Brickey v. Hall et al

Filing 49

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 09/02/2014. (ssm)

CLERK' OFFI
S
CE
U.& ST
ATROANOK DI . COURT
E,
VA
FI
LED

I THE UN I
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FO R TH E W ESTERN D I
STRI O F V I I I
CT
RG N A
ABI G DON DI I ON
N
V SI

sEP 22 2 1
26
JULI C UDL CL K
A
EY E

BY:

D U

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L

.

R AN DA LL E. I KEY ,
BR C
Ci lA c i N o.1: 3- vi ton
1 CV 00073
Pl i tf ,
a n if
M EM O M N DU M O PI O N
NI
By:H on.Gl n E.Conr d
e
a
Chi Unie Stt Diti tJ
ef t d a es src udge

ROBB HALL,e a .
t 1,
De e nt .
f nda s

Thi ca e a i esf om Pl i tf Randa lBr c y' t m i ton f om t Sa t le Polce
s s rs r
a n if
l i ke s er na i r he lvil
i

De rme t(SP 'f lwigt p biaino Brc y' r s n e t q e to spo e t hm
pa t n $ D' ol n he u lc to f ike s e po s s o u si n sd o i
t ) o
by l lne pa r d i hi To Counci c
oca ws pe s urng s wn
l ampain. Brc fl d t sci la ton unde 42
g
ikey ie hi vi c i
r

U. C.j 1 a i ts vealmembe soft SPD a t Salvil TownCounclalegngt t
S.
983 gans e r
r he
nd he t le
i, l i ha
hi t r i ton c tt e ar t la or di c r i vi ai n oft Fis Am e e t The c e
s e m na i onsiut d e a it y s ha ge n ol to
he r t
ndm n .
as

i p ee tybeo et ec u t nDee d n s moin frs mmayj g n .Fo t ef lwig
s r s nl f r h o r o fn a t' to o u r ud me t r h ol n
o
r a ons D ef nda s m oto wilbe gr nt d i pa ta de e i pa t
e s , e nt ' i n l
a e n r nd ni d n r .
Statem entofFact
s

Th f l wi fcsfo tes mmayj dg n r c r a eet e u d s u e , r wh r
e ol ng a t r m h u r u me t e o d r ih r n ip td o , ee
o
di put a e pr s t i t lg m os f vo a e t Brc
s ed, r e en ed n he i ht
t a r bl o i key. Se A nde s v. be t Lobby,
e
r on Li r y

477U. 242,255( 986)(ttngt ta1e de emus beconsnldi t lghtmos fvorbl
S.
1
sai ha 1 vi nc
t
t e n he i
ta a e

t t ep ryo p sn s mmayj d me t.
o h a t p o ig u r u g n)
Brc y s r d asa SPD polceof rfo De mbe 1 2006 un i M a 21 201 whe
i ke e ve
i ûce r m ce r ,
tl y , 2, n
he wast r i t d. D e e ntH a lbe m e SPD Polc Chi fi J y 2011. A sPolc Chi f
e m na e
f nda
l ca
i e e n ul
ie e ,
H al had St aut iy t hie,f r and di ci i polce ofi ' aft consulaton wih t
l
the hort o r i e
s plne i f cers' er
t i
t he

To n M a
w
nage . H a l s Co tons ofH i e Def' M ot Sum m . .Ex. ECF 28 27.
r
l' ndii
r , .s
.
J
27,
Pr ort H a l sar i l t SPD s r e w ih a t i he r put ton i t Sa t le
i o l' rva , he
t uggl d t am s d e a i n he lvil
c m uniy due t pa ol m i c c a i ns of i rm iconduc , a l c ofpr es i i m .
om
t
o yr l s al ul t o , fce s
t and a k
of s onals

Hal i e t d polc cha
l mpl men e
iy ngesdesg d t i pr SPD ope ai nsand i a i l ng
i ne o m ove
r to
m ge, ncudi
r qui i of i r t w e r unior sa pr e tve ves s i tt i a s e p polc a
e r ng fce s o a
f m nd ot c i
t , ns iutng l e
i y, nd

e
ncour gi i r s d f par s
a ng nc ea e oot tol .
l ea l 201 Brc de i d t r f an eeced posto ont Salvil Town
n ry 2, ikey c de o un or l t
ii n
he t le
Counci. Brc a s Polc ChifHal a To M a
l ikey dvied ie e
l nd wn nage M iha lTa o ofhi poltca
r c e yl r
s ii l
a pia i . Hal a Ta ora ee t tBrcke sc mpa g woul no c eae ac lc wih hi
s r tons
l nd yl gr d ha i y' a i n
d t r t ontit t s
pos to a a polc ofi e a l ashe com ple w ih SPD polci s i udi notc m pa g ng
ii n s
i e f c r s ong
id t
i e , ncl ng
a i ni
i unior a notdi pa agi t de r m e .
n f m nd
s r ng he pa t nt

Durng t ca i t l a ne pa r ,t Smyt Count N e & M e s nge a
i he mpa gn, wo oc l ws pe s he
h
v ws
s e r nd
t Sat lePr e s r quese t tTown Counc lc ndi t s i r po est as resof
he lvil ocr s , e t d ha
i a daes ubm t es ns o e i
q s i desgned t elci t i ca pai pl t or s The ne s pe spubls d Brc
ue tons i
o i t he r m gn a f m .
w pa r
i he
i key'
s
1
r s ns t t e ques i on Apr l25 and 26.
e po es o hos
tons
i

I t ari l , ike saedt theha be apolc ofierf 23 ye r a t the
n he tces Brc y t t ha
d en
ie fc or
a s nd ha
c r nty s l a t Salvil D. . E.ofi e .The i r pons t aquesi r a di hi
ure l ewed s he t le A R. fc r
n, n es e o
ton eg r ng s
motva i f r ng f Town Counc l Brc sa e
i ton or unni or
i, ikey t t d:
lt c t D. R. pr a a Salvil Elm e a y School.1we i t t k t Chi f
ea h he A. E. ogr m t t le e nt r
.. nt n o al o e
H a la
l boutor rng t s i s f t D . . E.gr dua i lw ast d t e w a no
de i he upple or he A R. a ton.
ol her s
m one t pl c t o de . A fe c c ng wih t a co spa bl cl r t s e w he e
y o a e he r r t r he ki
t he c unt ya e e k o e
r
t $500 i t polc de rme budge had be n s nt lwa s
he
n he ie pa t nt
t
e pe , s hown s ve ali c
e r nvoies

t tweec r dt t D. R. a ou ..t t hadnot ngt dowiht D. R.
ha r ha ge o he A. E. cc nt.ghaj
hi o
t he A. E.
pr am . .Seei t s,al w ih t ot m i us oft
ogr .
ng hi ong t he her s e axpayer m oney,s sm e t
s'
how
hat
w e have a ver poorm anagem entatt counci l
y
he
l eveland t
here needst be a change.
o
1Bec e t Fis Am e m enta l i t ns on t t c l ngua : a i s t c tde crbe Br c y'
aus he r t
nd
na ys s ur
he t t a ge9 t s ue, he our s i s i ke s
exa

sae nsi d tih r.J r e s nv F ifxCnt . .7 5F.d8 ,8 0(98 )( u t gCo nikv. es 4
ttme t n eal ee u a n o . ara v.Va, 4 2 68 8 1 4 q oi n c Mv r, 61
n
U. .1 8 1 8 ( 9 3 )
S 3 , 4 1 8 ).

Salvil Pr es Ari e, f' M ot Summ .J Ex.1 ECF No. 1 ,s ealo Sm yt Count
t le ogr s tcl De .s
.
.
3,
28- 3. e s
h
y

Ne & M ese rAril,De.sMot Summ. .Ex.l ECF No.28- 4(a .
ws
s nge tce f'
.
J
4,
1 s me)
I rs
n e pons t a que to as ng Brc y t i tf Salvil sg eaes ne , i ke
eo
si n ki
ike o den iy t le' r t t eds Brc y

sae i p r ta Sth twnp ied p rme tn e st b mo ep o e so l Ofiesn e t
ttd n a th t' l e o ol e a t n e d o e r r f sina. fc r e d o
g
c
do m o e f pa r s durng t da s f a bec e m or f m ii rw ih bus nes owner . The
r oot t ol
i he y hit nd om
e a la t
i s
s

polc depa t e ne dst bemor a es i on i si a i a f usmor o d g
ie
rm nt e o
e ggr sve nve tg tons nd oc
e n nl

tafcki ' Jl W he as dhow hepr e t me tt ene ds Brc y e ndedo hi
r fi ng. .s
't
n ke
opos d o e hos e , ike xpa
n s
i as sa i t t
de , ttng ha
Iha bee t d by s
ve n ol
omebusne sowne si t wn dtrngm y c
i s
r n o
li
ampai f t co i
gn or own uncl
t tt woul lket s em or f par sfom t polc de rmen ,a woul lke
ha hey
di o e
e oot tol r he ie pa t t nd
di
t s et c e d i da i eho ls 1ha knowldget tt r i a1 tofdr
o e he hif urng ytm
tr . ve
e
ha he e s o
ug
tafiki i Salvil a 1a a r t tweha c est tnee t be i tga e by
r fc ng n t le, nd m wa e ha
ve as ha
d o nvesi t d
t polc de rm e . W ehaveaChi fofPolce a as itntc e ,a f urf ltm e
he i e pa t nt
e
i , n ssa hi f nd o ul-i
ofi e sa apa ttm eofi r The ei no r as why weca tha af ltme
tc r nd
r-i
fce . r s e on
n' ve ul-i

i siaori t de rme .lpr et tt twn ( lt a ssa chifbac on
nvetg t n he pa t nt opos ha he o put he sitnt e k
pa r and t ke one oft f ltm e pa r of i r a putt m on i tga i . At
tol
a
he ul-i
t ol fce s nd
he
nves i tons
las wewoul ha s e wor ng on i si tonsf 1 tm et tcoul pos i y
e t
d ve om one ki
nve tga i
u 1 i ha
d sbl
wor on ourdr pr e s W ehadan i tgaori ourpolc de rm e f ove
k
ug oblm .
nvesi t n
i e pa t nt or r
t e y yea s. . he e i no r as n w hy w e c tha a i s i t now .
w nt
r .' r s e o
r
an' ve n nve tga or

L. l t a tces Brc y alo saed t thebele d t tmor m one s d bes nton r
ds n he ri l , i ke s t t ha
u
ive ha
e
y houl
pe
oad
m ai e nc a pa ng,t tt Tow n Counc lhe d t m a c os d m ee i ,t tt n
nt na e nd vi ha he
i l oo ny l e
tngs ha ow

de rmen sne ded t c e t a m ant i baa d budge s a t tt t
pa t t e
o r a e nd i an lnce
t , nd ha he own ne dedt
e
o
pr de watrc t r wih l ng pe i oftmet pa pas due a ount a gi notc t
ovi
e usome s t o er rods i o y t
cc s nd ve i e o
t e c t er bef e di co c i s r i s 1
hos us om s or s nne tng e v ce . d.
Polc Chi fH a lf l dsngl d out'by Brc y' s a e e sa be i ve t tBr c y'
i e e l e t ti e
'
i ke s t t m nt nd le d ha i ke s

publs dc
ihe omme svi aedSPD polcy.SeeHalDec. 25,De.sMot Summ. Ex.1 ECF
nt olt
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l l!
f'
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J.
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28-1. On M ay 4,H al gave Brckey w rten notce ofhi alegatonst Bri
l
i
it
i
s l i
hat ckey' s a em ent
s tt
s

3

he
iy nua . l he r d . r ynol ,
vi lt d s ve a pr sonsoft SPD Polc M a lz Halt n hie Dr Ga y Re ds a
o a e e r l ovi i
f m e polc c eff om W i hes e ,V igi a t i ve tga e t s a l tons
or r i e hi r
nc t r r ni , o n s i t he e lega i .
M e nw hie on M a 8,H a lbref d t Town Counci i a cl e m ee i a
a
l,
y
l i e he
l n os d
tng boutt
he
ongoi i s i ton i o Br c y' alege vi atonsof SPD polc H al a s d t Co i
ng nve tga i nt i ke s l d ol i
i y. l dvi e he unc l

t thehadno de de wha dici i r a ton wo d bet ke a t thewoul notma a
ha
t ci d
t s plna y c i
ul
a n nd ha
d
ke ny
de sonsr ga di dic plneuntla trt i si ton c l d.Att cos oft s
cii e r ng s i i
i fe he nve tgai oncude
he l e hi
m e tng,t Counc lvot t s
e i he
i ed o uppor H a lsdec s o r ga di po e i ldi c plne ofBr c
t l'
i i n e r ng t nta s i i
i key,
i l ng hi t r i ton.3
nc udi
s e m na i

Dr Rey dsme wih s ve a wine s durnghi i si ton,i udi Brc y,
. nol
t t e r l t s es i
s nve tgai ncl ng i ke
Hal, ssa Polc Chi Erk Puc t, 1fveoft t
l As it nt ie ef i
ke t a1 i
he own' ot rpolc ofi e s andt
s he i e tc r ,
he
t n' a t r R e
ow s udio . ynol as ea h w ines a
ds ked c t s boutBrcke s publs s a em e s a t
i y'
i hed t t nt nd he

i
mpac oft esa e
t hos t t ment on t SPD . Att c l i ofhi i tga i , Re
s he
4
he onc uson
s nvesi ton ynol
ds
de e m i d t tBrc y' publs d sa e e svi ae SPD polcyby d d- out ng'Hal
t r ne ha i ke s
ihe tt m nt ol td
i
k m hi ' l,
ba
under i ng t publc' t us i H a l a ts ndi a m e s t tt e w e e no dr
m ni he
i s r t n l, nd ie ng
s age ha her r
ug

i tgai bengco t byt ( ,.c tayt goodpublcpolc ' l Repor,
nvesi tons i nduced he SPDj..onrr o
i iy. nv.
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t
Def' M ot Sum m . .Ex.1 ECF 28 1 Reynol f r r d acopy ofhi l tgai
.s
.
J
9,
- 9.
ds o wa de
s nvesi tve
Re t o H a lo M a 1
por t
l n y 2.
H a li onne Brc y oft r s t oft l s i tve Re ' i m i i on M a 1
l nf
d i ke
he e uls he nve tga i
pol n tng
t
y 4.
'

2The epolci i l d r r me st tpolceofie s<diply r s c f t rs rorofi r''fno gos i
s i es ncude equie nt ha i fc r d s a e pe t or hei upe i fce s' f t sp
A
ors akr
pe umor derm en a t t depa t tora he empl ';û us o at p t us t rofiil
s ti t l o he
rmen
not r
oyee' i
not e r tem t o e hei fca
poston..orpe s orfna i gan';t com muni t .anyi or ato c e ni opea i ,aci te ,or
ii .f
ronal i ncal i 'lnot
cae.. nf m in onc r ng rtons tviis
m atr ofpolc busne s.. chm a ha anadve s i pa tont de rm en ' i a ope ains o
te s
ie i s .whi
y ve
re m c
he pa t ts m ge, r to , r
adm i sr ton';ç c ii i e orr di ul t De r men ,ispolci ,orot e pl es .w he e s h
ni ta i ' i rtc z
not
i c e he pa t t t i es
her m oye . . r uc
s c . u r i s t e f c i s oft Depa t e ,i e f r s wih t mai t nanc ofdi c plne,ori m a
pee h. . nde m ne he f e tvene s he
rm nt nt r e e t he n e e
si i
s de
w ih r ckl s dir ga d f rt u h orf st ' a ç pr pa e a a tcl f rpublca i n. . l pr s ntng t m as
t e es se r o rt
aliy'' nd l
,
not e r ny ri es o
i to .whie e e i he

r p e e tn t eDe a t n i s c ma tr , t o tt ea t o i o t eChifo P lc . S Poiy M a u l 2
e r s n i g h p rme t n u h te s wih u h u h rt f h e f o ie' PD l
y
'
c naj2,Def' M ot Summ . Ex.l ECF 28- 7.
.s
.
J.
7,
1
3The m o i c red3-1 l w ihCouncim e M ade , Holey,a Dye votng yes Councim a N o rsabs ani
ton ari
-y t
l n i n
l nd
i
,
l n r i t i ng,
and Councim a Young vo i no. M ayorN e lJ m s di notpari i t i t vot
l n
tng
i ol on d
tc pa e n he e.

4

Ha l Puc t, nol ,a Brc y m e f a p e dic plna y he rng on M a 1 a whih
l, ke tRey ds nd i ke
t or r - s i i r a i
y 7, t c
tm eRe dsr viwe hi fndi wih Brc y and pr de hi t opporuniy t r s nd.
i
ynol e e d s i ngs t i ke
ovi d m he
t t o e po
On M a 21,a trcons tng wih Ta or Ha ltr i t d Brc y' e oym e .Brc y
y
fe
uli
t yl , l e m na e i ke s mpl
nt i ke
purue t SPD' g iva epr dur t c le hi t r nai butnone oft pa te
s d he
S re nc oce es o hal nge s e mi ton,
he ri s
i ve r ver ed Hal' dec son.
nvol d e s
ls ii
Br ckey w as el ed t Tow n Counci s artng Jul 1,2012.
i
ect o
lt i
y

Pr dur H i t y
oce al s or

Brc y c
ike omme edt sj1 a ton o Se e r1 201 l hi co ai ,
nc hi 983 ci n ptmbe 8, 3. n s mpl nt
Brc y na d Polc Chi Hal, ssa Polc Chi fErk Puc t,Town M a erM ihae
i ke me
ie ef l As it nt i e e i
ket
nag
c l
Ta or M ayorN elJo on, ndTown Co i m e
yl ,
i hns a
uncl mber Todd Young,
s
Tom Hole Vi nt
ly, nce
M ade and Diki Dyeasde e nt .Brc y as e t t tt ede e nt vi a e hi rght
i n,
c e
f nda s i ke s rs ha hes f nda s olt d s i
t fees e h u rt Fis Am e e ,a we lashi pr ed a a s t ntveduepr es
o r pe c nde he rt
ndm nt s l
s oc ur l nd ubsa i
oc s
rght undert Foure nt Ame e .Brc y s e co pe a or a punii da
i s
he
te h
ndm nt i ke e ks m ns t y nd
tve mage .
s
A s he i now e pl d el e he e,Br c y doesnots k r i t t e .
s
m oye s w r
i ke
ee e ns a em nt

Dee d n sfld amo int dimisp ru n t Rue 1 ( )6 o t eF d r l lso
fn a t ie
to o s s u s a t o l 2 b ( ) f h e ea Rue f
C i lPr e e o Oc obe 22, 3. By opi on a o de e e e J nua y 23,201 t t
vi oc dur n t r 201
ni nd r r nt r d a r
4, ha

m oton wa g a ed i pa ta de e i pa t
i
s r nt n r nd nid n r.The c t s is d Brcke ss bsantve a
our dim s e i y' u t i nd
pr e a due pr e s c a m s asw el ashi c a m sf punii da a s H o eve ,t c t
oc dur l
oc s l i ,
l
s l i or
tve m ge . w r he our
f
ound t tBrcke had a ua e y a l ge a c ai ofr t la or di c ge i vi a i oft
ha i y
deq t l le d l m
e a i t y s har n ol ton he

Fis Am e e , nd a l d t c et p oc ed o t tg ou a o .
rt
ndm nt a lowe he as o r e n ha r nd l ne

OnJ l 3 , 01 , e e d n smo e f rs mmayj d me ta t Brc e srmanig
uy 0 2 4 d fn a t v d o u r u g n s o ik y' e i n
Fis A m e m e c ai . The co thel a he r ng on t m oton on Aug t22,201 a t
rt
nd nt l m
ur d
ai
he i
us
4, nd he
4TheRe tr l ct t ta las t oft SPD ofie shadnotr adt ne s pe a tcl c ai ng Brc y'
por ete s ha t e t wo he
fc r
e he w pa r ri es ont ni
ike s
comm e sprort Re ds' i t r ew.
nt i o ynol s n e vi

5

m o i i no rpe f r vi w .
ton s w i or e e
St
andard ofR evi
ew

Ana r o s mma yj d me ti a p o raewh n lh pla ig ,h ds o eya
wa d f u r u g n s p r p it e i e e dn s te ic v r nd
t
di c os e m a e i l o fl ,a a af i vis s
s l ur
t r a s n i e nd ny fda t how t tt r i no ge ne i s a t a
ha he e s
nui s ue s o ny

maeil a t ndt a t emo a ti e tte t j g n a amalro lw. Fe R. v.
tra f c a h t h v n s nild o ud me t s te f a ' d. Ci P.
'
56() Forapa t se de et rieage neis ofmaeilf tt a ds
a.
ry' vi nc o as
nui sue
tra ac o voi ummay
r

j g n ,t tb t u ht a ara o a l j r c udrt r av r itf rteno mo i
ud me t imus e s c h t e s n be u y o l eu n e dc o h n- vng
s
pa t ' Ande s 477 U. a 248.I de e m i ng whehe t g a am o i n f rs ma y
ry.'
r on,
S. t
n t r ni
t r o r nt
to o um r

j d me t tec u t s ve t rc r i tel h mo tfv rbl t t eno mo i p ry
u g n ,h o r mu t iw he e o d n h i t s a o a e o h n- vng a t,
g
a dr w a 1r as bl i e e esi hi f vor I a 255.s a s Te r sFl Fa hi .l
nd a l e ona e nf r nc n s a . d. t , ee lo ry' oor s ons nc.

v.Buri t l .l ,763F. 604,61 ( hCi.1 .
lncon ndus. nc.
2d
0 4t r 985)
D i si
scus on

Brc yflds tunde j1 whih i escvila lt f c tt i lvi ai
ike ie ui
r 983, c mpos i l ibiiy or onsiutona oltons
commit d unde c orofsa el w. Specfca l Brc cai st thewasfr d i r t iton
te
r ol
tt a
ii ly, ikey l m ha
ie n e ala i
f hi ans e st que tonspos d t hi by l a new s per ,i vi a i ofhi Fis
or s w r o
si
e o m
oc l
pa s n ol ton
s rt

Ame d n rg t ofe s e h.I mo i f rs mmayj dg n , fn a t c n e dt t
n me t ih t re pe c n vng o u r u me tDe e d n s o tn ha
Brc y' fees e h cai f iso t m e is a ale nai l t tt y a e e il d t
i ke s r pe c l m al n he rt, nd, tr tvey, ha he r ntte o
q lfe i
ua iid mmuniy.De enda salo a guet tBrcke hasf ie t a
t
f nt s r ha i y
a ld o dequael sa eacli f
t y tt
a m or
r t i t y di c ge aga ns D ef nt ot t Polc Chi fH a l The c t ila r s
e ala or s har
i t enda s her han i e e l .
our w l dd e s
e h oft e a gum e s i t n.
ac
hes r
nt n ur
1. Fi A m endm entCl m
rst
ai

Cl Fis A m e m e pr e s notonl t a fr a i r ghtt s k,buta s t i i
û-he r t
nd nt ot ct
y he f i m tve i o pea
l o he rght
t be f e f om r t la i by a publc of i i f t e r s oft tr g .' A da sv. ni of
o
re r
e a i ton
i f c al or he xe ci e ha i ht ''
m
U v.

6

N. - imi t 640F. 550,560(t Ci. 1 ( i Suae Cop.I . M cGr
c.W l ngon,
3d
4h r 201 ) quotng rz
ndus v.
aw,
202F. 676,685(t Ci.2000).çl ublce oye donots rnde a1t i Fis
3d
4h r
) kpl i mpl es
ure r 1 her rt
Am e e rg sby r as oft i e o e .Rahe ,heFis Ame
ndm nt iht
e on her mpl ym nt t r t
rt
ndme pr ec sa
nt ot t
publc e pl
i m oyee' r ght i c r a n c r m s a s t s a asa c tze a e s ng m ate s of
s i , n e t i icu t nce , o pe k
ii n ddr s i
tr

publcc en. Garet v.Ce los 547U. 41 41 (
i onc r ' c ti
'
bal ,
S. 0, 7 2006) Howe r t gove nt l s
.
ve ,he mme ,ç
a
a em pl yer undoubt y pos e s g ea e a hort t r t i tt s ec ofis e pl est n
n
o ,
edl
s s es r t r ut iy o esr c he pe h t m oye ha
i hasasa s r i t r s r c t s e h oft cii e y asa whol ' U r s v.G im or 21
t
ove e gn o c ti t he pe c
he tz nr
e. of ky
'
l e, 6

F. 401 406( hCi. )
3d ,
4t r 2000 .

Co rsmus t ee o eb ln eSteitr sso t egmpo e ) a actz n,n
u t t h rf r aa c k h ne et f h e ly e, s i e i
k
i
c m e i upon m a t r ofpublc c e n,a t i e es s oft St t asan e pl r i
om ntng
te s
i onc r nd he nt r t
he a e,
m oye , n

pr
omotng t e tce y oft publcs r ce i pe f r st ough ise pl ye s ''Ada s 6
i he fi inc
he
i e vi s t r o m hr
t m o e .'
m , 40

F.da 5 0 (u tn Co n c v. v r, 61U. 1 8 1 2( 98 ).W h nc nsd rnga
3 t 6 q o ig n ik M es 4
S. 3 , 4 1 3 ) e o i ei
r t la o y dic r c am ,c t we g i s c
e a it r s ha ge l i ours i h he e ompei i e e t by a ki t e quesi :
tng ntr ss s ng hr e
tons

( )whehe t publcemplyeewa s ki asactze uponamatrofpublc
l t r he i
o
s pea ng
ii n
te
i
c r ora a emplyeea utamatrofpes li ees;( whehe t
oncen s n
o bo
te
rona ntr t 2) t r he
e o e' i e es i s a ng upont m at rofpublcc
mplye s nt r t n pe ki
he te
i once n out ghedt
r
wei
he

go r tsi ees i pr di efe tvea efcintsr ce t t publc' nd(
venmen ' ntr t n ovi ng fci nd fi e e vi s o he i , 3)
a
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t r he
oyee' pr ec e s c w a a s t nta f c ori t e pl e'
s ot t d pee h s ubs a i l a t n he m oye s
a
dver e e pl e de s on.
s m oym nt ci i

L a 560- (uoi M cve v.Stc 15 F. 27l, 78( h Ci.1 ) Dee
ês t 61 q tng
v
a y, 7 3d
277- 4t r 998). fndant ha
s ve
notdipu e t Brcke str i ton r ule fom hi publs sae e s s t c t d
s t d hat i y' e m na i es t d r
s
ihed t tm nt , o he our nee
onl c i rt fr tt o que tons
y ons de he is w
si .
The tr tques i t kst c t ih de e m i ng w he he Br c was s a ng asa
is
ton as he our w t t r ni
t r i key
pe ki
c tze on a m a t rofpublc c e n. See G a c ti 547 U . a 41 21 t he he t s ec
ii n
te
i onc r
r e t,
S. t 9- . s t r he pe h
W
f i l r l t st a i s ofpublc c e n i a que t o ofl w . H al v. a i n Sc
a r y e a e o n s ue
i onc r s
si n a '
' l M ro
hoolD it N o.
s.

2,31F. 18 l ( h Ci.1 .Coursl kt t û ont ,onn,a cone ofagi n
.
3d 3, 92 4t r 994)
t oo o he t entf
c
nd txt
ve

sa e e ' t de e mi whehe i a es e amaterofpublc c
tt m nt' o t r ne
t r t ddr s s
t
i once n. Conni k,461U. a
r
c
S. t
1 48.
47û e h i vesa m a t r ofpublc c er whe i i vesa i s ofs i ,poltca ,
k c nvol
spe
te
i onc n
n t nvol
n s ue
oc al ii l

orot ritr tt ac
he nees o ommuniy. Kibyv. t ofElza t Ciy,388F. 440,446(t Ci.
t' r
'
Ciy
i beh t
3d
4h r
2004) i ec c r ngpublcafar ..st e s eofs fgovenme . Garionv.
.t
spe h onceni
i fis.i he senc
el- r nt'
' rs

Louiina, U. 64,74- ( 964) Therf e,theco ti e pe alys nstvet
sa 379 S.
75 1 . eor k
t ur s s ci l e ii o
s f guar ng pa tc pa i i c mpagnssnc d iiale e tons..r a ol el de nde
a e di
rii ton n n i
i e poltc l c i .a e bs ut y pe nt
upon t fe e ha ofi a t tle a t c eoft Fis Amendme .' Pir on v.
he r e xc nge de s ha i s t he or
he r t
nt'' e s

Gondl ,693F.
es
Supp.408 4l ( D. 1 ( i Gars 379U. a 74- ) s as
, 2 E. Va. 988) quotng rion,
S. t 75 ; ee lo
Ciie Uniedv.Fed.Elci Comm ' 558U. 31 329( 0)( c i ngpoltc s e h
tz ns t
e ton
n,
S. 0, 201 desrbi
iial pe c
a Cc nta t t me ni a pur eoft Fis Ame nf'.
s te rl o he a ng nd pos he rt ndme )

S e c t a 's e glt b i gt lg ta t a o poe ta wr n d i go b e c o p bi
p e h h tk e kss o rn o ih cu l r tn il o g o n r ra h f u lc
k
tus ''a s ne s a iy i plca esm a t r ofpublc c e n. J g en v.Fa r ax Co. V a ,745
r t' l o ce s rl m i t
te s
i onc r ur ens
if
. .

F. 868,879( h Ci.1 ( i Connik, U. 1 1 ( 983).Ont ohe ha
2d
4t r 984) quotng
c 461 S. 38, 48 1 )
he t r nd,
Cpe s lg i va e ,c pl nt a
t r ona r e nc s om ai s boutc tons ofem pl e , e es i a
ondii
oym nt or xpr s ons bouto he
t r

m at r ofpe s
te s
r onali e es do no c tt e s c a
nt r t
t onsiut pee h boutmat r ofpublcco e n, a e
te s
i nc r but r
m at r mor i e a el c
te s e mm dit y once ne wiht s l-nt e toft s ke ase oye ' Stoma
r d t he e fi er s he pea r mpl ev r n
'

v.ColeonCnt Sc Dit,981F. 1 1 ( hCi.1 .Coursmus t l c e ul
lt
v. h. s.
2d 52, 56 4t r 992)
t t s yze arf ly
ana
t exa tlng gegtis li or rt dee newhehe i q lfesasamatrofS i
he c a ua a sue n de o tnni
t r t uaii
te publc
i e et be
ntr s' yond i mos lmieds e.' J a on,745F. a 880( i Conni 461U.
a t i t ens '' urens
2d t
quotng
ck,
S.
a1 .
t 48)
l t s c s ,t d e ,f m ,a c e ' ofa l s s e ofBr c
n hi a e he k
cont nt or nd ont xt' t ea t om
i key' publs d
s
i he
st em ent dem ons r e t he w as s
at
s
t at hat
peaki on a m aterofpublc concenz Conni 46l U .
ng
t
i
.
ck,
S.

8

a 1 48. Brc y' publs d c me swe em a i r pons t s ii quesi pos d by
t 47i ke s
ihe om nt r de n es e o pectc
tons e
l a ne s pe si t co e oft Town Counci el c i
oc l w pa r n he nt xt he
l e ton.The c e ofBr c
ont nt
i key' ans e s
s w r
f us d on wha he pe ce ved a Sa t le s S e t s ne ' a how he w oul sr ve t m e t
oc e
t
r i
s lvil ' k a e t eds' nd
gr
d ti o e
t e nee i e e t d t Tow n Counc l Spe ii a l Brcke s c m e sr r ng polc
hos
ds f l c e o
i.
c f c ly, i y' om nt ega di
ie
pr e s ona i m a dr i s i tonsi plc t publc s f t a gove m e e fci nc of s i ls nd ug nve tga i
m ia e
i a e y nd
m nt f i e y

is st twoul undoubt dl c e n Sat levot r . I f c , hes i s we e ar dy ma tr
s ue ha
d
e y onc r lvil e s n a t t e s ues r lea
te s
ofpublc de t w e lbef e Br c y' s a e e sw e e publs i t l lne s per .
i ba e l or i ke s t t m nt r
i hed n he oca w pa s
ûEve w he s c i abouta t c ofpublc co e n,
i n
n pee h s
opi
i nc r publc em pl e w ho m ake
i
oye s
sa e e s d s ntt t rof i aldute 'a e nots ki asc tz nsf Fis A m e m e
t t m nt pur ua o hei fci
is r
pea ng
ii e or r t
nd nt
pur esa t i s e h doe no w a r ntc tt i
pos nd he r pe c
s t r a ons iutonalpr e ton.' H unt rv.Tow n of
ot c i '
e

Mo k v l s C.No. :2 CV- 3 , 01 W L 5 2 31 , t* ( . N. J n. 2, 01 )
c s il N. , 1 1 - 3 3 2 3
e
7 6 6 a 6 M D. C. a 2 2 4
( i Ga c ti 5 U. a 421.Theei noe de i t r or t s
quotng r et, 47 S. t ) r s vi nce n he ec d o ugges t tBrc
t ha ikey
a t d pur ua t hi dute asa SPD polc of i e when he m ade hi co m e t t t l l
ce
s nt o s i s n
i e fc r
s m n s o he oca
ne s pe s On t c r r Brcke w a i e vi w e s cii ly a a Tow n Counc l
w pa r .
he ont a y, i y s nt r e d pe tca l s
i

ca da e.Theco ti notpe s de by De e nt 'a gum e t tBrc y di nots a a a
ndi t
ur s
rua d
f nda s r
nt ha i ke d
pe k s
prva ectze smpl be us hi c
i t ii n i y ca e s omm e swe e i or
nt r nf med i pa t knowldgeganed i hi
n r by
e
i n s

pr esina ca ciy.SeeGac ti 547U. a 41 (d- ( eme Cou tha a kno e d
of so l pa t
ret,
S. t 9 t-he Supr l r s c wldge
l
t i poranc ofpr otng t publc' i e es i r c vi t w e li or e vi w sof
he m
t e
om i he
i s nt r t n e ei ng he l-nf m d e

go r te oyee e i i ci cdic son.l;W ae sv. c l,51lU. 661 67
venmen mpl s ngagng n vi s usi '
tr Churhil
S. , 4
( 994)(d r
1
i
Govenmentempl saeofe i t bes postont know wha al t age i f
oyee r tn n he t ii o
t is he nces or
whiht wok;publcde t ma ganmuc fo t ri or dopi ons';Dur m v.
c hey r
i bae y i
h r m hei nf me ni .l ha
'
J s 737F. 291 300- (t Ci.201 (i ngt tt s e ofapolceofierwhowas
one ,
3d , 301 4h r 3) tndi ha he pe ch
i fc
a ûi i r ,uni l pos to d t have knowl dge' ofpolce de rm e pr c i esi
n lns de . . que y ii ne o
e '
i
pa t nt a tc s

9

pr e td)
otce .
I s ,t c thol t t a a m a t rofl w ,Br c y' publs c m e sr ga di
n um he our ds ha , s
te
a
i ke s
ihed om nt e r ng
polc pr e s o ls a dr i s i tonsw e e m a by hi asa pr va e cii n s aki
i e of s i na i m nd ug nve tga i
r
de
m
i t tze pe ng
on a m a t rofpublc c er Thos c m e s de e ve Fi s A m e
te
i onc n.
e om nt s r
rt
ndm e pr ec i
nt ot ton.
The co tm us nextco i rwhe herBrc
ur
t
ns de
t
i key' f ee s e i er s i out e ghe by t
s r pe ch nt e t s w i d
he
SPD ' i e es i pr di e tc en a e f c i l w e or m e s r i s See A da s 640
S nt r t n ovi ng fi i t nd f e tve a nf ce nt e v ce .
m ,
F. d a 5 61. Thi ba a i t tr uiest c tt o c i rt c e i w hi h t
3 t 60s l nc ng es eq r he our s ons de he ont xt n
t
c he

s e h wasm a i l ng t e oye sr ea t e e t whi h t s c i r t
pe c
de, ncudi he mpl e' ol nd he xt nt o c he pee h mpais he

efii yoft wor a ' Smihv.Gic it749F. 302,309( h Ci. 4)( tng
fcenc he kplce.
' t
lhrs,
3d
4t r 201 cii
Ra nv. c ron,483U. 378,388( 987)
nki M phes
S.
1 ).Facor rlva t t sa l i i l
t s ee nt o hi nayss ncude

g heh rap bi e ly e ss e c ( )i ar dt eman e a eo d s iln b
wl te u lc mpo e ' p e h l mp ie h itn nc f icp ie y
s r s s ( i iedhamon a
upevior; 2) mpar r y mongc ke s ()da ge cos pe s l
owor r ; 3 ma d l e rona
rl i hi ;( i de t pef ma eoft publce o e' dute '( i efr
eatons ps 4) mpe d he ror nc he i mplye s is 5) ntreed
,
wiht ope ainoft (ge yl ( undemi dt mison oft g enc ;()was
t he rto he a nc ; 6) r ne he si
he ag yj 7
c
ommuniae t t publcort c r si prvae;()c lcedwiht
c td o he i o owoker n i t 8 ontit t he
r ponsbiii oft e oye wihi t (ge ;a ( a e t a hort a
es i ltes he mpl e t n he a ncyl nd 9) bus d he ut iy nd
publc ac ount biiy t tt em pl yee' r e e a l d.
i c
a lt ha he
o s ol nt ie

Ri t v.Bd. Gover sM a s lUni , F. 292,31 ( hCi.2006) l baa i t
dpah
of
nor rhal v.447 3d
7 4t r
. n lncng he
com pe i i e es s co 'sk notr quie t publc e pl rt pr t tt e pl
tng nt r t , ul é
t do
e r he
i m oye o ove ha he m oyee'
s

s c acualy dinl e efi i nc butonl t ta ad r ee f twasûea o bl t be
pee h t l s pt d fc e y,
y ha n ve s fec
r s na y o

a e nde ''M a a ilov.Sumner 973F. 295,300( h Ci.1 ( i J ce e
pprhe d.' cirel
,
2d
4t r 992) quotng ur ns n,
745F. a 879)
2d t .
Sl e f c en f toni ofgove
l- f i i t unc i ng
-he
nunen of i s i a pa a ountpublc i e e t Polc
t fce s
rm
i nt r s . i e
a e m os r s r c i i t sr gar a t a e pa a iia y - di c plne i de a d, nd f e dom
r
t e ti tve n hi e d s hey r r m lt r
s i i s m nde a r e

mus bec r pondi yde e ' Dur m v. one ,737F. 291 301(t Ci.201 (ntr l
t ores
ngl nid.
' ha J s
3d ,
4h r 3) i e na
quottonmaksa ciai o te .Is sofdpa tc ari ra 't lw e ore nt
ai
r nd ttons mitd) sue s riul mpo tnce'o a nf c me

10

Cncude l s i i a ha m ony i t wo kplce c i ntaiy,pr ec i fom f s
s l
i
dicplne nd r
n he r a , onfde i lt ot ton r ale
a us to t tm a pr difcul t c
cc a i ns ha y ove f i t o ount rgi n t e pl e' s
e ve he m oye s uppos ac s t i i
ed ce s o ns de
i or a i .a pr e ton ofcl e w or ng r a i hi t tr quie l ly a
nf m ton. . nd ot c i
os
ki el tons ps ha e r oya t nd

c i nc ''Piro 693F.Supp. t41 ( i Pi rv. nde Cnt Bd.ofEduc.835
ontde e.' es n,
a 3 quotng ve Pe r y.
,
F. 1 1 1( h Ci.1987)
2d 076, 08 4t r
).
Def nda s c end t tBrc y' publs d c m e sne tvel i pa t d m or e a
e nt ont
ha i ke s
i he om nt ga i y m c e
al nd
di c plne w ihi t SPD ,s tba k H al' e f t t i pr t SPD ' r pu a i i t
si i
t n he
e c
ls f or s o m ove he
S e t ton n he
c m uniy,a pos i y kc m uni t d t c i i st tSalvil w a a good pl e t de l
om
t nd s bl i om
ca e o rm nal ha
t le s
ac o a
dr .' D e .sM o .
ugs ' f '
t Sum m .J 7,ECF 28. Def nt 'a f da t a rge r l t tks ver l
.
enda s f i vis ve ne aly ha 'e a
Salvil polce of i r ' a (m e be s oft com m uniy' e e s d c
t le i
fce s' nd C m r
he
t ' xpr s e once ns a
r boutBr c y'
i ke s

c mme t, n t tho ec mme t t e rl i a t dmo ae' n i n emie g 1')
o ns a d ha t s o n s ç veey mp ce rl'a d s d r n d Ha1s
s
u
a to iy' Hal c. !2 - 7 De.sMo . u J Ex. , 28 1 s eas Ta lrDe l!
uh rt . l De l! 3 2 , f' t S mm. . 1 ECF - ; e lo y o c . !
'
9 1 , f' M o . u J Ex. , 2 - (a l Pu k t De l! 1 - 5 De . M o . mm
- 2 De .s t S mm. . 5 ECF 8 5 sme ; c et c . ! 4 1 , f' t Su
s
J. 4, 284 (a ) Halas saesi hi afda tt thebeleve Brc ySdei rtl
Ex. ECF - s me . l lo tt n s fi vi ha
i d ike d lbeaey

sngld g mlout' HalDe .!25.
i e hi
. l cl
'
Ther or a s r tecs howe r t tt i or ai c ane i Brc y' saeme s
ec d lo el t,
ve ,ha he nf m ton ont i d n ike s t t nt
w asa r a publc kno l dge i Sa t le. SPD ' pr es i ls a i a we e a r a
l e dy
i
w e
n lvil
S of sona i m nd m ge r l e dy

s b e t o p b i c n enbeo eHal e a PoieChe i J y2 1 ls ta ay a b f r
u j cs f u lc o c r f r lb c me l
c if n ul 01 ,e s h n e r eo e
Brc e ' c mme t weep bls e S eHal c. !3 l , f' Mo . u J Ex.1 ECF
ik y s o n s r u ih d. e lDe l! , 0 De.s t S mm. . ,
28- . Salvil s dr pr e sw e e a s publc know l dge prort Brc y' sat m e s I
1
t le' ug obl m
r lo
i
e
i o i ke s t e nt . n
f c , he s m e Sm yt Count N e s & M e s nge i s c a ni Brc y' c m e sal o
a tt a
h
v w
s e r s ue ont i ng i ke s om nt s
i ude a a tcl on Salvil ' çDrz Ta Ba k D a ' n whi h H a ls a e t tSa t le has1
ncl s n r i e
t le s l tg ke- c
y' i
c
l t t s ha lvil
$
a

maorpr em wihpr ci i dr abus ' Smyt Count News& M qse e Ari e De s
j obl
t es rpton ug
e.
'
h
y
sng r tcl, f'

M ot Summ . Ex.1 ECF No.28- 4. Any conc r d ciien c d ha alo de e ned fom
.
J.
4,
1
e ne tz oul ve s t nni
r
publer e dst tt SPD di no e pl af ltmedr i si t . Furher e,s eof
i e or ha he
d t m oy ul-i
ug nve tgaor
t mor om
t SPD of i r i e vi w ed by Re dsdurng Br c y' di c plna y i tga i had not
he
fce s nt r e
ynol
i
i ke s s i i r nves i ton

e n r a t a tcl be or t i i e vi ,a none a a t quesi Halsa hort o
ve e d he ri es f e he r nt r ews nd
ppe r o
ton l' ut iy r
di c plne. Se I Re t Def' M ot Sum m .J Ex.1 ECF 28- 9.
si i
e nv. por , .s
.
.
9,
1
Def nda s a e notr quied t de ons r t a a t ldi r i i e fc enc t s ts y
e nt r
e r o m t a e n c ua s upton n f i i y o a i f
t ba a i t s ,butt r m us be a l s a l ea ona e a e ns on' of dir i
he l nc ng e t
he e
t t ea t k s bl ppr he i '
r
s upton.
M a i relo, F. a 300. Tha di r pton m us a s t w e g t i poranc oft s ec
c a i l 973 2d t
t su i
t lo d
out i h he m
t e he pe h

a isc e nt t publc. SeeDur m, F. a 3 (ii Conni 461U. a 1 .
nd t onc r o he i '
'
ha 737 3d t 02 ctng
ck,
S. t 52)
The c tc l st ta ac ualort ea e d di r i t t SPD ' e f c e f ist
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