Young v. Colvin

Filing 36

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - Because the ALJ's decision is supported by substantial evidence and is free or harmful legal error, the Court hereby Affirms. Signed by Magistrate Judge Evelyn J. Furse on 9/28/2017. (las)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH. CENTRAL DIVISION

BOYD R. YOUNG,

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER

Plaintiff,
Case No. 2:16-cv-00844-EJF
vs.
NANCY A. BERRYHILL,
Acting Commissioner of Social Security,

Magistrate Judge Evelyn J. Furse

Defendant.

Plaintiff, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), seeks judicial review of the decision of the
Acting Commissioner of Social Security (Commissioner) denying his claim for disability
insurance benefits (DIB) under Title II of the Social Security Act (“the Act”). Pursuant to 28
U.S.C. §636(c) and Rule 73 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, both parties have consented
to the undersigned conducting all proceedings in this case, including entry of final judgment,
with appeal to the United States Courts of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (ECF No. 20). After
careful review of the entire record, the parties’ briefs, and arguments presented at a telephonic
hearing held on September 14, 2017, the undersigned AFFIRMS the Commissioner’s final
decision.
I.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff, age 49 as of the administrative law judge’s (ALJ’s) decision, has a high school

education and past skilled work as a roofer (see Certified Administrative Transcript (Tr.) 46, 47
215). He alleges disability since June 23, 2012, primarily due to limitations arising from a
broken right leg (see, e.g., Tr. 214). The ALJ followed the familiar five-step sequential
evaluation process to determine whether Plaintiff was disabled (Tr. 22-35). See 20 C.F.R.

Page 1

§ 404.1520(a)(4). As relevant here, between steps three and four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff
had the residual functional capacity (RFC) to perform a range of “light work as defined in
20 CFR 404.1567(b),” except he could “stand and/walk no more than two hours in an eight-hour
workday,” “must be permitted to use a crutch on an as-needed basis when walking,” and had
some additional postural and environmental limitations (Tr. 26-27, Finding 5). After obtaining
vocational expert testimony, the ALJ found that this RFC precluded Plaintiff from performing
his past work (Tr. 33, Finding 6), but not from performing other “light” occupations totaling
150,000 jobs in the national economy (Tr. 33-34, Findings 7-10). The ALJ found these jobs
existed in “significant numbers” in the national economy and that Plaintiff, therefore, was not
disabled as defined by the Act (Tr. 34-35, Finding 11). The Appeals Council later denied
Plaintiff’s request for review (Tr. 1-6), making the ALJ’s decision the Commissioner’s final
decision for purposes of judicial review. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.981, 422.210(a). This appeal
followed.
II.

SUMMARY OF RELEVANT MEDICAL EVIDENCE AND TESTIMONY
On June 23, 2012, Plaintiff broke his right leg (tibia and fibula) in a four-wheeler

accident, requiring surgery and a short hospitalization (Tr. 304-34, 350-51, 380-82, 599, 603-05).
Care providers noted he was at risk for non-union of his fractures due to cigarette smoking
(Tr. 315). He followed up with his surgeon, Gordon Stock, M.D., in July and August 2012,
reporting controlled pain on Percocet and exhibiting decreased swelling; he was using crutches,
decreasing how many cigarettes he smoked, and using a nicotine patch (Tr. 301-03). Dr. Stock
felt he was doing well and should continue to take pain medications, use ice, and elevate his leg
(Tr. 301-03). Plaintiff also followed up with primary care physician Bryan Nelson, M.D., in
August and September 2012. Dr. Nelson noted that Plaintiff had decreased to smoking one-half

Page 2

a package of cigarettes per day, and found he had no edema, sensory loss, or weakness upon
examination (Tr. 430-32, duplicated at Tr. 541-43).
In September 2012, Plaintiff had reduced his nicotine intake, and his pain was decreasing
(Tr. 299). Dr. Stock recommended a bone stimulator because he suspected Plaintiff might be
developing non-union of his leg fractures, and he also recommended only toe-touch
weight-bearing for balance with the right leg (Tr. 299-300). Around this time, Plaintiff also
followed up with Dr. Nelson, who explained how smoking hindered healing and advised him to
stop; he also noted that Plaintiff had no sensory loss or weakness (Tr. 424-26, 427-29, duplicated
at Tr. 535-37, 538-40).
On October 30, 2012, Dr. Stock stated that Plaintiff had slightly decreased pain and
significantly decreased swelling; however, Plaintiff continued to smoke three-fourths of a
package of cigarettes per day and x-rays continued to show non-union (Tr. 298). Plaintiff also
followed up in late 2012 and early 2013 with Dr. Nelson, who once again urged Plaintiff to stop
smoking (Tr. 409). He also noted that Plaintiff’s gait and balance were intact with no motor
weakness (Tr. 406-08, 409-11, 413-15, 416-19, 420-22, partially duplicated at Tr. 519-21, 52325, 526-29, 530-33).
During this same time period, in December 2012, Plaintiff also started seeing orthopedist
Jeffrey Jackson, M.D. Dr. Jackson noted that Plaintiff had markedly decreased right-ankle range
of motion, but full right-knee range of motion with no instability (Tr. 344-45). He could put a
small amount of weight on the right leg with toe-touch weight-bearing, and he continued to
smoke three-fourths of a package of cigarettes per day (Tr. 344). Dr. Jackson “impressed upon
[Plaintiff] the importance of stopping smoking. Technically, I think the operation went well. I
think the likely cause of the nonunion and the postoperative complications is due to the patient

Page 3

smoking” (Tr. 346). He recommended that Plaintiff bear weight as tolerated, continue using the
bone stimulator, and follow up in a month, at which time he hoped Plaintiff would report he had
stopped smoking (Tr. 346, duplicated at Tr. 566). At his next visit, Dr. Jackson explained
“[u]nfortunately, he has not stopped smoking. I do think this is affecting his ability to heal”
(Tr. 343, duplicated at Tr. 563).
Plaintiff continued to smoke and have non-union of his fractures (see Tr. 341-42, 47375), and Dr. Jackson ultimately performed another surgery to remove and exchange the hardware
in Plaintiff’s right leg in late January 2013 (Tr. 791-808; see also 377-79 duplicated at 476-80,
600-02).
When Plaintiff followed up with Dr. Nelson in February 2013, Plaintiff was very
optimistic with significant improvement in his pain and the ability to put more weight (40
pounds) on his leg than he had in the past seven months (Tr. 340, duplicated at Tr. 560). He had
been more active, up and moving around, and, while he continued to smoke, he was smoking less
(about six or seven cigarettes per day) (Tr. 340, duplicated at Tr. 560). Dr. Jackson was
concerned about possible infection and told Plaintiff to keep taking antibiotics (Tr. 340,
duplicated at Tr. 560). Unfortunately, Plaintiff was hospitalized later that month due to a
reaction to the antibiotics (Tr. 637-660; see also Tr. 339, duplicated at Tr. 559).
On March 5, 2013, about two and a half months after the revision surgery, Dr. Jackson
opined, among other things, that Plaintiff could not lift and was “currently unable to bear weight
on Rt. Lower extremity. He uses a wheelchair to get around” (Tr. 392-95). Dr. Jackson later
noted improvement in Plaintiff’s pain and ability to bear weight (about 20 pounds) (Tr. 557-58).
Dr. Nelson similarly noted that Plaintiff was much improved and smoking less, and that he was
exercising occasionally (Tr. 400-02, duplicated at Tr. 510-12).

Page 4

In April 2013, Dr. Jackson noted that Plaintiff was making good progress with physical
therapy and that he had improved range of motion, including significant improvement in ankle
dorsiflexion (Tr. 555). He had an antalgic gait with one crutch, and was able to put 25 to 50
percent of his weight on his right foot (Tr. 555). Dr. Jackson recommended that Plaintiff
continue to advance his weight-bearing; he was still concerned that Plaintiff could have a
low-grade infection, and that smoking was inhibiting healing (Tr. 555). Plaintiff said he was
going to return to work soon and wanted to hold off on further treatment until he had insurance
(Tr. 555-56). Dr. Jackson thought this was “reasonable as long as he continues his therapy and
progressing as tolerated” (Tr. 556). The record contained no evidence that Plaintiff sought
further treatment for his leg.
In May 2013, state agency physician Susanne Thobe, M.D., reviewed the record
evidence—including Dr. Jackson’s opinion—and opined that, within 12 months of his alleged
onset date, Plaintiff would have some postural and environmental limitations but would be able
to lift/carry 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently; sit up to six hours in an eight-hour
workday; and stand/walk up to six hours in an eight-hour workday (Tr. 71-74).
In July 2013, Plaintiff completed a Medicaid form (See Tr. 503-06) stating that he could
cook, clean, shop, and pay bills (Tr. 505). He said driving a car was okay but that walking was
“hard to do” (Tr. 505).
In August 2013, Plaintiff sought emergency treatment because he felt like he might pass
out (Tr. 494-96). He said he had not eaten all day, drank part of a Sprite, drank two beers, then
went out to mow the lawn in 100-degree weather (Tr. 494). Care providers diagnosed
dehydration and mild alcohol intoxication, and released him in improved condition (Tr. 494-501,
611-29).

Page 5

In September 2013, Plaintiff saw Justin Johnsen, M.D., for a consultative evaluation in
connection with his disability claim. He reported that he could stand 10 minutes, walk 200 feet,
and lift 20 pounds, and he denied any limitations on sitting (Tr. 607). He continued to smoke,
but claimed to have quit drinking alcohol three months earlier (Tr. 607). He said he spent his
days mostly in bed (Tr. 607). Upon examination, Plaintiff had trouble walking on his heels and
had decreased range of motion of his right leg, but was able to squat with only mild difficulty,
carry his personal belongings, rise from a sitting position without help, tandem walk, and get up
and down from the examination table (Tr. 610). He had near-full (4.7/5) muscle strength
bilaterally in leg flexion, leg extension, ankle plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion, with otherwise
full (5/5) strength (Tr. 609). Dr. Johnsen opined that Plaintiff’s leg impairment “would limit his
ability to walk long distances, do[] very strenuous activities, run[], hop[], skip[], or jump[]”
(Tr. 610).
In October 2013, state agency physician Dennis Taggart, M.D., reviewed the record
evidence—including the opinions of Drs. Jackson, Johnsen, and Thobe—and opined that
Plaintiff had not had any 12-month period of disability, and that Plaintiff had some postural and
environmental limitations but could lift/carry 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently;
sit up to six hours in an eight-hour workday; and stand/walk up to two hours in an eight-hour
workday (Tr. 83-87).
At the July 2014 administrative hearing, Plaintiff, who was represented by an attorney
(see Tr. 40), testified regarding his impairments and limitations. Among other things, he testified
that doctors told him to exercise more (Tr. 45) and to use his right leg, but he could not deal with
the pain (Tr. 50-51). He said he had not seen a doctor for a while because he did not have
insurance, but he had not visited any free clinics (Tr. 50, 52). He took only Aleve for pain relief

Page 6

(Tr. 57). He could care for his personal needs and sometimes take his mom to the bank or
grocery store, but usually he would lay in bed 20 hours per day with his leg elevated (Tr. 51-54).
He could sit two hours and stand/walk two hours total in a workday (Tr. 54). He also claimed
that, to get around, he drove and usually used two crutches to walk (Tr. 46). After his alleged
onset of disability, he worked for a few weeks part-time for his previous employer, sorting
screws and putting things away, but was let go because the employer felt he was a risk due to his
leg and hand pain (Tr. 47, 54-55). He said he tried driving for that employer but could not
continue because he did not have the necessary credentials (e.g., a commercial driver’s license
(CDL)) (Tr. 56).
A vocational expert testified that a hypothetical person of Plaintiff’s age and background,
and with his RFC, could not perform his past relevant work but could perform other work in the
national economy, including the “light” occupations of electronics worker (61,000 national jobs),
circuit board assembler (47,000 national jobs), and electrode cleaner (42,000 national jobs)
(Tr. 59-60). The vocational expert clarified that he contemplated the limitation for using a crutch
as needed in the ALJ’s hypothetical as meaning “getting to the work station and sitting down.
Since those jobs are primarily sit-down jobs” (Tr. 62; see also Tr. 64 (explaining that the
standing/walking limitations and use of a crutch did not result in significant erosion of the
number of identified jobs since they were “sit-down” jobs)).
III.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court reviews the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether substantial

evidence in the record as a whole supports the factual findings and whether the correct legal
standards were applied. Lax v. Astrue, 489 F.3d 1080, 1084 (10th Cir. 2007). “Substantial
evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

Page 7

conclusion.” Id. (internal quotation and citation omitted). Where the evidence as a whole can
support either the agency’s decision or an award of benefits, the agency’s decision must be
affirmed. Ellison v. Sullivan, 929 F.2d 534, 536 (10th Cir. 1990). The Court “should, indeed
must, exercise common sense” and not “insist on technical perfection.” Keyes-Zachary
v. Astrue, 695 F.3d 1156, 1166 (10th Cir. 2012).
III.

DISCUSSION
In challenging the ALJ’s decision, Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ erred (1) at step five, by

(a) not characterizing Plaintiff’s RFC as “sedentary” instead of “light” for purposes of applying
the Medical-Vocational Guidelines (the Grids) and (b) not finding a borderline age situation; and
(2) when assessing Plaintiff’s RFC, by not properly weighing Dr. Jackson’s medical opinion and
his subjective complaints (see generally ECF No. 23, Plaintiff’s Brief (Pl. Br.)). For the reasons
discussed below, the Court finds that the ALJ’s decision should nonetheless be AFFIRMED.
A. Step Five Determination
The Court finds that the primary issue in this case is whether the RFC, as assessed by the
ALJ, was properly characterized as “light” as opposed to “sedentary” for purposes of applying
the Grids at step five of the sequential evaluation process. Although conceding that the
vocational expert identified a “significant number” of “light” jobs someone with his RFC could
perform, Plaintiff posits that the ALJ was required to do an additional analysis as to whether the
RFC limitations significantly eroded the occupational base before determining that the light,
rather than sedentary exertional category of the Grid rules applied (Pl. Br. 10-14, ECF No. 23).
Plaintiff’s argument is premised on Social Security Ruling (SSR) 83-12. See 1983 WL 31253.
Having considered SSR 83-12, however, the Court is convinced that the ALJ did not err.
SSR 83-12 explains that the ALJ must make a determination about whether a claimant’s RFC

Page 8

falls into one exertional category or another for purposes of applying the Grids. Specifically, it
provides that where, as here, an individual’s RFC falls between two exertional categories that
direct opposite conclusions under the Grids, the ALJ must, before applying them, determine to
what extent the additional RFC limitations erode the higher occupational base. See 1983 WL
31253. The Ruling goes on to state that, “[w]here the extent of erosion of the occupational base
is not clear, the [ALJ] will need to consult a vocational resource.” Id. Contrary to Plaintiff’s
argument, so long as the ALJ consults a vocational expert about the number of available jobs in
the national economy, the Ruling does not require that an ALJ explicitly state how much erosion
has occurred when considering an RFC that falls between two exertional categories set forth in
the Grids. The vocational expert in this case identified three “light” occupations, which, as
Plaintiff concedes, constitute a significant number of jobs existing in the national economy.
Thus, the Court finds that the ALJ followed the law and substantial evidence supports his
determination that Plaintiff was not disabled based on his RFC for a range of “light” work. In so
finding, the Court does not reach Plaintiff’s secondary argument about borderline age (Pl.
Br. 14-15, ECF No. 23), which was necessarily premised on the RFC being characterized as
“sedentary.”
B. RFC Determination
The Court also concludes that the ALJ’s assessment of Plaintiff’s RFC was supported by
substantial evidence. In particular, the RFC accounted for all of Plaintiff’s supported
limitations—including the use of a crutch—that met the 12-month duration requirement (see 20
C.F.R. § 404.1509), and the vocational expert’s testimony was clear that the jobs at issue were
performed primarily in a seated position and would account for the delineated limitations (Tr. 60,
62, 64-65). The ALJ’s decision reflects that the RFC assessment was based on a number of

Page 9

factors, including medical evidence showing improvement over time (see Tr. 26-33); the medical
opinions of Drs. Johnsen (Tr. 607-610), Thobe (Tr. 71-74), and Taggart (Tr. 83-87); Plaintiff’s
daily activities (see Tr. 26; see also Tr. 494, 505); Plaintiff’s receipt of unemployment benefits
during the purported period of disability (Tr. 48-49); and Plaintiff’s continued smoking despite
repeated medical advice to stop because it was causing the delayed healing of his leg (see, e.g.,
Tr. 343, 344, 346, 409, 416, 420, 424, 427, 555).
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ should have given greater weight to his treating physician
Dr. Jackson’s March 2013 opinion, which indicated greater limitations, e.g., the need for a
wheelchair (Pl. Br. 16-20, ECF No.23; see Tr. 392-95). However, the Court finds that the ALJ
provided valid reasons supported by substantial evidence for discounting this opinion. In
essence, as the ALJ explained, the medical evidence reflected the more restrictive limitations
cited therein that were imposed shortly after a medical procedure and did not last the requisite
12 months because Plaintiff subsequently improved (Tr. 32-33). See generally 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1509 (12-month duration requirement), 404.1527 (factors for evaluating medical
opinions, including consistency with other evidence).
Plaintiff also argues that, when evaluating his subjective complaints, the ALJ should not
have considered his daily activities and continued smoking against medical advice and should
have expressly considered his long work history (Pl. Br. 21-24, ECF No. 23). The Court does
not find reversible error. While Plaintiff’s activities were not particularly taxing, they were
inconsistent with his description of what he could do and consistent with and supportive of the
ultimate RFC finding, which, as noted, included a restriction for the use of a crutch to walk. See
20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3)(i) (when weighing a claimant’s statements, ALJ may consider daily
activities); Wilson v. Astrue, 602 F.3d 1136, 1146 (10th Cir. 2010) (ALJ reasonably found a

Page 10

claimant’s description of her daily activities did not indicate the significant limitations she
alleged). And while the Court finds the ALJ should not have considered Plaintiff’s continued
smoking as a factor when evaluating his subjective complaints, this consideration was not
reversible error in light of the ALJ’s decision as a whole. See generally Pickup v. Colvin, No.
606 F. App’x 430, 433-34 (10th Cir. 2015) (unpublished) (affirming the ALJ’s decision to
discount the claimant’s subjective complaints despite finding two of the reasons given by the
ALJ were not supported by substantial evidence). The ALJ’s findings as to Mr. Young’s
smoking more appropriately relate to a failure to follow prescribed treatment than a credibility
problem. The ALJ should have applied 20 C.F.R. § 404.1530 and Frey v. Bowen, 816 F.2d 508,
517 (10th Cir. 1987) as discussed in Moses v. Barnhart, 321 F. Supp. 2d 1224, 1232 (D. Kan.
2004), in considering the effect of Mr. Young’s continued but reduced smoking. Similarly, while
the ALJ did not explicitly address Plaintiff’s work history, this Court is not aware of any law in
this circuit providing this is error, particularly where, as here, the ALJ has provided several
legally valid reasons supported by the record for his determination.
Even if the evidence was susceptible to a different interpretation, the ALJ’s decision must
be upheld where, as here, substantial evidence supports it, and it is legally sound. Tillery
v. Schweiker, 713 F.2d 601, 603 (10th Cir. 1983) (when the evidence permits varying inferences,
the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ); Lax, 489 F.3d at 1084 (“The
possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an
administrative agency’s findings from being supported by substantial evidence. We may not
displace the agency’s choice between two fairly conflicting views, even though the court would
justifiably have made a different choice had the matter been before it de novo.” (citation and
quotation omitted)).

Page 11

IV.

CONCLUSION
Because the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and is free of harmful

legal error, the Court hereby AFFIRMS.
DATED this 28th day of September, 2017.

_______________________________
EVELYN J. FURSE
United States Magistrate Judge

Page 12