Browe et al v. CTC Corporation et al

Filing 182

OPINION AND ORDER Granting in Part 162 Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude the Opinions Offered by Timothy Voigt and James Herlihy and Conditionally Denying 163 Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to Exclude Testimony from Arthur Wolfe. Signed by Chief Judge Christina Reiss on 12/1/2017. (pac)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE
DISTRICT OF VERMONT
DONNA BROWE, TYLER BURGESS,
BONNIE JAMIESON, PHILIP JORDAN,
LUCILLE LAUNDERVILLE, and
THE ESTATE OF BEVERLY BURGESS,
Plaintiffs,
V.

CTC CORPORATION and
BRUCE LAUMEISTER,
Defendants.

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Case No. 2:15-cv-267

OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS' MOTION IN
LIMINE TO EXCLUDE THE OPINIONS OFFERED BY TIMOTHY VOIGT
AND JAMES HERLIHY AND CONDITIONALLY DENYING PLAINTIFFS'
MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE TESTIMONY FROM ARTHUR WOLFE
(Docs. 162 & 163)
Plaintiffs Donna Browe, Tyler Burgess, Bonnie Jamieson, Philip Jordan, Lucille
Launderville, and the Estate of Beverly Burgess (collectively, "Plaintiffs") bring this
action under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29
U.S.C. §§ 1001-1191c, against Defendants CTC Corporation ("CTC") and Bruce
Laumeister (collectively, "Defendants"). Plaintiffs allege that Defendants failed to
adequately fund and wrongfully denied them pension benefits owed under CTC's
deferred compensation plan and that Defendants breached various fiduciary duties to
them. Defendants counterclaim that Plaintiff Lucille Launderville should be held jointly
and severally liable for Plaintiffs' claims and indemnify Defendants for her share of their
liability, if any, under ERISA.
Pending before the court are Plaintiffs' motion in limine to exclude from trial
opinions given by Defendants' experts Timothy Voigt and James Herlihy (Doc. 162) and
Plaintiffs' motion in limine to exclude from trial testimony from Defendants' expert

Arthur Wolfe (Doc. 163). Plaintiffs filed their motions on October 27, 2017 and October
30, 2017, respectively. Defendants opposed both motions on November 28, 2017 and
November 10, 2017, respectively.
John D. Stasny, Esq. and Patrick J. Bernal, Esq. represent Plaintiffs. A. Jay
Kenlan, Esq. represents Defendants.
I.

Factual and Procedural Background.

A.

Defendants' Expert Declarations from Timothy Voigt and James
Herlihy.

Defendants assert that CTC's December 1990 deferred compensation plan (the
"1990 Plan"), which was amended and superseded in 1997 (the "1997 Plan")
(collectively, the "Plan"), is a "top hat" plan exempt from the vesting, 29 U.S.C. §§ 105161, funding, id. §§ 1081-86, and fiduciary responsibility, id. §§ 1101-14, requirements of
ERISA. In support of their position, Defendants disclosed expert witness declarations by
Timothy Voigt and James Herlihy on May 20, 2016 and February 16, 2017, respectively.
In their expert declarations, Mr. Voigt and Mr. Herlihy opine that both the 1990 and 1997
Plans are "non-qualified 'Top-Hat' plans, exempt from the reporting and disclosure,
participation and vesting, funding, and fiduciary responsibility applicable to qualified
ERISA plans." (Doc. 162-1 at 11, ~ 15); (Doc. 162-2 at 9,

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12.) Mr. Herlihy bases his

opinion on his "regular and extensive experience with legal advisors in the area of nonqualified plan and 409(A) compliance" (Doc. 162-1 at 6,

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7), whereas Mr. Voigt bases

his opinion on his "regular and extensive experience with IRS and Dept. of Labor
regulatory requirements[.]" (Doc. 162-2 at 6,

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7.) Neither witness claims to have

personally drafted a "top hat" plan.
B.

Defendants' Disclosure of Expert Arthur Wolfe.

On May 19,2016, Plaintiffs disclosed Richard Heaps as an expert economist.
Accompanying Plaintiffs' disclosure was a report prepared by Mr. Heaps in which he
calculated and estimated the funding and fund growth provisions of the Plan as of May
11, 2016. Mr. Heaps was qualified as an expert and testified during the court's May 23,
2016 writ of attachment hearing. According to the parties' Stipulated Discovery Order,
2

the deadline for deposing Plaintiffs' expert witnesses was August 11, 2017. Defendants
did not depose Mr. Heaps.
Pursuant to the Stipulated Discovery Order, Defendants were required to disclose
their expert reports on or before July 14, 2017, with depositions of Defendants' expert
witnesses completed by August 11, 2017. On September 12, 20 17, the court held a pretrial conference in which the parties stated that they were trial-ready. Defendant did not
disclose an intention to call an additional expert witness. The court scheduled a bench
trial beginning on December 6, 2017.
Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e), on October 10, 2017, Plaintiffs supplemented
their expert disclosure of Mr. Heaps. The disclosure included a revised report from Mr.
Heaps, which updated his estimates of the Plan's fund values as of September 18, 2017.
Plaintiffs allege, and Defendants do not dispute, that "[t]he only material difference
between the [initial and revised] reports" is that the revised report updates the
calculations, "given the passage of time between the May 2016 hearing and the
anticipated trial date ofDecember 2017." (Doc. 163 at 3.)
On October 20, 2017, Defendants provided a list of witnesses and exhibits which,
for the first time, identified economist Arthur Wolfe as an expert witness that Defendants
may call at trial to rebut the testimony of Mr. Heaps. After Plaintiffs moved to exclude
Mr. Wolfe on October 30, 3017, Defendants disclosed an expert report for him on
November 10,2017.
II.

Conclusions of Law and Analysis.
A.

Whether Certain Opinions of James Herlihy and Timothy Voigt
Should be Excluded.

Plaintiffs move to exclude the opinions of Timothy Voigt and James Herlihy that
the Plan is a "top hat" plan because those opinions express impermissible legal
conclusions that invade the role of the court. Plaintiffs further seek exclusion of their
opinions regarding how the evidence should be interpreted, contending such opinions
invade the role of the finder-of-fact. In opposing the motion, Defendants argue that their
expert witnesses' opinions will not instruct the court on how to decide the case, but will
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assist the court in understanding whether the Plans meets ERISA's "top hat"
requirements.
The Second Circuit "requir[ es] exclusion of expert testimony that expresses a legal
conclusion." Hygh v. Jacobs, 961 F.2d 359, 363 (2d Cir. 1992); see also Densberger v..
United Techs. Corp., 297 F.3d 66, 74 (2d Cir. 2002) ("It is a well-established rule in this

Circuit that experts are not permitted to present testimony in the form of legal
conclusions.") (internal quotation marks omitted). For this reason, an expert witness

IS

prohibited from offering his or her opinion "as to the legal obligations of the parties
under the contract." Marx & Co., Inc. v. Diners' Club, Inc., 550 F.2d 505, 508 (2d Cir.
1977).
In their expert declarations, Mr. Herlihy and Mr. Voigt opine that both the 1990
and 1997 Plans are "non-qualified 'Top-Hat' plans, exempt from the reporting and
disclosure, participation and vesting, funding, and fiduciary responsibility applicable to
qualified ERISA plans." (Doc. 162-1 at 11, ~ 15); (Doc. 162-2 at 9,

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12.) Whether the

Plan is a "top hat" plan requires a contractual interpretation and a determination
regarding the Plan's legal effect. See Demery v. Extebank Deferred Camp. Plan (B), 216
F.3d 283, 286-87 (2d Cir. 2000) (stating that courts determine whether a plan is a "top hat
plan" based on whether the plan was (1) "unfunded" and (2) "maintained by an employer
primarily for the purpose of providing deferred compensation for a select group of
management or highly compensated employees.") (internal quotation marks omitted). In
an ERISA bench trial, both questions must be resolved by the judge and cannot be
delegated to an expert witness. See Burkhart v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth.,
112 F.3d 1207, 1213 (D.C. Cir. 1997) ("Each courtroom comes equipped with a 'legal
expert,' called a judge, and it is his or her province alone to instruct ... on the relevant
legal standards."). To the extent, Mr. Herlihy and Mr. Voigt opine that the Plans are "top
hat" plans under ERISA, those opinions are EXCLUDED.
Similarly, expert opinions that advise the court how to view the evidence in a
bench trial are inadmissible because they "encroach[] on [the] exclusive province of the
[finder of fact][.]" Media Sport & Arts s.r.l. v. Kinney Shoe Corp., 1999 WL 946354,
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at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 1999) (ruling inadmissible expert testimony "not based on
personal knowledge, but instead on [the expert's] review of documents and depositions
produced by the parties" and noting that expert "testimony may not take the place of the
individuals who actually negotiated the deal."); see also Hygh, 961 F.2d at 363 ("Under
[Fed. R. Evid.] 701 and 702, opinions must be helpful to the trier of fact, and Rule 403
provides for exclusion of evidence which wastes time. These provisions afford ample
assurances against the admission of opinions which would merely tell the [fact-finder]
what result to reach[.]") (emphasis omitted). Accordingly, to the extent Mr. Herlihy and
Mr. Voigt seek to advise the court how to interpret and weigh the evidence, those
opinions are EXCLUDED.
For the reasons stated above, the court GRANTS IN PART Plaintiffs' motion in
limine to exclude the legal opinions of Mr. Herlihy and Mr. Voigt (Doc. 162) insofar as

they opine that the Plan is a "top hat" plan under ERISA and insofar as they seek to
advise the court how to interpret the pleadings and deposition testimony in this case.
Other testimony by these timely disclosed experts is not excluded provided it is
consistent with this ruling.

B.

Whether Expert Testimony from Arthur Wolfe Should be Excluded.

Plaintiffs move to exclude the expert testimony of Arthur Wolfe because
Defendants disclosed him as a testifying expert witness on October 20, 2017, three
months after the discovery deadline for submitting expert reports. Defendants respond
that Mr. Wolfe's disclosure was within the thirty-day window for disclosure of a rebuttal
expert witness to Plaintiffs' expert Richard Heaps, whose supplemental disclosure was
served on October 10, 2017.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2) provides the requirements for disclosing expert testimony
and states that "[a] party must make these disclosures at the times and in the sequence
that the court orders." Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D). "If a party fails to provide
information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed
to use that information ... at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is
harmless." Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(l).
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Defendants contend that Mr. Wolfe's testimony will contradict or rebut Mr.
Heaps's October 10, 2017 supplemental disclosure. Asserting their disclosure is timely,
they rely on Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D)(ii), which provides that "[a]bsent a stipulation or
a court order" disclosure of evidence "intended solely to contradict or rebut evidence on
the same subject matter identified by another party under Rule 26(a)(2)(B) or (C)" must
be provided "within 30 days after the other party's disclosure." Because the thirty-day
window only applies for expert disclosures made under Rules 26(a)(2)(B) or (C), not
supplemental disclosures under Rule 26(e), Defendants reliance on Fed. R. Civ. P.
(a)(2)(D)(ii) is misplaced.
More importantly, Defendants' assumption that Mr. Wolfe's opinion is a mere
rebuttal opinion is incorrect. Not every opinion that is responsive in some way to an
expert opinion offered by the opposing party constitutes "rebuttal." See Allen v. Dairy
Farmers ofAm., 2013 WL 6909953, at *8 (D.Vt. Dec. 31, 2013) (noting that a party

cannot use a "rebuttal" report to offer a new opinion or one that "fundamentally
chang[ es] a key aspect" of a previously disclosed opinion); see also Pride v. BIC Corp.,
218 F.3d 566, 578-79 (6th Cir. 2000) (concluding that the trial court properly refused to
allow rebuttal reports that constituted a "transparent attempt" to redress weaknesses
identified in the original expert report) (internal quotation marks omitted); Jorgenson
Forge Corp. v. Consarc Corp., 2002 WL 34363668, at* 1 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 9, 2002)

(excluding rebuttal opinions that went "well beyond the scope of the Plaintiffs expert
reports and introduce[ d) new opinions"). Here, although Mr. Wolfe's opinion purports to
rebut Plaintiffs' expert witness's damages computation, according to Plaintiffs, it actually
offers new and untimely opinions regarding how those calculations should be made. As
such, Mr. Wolfe's opinions are not merely rebuttal. The court therefore turns to whether
his untimely opinion should be excluded.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow a court to impose sanctions if a party
"fails to obey a scheduling or other pretrial order." Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(f)(l)(C). Such
sanctions may include "striking pleadings in whole or in part[.]" !d. at 37(b )(2)(A)(iii).
The Second Circuit has opined that the filing of an "expert report seven weeks late
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without first seeking the court's permission" was "not a transgression warranting the
striking of plaintiffs expert report" when the party making such late filing "did not seek
an unfair advantage over the adversary in the litigation[.]" World Wide Polymers, Inc. v.
ShinkongSynthetic Fibers Corp., 694 F.3d 155, 160 (2d Cir. 2012). In so ruling, the
Second Circuit observed:
We understand the district court's frustration with the lackadaisical manner
in which this case was litigated. However, the district court failed to
provide any analysis as to why the first sanction meted out was one of the
most severe sanctions possible, and the record before us presents no
plausible explanation. When an attorney's misconduct or failing does not
involve an attempt to place the other side at an unfair disadvantage, any
sanction should ordinarily be directed against the attorney rather than the
party, absent strong justification. While we do not doubt that a sanction is
appropriate, the facts before us suggest that sanctions should be imposed on
the attorney, and not bar [the noncomplying party] from a full presentation
of its case.
!d. (internal citation omitted).

In this case, it is not clear whether inadvertence, neglect, a misunderstanding of
the role of a rebuttal witness, or the desire to obtain an unfair advantage underpin the late
disclosure of Mr. Wolfe as an expert witness. Assuming that Defendants have acted in
good faith, the court considers whether a sanction short of exclusion is appropriate. In
the Second Circuit, the court's analysis is guided by the Outley factors:
( 1) the party's explanation for the failure to comply with the discovery
order; (2) the importance ofthe testimony of the precluded witness; (3) the
prejudice suffered by the opposing party as a result of having to prepare to
meet the new testimony; and (4) the possibility of a continuance.
Sofie/, Inc. v. Dragon Med. & Scientific Commc'ns, Inc., 118 F .3d 955,961 (2d Cir.
1997) (quoting Outley v. City of New York, 837 F.2d 587, 590-91 (2d Cir. 1988)).
Under the first Outley factor, Defendants have not adequately explained their
failure to comply with the Stipulated Discovery Order. Although the Order required
Defendants to submit expert witness reports on or before July 14, 2017, Defendants first
identified Arthur Wolfe as a testifying expert witness on October 20, 2017 and provided

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his expert report only after Plaintiffs' motion in limine was filed. By any calculation, this
disclosure was untimely.
Defendants do not dispute that Mr. Heaps's supplemental disclosure merely
updated his estimates of the fund values of the Plan as of September 18, 2017. As Mr.
Heaps's original report was disclosed in May 2016, Defendants had over a year to
disclose an expert witness to rebut Mr. Heaps's expert witness report. Not only did they
fail to do so, they failed to advise the court or opposing counsel that they planned to do so
at the court's pretrial conference. The first Outley factor thus weighs in favor of
excluding Mr. Wolfe's testimony.
In contrast, the second Outley factor favors Defendants. In their motion, Plaintiffs
concede that Mr. Wolfe's report is likely to be important to Defendants' case as it
challenges Plaintiffs' "fundamental basis for calculating damages." (Doc. 163 at 5.)
Without Mr. Wolfe's testimony, Plaintiffs' damages calculation is essentially
uncontroverted. Courts are reluctant to exclude relevant evidence if it is essential to a
party's case. See, e.g., Zerega Ave. Realty Corp. v. Hornbeck Offshore Transp., LLC,
571 F.3d 206, 213 (2d Cir. 2009) (finding the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
expert opinion for noncompliance with a pretrial order where, among other things, "the
testimony of [the excluded expert] was critical to Hornbeck's defense on the issue of
causation."); Scientific Components Corp. v. Sirenza Microdevices, Inc., 2008 WL
4911440, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 13, 2008) (denying a motion to strike and explaining that
the rebuttal report was "important to plaintiffs case"); Lab Crafters, Inc. v. Flow Safe,
Inc., 2007 WL 7034303, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 26, 2007) (noting that because the expert

testimony was of "grave importance to defendant's case[,]" it "warrant[ed] admission
under this factor of the test"). The second Outley factor favors Defendants.
"The third Outley factor is the prejudice suffered by the opposing party as a result
of having to prepare to meet the new testimony." Sofie!, Inc., 118 F.3d at 962. The
Second Circuit has observed that where the new testimony is in the form of a new expert
witness opinion, the potential for prejudice is real. !d. ("Here, the excluded testimony
was expert testimony. Moreover, the parameters of the dispute in a highly technical case
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such as this are largely defined by expert testimony .... Because [the opposing party]
would have been forced, at a very late date in the discovery process, to accommodate
potentially significant shifts in the theories being offered against it, this factor cuts in
favor of[the opposing party]."); see also Shea v. Royal Enters. Inc., 2011 WL 2436709,
at *8 (S.D.N.Y. June 16, 2011) ("Given the numerous extensions ofthe discovery
deadline, the further delay of this two-year-old litigation is neither deserved nor
warranted, and the additional costs such delay would impose on Defendants amounts to
real prejudice."); Lore v. City of Syracuse, 2005 WL 3095506, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Nov. 17,
2005) ("The touchstone for determining whether to exclude an untimely expert report is
whether the party opposing [its] admission is prejudiced."); ABB Air Preheater, Inc. v.

Regenerative Envt'l Equip. Co., 167 F.R.D. 668, 672 (D.N.J. 1996) ("[T]he pivotal issue
is whether admission of the evidence will result in incurable prejudice to the resisting
party.").
The third Outley factor favors Plaintiffs because the late disclosure of an expert
witness will cause them prejudice that cannot be easily redressed on the eve of trial. See

Design Strategy, Inc. v. Davis, 469 F.3d 284, 297 (2d Cir. 2006) (finding disclosure of an
expert witness after discovery was closed was prejudicial because it was made with "only
a short time left before trial.") (internal quotation marks omitted). If the court allows Mr.
Wolfe's testimony, Plaintiffs will incur additional time and expense deposing Mr. Wolfe,
preparing their own expert to respond, and potentially raising a challenge to Mr. Wolfe's
expert testimony under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993) and its
progeny. While Defendants offered to make Mr. Wolfe available for deposition, they
have not offered to reimburse Plaintiffs' costs in taking it. Even if such costs were born
by Plaintiffs, Defendants' late disclosure would still impose on Plaintiffs an avoidable
burden days before trial. The third Outley factor thus favors Plaintiffs.
The fourth Outley factor asks whether a continuance is possible. Although this
matter has been set for some time on contiguous dates at the parties' joint request, a
continuance remains available because, in a bench trial, the court may take fact witness
testimony on the dates slated for trial and defer expert witness testimony to a later date
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after Mr. Wolfe has been deposed. Prejudice from the introduction of an untimely expert
witness report is commonly addressed by allowing the other party an opportunity to
depose the expert. See RMED Int'l, Inc. v. Sloan's Supermarkets, Inc., 2002 WL
31780188, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 11, 2002) ("[A]ny prejudice is easily cured by allowing
plaintiff to depose [the expert] if [it] so desire[s]."); Virgin Enters. Ltd. v. Am. Longevity,
2001 WL 34314729, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 1, 2001) (noting that "any prejudice will be
remedied by the deposition of[the expert]"); Lab Crafters, Inc., 2007 WL 7034303, at *8
("Courts to address this issue have stated that any prejudice to the opposing party can be
alleviated by allowing them to depose the expert prior to trial."). Indeed, some Circuit
Courts of Appeals have gone so far as to hold that exclusion of expert testimony
produced in violation of a discovery order is not appropriate where the party seeking
exclusion "made no attempt to cure the alleged surprise or prejudice ... by requesting to
depose the witness ... or by seeking a continuance." Berroyer v. Hertz, 672 F.2d 334,
338-39 (3d Cir. 1982); see also K.MC. Co., Inc. v. Irving Trust Co., 757 F.2d 752, 766
(6th Cir. 1985) (denying a request to exclude testimony when the party seeking exclusion
"could have requested a continuance if it needed additional time to prepare a response to
[the] testimony, but it did not do so").
In the instant case, Plaintiffs are not required to accept Defendants' offer to depose
Mr. Wolfe on the eve of trial and after filing their motion in limine. This conclusion is
underscored by the absence of Defendants' offer to bear the costs of preparing for and
taking that untimely deposition. As a result, although a continuance is reasonably
available, the court finds that the fourth Outley factor is in equipoise.
On balance, the Outley factors weigh slightly in favor of granting Plaintiffs'
motion to exclude because Defendants' non-compliance with the court's Stipulated
Discovery Order was neither "substantially justified" nor "harmless[.]" Fed. R. Civ. P.
37(c). However, because this is a bench trial not a jury trial, the court can afford the
parties greater flexibility in the presentation of their evidence. Such flexibility would
comport with fundamental fairness and would further the adjudication of disputes on the
merits. See Scientific Components, 2008 WL 4911440, at *4 ("[p]recluding testimony of
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an expert, even when there has not been strict compliance with Rule 26, may at times
tend to frustrate the Federal Rules' overarching objective of doing substantial justice to
litigants.") (quoting Wechsler v. Hunt Health Sys., Ltd., 381 F. Supp. 2d 135, 155
(S.D.N.Y. 2003)); see also RMED Int'l, Inc., 2002 WL 31780188, at *3 (noting that
"[ e]xclusion of expert testimony is a 'drastic remedy[,]"' the court denied plaintifr s
motion to exclude an expert report, "[ r]egardless of whether the new report is
supplemental or rebuttal").
For the foregoing reasons, the court CONDITIONALLY DENIES Plaintiffs'
motion to exclude expert testimony of Arthur Wolfe. (Doc. 163.) If Defendants seek to
present Arthur Wolfe as an expert witness, Defendants must pay the costs of Plaintiffs'
preparation for and taking of his deposition. The court will then schedule all expert
witness testimony for a later date. Defendants' responsibility for preparation costs for
Mr. Wolfe's deposition shall not exceed two hours of preparation time for every hour of
deposition time. Defendants shall also pay for and provide Plaintiffs with a transcript of
the Wolfe deposition and Plaintiffs may supplement the Heaps expert witness disclosure
in response to Mr. Wolfe's opinions. Defendants shall notify Plaintiffs and the court by
December 5, 2017 if they seek to call Mr. Wolfe as a witness at trial in accordance with
this Order.
CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs' motion in limine to exclude the legal
opinions ofTimothy Voigt and James Herlihy (Doc. 162) is GRANTED IN PART and
Plaintiffs' motion in limine to exclude the testimony of Arthur Wolfe (Doc. 163) is
CONDITIONALLY DENIED.
SO ORDERED.

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Dated at Burlington, in the District of Vermont, this
2017.

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