LandAmerica Financial Group, Inc. v. Southern California Edison Company

Filing 9

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge James R. Spencer on 1/16/15. (tdai, )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA
RICHMOND DIVISION
LANDAMERICA FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.,
Appellant,
Civil Action No. 3:14-CV-762

v.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON CO.,
Appellee.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
THIS MATTER is before the Court on appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, In re LandAmerica Financial Group, Inc., No. 08-35994KRH, 2014 WL 2069651 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2014) (Huennekens, K.R.), pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 158(a)(1). Appellant filed its notice of appeal on September 23, 2014 and subsequently filed its
brief in support of appeal on November 21, 2014 (“App. Br.”) (ECF No. 5). Appellee filed its brief
in opposition (“Opp’n Br.”) (ECF No. 7) on December 5, 2014, and Appellant then filed its reply
on December 19, 2014 (“Reply Br.”) (ECF No. 8). The Court dispenses with oral argument
because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the
Court, and oral argument would not aid the decisional process. E.D. Va. Loc. Civ. R. 7(J); Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 8012. For the reasons set forth below, the Court AFFIRMS the Bankruptcy Court’s
decision and DISMISSES this Appeal.
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I.

BACKGROUND1
This appeal arises from the Bankruptcy Court’s decision granting partial summary

judgment in favor of Southern California Edison, Company (“SCE”) and denying the motion for
summary judgment filed by LandAmerica Financial Group, Inc. (“LFG”).
LFG was a holding company that operated a title insurance business and other real estate
transaction services. LFG conducted all of its operations through its operating subsidiaries,
which included LandAmerica OneStop, Inc. (“OneStop”) and Southland Title Corporation
(“Southland”). [LFG and all of its operating subsidiaries will hereinafter be referred to
collectively as “LandAmerica”.] LFG’s ability to meet its current and future obligations was
dependent upon its ability to generate positive cash flow from its operating subsidiaries.
Southland was an underwritten title company, which provided title, escrow and other
real estate-related products and services to residential and commercial buyers and sellers, real
estate agents and brokers, developers, attorneys, and mortgage brokers and lenders primarily
located in Southern California. OneStop was part of LFG’s lender services business segment and
provided a full range of integrated residential real estate services, such as the coordination and
delivery of title insurance, settlement/closing and escrow services, appraisal and valuation
services, property inspections, real estate tax processing services, and default and foreclosure
services.
LFG operated and administered a centralized cash management system (the “CCMS”) on
behalf of LandAmerica. The CCMS was designed to collect, transfer and disburse funds
generated by LandAmerica and to allocate and record each such deposit, transfer, and
disbursement by a cost center code that corresponded to a specific legal entity. Under the CCMS,
subsidiaries would contribute their revenues to centralized cash accounts, and LFG, as the party
managing the disbursement of funds from those accounts to the vendors and other creditors of
The parties filed a Joint Stipulation of Fact (“Stipulation of Facts”) on March 26, 2014, which served as
the basis for their respective motions for summary judgment in the Bankruptcy Court. The parties’
Stipulation is included at Docket Entry 1-1, or “USBC Designation 1,” beginning at page 35 of the PDF
document.
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various subsidiaries, would pay out funds from the accounts to such parties. There was no
readily apparent cycle or periodic nature of cash transfers made to LFG on behalf of its
subsidiaries; rather, cash transfers were made to LFG when cash was available at the subsidiary
level. Approximately ninety percent of LandAmerica revenue flowed through the CCMS.
LFG maintained approximately thirty-one active bank accounts which were linked to the
CCMS. Three LFG concentration accounts served as the nerve center for the CCMS (the
“Concentration Accounts”) and were funded daily with wire transfers and sweeps from
approximately sixteen depository accounts held by LFG and its subsidiaries. For disbursements,
LFG used funds in the Concentration Accounts to fund approximately nine separate
disbursement accounts (the “Disbursement Accounts”), out of which LFG cut checks to pay for
LFG’s obligations and to pay for obligations on behalf of its subsidiaries. The use of the CCMS
was recorded and reflected in LFG’s accounting system through an account entitled “Accounts
with Affiliates.”
From February 1, 2008 through November 26, 2008 (the “Petition Date”), through
operation of the CCMS, OneStop and Southland provided substantially all of their earned cash
revenues to LFG, and thus neither subsidiary had sufficient funds to pay their own expenses.
Instead, LFG in turn paid substantially all of those subsidiaries’ cash expenses. During that time
period, LFG received over $30 million more in revenues generated by OneStop than LFG
disbursed on behalf of OneStop.2 LFG also received over $11 million more in revenues generated
by Southland than LFG disbursed on behalf of Southland.3 Thus, LFG received positive net cash
flow from the operations of its OneStop and Southland subsidiaries during this time period in
the aggregate amount of roughly $40 million.

Specifically, from February 1, 2008 through the Petition Date, LFG received total cash transfers of
$289,488,203 and disbursed total cash transfers of $259,037,818 on behalf of OneStop through operation
of the CCMS.
3
Specifically, LFG received total cash transfers of $47,269,366 and disbursed total cash transfers of
$35,950,092 on behalf of Southland through the operation of the CCMS.
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From February 2008 through the Petition Date, both OneStop and Southland required
electricity for lighting their office buildings, heating and air conditioning their office buildings,
and powering computers and other technology. From February 1, 2008 through the Petition
Date, SCE provided that electric utility service at various locations within California. Through
the operation of the CCMS, LFG made payments to SCE for OneStop’s and Southland’s electrical
utlity expenses, totaling $206,394.49 and $39,479.14, respectively.
Beginning in 2007 and continuing through 2008, there were significant declines in
mortgage financing, property values, and the number of real estate transactions, which when
combined significantly and adversely affected LandAmerica’s primary business activities and
liquidity. LandAmerica’s revenues were reduced by over forty percent from the fourth quarter of
2006 to the third quarter of 2008.
On the Petition Date, LFG filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 11 of Title 11
of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the
Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division (the “Bankruptcy Court”). After the Petition
Date, LFG continued to manage its properties and operations as debtors in possession pursuant
to 11 U.S.C. §§ 1107 and 1108. Subsequently, several other LandAmerica entities, including
Southland and OneStop, filed for bankruptcy protection, and each of those cases was jointly
administered for procedural purposes with LFG’s bankruptcy case. The debtors then filed a
Joint Chapter 11 Plan (the “Plan”), which created separate liquidating trusts for LFG and for
each of the other LFG affiliated Debtors. The Plaintiff in this adversary proceeding was created
to oversee the liquidation and distribution of the LFG assets.
On November 24, 2010, the Plaintiff filed its Complaint against SCE seeking to avoid and
recover transfers pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 544, 547, 548 and 550 and to disallow claim(s)
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 502(d). The Complaint sought the avoidance and recovery of certain

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transfers, in the aggregate amount of $263,462.69 (the “Transfers”)4, made by LFG to SCE
during the nine-month period from February 27, 2008 through the Petition Date (the
“Avoidance Period”). In Count I of the Complaint, Plaintiff sought to avoid the Transfers
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(B) as constructively fraudulent conveyances, alleging that LFG
did not receive reasonably equivalent value. In Count II of the Complaint, Plaintiff sought to
avoid the Transfers under 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1) and Virginia Code § 55-81, alleging that the
transfers were not made in exchange for valuable consideration.
On March 31, 2014, Plaintiff and SCE each filed motions for partial summary judgment.
The Bankruptcy Court conducted a hearing on the parties’ respective motions on May 1, 2014. At
the conclusion of the hearing, the Bankruptcy Court announced its decision to grant SCE’s
motion for partial summary judgment, and deny LFG’s motion for partial summary judgment.
The Bankruptcy Court’s order was entered on May 19, 2014.5 LFG then filed a Motion to Alter or
Amend Order on June 2, 2014, which the Court subsequently denied on September 9, 2014. The
notice of appeal was then filed on September 23, 2014, within the time provided by Federal Rule
of Bankruptcy 8002(a) and (b).6
II.

LEGAL STANDARD
Appeals from bankruptcy courts are governed by 28 U.S.C. § 158, which states that the

district courts have jurisdiction to hear appeals “from final judgments, orders, and decrees” and
“with leave of the court, from other interlocutory orders and decrees.” 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1)–(2).
A district court “may affirm, modify or reverse a bankruptcy judge’s judgment, order, or decree
or remand with instructions for further proceedings.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013. In reviewing a
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Since the filing of the Complaint, Plaintiff determined that $26,170.33 of the Transfers were made by
LFG on behalf of subsidiaries that were solvent at the time the transfers were made, thus leaving a total of
$237,292.36 in transfers that Plaintiff sought to avoid as constructively fraudulent transfers.

This was a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), (F) and (O).
Bankruptcy Rule 8002 provides that a “notice of appeal shall be filed with the clerk within 14 days of the
date of the entry of the judgment, order, or decree appealed from.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002(a). However, if
the party makes a timely motion “to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 9023,” then “the time for
appeal for all parties runs from the entry of the order disposing of the last such motion outstanding.” Fed.
R. Bankr. P. 8002(b)(2).

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bankruptcy court’s judgment, the district court reviews legal conclusions de novo and findings of
facts for clear error. Tidewater Fin. Co. v. Williams, 498 F.3d 249, 254 (4th Cir. 2007). A
finding of fact is clearly erroneous if a court reviewing it, considering all of the evidence, “is left
with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Anderson v.
Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985); accord Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. v. Mosko (In re
Mosko), 515 F.3d 319, 324 (4th Cir. 2008). Specifically with regards to motions for summary
judgment, a district court reviews the bankruptcy court’s decision de novo. Smith v. Ruby (In re
Public Access Technology.com, Inc.), 307 B.R. 500, 504 (E.D. Va. 2004) (citing Hager v.
Gibson, 109 F.3d 201, 207 (4th Cir. 1997)).
III.

DISCUSSION

Appellant presents four issues on appeal: (1) whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in
determining that LFG received reasonably equivalent value in exchange for its transfers to SCE
by LFG’s receipt through the operation of its centralized cash management system of funds
generated by its subsidiaries; (2) whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in determining that a
contractual relationship existed between LFG and its subsidiaries which obligated LFG to pay
the subsidiaries’ vendors through the operation of its centralized cash management system; (3)
whether the Bankruptcy court erred in finding that, to the extent that a contractual obligation
existed between LFG and its subsidiaries, the satisfaction of that contractual obligation
constituted reasonably equivalent value provided to LFG in exchange for the transfers to SCE;
and (4) whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in failing to identify the measure of the value LFG
received as a result of satisfying obligations the Court found it owed to its subsidiaries through
the operation of its centralized cash management system.
(1) Claim 1: LFG Did Not Receive Reasonably Equivalent Value in Exchange
for the Transfers
Bankruptcy Code section 548 provides in part,
The trustee may avoid any transfer . . . of an interest of the debtor in property, or
any obligation . . . incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within
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2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or
involuntarily . . . received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for
such transfer or obligation.
11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(B)(i). Value is defined as “property, or satisfaction or securing of a present
or antecedent debt of the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 548(d)(2)(A). As an initial matter, Appellant
contends that the Bankruptcy Court erred by looking beyond the plain language of section 548
and resorting to case-made law regarding the “indirect benefit rule.” Appellant argues that the
plain language of section 548 confirms that LFG’s transfers to SCE were constructively
fraudulent because they were made without any consideration in return. However, the statute
does not address who must provide the reasonably equivalent value to the debtor. In other
words, the statute does not indicate whether or not the value must be provided directly by the
transferee or indirectly from a third party. Therefore, the Bankruptcy Court properly resorted to
case-made law to resolve the issues presented.
Accordingly, relying on case law, the Court must next analyze the so-called “indirect
benefit rule” applicable in this case. The Second Circuit recognized that “[t]hree-sided
transactions . . . present special difficulties” in determining whether the debtor received “fair
consideration” for the transfer. Rubin v. Mfrs. Hanover Trust Co., 661 F.2d 979, 991 (2d Cir.
1981). However, “[i]t is well settled that reasonably equivalent value can come from one other
than the recipient of the payments, a rule which has become known as the indirect benefit rule.”
Harman v. First. Am. Bank of Md. (In re Jeffrey Bigelow Design Group, Inc.), 956 F.2d 479,
485 (4th Cir. 1992); see also Rubin, 661 F.2d at 991 (quoting Klein v. Tabatchnick, 610 F.2d
1043, 1047 (2d Cir. 1979)) (“[T]he transaction’s benefit to the debtor ‘need not be direct; it may
come indirectly through benefit to a third person.”); Gold v. U.S. (In re Kenrob Info. Tech.
Solutions), 474 B.R. 799, 802 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2012) (“Consideration need not come directly
from the party to whom the payment is made” but instead “[c]onsideration may be derived from
a third party.”). Thus, rather than focusing on the allegedly complicated “tri-partite
relationship” and “transfer path” as Appellant urges us to do (App. Br. at 13–14), the Court
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instead focuses “on the consideration received by the debtor, not on the value given by the
transferee.” In re Jeffrey Bigelow Design Group, Inc., 956 F.2d at 484 (citation omitted).
The purpose of section 548 is “to preserve the debtor’s estate for the benefit of its
unsecured creditors.” Ruby v. Ryan (In re Ryan), 472 B.R. 714, 724–25 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2012)
(citations omitted). Thus, so long as “the value of the benefit received by the debtor
approximates the value of the property or obligation he has given up,” the transfer was not
fraudulent. Rubin, 661 F.2d at 991–92. In other words, the proper “focus is whether the net
effect of the transaction has depleted the bankruptcy estate.” In re Jeffrey Bigelow Design
Group, Inc., 956 F.2d at 485; see also Rubin, 661 F.2d at 992 (“[A]lthough these ‘indirect
benefit’ cases frequently speak as though an ‘identity of (economic) interest’ between the debtor
and the third person sufficed to establish fair consideration . . ., the decisions in fact turn on the
statutory purpose of conserving the debtor’s estate for the benefit of creditors.”).
In this case, although LFG commingled the funds it received from various subsidiaries,
there is no dispute that LFG received over $30 million more in funds from OneStop and over $11
more in funds from Southland than it disbursed on their behalf during the relevant time period.
(Stipulation of Facts ¶¶ 75–76; 80–81.) Therefore, “the unsecured creditors are no worse off
because [LFG], and consequently the estate, has received an amount reasonably equivalent to
[or even more than] what it paid” to SCE. In re Jeffrey Bigelow Design Group, Inc., 956 F.2d at
484.
Next, Appellant contends that the Bankruptcy Court erred by failing to recognize the “in
exchange for” element of section 548. As Appellant notes, a transfer is “in exchange for” value if
one is the quid pro quo of the other. Kaler v. Able Debt Settlement (In re Kendall), 440 B.R.
526, 532 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2010). Appellant argues that LFG would have enjoyed the positive cash
flows from its subsidiaries regardless of the transfers to SCE, and thus no bargained-for quid pro
quo exists. See In re TOUSA, Inc., 422 B.R. at 868 (“Any ‘property’ that a [debtor] would have
enjoyed regardless of [the transfer in question] cannot be regarded as property received ‘in
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exchange for’ the transfer or obligation.”). However, the Court finds Appellant’s argument
unavailing.
As SCE notes, Appellant’s argument is purely hypothetical as no evidence exists to
support the theory that OneStop and Southland would have continued to upstream their
revenues had LFG ceased paying their vendors’ invoices. Instead, the parties’ stipulation states
that LFG had in fact “paid substantially all of OneStop’s and Southland’s operating expenses
ever since those subsidiaries had begun participating in the CCMS, including the period from
February 1, 2008 to the Petition Date.” (Stipulation of Facts ¶ 42.) As this Court has noted, the
mere prospect of hypothetical alternatives, without any supporting documentation, fails to
create a genuine issue as to a material fact. In re Kenrob Info. Tech. Solutions, Inc. 474 B.R. at
803.
Next, Appellant alleges that the Bankruptcy Court erred by relying on the net cash flow at
the conclusion of the Avoidance Period, as such analysis ignores the “contemporaneity” element
described by the United States Bankruptcy Court of the Eastern District of California in
Greenspan v. Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP (In re Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP), 408
B.R. 318 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2009) (“Items of value coming to the debtor after the transfer must
be excluded as any part of consideration, at least when it was not bargained for at the date of the
original transaction.”). Appellant moreover argues that the Bankruptcy Court’s analysis ignored
the possibility that “cash flowing through the CCMS may have been far less positive, or in fact
negative, at various points at the time LFG made the individual Transfers throughout the
Avoidance Period.” (App. Br. at 21.)
However, this Court has previously stated that “[t]here is no requirement that the
consideration be contemporaneous.” In re Kenrob Info. Tech. Solutions, Inc. 474 B.R. at 803.
The debtor in Kenrob was a chapter S corporation that by its nature did not pay taxes itself but
passed through the tax liability to its shareholders. Id. at 801. Defendants were the shareholders
who paid the taxes as part of their personal income tax return. Id. By agreement, the debtor was
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obligated to reimburse the shareholders for the additional incomes taxes attributable to the
pass-through liability from the corporation. Id. The debtor paid the personal income taxes
attributable to the pass-through liability directly to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). Id. The
tax payments were applied to the shareholder’s personal tax returns. Id. The Plaintiff trustee of
the bankrupt debtor alleged that these transactions were fraudulent because they were made
without consideration by the corporation. The Court ultimately granted the defendant’s
summary judgment motion, and in doing so rejected the trustee’s argument that the
shareholders’ agreement made years before the transaction was not sufficient consideration. The
Court stated,
The consideration was the election by the shareholders of the corporation to be
taxed as a chapter S corporation as long as the corporation paid their additional
personal taxes. There was a continuing benefit to the corporation over the years
and a continuing obligation on the part of the corporation to reimburse the
shareholders.
Id. at 803. Similarly, in this case, LFG had a continuing obligation to pay OneStop’s and
Southland’s vendors’ invoices through the CCMS in exchange for the continuing benefit of those
subsidiaries upstreaming their revenues to LFG.
With regard to Appellant’s latter argument that the Bankruptcy Court erred by only
focusing on the net result, case law clearly rejects Appellant’s argument and instead supports the
Bankruptcy Court’s analysis. The Fourth Circuit has stated that the proper focus in determining
reasonably equivalent value “is whether the net effect of the transaction has depleted the
bankruptcy estate. In re Jeffrey Bigelow Design Group, Inc., 956 F.2d at 485 (emphasis added).
In determining “reasonably equivalent value,” it is therefore unnecessary to “demand a precise
dollar-for-dollar exchange” as Appellant urges this Court to do. Bakst v. U.S. (In re Kane &
Kane), 479 B.R. 617, 628 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2012); (App. Br. at 20) (“There is no way to say that
as LFG made each of the distinct transfers to SCE to pay one of SCE’s invoices issued to OneStop
or Southland, LFG received reasonably equivalent value in exchange for any such payment.”).
The stipulated facts plainly state that LFG received positive net cash flow from the operations of
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its OneStop and Southland subsidiaries from February 1, 2008 through the Petition Date in the
aggregate amount of roughly $40 million. More specifically, the evidence shows on a monthly
basis, LFG received more cash than it disbursed on OneStop’s behalf in April, May, August,
September and October 2008.7 (Stipulation of Facts ¶ 77.) Additionally, on a monthly basis, LFG
received more cash than it disbursed on Southland’s behalf in each month between February
2008 and the Petition Date, except March and May.8 (Id. at ¶ 81.)
Thus, in sum the Court finds Appellant’s Claim 1 without merit.
(2) Claim 2: There Was No Contractual Relationship that Obligated LFG to
Pay the Invoices Provided to Its Subsidiaries By Their Vendors Through
the CCMS
The Bankruptcy Court concluded that “LFG not only had a contractual duty, but also a
fiduciary obligation to make disbursements on behalf of its subsidiaries.” In re LandAmerica
Financial Group, Inc., 2014 WL 2069651, at *9–10. Appellant, however, argues that this
“attractive conclusion” is not supported by the record. But, again, the Court finds Appellant’s
argument unpersuasive.
“Agency is a fiduciary relationship between two parties in which one party agrees to act
on behalf of and subject to the control of the other party.” Banks v. Mario Indus. of Va., Inc. 650
S.E.2d 687, 695 (Va. 2007). “[A]gency may be inferred from the conduct of the parties and from
the surrounding facts and circumstances.” Accordia of Va. Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Genito Glenn,
L.P., 560 S.E.2d 246, 250 (Va. 2002) (quoting Drake v. Livesay, 341 S.E.2d 186, 189 (1986)). In
the Stipulation of Facts, the parties jointly admit that LFG acted as a “disbursement agent” for
its subsidiaries in accordance with the CCMS. (Stipulation of Facts ¶¶ 56, 57.) But besides this
express stipulation, the agency relationship between LFG and OneStop and Southland is also
supported by the fact that before LFG made the Transfers to SCE, the subsidiaries had to

As to the remaining months during the Avoidance Period, LFG received cash on OneStop’s behalf equal
to the following percentages of the cash it disbursed on OneStop’s behalf: February–75%; March–73%;
June–73%; July–94%; and November–97%. (Stipulation of Facts ¶ 77.)
8
In March and May, LFG received cash on Southland’s behalf equal to 24% (in March) and 95% (in May)
of the cash it disbursed on Southland’s behalf during those months. (Stipulation of Facts ¶ 81.)
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approve the corresponding invoices for payment through the CCMS. (Stipulation of Facts ¶¶ 69,
70.) If, as Appellant hypothesizes, LFG had decided to protect its own creditors, and retain all of
the cash flow that was provided to it through CCMS to pay its own bills, (App. Br. at 24–25), the
subsidiaries would definitely have had an action for breach of fiduciary duties by virtue of this
agency relationship.
Moreover, besides the obvious agency relationship, the Bankruptcy Court also concluded
that an implied contractual relationship existed between LFG and OneStop and Southland.
While the parties agree that there was no direct contract, written or oral, which obligated LFG to
pay for charges incurred on the OneStop or Southland accounts, (Stipulation of Facts ¶¶ 45, 71),
the Bankruptcy Court properly concluded that a contract implied in fact existed.
“A contract implied in fact is ‘a true contract containing all necessary elements for a
binding agreement except that it has not been committed to writing or stated orally in express
terms, but rather is inferred from the conduct of the parties in the circumstances.’” In re Fas
Mart Convenience Stores, Inc., 320 B.R. 587, 595 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2004) (citation omitted). In
analyzing whether such a contract exists, the Court must analyze the parties’ intent to contract.
Id.
First, as an initial matter, the parties stipulated that
Based on the accounting records of LFG, OneStop, and Southland, it is evident
that OneStop and Southland in fact participated in the CCMS from February
2008 through the Petition Date, and before that time period, and that there must
have been oral and/or implied agreements, at least on a basic level, between LFG
and both OneStop and Southland relating to their participation in the CCMS.
(Stipulation of Facts ¶ 46.) Moreover, through the parties’ conduct their intent to contract is
clearly visible. OneStop and Southland upstreamed substantially all of their earned revenues to
the CCMS with the clear expectation that LFG would pay their operating expenses through the
CCMS, which the CCMS was designed to do. (Id. at ¶¶ 27, 38). And LFG did in fact pay
substantially all of its subsidiaries’ cash expenses. (Id. at ¶ 38.) By providing LFG with all of
their earned cash revenues, neither OneStop nor Southland had sufficient funds to pay their
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own expenses from February 1, 2008 to the Petition Date. (Id. at ¶ 39.) The Stipulation of Facts
even admits that the parties had an “understanding and expectation that LFG would, in turn,
pay OneStop’s and Southland’s operating expenses through the CCMS accounts.” (Id. at ¶ 41.)
With the foregoing in mind, it is difficult to even logically perceive Appellant’s argument
that no contractual relationship existed among the parties because such a clear implied in fact
contract was present. If LFG had breached that contract, the subsidiaries would have
undoubtedly had a cause of action against LFG.
(3) Claim 3: Even If a Contractual Relationship Existed Between LFG and Its
Subsidiaries Obligating LFG to Pay the Invoices Provided to Its
Subsidiaries by Their Vendors, the Satisfaction of That Obligation by LFG
Did Not Generate Reasonably Equivalent Value Received by LFG in
Exchange for the Transfers to SCE for Purposes of Bankruptcy Code
§ 548
Appellant agrees that the concept that “[s]atisfaction of a valid obligation constitutes
reasonably equivalent value”9 is, by itself, sound. (App. Br. at 26.) However, Appellant argues
that the two cases10 relied on by the Bankruptcy Court fail to address the three-party
relationship present in this case. Appellant contends that neither case supports the “Bankruptcy
Court’s underlying conclusion that LFG’s satisfaction of some obligation it owed to OneStop and
Southland in paying their vendors’ invoices through the operation of the CCMS resulted in
reasonably equivalent value received by LFG in exchange for transferring over $237,000 to
SCE.” (App. Br. at 26.)
As noted above, “value” for purposes of section 548 is defined as “property, or
satisfaction or securing of a present or antecedent debt of the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 548(d)(2)(A)
(emphasis). The plain language of the statute provides only that the debt satisfied by a transfer
must be owed by the debtor. It is silent regarding to whom the debtor must owe that debt. Thus,
Appellant’s argument revolving around the fact that LFG did not specifically have any obligation
Schoenmann v. BCCI Constr. Co. (In re NorthPoint Commc’ns Group, Inc.), 361 B.R. 149, 161 (Bankr.
N.D. Cal. 2007).
10
Crumpton v. Stephens (In re Northlake Foods, Inc.), 715 F.3d 1251, 1256 (11th Cir. 2013) and
Schoenmann, 361 B.R. 149.
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to SCE is irrelevant. Instead, the focus should be on the fact that LFG owed an obligation to
OneStop and Southland and by paying their vendors’ invoices through the CCMS, LFG satisfied
that obligation.
This argument also relates back to the prior discussion regarding the purpose of section
548, which is “to preserve the debtor’s estate for the benefit of its unsecured creditors.” In re
Ryan, 472 B.R. at 724–25. “Where an economic benefit is present, ‘the debtor’s net worth has
been preserved, and the interest of the creditors will not have been injured by the transfer.’” In
re Northlake Foods, Inc., 715 F.3d at 1256 (citation omitted). As previously explained, LFG
received an economic benefit through the upstreaming of substantially all of OneStop’s and
Southland’s cash revenues. LFG then owed a fiduciary and contractual obligation to pay
OneStop’s and Southland’s vendors’ invoices. LFG’s net worth was preserved through these
transactions as it received total funds from both OneStop and Southland in amounts greater
than total funds disbursed by LFG on behalf of those subsidiaries. (Stipulation of Facts ¶¶ 75–
76; 80–81.) In sum, as succinctly stated by SCE, “So long as a debt owing by the debtor is
removed from the debtor’s books as a result of the transfer, the creditors are no worse off and
would have no basis for complaint.” (Opp’n Br. at 18.)
(4) Claim 4: The Bankruptcy Court’s Decision Erred in Failing to Describe
Any Quantifiable Value At All From LFG’s Satisfaction of Obligations
Owed to OneStop and Southland
“Whether reasonably equivalent value was received by the debtor on the date of transfer
is a two-step analysis: (1) did the debtor receive value, and (2) was the payment reasonably
equivalent to the value extended?” Cohen v. Un-Ltd. Holdings, Inc. (In re Nelco, Ltd.), 264 B.R.
790, 813 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1999); see also Whitney v. Newman (In re Whitney), No. 06-14435TJC, 2007 WL 2230063, at *5 (Bankr. D. Md. July 30, 2007) (citing BFP v. Resolution Trust
Corp., 511 U.S. 531, 546 (1994)) (“In order to determine whether the debtor received reasonably
equivalent value for the transfer, the Court must compare the value of the consideration
received by the debtor with the value of the property transferred by the debtor.”). The measure
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of “reasonably equivalent value” is a factual issue dependent on the circumstances of the
transfer that must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Official Comm. of Unsecured
Creditors v. Wachovia (In re Heilig-Meyers Co.), 279 B.R. 46, 52 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2003).
Appellant argues that the Bankruptcy Court “failed to identify the measure of such value
[received by LFG] in any way.” (App. Br. at 27.) In other words, Appellant contends that there
were no facts in the record to “identify whether the value to LFG by satisfying the obligations
amounted to $1, $100,000 or $237,292.36.” (Id.) Thus, Appellant argues that the Bankruptcy
Court erred in concluding that the value received was “reasonably equivalent” to the amount
that LFG transferred to SCE.
Contrary to Appellant’s argument, the Bankruptcy Court had adequate facts to determine
that the value received by LFG was reasonably equivalent to the transfers it made to SCE on
behalf of OneStop and Southland. As stated above, there is no dispute that LFG received over
$30 million more in funds from OneStop and over $11 more in funds from Southland than it
disbursed on their behalf during the relevant time period. (Stipulation of Facts ¶¶ 75–76; 80–
81.) Specifically, from February 1, 2008 through the Petition Date, LFG received total cash
transfers of $289,488,203 and disbursed total cash transfers of $259,037,818 on behalf of
OneStop, and received total cash transfers of $47,269,366 and disbursed total cash transfers of
$35,950,092 on behalf of Southland. (Id. at ¶¶ 75, 80). Therefore because the net effect of these
transfers to SCE did not deplete LFG’s estate, the Bankruptcy Court properly concluded that
LFG received reasonably equivalent value. See In re Jeffrey Bigelow Design Group, Inc., 956
F.2d at 485.
IV.

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court AFFIRMS the Bankruptcy Court’s opinion in all

respects and DISMISSES this Appeal.
//
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Let the Clerk send a copy of this Memorandum Opinion to all counsel of record.
An appropriate Order shall issue.

______________________/s/_________________
James R. Spencer
Senior U. S. District Judge

ENTERED this

16th

day of January 2015.

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