Strong v. Cochran et al

Filing 214

ORDER AND MEMORANDUM DECISION denying 107 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim; denying 115 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim; denying 116 Motion for Judicial Notice; denying 111 Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge Tena Campbell on 10/13/17 (alt)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
CENTRAL DIVISION

D. RAY STRONG, as Liquidating Trustee of
the Consolidated Legacy Debtors Liquidating
Trust, the Castle Arch Opportunity Partners I,
LLC Liquidating Trust and the Castle Arch
Opportunity Partners II, LLC Liquidating
Trust,

ORDER
AND
MEMORANDUM DECISION

Plaintiff,
vs.

Case No. 2:14-cv-788-TC

KIRBY D. COCHRAN, et al.,
Defendants.

This case arises out of the operation and bankruptcy of Castle Arch Real Estate
Investment Company, LLC (CAREIC). Plaintiff D. Ray Strong (Trustee), in his role as
liquidating trustee, is pursuing the Defendants to recover money for the Liquidating Trusts and
Debtors. According to the Trustee, the individual Defendants, who participated in the
management of CAREIC, fraudulently raised $73 million from real-estate investors, squandered
the company assets, and used the money to compensate themselves at investors’ expense. He
asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty, violation of state securities laws and RICO statutes,
and unjust enrichment.
Three sets of Defendants have filed motions to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6).1 They collectively assert that the Trustee’s complaint fails to state a claim
1

See Defs. Austin & Austin Capital Solutions’ Renewed & Expanded Mot. to Dismiss,
ECF No. 107; Mot. of Dfts. Robert Clawson & Hybrid Advisor Group to Dismiss the Compl.

for which relief may be granted because, among other reasons, the claims are time-barred, the
fraud-based claims do not satisfy the Rule 9(b) pleading standard, certain claim elements (such as
a fiduciary duty) are not sufficiently pleaded under Rule 8, and the equitable relief claims are
barred because the Trustee has an adequate remedy at law.
For the reasons set forth below, the court DENIES the motions to dismiss.
FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS2
In April 2004, Defendants Robert Geringer and Jeff Austin formed CAREIC as a
California limited liability company in the business of real estate investment. CAREIC was
“purportedly governed by an Amended Operating Agreement dated February 16, 2007. But in
fact, in their operation and management of CAREIC, Management generally disregarded the
Operating Agreement and applicable state law,” and did not follow the typical management
procedure for LLCs. (Am. Compl. ¶ 32, ECF No. 150.)
CAREIC formed single-purpose or project-specific entities that were apparently designed
to develop specific real estate projects or to take advantage of particular investment
opportunities. For example, Castle Arch Smyrna, LLC (CAS), was formed to develop real
property in Smyrna, Tennessee. Castle Arch Kingman, LLC (CAK), was formed in connection
with the purchase and proposed development of land in Kingman, Arizona. CAREIC and its

Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), ECF No. 115; Mot. of Def. William H. Davidson to Compel
Arbitration Pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 4 & Utah Code § 78B-11-108; Stay the Case Pursuant to 9
U.S.C. § 3 & Utah Code § 78B-11-108; and to Dismiss Claims Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6), ECF No. 111.
2

The law requires the court to take the facts from the Amended Complaint and accept all
of these well-pleaded facts as true for purposes of analyzing the Defendants’ motions. Thomas v.
Kaven, 765 F.3d 1183, 1190 (10th Cir. 2014).
2

special purpose entities are, collectively, the Debtors.
CAREIC, through the individual Defendants, raised over $73 million from investors.
According to the Trustee, they raised that money by fraudulently telling investors that the money
“would be used prudently to acquire, entitle, and develop real estate.” (Id. ¶ 2.) Rather than
acting prudently, the Defendants “recklessly invested in raw land” and “pursued projects long
after they knew, or should have known, these projects were either completely infeasible or so
high risk that a prudent real estate developer would never have pursued them.” (Id. ¶¶ 3, 6.) The
Trustee further alleges that the Defendants “brought no value to the Debtors’ investors, and that
the entire CAREIC operation was merely a scheme to generate personal salaries and other
compensation for [the Defendants], at investors’ expense.” (Id. ¶ 6.)
The Defendants’ Roles at CAREIC
In the Amended Complaint, the Trustee categorizes three of the individual
Defendants—Robert Geringer (who has not filed a motion to dismiss), Jeff Austin, and Robert
Clawson—as CAREIC’s “Officers.” (Id. ¶ 28.) Those Officers, along with Defendant William
Davidson, are referred to in the complaint as the “Board,” the “Directors,” or “Management.”
(Id.) The Amended Complaint also outlines the individual Defendants’ personal involvement in
CAREIC.
For instance, Mr. Austin was CAREIC’s Senior Vice President of Business Development
and a member of the Board of Directors.
As Senior Vice President of Business Development, Austin was the person
principally responsible for the Debtors’ capital-raising activities, comprised of
selling securities to the public through unlicensed broker-dealers by means of
material misstatements and omissions. Austin had authority over the Debtors’
sales materials (including the PPMs [private placement memoranda]) and its sales
3

force.
(Id. ¶ 22.) Beginning in November 2010, Mr. Austin served as CAREIC’s CEO. “As CEO,
Austin had general charge of the business, affairs, and property of the Debtors and general
supervision over its officers, employees, and agents.” (Id.) But “Austin was not registered with
the Securities & Exchange Commission (‘SEC’) or any relevant state authority as a broker-dealer
or as being associated with a broker-dealer firm that was registered with the SEC.” (Id.)
Mr. Davidson became a member of CAREIC’s Board of Directors in January 2006 and
served as Chairman of the Board from May 2007 to November 2010. “He acted as Chair at
CAREIC’s Board meetings, developed and set the agendas for meetings of the Board, and was
charged with ultimate oversight of management.” (Id. ¶ 24.) He was also a member of
CAREIC’s Audit, Compensation, and Governance & Compliance Committees.
Mr. Clawson was CAREIC’s Managing Director of Business Development and a de
factor officer and member of CAREIC’s Board from 2004 to 2011. According to the Amended
Complaint,
Clawson was denied a formal title and his participation in the Company (at Board
meetings and in drafting and structuring PPMs and other sales materials) was not
disclosed in CAREIC’s PPMs or its public filings because Clawson has been,
since at least 2003, barred by the SEC from functioning as a promoter, finder,
consultant, agent, or other person who engages in activities with a broker, dealer,
or issuer for purposes of the issuance or trading in any penny stock, or inducing or
attempting to induce the purchase or sale of any penny stock.
(Id. ¶ 25.)
The Private Placement Memoranda
The Defendants raised money through the sale of securities offered in Private Placement
Memoranda (PPMs). The Trustee, in his securities fraud claims, focuses on three PPMs—one
4

for CAREIC securities, and two for securities of CAREIC’s special purpose entities—each of
which, he alleges, contained material misrepresentations and omissions.
First, Management offered and sold investors approximately $38.4 million in CAREIC
securities (Series A, B, C, D, and E). Of those five offerings, the complaint focuses on the PPM
related to CAREIC’s $7.1 million Series E offering (CAREIC Series E PPM).
In the second set of offerings, Management sold securities of the single-purpose or
project-specific entities. The PPMs at issue in this category are (1) the June 25, 2007 CAS PPM,
through which Management raised $4.1 million, and (2) the February 1, 2008 CASDF PPM,
through which Management raised $8.4 million.
For each of the three, the Trustee enumerates the Management Defendants’ personal
involvement in the offerings, including drafting, revising, and approving the PPMs. (See, e.g.,
id. ¶¶ 198–207.) He lays out their use of the securities offerings, through the PPMs, as well:
The Management Defendants authorized the Debtors to use the Relevant PPMs to
solicit investment from the investors who invested in CAREIC, CAS, and
CASDF. The Management Defendants, or other sales representatives of Debtors,
provided each investor with the PPM for the security invested in. The Debtors
required investors in the Relevant Securities Offerings to attest that the offer to
sell they had received was made through the Relevant PPMs. All of the investors
who assigned their claims to the Trustee received a copy of the Relevant PPM in
connection with the offer and sale of securities they purchased.
(Id. ¶ 208.) Lastly, the Trustee lists a multitude of material omissions in each of the relevant
PPMs. (See id. ¶¶ 209–47.)
Through those PPMs, the Defendants raised a significant amount of money for CAREIC
and its special purpose entities (i.e., the Debtors). But because of the Defendants’ purported selfdealing and reckless management, the Debtors ultimately suffered significant losses.

5

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In October 2011, a state-appointed receiver filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions for
CAREIC and its related entities in the District of Utah. In May 2012, the bankruptcy court
appointed Mr. Strong as the Chapter 11 Trustee for CAREIC. After the bankruptcy court issued
its 2013 Confirmation Order and confirmed the Trustee’s Plan of Liquidation, the Trustee
pursued this litigation in his capacity as the post-confirmation estate representative and
liquidating trustee of trusts formed during the bankruptcy proceedings. In that capacity, he
entered into a series of tolling agreements with the Defendants. Then, on October 30, 2014, he
filed a complaint asserting claims against the former managers and board members, as well as
entities associated with those individuals. According to the Trustee, this case was brought “to
recover the tens of millions of dollars that investors and creditors have lost because of the
Defendants’ unlawful and fraudulent conduct and operation of the Debtors.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 1.)
The Trustee originally asserted nineteen claims against the Defendants: a claim for breach
of a fiduciary duty, seven fraud-based claims based on state and federal law (including securities
laws, civil conspiracy, and a state RICO claim), eight claims seeking avoidance of fraudulent
transfers, one claim for disallowance of bankruptcy claims, and two claims in equity
(constructive trust and unjust enrichment). In 2015, the case was referred to arbitration, which
ultimately failed for procedural reasons. (See May 9, 2017 Order & Mem. Decision at 1–3, ECF
No. 151.)
After the case returned to this court, some of the Defendants filed the motions now before
the court. Those Defendants are the “Austin Defendants” (Jeff Austin and Austin Capital

6

Solutions3), the “Clawson Defendants” (Robert Clawson and Hybrid Adviser Group4), and
William H. Davidson. On the heels of those motions, the Trustee filed a motion to amend his
complaint (see ECF No. 118), which the court granted while the parties were in the process of
briefing the motions to dismiss. (See May 4, 2017 Order & Mem. Decision, ECF No. 147.)
In the Amended Complaint, the Trustee dropped some claims and reduced his complaint
to the following nine claims: breach of fiduciary duty, violation of state securities laws, violation
of state RICO laws, civil conspiracy, disallowance of claims and subordination under bankruptcy
law, unjust enrichment, constructive trust, and a new claim against Jeff Austin based on his
alleged sale of securities without a license.5 By doing so, the Trustee essentially voluntarily
dismissed his claims for federal securities fraud, federal control person liability, common-law
fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and fraudulent transfer. Consequently, the issues the
Defendants raise about those claims are moot.
With some claims gone, the Trustee filed an opposition (ECF No. 126) that only
addressed the remaining claims and relied on the new set of allegations to defend against the
motions to dismiss. The Defendants filed their reply memoranda in response to the Trustee’s
streamlined opposition and addressed the new and revised factual allegations. Given that the
newly amended complaint was approved mid-stream in the briefing process, the court analyzes
3

The Trustee named Austin Capital Solutions (a company solely owned and managed by
Mr. Austin) as a defendant because it received funds from the Debtors.
4

The Trustee named Mr. Clawson’s company Hybrid Advisor Group as a defendant
because it received funds from the Debtors.
5

In that new claim, listed as the Third Claim for Relief (see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 283–87), the
Trustee seeks recovery of investors’ money based on the allegation that Mr. Austin recklessly or
intentionally sold securities without a license. (Id.) That claim is not at issue in these motions.
7

the motions to dismiss in light of the revised set of allegations.
ANALYSIS
The Defendants target the Trustee’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty, violation of state
securities laws, civil conspiracy,6 unjust enrichment, and constructive trust.7 In their motions,
they assert that the claims are time-barred, the Trustee has not pleaded the existence of a
fiduciary duty, the fiduciary duty and securities fraud claims have not been pleaded with the
specificity required by Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) and 9(b), and the Trustee’s
claims for equitable relief are barred because the Trustee has an adequate legal remedy.
Standard of Review
“At the motion-to-dismiss stage, [the court] must accept all the well-pleaded allegations
of the complaint as true and must construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”
Thomas v. Kaven, 765 F.3d 1183, 1190 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal citation and quotation marks
omitted). To withstand a motion to dismiss, the Trustee need only show that the allegations in
the Amended Complaint “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).
Statute of Limitations
The Defendants contend that the Trustee’s claims are barred by the applicable statutes of
limitations. But for the reasons set forth below, the issues they present to the court may not be

6

Because the validity of the civil conspiracy claim is tied to the validity of the claims
upon which it is based, the court will not address it separately.
7

The state RICO claims are stayed and are not subject to the motions to dismiss. The
same is true for the Trustee’s claims against Defendant William Davidson that concern the Series
E investors.
8

resolved at the motion-to-dismiss stage.
The Defendants’ arguments necessarily focus on the question of when the Trustee’s
claims began to accrue. In their motions, they discuss tolling agreements and related
correspondence, none of which were referenced in, or attached to, the Trustee’s original
complaint or Amended Complaint. They also present evidence and argument about when the
Trustee should have discovered the existence of, for example, the fraud-based claims. But those
questions are factual in nature. Resolving them would require the court to question the truth of
the allegations and to look at materials beyond the pleadings, something the court may not do
when resolving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.8 See also Aldrich v. McCulloch Props., Inc., 627 F.2d
1036, 1042 (10th Cir. 1980) (“The question of whether a plaintiff should have discovered the
basis of his suit under the doctrine of equitable tolling does not lend itself to determination as a
matter of law.”).
The Austin Defendants attempt to circumvent that rule (at least for the Trustee’s
California securities law claim) by relying on a California state court decision imposing
heightened pleading requirements on a plaintiff who intends to rely on the discovery rule to avoid
a time-bar. Citing to Fox v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., 110 P.3d 914 (Cal. 2005), the Austin

8

Typically, when analyzing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court may only
consider all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint. Alvarado v. KOB-TC, L.L.C., 493 F.3d
1210, 1215 (10th Cir. 2007). An exception to this rule allows the court to consider documents
outside the complaint, but only if they (a) are judicially noticed or (b) are referred to in the
complaint, are central to the plaintiff’s complaint, and their authenticity is not challenged. Id. As
noted above, the documents are not incorporated into the Amended Complaint. And, although
the Clawson Defendants ask the court to judicially notice a plethora of documents (see ECF No.
116), the court declines to do so for the reasons set forth in the Trustee’s memorandum in
opposition to the request (ECF No. 128).
9

Defendants contend that the Trustee’s pleading of the California securities law claim is
insufficient to avoid dismissal based on the statute of limitations. In Fox, the California Supreme
Court held that “[i]n order to rely on the discovery rule for delayed accrual of a cause of
action . . . [a plaintiff] must specifically plead facts to show (1) the time and manner of discovery
and (2) the inability to have made earlier discovery despite reasonable diligence. . . .
[C]onclusory allegations will not withstand demurrer.” Id. at 921 (emphasis in original). The
pleading rule announced in Fox does not apply in federal court for two related reasons.
First, it is well established that “[u]nder the Erie doctrine, federal courts sitting in
diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” Gasperini v. Ctr. for
Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996); see also Jones v. UPS, 674 F.3d 1187, 1195 (10th
Cir. 2012) (in diversity cases, federal law controls procedural questions). In other words, “under
standard Erie doctrine, state pleading requirements, so far as they are concerned with the degree
of detail to be alleged, are irrelevant in federal court even as to claims arising under state law.”
Andresen v. Diorio, 349 F.3d 8, 17 (1st Cir. 2003) (emphasis added); see also The Bradbury Co.,
Inc. v. Teissier-Ducros, 387 F. Supp. 2d 1167, 1173 (D. Kan. 2005) (rejecting defendants’
reliance on state law to determine whether a state-law claim satisfied Rule 8 pleading standards)
(quoting Andresen, 349 F.3d at 17). Accordingly, even when state law determines the accrual
date for a claim under California’s securities law, federal law provides the legal standard to
determine whether the Defendants are entitled to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6).9 “Though

9

Federal courts in California have held that the pleading rule in Fox does not apply in a
federal forum. See Yamada v. Nobel Biocare Holding, AG, No. 2:10-cv-04849-JHN-PLAx,
2011 WL 13128155, *3 n.3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2011) (analyzing motion to dismiss based on the
same California securities law statute of limitations, and rejecting the Fox pleading rule because
10

California law will ultimately determine whether Plaintiff’s [securities fraud] claims are timebarred, the decision whether dismissal [for insufficient allegations] is appropriate on that basis is
governed by federal law.” Yamada v. Nobel Biocare Holding, AG, No. 2:10-cv-04849-JHNPLAx, 2011 WL 13128155, *3 n.3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2011) (emphasis in original); see also
Lesti v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 960 F. Supp. 2d 1311, 1320 (M.D. Fla. 2013) (“Florida law will
determine when the applicable statute of limitations begins to run, but federal law will provide
the legal standard to determine if defendants are entitled to dismissal.”).
Second, expiration of the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, and the Trustee
does not have the burden to plead compliance with the statute of limitations.10 See Gomez v.
Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980) (a plaintiff is not required to plead circumstances countering a
defendant’s affirmative defense); Youren v. Tintic Sch. Dist., 343 F.3d 1296, 1303 (10th Cir.
2003) (expiration of the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense to be pleaded by the
person raising it); Stewart v. Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 16 F. Supp. 3d
783, 794 (S.D. Tex. 2014) (“Under federal law, which governs the pleading requirements of a
case in federal court, the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, and the burden of proof

“pleading requirements for a diversity case in federal court are governed by federal procedural
law, not by state law.”); Beaver v. Tarsadia Hotel, No. 11-cv-1842 DMS (CAB), 2011 WL
6098165, *8 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 6 2011) (in federal diversity case, court declined to apply the Fox
pleading rule to a claim challenged under a statute-of-limitations defense).
10

Certainly a federal court may evaluate whether dates of events pleaded in the complaint
indicate on the complaint’s face that a claim is time-barred. See Aldrich, 627 F.2d at 1041 n.4
(“While the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, when the dates given in the complaint
make clear that the right sued upon has been extinguished, the plaintiff has the burden of
establishing a factual basis for tolling the statute.”). But that situation does not exist here
because the Defendants do not identify allegations in the complaint that, on their own, would
permit dismissal based on the statute of limitations.
11

is on the party pleading it. Therefore, a plaintiff is not required to allege that his claims were
within the applicable statute of limitations.”) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
The court may not hold the Trustee to a rule requiring him to preemptively raise the statute of
limitations in his complaint or otherwise affirmatively plead circumstances in anticipation of a
statute of limitations defense.
For the reasons set forth above, the court denies the motion to dismiss on the basis that
the Trustee’s claims are time-barred.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
The Defendants assert that the Amended Complaint does not allege the existence of a
fiduciary duty, much less the breach of any such duty. First, they say that in their official roles as
limited members of the LLC, they did not, as a matter of law, owe a fiduciary duty to CAREIC.
Second, they contend that the Trustee’s allegations, particularly given his use of group pleading,
are insufficient to satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 8.
1.

Existence of a Fiduciary Duty
According to the Defendants, they did not owe any fiduciary duty to CAREIC because

they were only limited members of the LLC. Indeed, California law (which apparently governs
CAREIC, a California LLC) does state that a limited member does not owe a fiduciary duty to
the LLC. The Defendants further point to language in the Amended Operating Agreement,
which only imposed management responsibilities on the Chief Executive Officer, and, if
designated by the CEO, the President, Secretary, or Treasurer. All of the Defendants held titles,

12

but none of those titles were managing member, CEO, President, Secretary, or Treasurer.11
The Trustee agrees with the general legal principles cited by the Defendants. But he
responds that the Defendants operated outside the parameters of the Amended Operating
Agreement and actually participated (despite any nominal title, or lack of title) in the
management of CAREIC. By doing so, the Trustee maintains, each of the individual Defendants
took on, and accordingly owed, a fiduciary duty as a matter of fact.
California courts have applied such a “fiduciary duty in fact” concept. Under that
approach, an individual, regardless of title, owes a fiduciary duty to a company when the
individual “participates in management of the corporation” and “exercis[es] some discretionary
authority.” GAB Bus. Servs., Inc. v. Newsom Claim Servs., Inc., 99 Cal. Rptr. 2d 665, 672 (Cal.
Ct. App. 2000), overruled in part on other grounds by Reeves v. Hanlon, 95 P.3d 513 (Cal.
2004).12
While a limited partner normally would not be involved in the management or
otherwise participate in the partnership . . . so as to incur fiduciary obligations to
other partners, we believe there can be factual scenarios where a limited partner
might be involved in the partnership in such a manner . . . so as to create fiduciary
duties.
Tri-Growth Centre City, Ltd. v. Silldorf, Burdman, Duignan & Eisenberg, 265 Cal. Rptr. 330,
335 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989) (emphasis added) (leaving for resolution at trial the factual issue of
11

The one exception is Mr. Austin, who was appointed as the CEO in November 2010.
He does not dispute that he had a fiduciary duty during his term as the CEO, but he argues that
before that appointment, his role at CAREIC did not create a fiduciary duty.
12

In Reeves, the Supreme Court of California rejected a holding in GAB completely
unrelated to the fiduciary duty proposition for which GAB is cited in this order. “We disapprove
[GAB] . . . to the extent it conflicts with the views expressed” in the Reeves opinion concerning
the plaintiff’s claim for intentional interference with at-will employment relations. 95 P.3d 513,
521 (Cal. 2004).
13

whether a fiduciary duty in fact existed); see also Mission W. Props., L.P. v. Republic Props.
Corp., 129 Cal. Rptr. 3d 14, 22 n.8 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011) (holding that, notwithstanding the
California statutory law and the limited partnership agreement, a limited partner may have a
fiduciary duty if he engages in management of the company) (citing Tri-Growth).
The Trustee rightfully insists that “[t]he Moving Defendants cannot hide behind the
CAREIC Operating Agreement to claim that they did not owe a fiduciary duty to CAREIC or its
investors. The realities of how a company is operated govern rather than its formal structure.”
(Combined Opp’n at 12, ECF No. 126.) The Amended Complaint alleges actual circumstances,
not typical circumstances, and that is adequate under California law.
2.

Sufficiency of the Allegations
The Defendants also challenge the complaint on the basis that it uses “group pleading”

and, consequently, does not provide sufficient notice to the Defendants about what they allegedly
did wrong. The court disagrees and finds that the Amended Complaint sufficiently alleges that
all of the Defendants participated in the management of CAREIC and were more than nominal
officers or directors. Although the complaint often uses terms that refer to a group—i.e.,
“Officers,” “Board,” “Directors,” or “Management”—it provides adequate notice under Rule 8.
To adequately plead a cause of action under Rule 8, the plaintiff must provide “a short
and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
8(a)(2). Essentially, “the [complaint] need only give the defendant fair notice of what the . . .
claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted), quoted in Smith v. United States, 561 F.3d
1090, 1104 (10th Cir. 2009). Importantly, “the degree of specificity necessary to establish
14

plausibility and fair notice, and therefore the need to include sufficient factual allegations,
depends on context[.]” Robbins v. Oklahoma, 519 F.3d 1242, 1248 (10th Cir. 2008). The
Amended Complaint provides ample context within which to interpret the Trustee’s group
allegations.
The Trustee defines the four terms in the Amended Complaint: “Defendants Geringer,
Austin, and Clawson are referred collectively herein as the ‘Officers.’ The Officers, together
with Davidson, are referred herein as the ‘Board,’ the ‘Directors,’ or ‘Management.’” (Am.
Compl. ¶ 28 (emphasis in original).) His use of the terms is simply a shorthand for the individual
Defendants, who he asserts had the power and ability to direct the management and policies of
CAREIC. (See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 31, 35, 37, 38.) As counsel for the Trustee noted at the hearing, he
could have used a “find and replace” command in the word processing program to list each
person’s name in place of the single term. But that is not necessary, and, frankly, would be
cumbersome.13
Moreover, the complaint lays out the management responsibilities of the Board. In
particular, the Trustee alleges that:
[t]he Board and each of its members had the power and ability to direct the
management and policies of CAREIC and the other Debtors. . . . For instance, the
Board has the power, among other things, to declare dividends, adopt
compensation plans for Management, admit and expel new members, accept
capital contributions, determine the voting and other rights of shares, increase the
Company’s debt, authorize company Officers to bind and obligate the Company,

13

See FDIC v. Borowski, No. 16 C 6250, 2016 WL 7188166, *3 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 12, 2016)
(finding that FDIC’s complaint which “group[ed] multiple defendants and combin[ed] ‘ten
separate transactions into single causes of action’” provided fair notice to defendants and that,
“with six Defendants, ten underlying transactions, and three causes of action, the [complaint’s
structure was] an attempt at succinctness.”).
15

select and control bank accounts, and to determine the accounting policies of the
Company.
(Id. ¶ 35.) Another paragraph cites to minutes from Board of Director meetings and provides
specific examples of how members of the Board actually “controlled, managed, and directed
CAREIC.” (Id. ¶ 37.)
And the Amended Complaint gives specific examples of each individual Defendant’s
involvement. For instance, Mr. Davidson allegedly “advised concerning the content of Debtors’
PPMs, . . . was directly involved in selling Debtor securities to Chinese investors, . . . and was
required to review and approve all hard commitments before a project could be presented to the
Board for final approval.” (Id. ¶ 40; see also ¶ 138.) Mr. Austin “directed and managed the
Debtors’ fundraising activities, [and] determined the amount, timing, and structure of the
Debtors’ securities offerings[.]” (Id. ¶ 44; see also ¶¶ 173–75, 186–92.) Mr. Clawson was “the
designer of CASDF and its PPM . . . .[,] was a key member of the CAREIC sales team[, and] was
deeply involved in the solicitation of investors using the CASDF, CAREIC, and other offering
documents.” (Id. ¶ 45; see also ¶ 168.)
The Amended Complaint then provides approximately 140 paragraphs detailing specific
breaches of fiduciary duties. The Trustee discusses three real estate projects, and alleges
inadequate board oversight, lack of officer diligence, lack of internal control and reporting
procedures, and reckless spending of investor funds (each of which is supported by very specific
examples). (See id. ¶¶ 48–157.) Some paragraphs directly name the individuals. Some discuss
actions that would have necessarily been conducted by the Board as a whole. For example, the
Trustee refers to issuance of company documents such as the CAK PPM, Kingman Pro Forma,

16

the Series B PPM, and the Tooele Pro Forma. (See id. ¶¶ 52–60, 85–94.) Group pleading is
especially well-suited to that situation. As the Tenth Circuit held in the more stringent Rule 9(b)
context, “[i]dentifying the individual sources of statements is unnecessary when the fraud
allegations arise from misstatements or omissions in group-published documents such as annual
reports, which presumably involve collective actions of corporate directors or officers.”
Schwartz v. Celestial Seasonings, Inc., 124 F.3d 1246, 1254 (10th Cir. 1997). See also Medina
v. Catholic Health Initiatives, No. 1:13-cv-01249-REB-KLM, 2017 WL 219314, *3 (D. Colo.
Jan. 17, 2017) (group pleading was sufficient when the act taken was that of a committee,
because it is reasonable to infer that the committee acted “through the actions or omissions of its
individual constituent members”).
In short, the Amended Complaint more than satisfies Rule 8.14
State Securities Law Claims
The Trustee alleges that the Defendants violated the securities laws of Utah, California,
and Nevada by making material misstatements or omissions in connection with sales of securities
in those states. The Defendants contend that those claims, which are fraud-based, must be
dismissed because the Trustee has not met his pleading obligation under Rule 9(b) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure.

14

Mr. Austin additionally asserts that even if a fiduciary duty is alleged for the time he
was CAREIC’s CEO, the allegations against him do not allege any breach of that duty or
damages flowing from the alleged breach. (See Austin Defs.’ Renewed & Expanded Mot.
Dismiss at 10–14, ECF No. 12.) He focuses on the Trustee’s allegations concerning the AXIS
insurance policy. But the Amended Complaint is broader than that and lists other breaches of
fiduciary duties that can be attributed to Mr. Austin. Accordingly, his argument does not provide
a reason to dismiss the fiduciary duty claim.
17

When alleging fraud, “a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting
fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be
alleged generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). This standard “must be read in conjunction with the
principles of Rule 8, which calls for pleadings to be ‘simple, concise, and direct, and to be
construed as to do substantial justice.’” Celestial Seasonings, 124 F.3d at 1252 (quoting Fed. R.
Civ. P. 8(e), (f)). Indeed, “[t]he purpose of Rule 9(b) is to afford defendant fair notice of
plaintiff’s claims and the factual ground upon which they are based.” Id. (quotations omitted).
Unlike the Trustee’s abandoned federal securities law claims, the Trustee, to succeed on
his state securities fraud claims, need not allege that an investor relied on a material
misstatement,15 that any defendant acted with a particular mental state (scienter),16 or that any of
the Defendants personally made the alleged misstatement or omission.17 He is required to allege
15

See Gohler v. Wood, 919 P.2d 561, 563 (Utah 1999) (Utah Code Ann. §§ 61-1-1(2) and
61-1-22 “contain no requirement that a plaintiff prove reliance to recover.”); Cutler v. Rancher
Energy Grp., Case No. SACV 13-00906-DOC, 2014 WL 1153054, at *10 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 11,
2014) (unpublished) (“[Cal. Corp. Code §] 25401 differs from common law negligent
misrepresentation in that . . . proof of reliance is not required”); see also Trinity Cap. Inv. Found.
v. Kay, Case No. A592889, 2014 Nev. Dist. LEXIS 714, at *8-9 (D. Nev. May 16, 2014)
(unpublished) (list of elements did not include reliance).
16

Rather, the burden is on the defendant to establish the affirmative defense that he
“exercised reasonable care and did not know (or if he had exercised reasonable case would not
have known) of the untruth or omission.” Cal. Corp. Code § 25501; see also Utah Code Ann.
§§ 61-1-22(3) and 61-1-22(1)(b); Nev. Rev. Stat. § 90.660; Bowden v. Robinson, 136 Cal. Rptr.
871, 878 (Cal. Ct. App. 1977).
17

The state securities statutes impose joint and several liability on officers and directors of
a seller of securities and other individuals similarly situated. They cut a wide swath, imposing
liability on one who offers or sells a security in violation of the relevant statute as well as
“[e]very person who directly or indirectly controls a seller . . . every partner, officer, or director
of such a seller . . . every person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions, every
employee of such a seller . . . who materially aids in the sale . . . and every broker-dealer or agent
who materially aids in the sale.” Utah Code Ann. § 61-1-22(4)(a). See also Cal. Corp. Code
18

that in connection with the sale of a security in the relevant state, the Defendants made an untrue
statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact. Utah Code Ann. §§ 61-1-1(2) and
61-1-22(1); Cal. Corp. Code §§ 25401 and 25501; Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 90.570 and 90.660.
The Trustee has sufficiently pleaded all of the elements of the state securities fraud claims
with the particularity required by Rule 9(b) and cases interpreting that rule. He lays out each
omission and material misstatement from the PPMs in Paragraphs 209 to 247 of the Amended
Complaint. Each of the misstatements and omissions was made in one of the relevant PPMs,
which were used to solicit investments. See SEC v. Wolfson, 539 F.3d 1249, 1262 (10th Cir.
2008) (holding that when a document is designed to reach investors and to influence their
decision to transact in securities, any misrepresentation in those documents is made “in
connection with” the purchase or sale of a security.”). The Trustee states the date of each PPM.
And he alleges that the Defendants are officers, directors, or individuals similarly situated, of
CAREIC. The Trustee adequately pleads the “who, what, where, and when” Rule 9(b) requires.
The Defendants raise the issue of group pleading, but that argument has no weight.18 The
Trustee goes beyond group pleading to allege the material misstatements, giving examples of
each Defendant’s participation in the drafting, dissemination, and use of the PPMs. And, as
noted above in the section on fiduciary duty allegations, “group-published documents” such as
the PPMs lend themselves well to group pleading. Celestial Seasonings, 124 F.3d at 1254
§ 25504 (containing language substantially similar to Utah’s statute); Nev. Rev. Stat. § 90.660.4
(same).
18

The Trustee, in his combined opposition, further addresses other points raised by the
Defendants in their motions. (See ECF No. 126 at 21–24.) For the reasons set forth in that
opposition, the court finds that the Defendants’ arguments identified by the Trustee do not
support dismissal.
19

(“Identifying the individual sources of statements is unnecessary when the fraud allegations arise
from misstatements or omissions in group-published documents such as annual reports, which
presumably involve collective actions of corporate directors or officers.”); see also Ouaknine v.
MacFarlane, 897 F.2d 75, 80 (2d Cir. 1990) (“[R]eference to an offering memorandum satisfies
Rule 9(b)’s requirement of identifying time, place, speaker, and content of representation
where . . . defendants are insiders or affiliates participating in the offer of securities.”). Finally,
the state securities statutes impose joint and several liability, so there is no need to allege that any
particular Defendant personally made the material misstatement or omission. See supra note 17.
The Amended Complaint’s allegations supporting the Trustee’s state securities law
claims satisfy the purpose of Rule 9(b), which is “to afford defendant fair notice of plaintiff’s
claims and the factual ground upon which they are based.” Celestial Seasonings, 124 F.3d at
1252. Accordingly, the court will not dismiss those claims.
Claims for Equitable Relief
In the Trustee’s unjust enrichment and constructive trust claims (the Eighth and Ninth
Claims for Relief), he seeks return of specifically identified transfers of money (the Transfers).
(See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 248–51, 311–22.) The Defendants assert that the court must dismiss those
equitable claims because the Trustee has not pleaded the lack of an adequately remedy at law.
But the Trustee has done just that: “Absent return of the Transfers, the Trusts will be damaged by
Defendants’ unjust enrichment and may have no adequate remedy at law.” (Id. ¶ 321.)
Moreover, the Amended Complaint does not allege any other claim that would allow the Trustee
to recover those transfers, and the Defendants do not identify any legal remedy available to the
Trustee. Accordingly, the request to dismiss the Eighth and Ninth Claims is denied.
20

ORDER
For the reasons set forth above, the court orders as follows:
1.

Defendants Austin and Austin Capital Solutions’ Renewed and Expanded Motion

to Dismiss (ECF No. 107) is DENIED.
2.

The Motion of Defendants Robert Clawson and Hybrid Advisor Group to Dismiss

the Complaint Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) (ECF No. 115) is DENIED.
The Clawson Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice (ECF No. 116) is DENIED.
3.

The Motion of Defendant William H. Davidson to Compel Arbitration Pursuant to

9 U.S.C. § 4 & Utah Code § 78B-11-108; Stay the Case Pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 3 & Utah Code
§ 78B-11-108; and to Dismiss Claims Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) (ECF
No. 111) is DENIED.19
DATED this 13th day of October, 2017.
BY THE COURT:

TENA CAMPBELL
U.S. District Court Judge

19

In May 2017, the court denied Mr. Davidson’s request to compel arbitration (the request
was part of the motion to dismiss that the court now denies). (See May 9, 2017 Order & Mem.
Decision, ECF No. 151.) Mr. Davidson appealed that decision to the Tenth Circuit Court of
Appeals. (See May 22, 2017 Notice of Appeal, ECF No. 158.) As a result, the court lost
jurisdiction over certain claims against Mr. Davidson and granted a stay of those claims pending
a decision on the appeal. (See June 23, 2017 Minute Entry, ECF No. 174; Aug. 3, 2017 Order
Granting Stipulated Stay, ECF No. 185 (“Proceedings against Davidson are stayed regarding all
claims the Trustee has acquired from CAREIC Series E investors. This includes the Second and
Fourth Claims for Relief, to the extent they relate to CAREIC Series E investors.”).) Because the
court’s decision here maintains the status quo, this order does not affect the stay.
21