact .......................................... 14
1.
2.
Payments for Produce ........................................................................................... 17
3.
Delivery Invoices .................................................................................................. 19
4.
D.
The Credit Application ......................................................................................... 15
Entity Filings and Interim Management Agreement ............................................ 19
Was Deli Nation LLC a Purchaser or Payment Agent? .................................................... 19
Order ............................................................................................................................................. 20
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Muir Enterprises Inc. brought this action to recover a $117,993.99 balance owed
for produce sold and delivered between May 3, 2011, and September 26, 2011. 1 The deliveries
were made to four restaurants which are now closed: Deli Nation of Layton LLC, Deli Nation of
Gateway LLC, Deli Nation of Orem LLC, and Deli Nation of Fashion Plaza LLC (the “DN
Restaurants”).
Plaintiff seeks recovery under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (“PACA”), 2
which creates a statutory trust on behalf of produce sellers and permits them to pursue assets of
that trust to secure payment. 3 Though the produce was delivered to the DN Restaurants, Plaintiff
claims that the produce was purchased by another entity, Deli Nation LLC, which subjected itself
to the trust provisions of PACA by purchasing produce on behalf of the DN Restaurants. 4
Defendants Deli Planet LLC and Deli Planet Inc. allegedly acquired the assets of the DN
Restaurants and Deli Nation LLC after the produce sales. 5 Plaintiff claims that Deli Planet LLC
and Deli Planet Inc. thereby acquired assets of the statutory trust, assets from which Plaintiff is
entitled to seek payment for the produce delivered to the DN Restaurants. 6
1
First Amended Complaint at 3, ¶¶ 6–7, docket no. 47, filed October 1, 2012.
2
7 U.S.C. § 499a–t (2012).
3
Id. § 499e(c).
4
Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants Deli Planet Inc., Deli Planet LLC, Michael T. Flynn, James T. Meadows, and
Cory Sandberg’s Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter
Jurisdiction (Opposing Memorandum) at 2–3, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
5
First Amended Complaint at 4, ¶¶ 10–11, docket no. 47, filed October 1, 2012.
6
Id.
2
Michael T. Flynn and James T. Meadows are alleged to be officers of Deli Planet LLC
and Deli Planet Inc. who mismanaged the trust assets. 7 Cory W. Sandberg and Clive B. Pusey
are alleged to have been officers of Deli Nation LLC and the DN Restaurants who did the same. 8
Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the DN Restaurants 9 and secured a certificate of default
against Deli Nation LLC. 10
Defendants Deli Planet Inc., Deli Planet LLC, Michael T. Flynn, James T. Meadows, and
Cory W. Sandberg moved for summary judgment or to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. 11 Defendants deny that Plaintiff is entitled to the protections afforded by PACA,
claiming that neither Deli Nation LLC nor any one of the DN Restaurants purchased a sufficient
quantity of produce from Plaintiff to make the provisions of the Act applicable. As Defendants
interpret PACA, purchases made by a restaurant will trigger PACA’s trust provisions only if
more than $230,000 worth of produce is purchased by the restaurant in a year. 12 Plaintiff cannot
show, according to Defendants, that any DN Restaurant purchased such a large quantity of
produce from Plaintiff in any year. 13
7
Id. at 7–8, ¶¶ 27–36.
8
Id. at 5–6, ¶¶ 17–26.
9
Notice of Rule 41(a) Dismissal without Prejudice of Claims against Deli Nation of Orem LLC, Deli Nation of
Layton LLC, and Deli Nation of Gateway LLC, docket no. 78, filed September 16, 2013; Notice of Rule 41(a)
Dismissal without Prejudice of Claims against Deli Nation of Fashion Plaza LLC, docket no. 79, filed September 16,
2013.
10
Second Entry of Default against Deli Nation LLC, docket no. 81, filed September 17, 2013.
11
Defendants Deli Planet Inc., Deli Planet LLC, Michael T. Flynn, James T. Meadows, and Cory Sandberg’s
Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction (Summary
Judgment Motion), docket no. 63, filed March 20, 2013.
12
Defendants Deli Planet Inc., Deli Planet LLC, Michael T. Flynn, James T. Meadows, and Cory Sandberg’s Reply
in Support of the Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter
Jurisdiction (Reply Memorandum) at 6–7, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
13
Summary Judgment Motion at 2, docket no. 63, filed March 20, 2013.
3
Further, Defendants deny that Deli Nation LLC purchased produce from Plaintiff at all,
claiming instead that Deli Nation LLC merely provided administrative support to the DN
Restaurants. 14
As a result, Defendants claim they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law because the
trust provisions of PACA are not implicated. Because subject matter jurisdiction is predicated
upon a statutory grant to enforce PACA’s trust provisions, 15 summary judgment in favor of
Defendants would deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction.
Review of the memoranda filed on the motion shows that summary judgment is not
appropriate. Defendants are correct that purchases of produce by a restaurant will not trigger the
trust provisions of PACA unless that restaurant purchases more than $230,000 worth of produce
in a year. However, whether Deli Nation LLC made the relevant purchases on behalf of the DN
Restaurants is a material fact that remains in dispute.
UNDISPUTED FACTS
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(g), the following facts are found to be not
genuinely in dispute and are established in the case:
1.
Deli Nation of Layton LLC, Deli Nation of Gateway LLC, Deli Nation of Orem
LLC, and Deli Nation of Fashion Plaza LLC (“DN Restaurants”) were restaurants. 16
2.
At all relevant times, Plaintiff is and was engaged in the business of buying and
selling wholesale quantities of produce in interstate commerce or contemplation thereof and is
and was licensed as a dealer under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (“PACA”). 17
14
Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
15
7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(5).
16
Summary Judgment Motion at 4, docket no. 63, filed March 20, 2013; Opposing Memorandum at 6, docket no.
65, filed April 16, 2013.
4
3.
A credit application dated April 12, 2005, and signed by Clive B. Pusey was
submitted to Plaintiff. 18 An attachment to the application was printed on Deli Nation LLC
letterhead and lists Morris A. Pusey, Clive B. Pusey, and M. Kent Foote as “Principals.” 19 The
address listed for Deli Nation LLC on the attachment is 610 East South Temple #10, Salt Lake
City, UT 84102. 20
4.
Before 2009, at least eight payments to Plaintiff for produce delivered to the DN
Restaurants were made on checks written from a single account in the name of Deli Nation
LLC. 21 Those checks listed the address of Deli Nation LLC as 610 East South Temple #10, Salt
Lake City, UT 84102. 22
5.
After 2009, two payments to Plaintiff for produce delivered to the DN Restaurants
were made on checks – dated 2/25/2010 and 6/17/2011 – written from the same account in the
name of Deli Nation LLC. 23 The address for Deli Nation LLC listed on those checks is 41 North
Rio Grande, Suite 103, Salt Lake City, UT 84101. 24
6.
After 2009, additional payments to Plaintiff for produce delivered to the DN
Restaurants were made with an American Express credit account issued in the name of Clive B.
17
Opposing Memorandum at 6, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013. Defendants’ Reply Memorandum did not
address this additional fact.
18
Id.; Reply Memorandum at 5, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
19
Opposing Memorandum at 6, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 2, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Reply Memorandum at 5, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
20
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 2, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
21
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, ¶ 14, docket no. 65,
filed April 16, 2013; Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
22
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
23
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
24
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
5
Pusey. 25 The billing address for that account is 41 N. Rio Grande St., Salt Lake City, UT
84101. 26
7.
In each year from 2008 to 2011, the purchases of produce from Plaintiff to be
delivered to the DN Restaurants were worth, in aggregate, over $230,000. 27
8.
On multiple occasions – including March 14, 2008, May 29, 2010, and May 28,
2011 – over one ton of produce was purchased from Plaintiff, in aggregate, in a single day to be
delivered to the DN Restaurants. 28
9.
The DN Restaurants accepted delivery of the produce from Plaintiff. 29
10.
From May 3, 2011, to September 26, 2011, Plaintiff sold produce in the amount
of $117,993.99 in interstate commerce or contemplation thereof to be delivered to the DN
Restaurants, all of which remains unpaid. 30
11.
Plaintiff timely delivered invoices to Deli Nation LLC or the DN Restaurants that
contained the language required under PACA, 7 U.S.C. §499e(c)(4). 31
12.
Plaintiff’s invoices for produce delivered to the DN Restaurants between May
2011 and January 2012 include both a “Bill To” and “Ship To” address. 32 The “Ship To” address
25
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 6, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
26
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 6, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
27
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 4, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013. Defendants’ Reply Memorandum did not address this additional fact.
28
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 3, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013. Defendants’ Reply Memorandum did not address this additional fact.
29
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, May
14, 2013.
30
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 7 & 8,
docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013. Defendants’ Reply Memorandum did not address this additional fact.
31
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 8, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013. Defendants’ Reply Memorandum did not address this additional fact.
32
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 8, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
6
varies and reflects the location of individual DN Restaurants to which the produce is being
delivered. 33 The “Bill To” address is always 41 North Rio Grande St. #103, Salt Lake City, UT
84101. 34
13.
Each of the invoices Plaintiff sent to Deli Nation LLC or the DN Restaurants
contained the contractual terms that Plaintiff is owed interest on all outstanding invoices at 1.5%
per month plus all collection costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred by Plaintiff in
collecting the debt owed. 35
14.
The Nevada filing for Deli Nation LLC, formed in June of 2004, states that Kent
M. Foote, Clive B. Pusey, and Morris A. Pusey are its officers. Kent M Foote is its registered
agent. 36
15.
The Utah filing for Deli Nation LLC, formed in August of 2007, states that Clive
B. Pusey and Cory W. Sandberg are its officers and Clive B. Pusey is its registered agent. 37 The
address of the LLC and of its registered agent is 610 E. South Temple, Ste 10, Salt Lake City,
UT 84054-3309. 38
16.
The Utah filing for Deli Nation of Gateway LLC, formed in January of 2007,
states that Clive B. Pusey is its sole officer and Mark Duffin is its registered agent. 39 The address
33
Id.
34
Id.
35
Id.; Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
36
Appendix to Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, Exhibit “A”: Amended Affidavit of Cory
Sandberg, Exhibit 1, docket no. 71, filed May 14, 2013.
37
Id.
38
Id.
39
Id.
7
of the LLC is 178 S. Rio Grande St., Ste. 100, Salt Lake City, UT 84101-1687. 40 The address of
its registered agent is 41 N. Rio Grande St., Ste. 103, Salt Lake City, UT 84101-1385. 41
17.
The Utah filing for Deli Nation of Layton LLC, formed in January of 2007, states
that Clive B. Pusey is its only officer and Mark Duffin is its registered agent. 42 The address of
the LLC and its registered agent is 41 N. Rio Grande St., Ste 103, Salt Lake City, UT 841011385. 43
18.
The Utah filing for Deli Nation of Orem LLC, formed in June of 2006, states that
Clive B. Pusey and Cory W. Sandberg are its officers and Mark Duffin is its registered agent. 44
The address of the LLC is 771 E. University Pkwy, Orem, UT 84097-7771. The address for its
registered agent is 41 N. Rio Grande St., Ste. 103, Salt Lake City, UT 84101-1385. 45
19.
The Utah filing for Deli Nation of Fashion Plaza LLC, formed in July of 2005,
states that Clive B. Pusey and Corey Sandberg are its officers and Mark Duffin is its registered
agent. 46 The address of both the LLC and its registered agent is 41 N. Rio Grande St., Ste. 103,
Salt Lake City, UT 84101-1385. 47
20.
The Interim Management Services Agreement between Deli Planet Inc., and Deli
Nation LLC and the DN Restaurants – dated July 1, 2011 and amended and restated on
September 26, 2011 – states that any communication to the owners of Deli Nation LLC and the
DN Restaurants should be directed to the attention of Clive B. Pusey at Deli Nation LLC, 41 N.
40
Id.
41
Id.
42
Id.
43
Id.
44
Id.
45
Id.
46
Id.
47
Id.
8
Rio Grande, Suite 103, Salt Lake City, UT 84101. 48 An exhibit attached to that agreement
contains the same address as the location of Deli Nation LLC and its owner/operator. 49
DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Defendants moved for summary judgment or, in the alternative, for dismissal for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction. This court must “convert a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss into a
Rule 12(b)(6) motion or a Rule 56 summary judgment motion when resolution of the
jurisdictional question is intertwined with the merits of the case. The jurisdictional question is
intertwined with the merits of the case if subject matter jurisdiction is dependent on the same
statute which provides the substantive claim in the case.” 50 Because jurisdiction in this case
depends on the same statute that provides Plaintiff’s substantive claim, Defendants’ motion –
whether intended as a challenge to jurisdiction, the merits, or both – is properly evaluated as a
summary judgment motion.
Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 51 A factual dispute is genuine when
“there is sufficient evidence on each side so that a rational trier of fact could resolve the issue
either way.” 52 In determining whether there is a genuine dispute as to material fact, the court
should “view the factual record and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom most favorably to
the nonmovant.” 53
48
Appendix to Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, Exhibit “B”: Interim Management Services
Agreement, docket no. 71, filed May 14, 2013.
49
Id.
50
Holt v. U.S., 46 F.3d 1000, 1003 (10th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted).
51
Fed. R. Civ. P. (56)(a).
52
Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 670 (10th Cir. 1998)
53
Id.
9
The moving party “bears the initial burden of making a prima facie demonstration of the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.” 54
When, as in this case, the movant does not bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial, it can
make such a prima facie demonstration by “pointing out to the court a lack of evidence for the
nonmovant on an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim.” 55 If the moving party carries this
initial burden, the nonmovant “may not simply rest upon it pleadings,” but must “set forth
specific facts that would be admissible in evidence in the event of trial from which a rational trier
of fact could find for the nonmovant.” 56
B. Application of the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act to Restaurants
The parties disagree as to the interpretation of The Perishable Agricultural Commodities
Act (“PACA”). 57 While they agree that restaurants may be subject to PACA, 58 they disagree
about when PACA applies to restaurants. Defendants claim that a restaurant is subject to PACA
only if the restaurant purchases at least $230,000 worth of perishable agricultural commodities
over the course of a year. Plaintiff claims that a restaurant may be subject to PACA even if it
purchases less. This decision holds that a restaurant may be subject to PACA only if it purchases
at least $230,000 worth of perishable agricultural commodities in a single year.
PACA was enacted by Congress in 1930 to provide “protection of the producers of
perishable agricultural products—most of whom must entrust their products to a buyer or
commission merchant who may be thousands of miles away, and depend for their payment upon
54
Id. at 670–71.
55
Id. at 671.
56
Id.
57
7 U.S.C. §§ 499a–t (2012).
58
Summary Judgment Motion at 4, docket no. 63, filed March 20, 2013; Opposing Memorandum at 9, docket no.
65, filed April 16, 2013.
10
his business acumen and fair dealing.” 59 In 1984, Congress acted to “increase the legal protection
for unpaid sellers and suppliers of perishable agricultural commodities” 60 by requiring regulated
entities to maintain a trust sufficient to reimburse unpaid sellers. 61 The trust may consist of the
perishable commodities themselves, products derived from the perishable commodities, and
proceeds from the sale of the commodities. 62 An unpaid seller can bring an action in federal
court to enforce payment from the trust. 63
PACA imposes the obligation to maintain such a trust on any “commission merchant,
dealer, or broker.” 64 The dispute between the parties concerns the term ‘dealer.’ PACA initially
defines ‘dealer’ to include “any person engaged in the business of buying or selling in wholesale
or jobbing quantities, as defined by the Secretary, any perishable agricultural commodity in
interstate or foreign commerce . . . .” 65 Regulations issued by the Department of Agriculture
define ‘wholesale or jobbing quantities’ to mean “aggregate quantities of all types of produce
totaling one ton (2,000 pounds) or more in weight in any day shipped, received, or contracted to
be shipped or received.” 66
There are three exceptions to this initial definition of ‘dealer.’ 67 The parties disagree as to
one exception. The other two exceptions are not in dispute and are not relevant in this case. The
disputed exception states that “no person buying any such [perishable agricultural] commodity
59
In re Kornblum & Co., Inc., 81 F.3d 280, 283 (2d Cir. 1996).
60
H.R. Rep. 98-543, at 3 (1983), reprinted in U.S.C.C.A.N. 405, 405.
61
7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(2).
62
Id.
63
Id. § 499e(5).
64
Id. § 499(e)
65
Id. § 499a(b)(6).
66
7 C.F.R. § 46.2 (2012).
67
7 U.S.C. § 499a(b)(6).
11
solely for sale at retail shall be considered as a ‘dealer’ until the invoice costs of his purchases of
perishable agricultural commodities in any calendar year are in excess of $230,000 . . . .” 68 As a
result, a party who buys produce solely for sale at retail will be subject to the trust provisions of
PACA only if the party purchases at least $230,000 worth of produce in a year.
The parties disagree as to whether this exception (requiring purchase in excess of
$230,000) is applicable to restaurants. Defendants assert, and Plaintiff denies, that restaurants
buy produce “solely for sale at retail.” 69 According to Plaintiff, restaurants do not buy produce
solely for sale at retail because they buy produce to be used as ingredients in the creation of
other products – sandwiches, soups, etc. – which are then sold at retail. 70 Plaintiff claims that a
“plain reading of the statute” requires that produce is purchased solely for sale at retail only if
what is sold at retail is produce. 71 On Plaintiff’s view, restaurants that meet the initial definition
of ‘dealer’ are subject to the PACA trust provisions even if they buy less than $230,000 of
produce in a year. 72 Defendants, on the hand, claim that restaurants are selling solely at retail
because they purchase produce to create meals that are sold at retail. 73 On Defendant’s view,
restaurants are subject to the PACA trust provisions only if they meet the initial definition of
‘dealer’ and purchase in excess of $230,000 of produce in a year. 74 Defendants are correct.
Under Plaintiff’s reading, a grocer who meets the initial definition of ‘dealer’ and
purchases produce for direct resale to the public would be purchasing solely for sale at retail. If
68
Id.
69
Summary Judgment Motion at 5, docket no. 63, filed March 20, 2013; Opposing Memorandum at 10, docket no.
65, filed April 16, 2013.
70
Opposing Memorandum at 10, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
71
Id. at 11.
72
Id.
73
Reply Memorandum at 7, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
74
Id.
12
the grocer purchased only $100,000 worth of produce over the course of the year, the grocer
would not be covered by PACA’s trust provisions. Restaurants, on the other hand, would be
treated differently because they process the produce into meals. A restaurant that purchased
precisely the same produce at exactly the same cost over the course of the year would be subject
to PACA’s trust provisions. There is no reason to believe that Congress intended to regulate
restaurants more closely than it regulates grocers. Plaintiff’s interpretation does not, as Plaintiff
claims, follow from the plain language of the statute. PACA states that “no person buying any
such [perishable agricultural commodity] solely for sale at retail shall be considered as a ‘dealer’
until the invoice cost of his purchases of perishable agricultural commodities in any calendar
year are in excess of $230,000 . . . .” 75 Nothing in that language – or elsewhere in the statute –
suggests that purchasing produce solely for sale at retail requires that what is sold at retail is
produce. It is at least as natural to read the language as distinguishing between parties who
purchase perishable agricultural commodities for retail sales, without regard to whether what is
eventually sold is produce, and parties who purchase such commodities for sale at wholesale.
The distinction is between those who sell something at retail and those who do not. While only
four courts have directly addressed this question, three of those four courts reached the result,
consistent with this opinion, that restaurants purchase produce solely for sale at retail. 76
75
7 U.S.C. § 499a(b)(6) (2012).
76
Fresh Pick NY Inc. v. Dover Gourmet Corp., 12-CV-662 JFB ARL, 2013 WL 4777323, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 5,
2013) (holding that “[u]nder the plain meaning of the statute, restaurants are exempt from the definition of dealer if
they purchase less than $230,000 of produce in any calendar year, regardless of whether they sell the produce in
unaltered form or use the produce to make food”); Bix Produce Co., LLC v. Bilimbi Bay Minnesota, LLC, CIV. 051914 (DWF/SRN), 2006 WL 2067837, at *5 (D. Minn. July 24, 2006) (holding that “the amount of perishable
agricultural commodities a restaurant purchases per year must be considered when determining whether a restaurant
is a dealer under PACA and that only restaurants purchasing more than $230,000 a year fall within the parameters of
PACA”); J. Ambrogi Food Distribution v. Top Dog Am.'s Bar & Grille of PA, Inc., CIV.A.05-337, 2005 WL
1655891, at *4 (E.D. Pa. July 14, 2005) (holding that “the monetary amount of agricultural commodities purchased
by a restaurant in a given year must be considered in conjunction with the physical weight of produce purchased in
determining whether a restaurant is considered a dealer under PACA”). But see In re Reservoir Dogs, Inc., 00 C
7264, 2001 WL 1846860, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 27, 2001) vacated sub nom. on other grounds Sysco Food Serv.,
13
In order for any one of the DN Restaurants to be subject to PACA, as dealers purchasing
produce “solely for sale at retail,” Plaintiff must show the restaurant purchased more than
$230,000 in a single year. Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the “DN Companies [including the
DN Restaurants] . . . were purchasers of wholesale quantities of produce subject to the trust
provisions to the [sic] PACA.” 77 Defendants claim that the DN Restaurants are not subject to
PACA’s trust provisions because no one of the restaurants purchased in excess of $230,000
worth of produce in a year from Plaintiff. 78 Plaintiff does not argue in its opposition to summary
judgment that any one of the DN Restaurants purchased in excess of $230,000 worth of produce
in a year. 79 Plaintiff claims instead that the threshold does not apply to restaurants. 80 This
decision holds otherwise. None of the DN Restaurants are subject to PACA’s trust provisions
because no one of the restaurants purchased in excess of $230,000 of produce in a year.
C. The Purchaser’s Identity is a Disputed Issue of Material Fact
The identity of the purchaser of the produce is a material fact in dispute. Plaintiff claims
that produce delivered to the DN Restaurants was actually purchased by Deli Nation LLC – not
the individual DN Restaurants – and that Deli Nation LLC is subject to PACA’s trust
provisions. 81 Defendants deny that the purchases were made by Deli Nation LLC. 82 Plaintiff has
provided evidence that if the purchases were made by Deli Nation LLC, they would be
Chicago, Inc. v. Reservoir Dogs, Inc., 01-3823, 2002 WL 32963984 (7th Cir. Apr. 15, 2002) (holding that
restaurants do not purchase produce solely for sale at retail because they sell meals, not produce, at retail).
77
First Amended Complaint at 2, ¶4(a), docket no. 47, filed October 1, 2012.
78
Motion for Summary Judgment at 5, docket no. 63, filed March 20, 2013.
79
Opposing Memorandum at 11, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013 (claiming that “[t]he individual DN Restaurants
were not the produce purchasers”).
80
Id.
81
Opposing Memorandum, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
82
Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
14
sufficiently large to trigger the trust provisions of PACA. 83 Defendants do not dispute that
evidence. As a result, whether Deli Nation LLC made the purchases is a material fact. Because
there is a genuine dispute as to the identity of the purchaser, summary judgment is not
appropriate. This section discusses that conflicting evidence.
To support the claim that Deli Nation LLC purchased the produce, Plaintiff cites: (1) an
otherwise blank 2005 credit application signed by Clive B. Pusey and submitted to Plaintiff with
an attachment on Deli Nation LLC letterhead; (2) payments for deliveries of produce to the DN
Restaurant made from two accounts, one of which is a checking account in the name of Deli
Nation LLC; and (3) invoices for deliveries to the DN Restaurants. In response, Defendants
argue that each of the DN Restaurants is a distinct LLC and Deli Nation LLC is not their parent.
In support of that claim, defendants cite: the state filings for Deli Nation LLC and each of the
DN Restaurants; and an agreement between Deli Planet Inc., Deli Nation LLC, and the DN
Restaurants.
1. The Credit Application
Plaintiff relies on a credit application dated April 12, 2005. 84 The application is blank but
for the signature of Clive B. Pusey. 85 An attachment to the application is on Deli Nation LLC
letterhead and lists the officers of that LLC – including Clive B. Pusey – as principals. 86 The
address on the Deli Nation LLC letterhead is the Salt Lake City address that is on checks issued
from a Deli Nation LLC account in payment for produce deliveries to the DN Restaurants prior
83
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 3 & 4, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
84
Opposing Memorandum at 6, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 2, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
85
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 2, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
86
Id.
15
to 2009. 87 Finally, no other credit agreement governed the relationship between the Plaintiff and
the DN Restaurants. 88
Defendants argue that because the credit application is blank, it is unclear which entity is
applying for credit and whether any agreement based on the application would be enforceable. 89
Defendants also argue that the application is irrelevant to the purchases at issue here because
there is no reason to think that any credit agreement based on the 2005 application was still in
effect at the time of the 2011 purchases and because the DN Restaurants were not even formed
as LLCs until after the credit application was submitted to Plaintiff. 90 As a result, Defendants
claim, there is no reason to believe that any credit agreement reached on the basis of the 2005
application was ever intended to apply to deliveries to the DN Restaurants, much less to
deliveries six years later. 91
The credit application is largely but not entirely blank. It includes the signature of Clive
B. Pusey – a Deli Nation LLC officer – and an attachment on Deli Nation LLC letterhead listing
the officers of Deli Nation LLC as “Principals.” 92 Contrary to Defendants’ claim, the application
does suggest which party was trying to secure credit in 2005. The credit application provides
evidence that Plaintiff was contracting with Deli Nation LLC for produce deliveries in 2005. The
first DN Restaurant – Deli Nation of Fashion Plaza LLC – was formed only three months after
the 2005 credit application was submitted. 93 The fact that Plaintiff never required the DN
87
Id.; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
88
Reply Memorandum at 5, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
89
Id.
90
Id.
91
Id.
92
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 2, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
93
Appendix to Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, Exhibit “A”: Amended Affidavit of Cory
Sandberg, Exhibit 1, docket no. 71, filed May 14, 2013.
16
Restaurants to submit their own credit applications suggests that Plaintiff, at least, believed that
Deli Nation LLC was purchasing produce on behalf of the DN Restaurants. Defendants do not
suggest any reason why Deli Nation LLC might be applying for credit to purchase produce if not
to make purchases on behalf of the DN Restaurants. Though it is true that any agreement reached
on the basis of the application may not have been in effect in 2011, the application provides
some evidence that the initial arrangement between Plaintiff and Deli Nation LLC was for the
latter to purchase produce on behalf of the DN Restaurants.
2. Payments for Produce
Plaintiff claims that prior to 2009, payments for deliveries to the DN Restaurants were
made on checks written from a Deli Nation LLC account. 94 After 2009, Plaintiff claims that all
but two payments for deliveries to the DN Restaurants were made on a credit account in the
name of Clive B. Pusey. 95 The remaining two payments after 2009 were made on checks issued
from a Deli Nation LLC account. 96
According to Defendants, payment from these two accounts merely reflects that Deli
Nation LLC provided “administrative support to the delis by processing payment on invoices
that it had received from the individual restaurants.” 97 Whether the arrangement between Deli
Nation LLC and the DN Restaurants merely reflects “administrative support” is a factual
question that cannot be resolved on summary judgment.
94
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, ¶ 14, docket no. 65,
filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
95
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, ¶ 15, docket no. 65,
filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 6, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
96
Opposing Memorandum at 7, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5, docket
no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
97
Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
17
Defendants also note that the credit account from which payments were made after 2009
was a private account in the name of Clive B. Pusey, not in the name of Deli Nation LLC. 98
Finally, Defendants concede that the two checks issued after 2009 from a Deli Nation LLC
account in payment for deliveries to the DN Restaurants are “possible exception[s]” to their
claim that “there is no evidence supporting Plaintiff’s contention that Deli Nation, LLC paid
[for] produce shipments made to the individual deli restaurants.” 99 However, Clive B. Pusey
signed the 2005 credit application, 100 is listed on the attachment to that application on Deli
Nation LLC letterhead as a “Principal,” 101 and is an officer of Deli Nation LLC. 102 Further, the
billing address listed on the credit account is the same address listed on the two checks issued
from a Deli Nation LLC account after 2009 in payment for deliveries to the DN Restaurants. 103
Though it is a private account in the name of Clive B. Pusey, payments for deliveries to the DN
Restaurants from this single account – particularly in light of the 2005 credit application and the
payments from a Deli Nation LLC checking account for deliveries to the DN Restaurants –
provide some evidence that Deli Nation LLC purchased produce to be delivered to the DN
Restaurants.
98
Id.
99
Id.
100
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 2, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
101
Id.
102
Appendix to Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, Exhibit “A”: Amended Affidavit of Cory
Sandberg, Exhibit 1, docket no. 71, filed May 14, 2013.
103
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 6, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5,
docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
18
3. Delivery Invoices
Plaintiff submitted representative invoices for deliveries to the DN Restaurants. 104 Those
invoices have a common billing address, regardless of the address of the restaurant. 105 That
address is the billing address on the credit account from which payments for deliveries to the DN
Restaurants were made after 2009. 106 That same address is on the two checks issued from a Deli
Nation LLC account after 2009. 107 While the invoices are somewhat ambiguous as to the party
being billed – billing to, for instance, “Jason’s Deli (Layton), Deli Nation” 108 – the invoices
provide some evidence that Deli Nation LLC was billed for all deliveries to the DN Restaurants.
4. Entity Filings and Interim Management Agreement
Defendants appeal to the state filings forming each of the LLCs and an Interim
Management Services Agreement between Deli Planet Inc. and the DN Restaurants as evidence
that the DN Restaurants are distinct entities and Deli Nation LLC is not their parent. 109 In doing
so, Defendants are responding directly to Plaintiff’s allegation that Deli Nation LLC was the
parent of the DN Restaurants. 110 However, Deli Nation LLC need not be the parent entity of the
DN Restaurants to incur obligations under PACA. If Deli Nation LLC is buying produce on
behalf of the DN Restaurants, it is nevertheless buying produce for purposes of PACA.
D. Was Deli Nation LLC a Purchaser or Payment Agent?
104
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 8, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
105
Id.
106
Id.; Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 2, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
107
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 5, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
108
Declaration of Philip Muir, Exhibit 8, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
109
Reply Memorandum at 3–4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013; Appendix to Reply in Support of Motion for
Summary Judgment, Exhibit “A”: Amended Affidavit of Cory Sandberg, Exhibit 1, docket no. 71, filed May 14,
2013; Appendix to Reply in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, Exhibit “B”: Interim Management Services
Agreement, docket no. 71, filed May 14, 2013.
110
Opposing Memorandum at 2–3, docket no. 65, filed April 16, 2013.
19
Defendants deny that Deli Nation LLC purchased produce at all, even if only on behalf of
the DN Restaurants. 111 Deli Nation LLC, according to Defendants, merely acted as
administrative support in processing payment. Whether Deli Nation LLC merely acted as
administrative support for the DN Restaurants is a material question of fact that cannot be
resolved on summary judgment. Depending upon the details of Deli Nation LLC’s involvement
in payment, the distinction between processing payment for the DN Restaurants and purchasing
produce on their behalf may be a distinction without a difference. PACA’s object – assisting
produce sellers in securing payment – would be frustrated if a party can escape its obligations
under PACA by “choos[ing] to erect a corporate structure where any upstream entity is not
directly ‛buying’ produce (but paying invoices); and, at the same time, that same entity is
shielded from liability because it is not a ‛dealer’ since it is not involved in the commercial
exchange of actual produce.” 112
Summary judgment in favor of Defendants is not appropriate. A reasonable finder of fact
could conclude from the undisputed evidence that Deli Nation LLC purchased the produce to be
delivered to the DN Restaurants. This appears to be the only issue that may need to be tried.
ORDER
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is
DENIED. 113
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the facts found as undisputed in this motion shall be
treated as established in this case.
111
Reply Memorandum at 4, docket no. 70, filed May 14, 2013.
112
Freshpack Produce, Inc. v. VM Wellington LLC, No. 12–CV–3157–WJM–MJW, 2013 WL 50433, at *6 (D.
Colo. Jan. 3, 2013).
113
Summary Judgment Motion, docket no. 63, filed March 20, 2013.
20
IT IS FURTHER ORDER that the parties shall meet, confer and on or before February
28, 2014, file an attorney’s planning meeting report with an attached proposed scheduling order,
and email the proposed scheduling order in word processing format to ipt@utd.uscourts.gov.
Signed February 7, 2014.
BY THE COURT
________________________________________
District Judge David Nuffer
21
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