In Re: Grand Jury Subpoena
Filing
1
PUBLIC MEMORANDUM DECISION re: sealed motion for nondisclosure of Grand Jury Subpoena. Sealed motion granted. Signed by Judge David Nuffer on 09/16/2015. (rks)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH, CENTRAL DIVISION
In re APPLICATION of the UNITED
STATES FOR AN ORDER PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. § 2705(b)
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER GRANTING APPLICATION
District Judge David Nuffer
The United States (the “Government”) has applied (the “Application”) for a preclusion-of-notice
order under 18 U.S.C. § 2705(b), commanding a provider of electronic communications service or
remote computing service not to notify any person of the existence of a grand jury subpoena which the
Government has served on the provider. The Government’s grand jury subpoena seeks non-content
information of the sort enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 2703(c). The Government’s Application is
GRANTED for the reasons addressed below.
BACKGROUND
The two statutes at issue, §§ 2703 and 2705, play distinctive roles. They regulate relations
between a government entity which seeks information; a service provider which holds information; and
the subscriber of the service who owns the information and is therefore a target of investigation. The
statutes specify procedures for the acquisition of information by the government and also govern notice
to the subscriber target. The information about the subscriber or the subscriber’s service activity may
contain content or be non-content metadata.
Overview of Sections 2703 and 2705
18 U.S.C. § 2703 authorizes government acquisition of information in the hands of electronic
storage providers and remote computing services. This information is held by those providers on behalf
of a service subscriber, who becomes a target of an information request. The statute requires, in some
instances, that the government give notice to the subscriber.
18 U.S.C. § 2705 deals with exceptions to the requirement of government notice to the
subscriber. Subsection (a) authorizes delay of notice to the subscriber in some instances, and subsection
(b) authorizes the government to seek a court order prohibiting the provider from informing the
subscriber of the information request.
Section 2703 – Information Acquisition and Government Notice to the Subscriber
Section 2703 1 has three major subsections which authorize different types of requests.
Subsection (a) authorizes requests for content from electronic storage providers. These requests may be
1
The text of § 2703 reads in relevant part as follows:
(a) Contents of wire or electronic communications in electronic storage.--A governmental entity may
require the disclosure by a provider of electronic communication service of the contents of a wire or
electronic communication, that is in electronic storage in an electronic communications system for one
hundred and eighty days or less, only pursuant to a warrant issued using the procedures described in the
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures)
by a court of competent jurisdiction. A governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of
electronic communications services of the contents of a wire or electronic communication that has been in
electronic storage in an electronic communications system for more than one hundred and eighty days by
the means available under subsection (b) of this section.
(b) Contents of wire or electronic communications in a remote computing service.--(1) A
governmental entity may require a provider of remote computing service to disclose the contents of any
wire or electronic communication to which this paragraph is made applicable by paragraph (2) of this
subsection-(A) without required notice to the subscriber or customer, if the governmental entity obtains a
warrant issued using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (or, in
the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) by a court of competent
jurisdiction; or
(B) with prior notice from the governmental entity to the subscriber or customer if the
governmental entity-(i) uses an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State statute or a Federal
or State grand jury or trial subpoena; or
(ii) obtains a court order for such disclosure under subsection (d) of this section;
except that delayed notice may be given pursuant to section 2705 of this title.
(2) Paragraph (1) is applicable with respect to any wire or electronic communication that is held or
maintained on that service-(A) on behalf of, and received by means of electronic transmission from (or created by means of
computer processing of communications received by means of electronic transmission from), a
subscriber or customer of such remote computing service; and
(B) solely for the purpose of providing storage or computer processing services to such subscriber
or customer, if the provider is not authorized to access the contents of any such communications
for purposes of providing any services other than storage or computer processing.
2
made “only pursuant to a warrant.” Subsection (b) deals with requests for content from remote
computing services. These requests may be made by warrant, subpoena or court order. Subsection (c)
governs requests for non-content information such as name, address, telephone number or other
subscriber identifier, numbers dialed, length of sessions and service, and means of payment. In the
modern world, these non-content categories have been translated to authorize requests for email
addresses and email message logs. 2
Section 2703 also deals with government notice to the target subscriber. Section 2703(a), which
authorizes warrants directed against content stored by electronic communication services, does not deal
(c) Records concerning electronic communication service or remote computing service.--(1) A
governmental entity may require a provider of electronic communication service or remote computing
service to disclose a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of such service
(not including the contents of communications) only when the governmental entity—
(A) obtains a warrant issued using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) by a court of
competent jurisdiction;
(B) obtains a court order for such disclosure under subsection (d) of this section;
(C) has the consent of the subscriber or customer to such disclosure;
(D) submits a formal written request relevant to a law enforcement investigation concerning
telemarketing fraud for the name, address, and place of business of a subscriber or customer of
such provider, which subscriber or customer is engaged in telemarketing (as such term is defined
in section 2325 of this title); or
(E) seeks information under paragraph (2).
(2) A provider of electronic communication service or remote computing service shall disclose to a
governmental entity the-(A) name;
(B) address;
(C) local and long distance telephone connection records, or records of session times and
durations;
(D) length of service (including start date) and types of service utilized;
(E) telephone or instrument number or other subscriber number or identity, including any
temporarily assigned network address; and
(F) means and source of payment for such service (including any credit card or bank account
number),
of a subscriber to or customer of such service when the governmental entity uses an administrative
subpoena authorized by a Federal or State statute or a Federal or State grand jury or trial subpoena
or any means available under paragraph (1).
(3) A governmental entity receiving records or information under this subsection is not required to provide
notice to a subscriber or customer.
2
See e.g., In re Application of the U.S. for an Order Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. |2703(d), 830 F. Supp. 2d 114, 121–122 (E.D.
Va. 2011) (issuing an order for, among other things, records of non-content information, such as the source and destination
email addresses and IP addresses); Sams v. Yahoo! Inc., 713 F.3d 1175, 1177, no. 1 (9th Cir. 2013) (requesting, pursuant to a
grand jury subpoena, that Yahoo! disclose non-content information).
3
with notice, because warrants have their own notice requirements. Similarly, 2703(b)(1)(A) warrants
directed to remote computing services do not require government notice to the subscriber. But
subsection (b)(1)(B) (authorizing requests for content pursuant to subpoena or court order directed to
remote computing services) requires government notice to the target, 3 while subsection 2703(c)(3)
specifically states that the government is not required to notify the target subscriber of non-content
information requests. 4
Section 2705 – Delay of Government Notice and Restraint of Provider Notice to Subscriber
Section 2705 5 has two major subsections. Subsection (a) authorizes the Government to delay
providing notice to the target subscriber for up to 90—or even 180—days if the content is sought by
3
18 U.S.C. § 2703(b)(1)(B).
4
18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(3).
5
The text of § 2705 reads as follows:
(a) Delay of notification.--(1) A governmental entity acting under section 2703(b) of this title may-(A) where a court order is sought, include in the application a request, which the court shall grant,
for an order delaying the notification required under section 2703(b) of this title for a period not to
exceed ninety days, if the court determines that there is reason to believe that notification of the
existence of the court order may have an adverse result described in paragraph (2) of this
subsection; or
(B) where an administrative subpoena authorized by a Federal or State statute or a Federal or State
grand jury subpoena is obtained, delay the notification required under section 2703(b) of this title
for a period not to exceed ninety days upon the execution of a written certification of a supervisory
official that there is reason to believe that notification of the existence of the subpoena may have
an adverse result described in paragraph (2) of this subsection.
(2) An adverse result for the purposes of paragraph (1) of this subsection is-(A) endangering the life or physical safety of an individual;
(B) flight from prosecution;
(C) destruction of or tampering with evidence;
(D) intimidation of potential witnesses; or
(E) otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or unduly delaying a trial.
(3) The governmental entity shall maintain a true copy of certification under paragraph (1)(B).
(4) Extensions of the delay of notification provided in section 2703 of up to ninety days each may be
granted by the court upon application, or by certification by a governmental entity, but only in accordance
with subsection (b) of this section.
(5) Upon expiration of the period of delay of notification under paragraph (1) or (4) of this subsection, the
governmental entity shall serve upon, or deliver by registered or first-class mail to, the customer or
subscriber a copy of the process or request together with notice that-(A) states with reasonable specificity the nature of the law enforcement inquiry; and
(B) informs such customer or subscriber-(i) that information maintained for such customer or subscriber by the service provider
named in such process or request was supplied to or requested by that governmental
authority and the date on which the supplying or request took place;
4
court order or by subpoena and certain safety concerns are present. Subsection (b), on the other hand,
deals with precluding notice instead of delaying notice. While notice from the government to the
subscriber may be delayed for a limited time, notice by the provider to the subscriber may be indefinitely
restrained. The subsection authorizes the government to seek a court order “commanding a provider . . .
to whom a warrant, subpoena, or court order is directed . . . not to notify any other person of the
existence of the warrant, subpoena, or court order.” 6 This restriction may be effective “for such a period
as the court deems appropriate.” 7
The policy considerations for delaying notice versus precluding notice are different, because the
balance of constitutional, commercial and governmental interests is different in these different settings.
For example, seeking content of communications is much more sensitive than seeking account
information. And commercial providers have little concern about government notice to a subscriber but
may want to assure subscribers that they protect privacy and give notice of governmental intrusions on
subscriber privacy. Government restraint of an innocent provider from fulfilling contractual notice and
(ii) that notification of such customer or subscriber was delayed;
(iii) what governmental entity or court made the certification or determination pursuant to
which that delay was made; and
(iv) which provision of this chapter allowed such delay.
(6) As used in this subsection, the term “supervisory official” means the investigative agent in charge or
assistant investigative agent in charge or an equivalent of an investigating agency's headquarters or regional
office, or the chief prosecuting attorney or the first assistant prosecuting attorney or an equivalent of a
prosecuting attorney's headquarters or regional office.
(b) Preclusion of notice to subject of governmental access.--A governmental entity acting under section
2703, when it is not required to notify the subscriber or customer under section 2703(b)(1), or to the extent
that it may delay such notice pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, may apply to a court for an order
commanding a provider of electronic communications service or remote computing service to whom a
warrant, subpoena, or court order is directed, for such period as the court deems appropriate, not to notify
any other person of the existence of the warrant, subpoena, or court order. The court shall enter such an
order if it determines that there is reason to believe that notification of the existence of the warrant,
subpoena, or court order will result in-(1) endangering the life or physical safety of an individual;
(2) flight from prosecution;
(3) destruction of or tampering with evidence;
(4) intimidation of potential witnesses; or
(5) otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or unduly delaying a trial.
6
18 U.S.C. § 2705(b).
7
Id.
5
privacy obligations raises concerns different than direct government notice to an investigation target. In
some limited instances, high government interests may outweigh subscriber awareness of an invasion of
Fourth Amendment protections, but those interests are different than the interests of the subscribers and
providers. Courts do not weigh the policy considerations which led to the enactments, but courts must
construe the statutes as written.
Comparison of Notice Requirement under §§ 2703 and 2705
The following table summarizes the statutory authorizations for seeking information under
§ 2703 and the undisputed notice requirements under §§ 2703 and 2705.
Type of Request
Notice from Provider
Notice from Government to Target
to Subscriber
May provider be
ordered not to give
Notice to target
Delayed notice to target notice to subscriber?
required?
permitted? (§ 2705(a)) (§ 2705(b))
From electronic communication provider storage
Warrant for content
No (§ 2703(a))
No
Non-content request 8
No (§ 2703(c)(3))
From remote computing service
Warrant for content
No (§ 2703(b)(1)(A))
Subpoena for content
Yes (§ 2703(b)(1)(B)(i))
No
No
Yes (§ 2705(a)(1)(b))
Court order for content Yes
(§ 2703(b)(1)(B)(ii))
Yes (§ 2705(a)(1)(a))
Non-content request8
Yes “not required to
notify the subscriber or
customer under section
2703(b)(1)”
Yes “may delay such
notice pursuant to
subsection [2705] (a)”
Yes “may delay such
notice pursuant to
subsection [2705] (a)”
No
No (§2703(c)(3))
8
May be administrative or grand jury or trial subpoena (§ 2703(c)(2)), or warrant (§ 2703(c)(1)(A)), court order
(§ 2703(c)(1)(B)), consent (§ 2703(c)(1)(C)), or telemarketing (§ 2703(c)(1)(D)) or information sought under paragraph 2
(§ 2703(c)(1)(E)).
6
It is clear that subsection 2705(b) authorizes restraint of the provider if information is sought
under § 2703(b). Subsection 2705(b) states that restraint of a provider is authorized when a government
entity is “not required to notify the subscriber or customer under section 2703(b)(1).” When a warrant is
issued for content under § 2705(b)(1)(A), notice is not mentioned—so not required under § 2703(b)(1).
The combined effect of §§ 2703(b)(1)(A) and 2705(b) is that the subscriber may never receive notice of
a warrant to obtain content information from a remote computing service and the government may seek
an order under § 2705(b) that restrains the provider indefinitely from notifying the subscriber. 9
Subsection 2705(b) also authorizes restraint of the provider if delay of notice to the subscribertarget is authorized under § 2705(a). Delay is only authorized under § 2705(a) if the content is sought
from a remote computing service by court order or by subpoena and certain safety concerns are present.
The issue discussed in this order is whether § 2705(b) authorizes an order to a provider when
non-content information is sought under § 2703(c). This order finds that § 2705(b) is applicable to
government requests under § 2703(c). (The logic of this order would also hold, if the issue were
presented, that § 2705(b) authorizes preclusion of notice requests when the government requests
information by warrant to an electronic communication storage provider under § 2703(a)).
This same issue was previously addressed on the merits when United States Magistrate Judge
Ralph Zarefsky in Central District of California rejected a similar application. 10 The Government
appealed Magistrate Judge Zarefsky’s Order to United States District Judge R. Gary Klausner. Judge
Klausner considered the Government’s Ex Parte Application for review of the order denying the
application for an order to the provider, and determined that Magistrate Judge Zarefsky’s Order was
9
However, separate statutes and rules govern notice from the government to the subscriber. Fed. R. Crim R. 41(f)(3) allows
delay of notice for warrants “when authorized by statute.” 18 USC § 3103a(b) and (c) allow delay in some circumstances, for
a presumptive period of 30 days.
10
In re Application of U.S. for an Order Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 2705(b), 866 F. Supp. 2d 1172 (C.D. Cal. 2011).
7
“clearly erroneous and contrary to law.” 11 Without analysis, Judge Klausner ruled that “[t]he plain
language permit[s] the government to apply for an order precluding notice under § 2705(b) in
connection with a grand jury subpoena for information under 18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(1).”
In another case in that same district, 12 Judge Michael R. Wilner noted that “[a]t least two other
magistrate judges of this Court have previously denied similar applications [for orders to providers],”
but he granted the application. Judge Wilner’s opinion is not published. It contains no citation to either
of the two opinions it mentions though it does mention Judge Zarefsky as the author of one opinion.
With this background, analysis proceeds to the statute in question.
ANALYSIS
When interpreting a statute, courts are to give effect to the intent of Congress, and in doing so, a
court’s first reference is to the literal meaning of the words employed in the statute. 13 “Absent a clearly
expressed legislative intention to the contrary, that language must ordinarily be regarded as
conclusive.” 14
11
Order Reversing February 7, 2012 Order Denying Government’s Application Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §2705(b) commanding
Twitter, Inc. not to notify any person of the existence of subpoena, Case No. 12-0185M (C.D. Cal., Feb. 2, 2012).
12
In Re Application of the United States for an Order Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §2705(b), No. 12-579M (C. D. Cal., March 12,
2012).
13
Dawson Chem. Co. v. Rohm & Haas Co., 448 U.S. 176, 100 S.Ct. 2601, 65 L.Ed.2d 696 (1980); Flora v. United States,
357 U.S. 63, 78 S.Ct. 1079, 2 L.Ed.2d 1165 (1958).
14
Consumer Prod. Safety Comm'n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108, 100 S.Ct. 2051, 2056, 64 L.Ed.2d 766 (1980).
8
Section 2705(b) reads:
A governmental entity acting under section 2703, when it is not required to notify the
subscriber or customer under section 2703(b)(1), or to the extent that it may delay such
notice pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, may apply to a court for an order
commanding a provider of electronic communications service or remote computing
service to whom a warrant, subpoena, or court order is directed, for such period as the
court deems appropriate, not to notify any other person of the existence of the warrant,
subpoena, or court order. The court shall enter such an order if it determines that there is
reason to believe that notification of the existence of the warrant, subpoena, or court
order will result in-(1) endangering the life or physical safety of an individual;
(2) flight from prosecution;
(3) destruction of or tampering with evidence;
(4) intimidation of potential witnesses; or
(5) otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or unduly delaying a trial.
The present dispute centers in the first sentence which authorizes seeking an order against
provider notice to the subscriber. And really the dispute is in the first three clauses which are the
predicate for authority to seek restraint of a provider.
A governmental entity acting under section 2703, when it is not required to notify the
subscriber or customer under section 2703(b)(1), or to the extent that it may delay such
notice pursuant to subsection (a) of this section . . .
The Third Clause
The meaning of the third clause “to the extent that it may delay such notice pursuant to
subsection (a) of this section . . . .” is clear. Under § 2705(a), the Government may ask for an order to
delay notice to the subscriber “where a court order is sought” 15 or where the government uses a
subpoena. 16 The use of court orders and subpoenas directed to remote computing service providers is
authorized by § 2703(b)(1)(B)(i) and (ii).
The First Two Clauses
The meaning of the first two clauses is subject to two possible constructions.
15
18 U.S.C. § 2705(a)(1)(A).
16
18 U.S.C. § 2705(a)(1)(B).
9
A governmental entity acting under section 2703, when it is not required to notify the
subscriber or customer under section 2703(b)(1) . . . .
Do these two clauses refer only to warrants for content issued under § 2703(b)(1)(A) which has no
requirement of notice to the subscriber, or do the clauses refer to all requests other than those for
subpoenas and courts orders made under § 2703(b)(1)(B)—which requires notice to the subscriber?
Specifically, does the statutory language “not required to notify” refer to the instance when § 2703(b)
dispenses with notice (in (b)(1)(A)) or to the instances other than the instance ((b)(1)(B)) in which the
government is required to give notice?
Limited Reading
The government is specifically excused from notifying a subscriber target when a warrant for
content is issued to a remote computing service under § 2703(b)(1)(A):
A governmental entity may require a provider of remote computing service to disclose
the contents of any wire or electronic communication to which this paragraph is made
applicable by paragraph (2) of this subsection-(A) without required notice to the subscriber or customer, if the governmental
entity obtains a warrant . . . 17
The first two clauses of § 2705(b) might be limited to this type of request. This Limited Reading
restricts the effect of § 2705(b) to § 2703(b)(1)(A) requests.
But the government is also “not required to notify the subscriber or customer under
section 2703(b)(1):”
•
when warrants are issued against electronic communication service storage under
§ 2703(a), which has no notice requirement to the subscriber, and
•
when non-content information is sought under § 2703(c), which expressly
provides that “[a] governmental entity receiving records or information under this
subsection is not required to provide notice to a subscriber or customer.” 18
17
18 U.S.C. § 2703(b)(1)(A).
18
18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(3).
10
The Limited Reading has the effect of denying preclusion of notice orders in these instances—when the
government is specifically excused from notice to the subscriber. So, the provider could not be
prevented from giving notice to the subscriber, even when the government has no requirement of notice.
This interpretation is troubling because it allows a provider to give notice when the government is
specifically excused from notice.
Holistic Reading
A more Holistic Reading would be less inconsistent. Interpreting the first two clauses of
§ 2705(b) to apply to all instances other than those that require notice to the subscriber (made by court
order and subpoena under § 2703(b)(1)(B)) creates greater consistency. The Holistic Reading ensures
preclusion of notice orders are available for content and non-content information, and for warrants to
electronic communication storage providers and to remote computing services.
The summary table shows that government notice to the subscriber is not required when
action is taken under § 2703(a), (b)(1)(A), and (c)(3) and that these instances are distinct from
the instances in which delay may be sought (third clause of § 2705(b)). The top and bottom green
boxes delineate all instances in which government notice to the subscriber is not required (first
and second clauses of § 2705(b)), while the middle red box delineates all instances in which
§ 2703(b)(1) does require government notice to the subscriber but permits it to be delayed.
Under the Holistic Reading, preclusion of notice orders are permitted when warrants for
content are issued under § 2703(a) (to electronic communication provider storage) and under
§ 2703(b)(1)(A) (to remote computing service providers); when subpoenas or court orders are
issued (§ 2703(b)(1)(B)); and when any non-content request is made (§ 2703(c)).
11
Type of Request
Notice from Provider
Notice from Government to Target
to Subscriber
May provider be
ordered not to give
Notice to target
Delayed notice to target notice to subscriber?
required?
permitted? (§ 2705(a)) (§ 2705(b))
From electronic communication provider storage
Warrant for content
No (§ 2703(a))
No
Non-content request 19
No (§ 2703(c)(3))
From remote computing service
Warrant for content
No (§ 2703(b)(1)(A))
No
Second clause –
when notice not
required under
§ 2703(b)(1)
No
Third clause – when delay may be sought
Subpoena for content Yes (§ 2703(b)(1)(B)(i)) Yes (§ 2705(a)(1)(b))
Court order for
content
Non-content request4
Yes
(§ 2703(b)(1)(B)(ii))
Yes (§ 2705(a)(1)(a))
No (§ 2703(c)(3))
Yes “not required to
notify the subscriber or
customer under section
2703(b)(1)”
Yes “may delay such
notice pursuant to
subsection [2705] (a)”
Yes “may delay such
notice pursuant to
subsection [2705] (a)”
No
The Holistic Reading allows a § 2705(b) preclusion of notice order for all requests for
information under § 2703. This permits the present Application to be granted, prohibiting the
provider from notifying the subscriber. But because there is a published order making a different
interpretation, further examination is merited.
Comparison with Magistrate Judge Zarefsky’s Opinion
Magistrate Judge Zarefsky rejected the Holistic Reading and accepted the Limited Reading of
§ 2705(b). He held that § 2705(b) does not allow preclusion-of-notice applications when the government
19
May be administrative or grand jury or trial subpoena (§ 2703(c)(2)), or warrant (§ 2703(c)(1)(A)), court order
(§ 2703(c)(1)(B)), consent (§ 2703(c)(1)(C)), or telemarketing (§ 2703(c)(1)(D)) or information sought under paragraph 2
(§ 2703(c)(1)(E)).
12
requests non-content information under § 2703(c)(1). Magistrate Judge Zarefsky provided two bases for
his decision:
First, this is not a situation in which the government entity “is not required to notify the
subscriber or customer under section 2703(b)(1).” The United States does not proceed
here under section 2703(b)(1). That section applies to the disclosure of the contents of
wire or electronic communications in a remote computing service, but the Government’s
subpoena does not seek the contents of any such communications here. It seeks only
subscriber information, of the sort identified in section 2703(c).
Second, this is not a situation in which the government “may delay such notice pursuant
to subsection (a) of this section,” i.e., section 2705(a). Section 2705(a) applies
specifically to situations in which the Government is “acting under section 2703(b),”
again referring to disclosure of the content of communications. As noted, however, the
Government does not seek relief under section 2703(b). 20
Judge Zarefsky was aware that the government argued that it makes no sense for a preclusion-ofnotice order to be available when requesting content information, which typically requires greater
privacy protection, but that a similar order is not available when requesting non-content information
which requires less privacy protection. He said:
The Government may find the result strange now, but Congress could have found the
distinction to be rational. Congress could well have thought that there was a greater need
to prevent the provider from telling its customer that the Government had obtained the
contents of the customer's communications than there was to prevent the provider from
telling the customer that the Government had obtained the records as to who the
subscriber was, where he lived, and so on. If Congress had said that the provider could be
enjoined from disclosing any effort to obtain anything—either content or records—that
would have been rational too, but the fact that Congress made distinctions does not make
the application of the statute's language “absurd” or “strange.” 21
As addressed above, the Holistic Reading prevents this anomaly and also allows preclusion of
notice orders when warrants are issued to electronic storage providers and remote communication
service providers. Judge Zarefsky’s reading does not allow § 2705 preclusion of notice orders for all
information requests under § 2703.
20
In re Application of U.S. for an Order Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 2705(b), 866 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. Cal. 2011).
21
Id. at 1178.
13
Grand Jury Secrecy under Fed. R. Crim. P. 6
Magistrate Judge Zarefsky also relied on Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(2) which provides that “[n]o
obligation of secrecy [regarding grand jury proceedings] may be imposed on any person except in
accordance” with Rule 6(e)(2)(B). “Rule 6(e)(2)(B) then lists seven categories of persons who must
keep grand jury matters secret, but a recipient of a grand jury subpoena is not one of them.” 22 Magistrate
Judge Zarefsky concluded that the Application the Government seeks pursuant to § 2705(b) is prohibited
by Rule 6(e)(2). 23 His reasoning was that “the statute cannot properly be read as authorizing the Court to
enjoin a provider from revealing that it has received a grand jury subpoena.” 24 But the statute expressly
authorizes a preclusion of notice order if the government is proceeding by “a Federal . . . grand jury . . .
subpoena” under § 2703(b)(1)(B)(i). This express statement recognizes that the statute may impose
secrecy obligations in addition to those stated in Rule 6(e)(2).
CONCLUSION
Based on statutory authority to issue an order preventing the provider from notifying the
subscriber of the subpoena for non-content information issued under § 2703(c), the Government’s
Application is GRANTED. Because the subject of this order is of interest and importance to others than
those involved in this dispute and because the order contains no sensitive information, it is not issued
under seal.
Dated September 17, 2015.
BY THE COURT:
____________________________
David Nuffer
United States District Judge
22
Id. at 1173.
23
Id.
24
Id.
14
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