Christmas v. The Arc of the Piedmont, Inc.

Filing 25

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 2/27/13. (jcj)

CLERK' OFFI U. . ST COURT
S
CE s DI .
ATROANOKE.
VA

I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR TH E W ESTERN DI
STRI O F V I I I
CT
RG N A
CHA RLOTTESV I
LLE D I I ON
V SI

2
FB nglt(;
EF fjU(.
JULA C. DL ,CL
I D EY ER

B;D
Y E

LR

REGW A CH RI
STM A S,
Ci lA c i N o. 1
vi ton
3: 2CV 00008
Pl ntf ,
ai i f
M EM O R AN DU M O PINIO N

By:
Hon.Gl n E.
e Conr
ad
Chi fU nie St t sD i ti tJ
e
t d a e sr c udge

TH E A RC O F TH E PI
EDM ON T,
Dee
f ndant
.

Thi pr > e pl entdi c i i ton a ton i pr s n l be or t c r on t
s o q m oym
s rm na i c i s e e ty f e he ou t he
.
.

d fnd n ' moi nf rs mmayj g n a t plitf smoin frla et a n h r
ee a ts to o u r ud me t nd he an if to o e v o me d e
c pl i . Fort r as s tf t be o ,t de e nts m oton wilb gr nt a t
om a nt
he e ons e orh l w he f nda '
i
l e a ed nd he
pl n i fsm oton w ilbe de e
ai t f
i
l
ni d.
Backzround

TheAr o t Pi mo (C Ar ' i ano ottco o ai t tpr de sr c st
c f he ed nt ihe c' s npr i m rton ha ovi s evie o
t
)
c tze oft Ciy ofCha l t s le a s r undi c un i ,w ho s f r f om i e l c ua a
ii ns he t
rote vil nd ur o ng o tes
ufe r nt le t l nd
de o e a di a ltes The s r i s a e pr d t o h e a i lpr r m s r s de i l
vel pm nt l s biii .
e v ce r ovi ed hr ug duc tona og a , e i nta
Pr a s gr hom es a i ho e c r
ogr m , oup
, nd n- m a e.

l Fe ua y of2007,Re na Chrsm aswashie t wo k f t Ar asaDiec Su r
n br r
gi
it
r d o r or he c
r t ppo t

Pr fs in l(; P' . Ch it si a Afia Ame ia wo wh s fesfo
o e so a $ '
DS ) rsma s n rc n- rc n mmz o u fr r m
Ehl r - nl Syndr e. She i ta l pr de i hom e ca e f t Ar s c i n s I J of
e s Da os
om
nii ly ovi d nr or he c' le t . n une
2007,s w a t a f r ed t a f ltm e D SP poston i one oft Ar ' g ou hom e l a e a
he s r ns e r o ul-i
ii n
he c s r p
s oc t d t

1 4Loc tAve i Chal ts le($01 Loc f). Att tmeoft ta fr 1 4Loc t
01
us nue n rote vil 61 4 us
he i
he rnse, 01
us
ha s x di a e r i nt r s di i t hom e on a f ltm e ba i .
d i s bl d esde s e i ng n he
ul-i
ss

y

W he Clrsmasta f r e t 1 4 Loc t s fle a ove ni poston knownast
n zit
r ns er d o 01
us, he ild n r ght ii
he
d l e poston. The Ar s dul d t D SPSt w o k t ove ni hts f,one o w hom w a
% e p ii '
s
'
c che e wo
o r he r g hi t
f
s

pe mit t see whiet ot rDSP r ma ne a ke Thep pos oft se p postonwast
r ted o l p l he he
e i d wa .
ur e he le
ii
o
ha a here pl
ve not m oyeeava l bl f bac up as i t nce The e we eonl s x s e p postonsw ih
ia e or kss a .
r r
y i le
ii
t
t A r al ofw hi h w e e i gr hom es Two oft postonsw e e a 1 4 Loc t
he c, l
c
r n oup
.
he ii
r t 01
us .
On A prl 11 2008,Chr s m a r c ve pe m is on t m ove f om f l-i e s a ust r le
i ,
it s e ei d r s i o
r ' ltm t t o e i f
u

saus s t ts c d pur ueouti e pl
t t , o ha he oul
s
sde m oymen wih mz he homeheat a nc She
t t ot r
lh ge y.
r t e t w o k f t Ar on a f ltm e ba i on Fe ua y 1 2009. Upon he r t r Chrs m a
e unz d o r or he c
ul-i
ss
br r ,
r e u n, i t s
a i f led a s e p poston a 1 4 Loc t
ga n il
le
ii t 01
us .

Appr m a ey am ont a aha fbef r s r t r t oft r i nt a 1 4 Loc t
oxi t l
h nd
l o e he e u ned, wo he esde s t 01
us
m ove outoft gr hom e t pu s i pe ntlvi
d
he oup
o r ue nde nde i ng. Cons
eque l t r w e e onl f
nty, he e r
y our

r i nt lvi i t gr ho ewhe Chrsmasr t r d i Fe ua y of2009. TheAr
esde s i ng n he oup m
n it
e u ne n br r
c
uli a e y de de t ti w a i t bes i t r t ofiscle st lm i t hom e t f lrr s de s
tm t l ci d ha t s n he t n e es s t i nt o i t he
o o z e i nt .
On M a 22,2009,Chr sm a r ques e t e w ee ofl a unde t Fa iy M e ca
y
it s e
t d hr e
ks e ve
r he m l
di l
Lea A c t ca e f he hus nd, ho w ase r e i m e ca pr e s, W he Cl sm a
ve t o r or r ba w
xpe i nc ng di l obl m
n ui t s
de ded t ts w asr d t r t n t w or bot see postons a 101 Loc tha be n
ci ha he
ea y o e ur o
k, h l p ii
t 4
us d e

e i naed. Theo he ei i t d se p postonwashed by Tho asW ila s a35 ye r o1
lmi t
t r lm na e le
ii
l
m
li m , - a - d
w hie m a e e pl ye
t
l m o e.
A tt tm e t tChr sm a r t ne f om l ve t f urr m a ni s e p pos tons a ot r
he i ha
i t s e ur d r ea , he o e i ng l e
ii
t he
gr up hom eswe e a r a f led. Chrs m asw asof e e a 6: a m . o 9: a. .s f t ts
o
r l e dy il
it
frd
00 . t 00 m hi t ha he

de i t a ce .
clned o c pt

Chrsmasc i d t wor a aDSP a trs r t ne fom FM LA la
it
ontnue o k s
fe he eur d r
e ve. Alhoug
t h
s w a notms i d t a pe m ane s f,s fle i a l 4 Loc ta ot rl a i o r t d
he s
s gne o
r
nt hit he il d n t 01
us nd he oc tons pe a e

by t Ar She v un a iy r sgne on J nua y 31, 0.
he c.
ol t rl e i d
a r
201
On M a c 1 201 Chrsm a fld a c r ofdic i i ton wih t Equal
r h 9, 0, it s ie
ha ge
s rm na i
t he

Empl n Opporuniy Co sin(1
oyme t
t t mmiso '
EEOC') algi t ts wasic tuci l
', le ng ha he
sonsr tvey
dic r d'be aus ofhe dia lt a a ( ke No.1 7a 3. Chrsma di not sr a
shage ' c e
r s biiy nd ge. Doc t
7- t )
it s d ase t
c a m f r c di c i i ton orc c t box i ca i t ta r c di c i i ton c ai w a
l i or a e s rm na i
he k he
ndi tng ha a e s r m na i l m s
be ng pu s
i
r ued.
A spa toft EEO C pr es , he pa te pa tc pa e i t a ncy' m e a i n pr a .
r
he
oc s t
r i s ri i t d n he ge
s di to ogr m
On J 3,201 Dr Ge ge A . t s s nta l te a
une
0, . or
Ba e e
e - r dvoca i o t pl ntf ' pa tt l m a
t
tng n he ai i f s r o r
D il r t EEO C m ed a o . The l te s a ed,i pe tne tpa t a f l s
la d, he
itr
e t r t t n ri n r , s olow :
l r vi w i M r . i t a ' s na i i i c e rt ts wast r i t d whie on
n e e ng s Chr sm s s ce r o, t s l a ha he
e m na e
l

l veunde t Fa l M e c Le veAc ( LA) Alo,s s frdrtlai
ea
r he miy dial a
t FM
. s he ufee eaiton
whihi avi ai o Til Vl oft 1 4Ci lRi sAd I
c s olton f te I he 96 vi ght
CRAIwhe s
n he
r por e a e ofpa i nt unde he c r by A RC oft Pi dm ontc w or r .
e t d bus
te s
r r ae
he e
o- ke s

Lasl i i obvi t tt ARC has not veyfw)Afia Ame ia i
ty,t s ous ha he
lj or r e
rc n- rc ns n
ma ge nti dipr tont t nu rofblc on St fi (tqfciii .
na me n s opori o he mbe
a ks
af n is a ltes
The e or ,M r . i t a ha e r r g t a l ge r ci ldi c i i ton ba e
r f e s Chr s m s s ve y i ht o le a a s rm na i
sd
upon t unequa t e t e ofbl c by t A RC a t l ve ofne t s t t
he
l r a m nt
a ks he
nd he e l
po i m ha

e sgjwihi t se o rsr nks Plas i or t ARC ofMr . it ss
xits t n hi mplye ' a . e e nf m he
s Chrsma '
a
mende c am s
d li .

( ketNo.l 8) Cl smas howeve,di nota ndhe c g ofdici nai
Doc
7- . uit ,
r d
me r hare s rmi ton.
A fe t EEO C i s a di m i s la notc ofr g t s ,Chrs m a t l t i t t
l r he
s ued s s a nd i e i ht o ue
it s i ed he nsan
a ton o D e m be 28,2011 i t Cicui Co tf t Ciy ofCha l t s le. l he
c i n ee r
n he r t ur or he t
r ote vil n r
c pl i t Chrs m a as e t d c ai s ofdicrm i ton a r t la i n u rTil V 1 oft Ci l
om a n , i t s s r e l m
s i na i nd e a i to nde te I he vi

Ri sAc of1 (û-l V1' ,heAme ia wihDiabiii Ac of1 (W DA';t Age
ght t 964 slte 1''
-i
)t
rc ns t s ltes t 990 (
' he
)
Dic i nain i Empl me Ac of1 (i
srmi to n
oy nt t 967 tADEA' ; ndt Fa l M e ca Le veAc of
' a he miy di l a
)
t

3

1 ($ LA' , Thepli ifas s htt i ela lt unde sae1w f i entonal
993 t
FM '
)
antf lo oug o mpos ibiiy
r tt a or nt i
i l cton ofe o i
nti i
m tonaldi t e sa f pa ntng he i a f l e lg .
sr s nd or i i
r n a s i ht
Upon r m o ng t ca e t t scou t t A r m oved t di m i s t pl i if scl i s
e vi he s o hi
r , he c
o s s he a ntf
am

purua t Rul 1 b)6)oft Fedea Rulso Ci lPr e e. On J y 1 201 t moton
s nt o e 2( (
he rl e f vi oc dur
ul 6, 2,he i

wa g a tdi p l a dd n e i p r. Th camst a r man aea f lo : 1 t panifs
s r ne n a4 n e id n a t e li h t e i r s o lws () he litf
cli t tt Ar vi aedTil V1 bydici nai agans he ont bassofrc ( he
am ha he c olt te 1
s rmi tng i t r he i a e; 2) r
cli t tt Ar vi aedt ADA byr cndi ar s bl a commodai a ( )he cam
am ha he c olt he
esi ng eaona e c
ton; nd 3 r li
t tt Ar vi a e t FM LA by ei na i he poston a 1 4 Locus whie s wa on
ha he c olt d he
lmi tng r ii t 01
t l he s

FMLA la e Th c s i p e e tyb f r tec u t nteAr ' moi nfrs mmayj d me t
e v . e a e s r sn l eo e h o r o h cs to o u r u g n ,
a t pl ntf sm o i f l ve t am e he co pl i t i l a f de a t ' cl i a i t
nd he ai i f
ton or ea o
nd r m a nt o nc ude e r l ol a m ga ns
t
t EEO C a l m a D il r
he
nd r
la d.
D i si
scus on

1
.

M o i f Sum m ar Judum e
t on or
y
nt

TheAr ha mo e f rs mmayj dg n o termann cams An a r of
c s v d o u r u me t n h e iig li .
wa d
s
ummayj
r udgme i a opraeûit mo nts
nt s ppr it tf he va howst tt r i no g ui diput a t a
ha hee s en ne s e s o ny
maeilfc a t mo n i e ildt udgme ta amatrofl ' Fe R. v. 5 a . l
tra a t nd he va t s ntte oj
n s te aw. d. Ci P. 6() n
'

d tr nigwh t e t g a t moinf rs mmayj d me tt c u t s ve ter c r i
eemi n eh r o rn a to o u r u g n,he o r mu t iw h e o d n
t lghtm os f vor bl t t no m o nt Ande s v.Li t Lobby. nc. 477 U . 2 255
he i
t a a e o he n- va .
r on
bery
l ,
S. 42,

( 986 . Towihsa as
1 )
t tnd ummayj
r udgme moto t no mova mus pr es fce
nt in,he n- nt t oduc ufiint

e de efom whih aras bl j yc drt navediti he fvo . I a 248.
vi nc r
c e ona e ur oul eur
r c n r a r d. t
ûco l or ors ul tve a l ga i nsdo nots fce no doe a ' e e s i il ofe de e'i
û nc us y pec a i le to
uf i , r s m r c ntla
vi nc n

s ppo tofgheno mova 'lc e. Tho o v. t
u r t n- nts as '
'
mps n PoomacEl .Powe Co.31 F. 6 649
ec
r , 2 3d 45,

( h Ci.2002)(uoi Philpsv.CSX Trns ,I . 1 F. 28 28 ( h Ci.1
4t r
q tng li
a p. nc, 90 3d 5, 7 4t r 999:.
4

A.

Ti l V l
te I

Tot extntChrsmascai t ts wa s j ce t r c dici nai i vi ai o
he e
it l ms ha he s ub e td o a e s rmi ton n olton f
Til Vl,t Ar a g t ts h cli mus bedimis d be aus i wa nota i sr i y
te 1 he c r ues ha uc am
t
s se c e t s
dm nitatvel
e us e Be or apl i t f m a fl s tunde Til V 1 , he pl i ifm us fr tfl a
xha t d. f e a n i f y ie ui
r te 1 t
a ntf
t i s ie n
ad i s r tve c r e wih t EEO C w ihi 18 da ( fe t a l d t l w f lem pl e
m ni t a i ha g t he
t n 0 ys t tr he lege m a u
a
oym nt

pr c i eoc ureds o wih asaea nc wihi 300 da ofs hpr c ie. J
a tc c r ' r t t t ge y t n
'
ys uc a tc
onesv. l r Gm .
Ca ve t
.

Lt ,551F. 29 300( hCi. ) Thecontnt oft EEOC c r fa t s opeofa
d.
3d 7, 4t r2009 .
e s he
hage r me he c
ny
f ur ltga i
ut e ii ton. I (onl t e di c i i to cl i s sa e i t i ta c r e,t e
d. t y hos s rm na i n a m t t d n he nii l ha g hos
r as bl r l t t t orgi lc pl i ,a t e d ve ope by r s na e i s i t o of
e ona y e a ed o he i na om a nt nd hos e l d
ea o bl nve t ga i n
t orgi com pl ntm ay be m ai ai i a subs
he i nal
ai
nt ned n
equent...l sui.' Evansv.Technol es
aw t'
oai

Applcains& Sev. ,80F. 954,963( hCi.1 . A pli ipsfiur t exha t
i to
r Co.
3d
4t r 996)
antf al e o
us

a miitaierme isd p ie tec u t fs b e t te j rs ito o e t ecam . J n s
d n srtv e d e e rv s h o r o u j c matr u id cin v r h li o e ,
551F. a 3
3d t 00.
l t sca e t pl i if s EEO C c r aleg t ts w asc tuc i y di c r ed
n hi s , he a ntf '
ha ge l ed ha he
onsr tvel s ha g
be a e o he a a di a lt Chr s m a di no c ck t box f rr e di c i i ton o t
c us f r ge nd s biiy.
i t s d t he he
o ac s rm na i n he
c r e f nn,orm en i r e i t na r tve e a ni herc r
ha g o
ton ac n he r a i xpl i ng
ha ge. Thus t c r di not
, he ha ge d
s
ugges t tt A r had di c i i t d a i the on t ba i o r c ,orot r ie a l ge f t
t ha he c
s rm na e ga ns r he s s f a e
he w s le ac s
t tw oul ha putt Ar ort EEO C on notc t ts w a cha gi t A r w ih r e
ha
d ve
he c he
i e ha he s r ng he c t ac
di c i i ton. A c r ngl t c t oncl st tt pl ntf ' r c di c i i t o c a m ti
s rm na i
co di y, he our c ude ha he ai i fs a e s r m na i n l i ts
notr s bl r l t d t he c r s h t ti woul ha be n e d e t f l f om a
ea ona y e a e o r ha ge uc ha t
d ve e xpe d o olow r
n

i tgai ofg rot rcai l' Mie v. lI ,429F. 480, 2 (t Ci.
nvesi ton he he l ms.
' ls Del.nc.
3d
49 4h r 2005) s e
,e
.
as J ,551F.da 300( evi t û cli i f ma ltgai wilge r lybebare i
le ones
3 t
obsr ng hatt am n or l ii ton l ne al
a
rd f
t EEOC char alegesdi cr m i i on one bas s,s asr and t f
he
ge l
s i naton
i uch ace,
he onuallt ga i cl m
ii t on ai

5

al sdici nai onas pa aebass s h a sx';Br ntv.BelAt. d.I ,288F.
lege s rmi ton
e rt i, uc s e ' ya
)
l lM snc.
3d
1 l3 33( hCi.2002)( di t ta EEOC c r algi r edici nainwoul not
24, 2- 4t r
hol ng ha n
hage le ng ac srmi to
d
ha ras yl t a ivetgai ofsx dsrmi ton)
ve e onabl ed o n n si ton e ic i nai .

I h rb ifi o p iint t emoi nf rs mmayj g n , rsma a pe r t
n e re n p osto o h to o u r ud me t Ch it s p as o
co e t t i de e m i ng w he he s e us e he ad i sr tve r m ed e , he cou ' s d
nt nd ha , n t r ni
t r he xha t d r m ni ta i e i s t
l houl
t
al o c i rt l te t tD r Ba es s ntt t EEOC m edi t r Tha l ter howe r w a
s ons de he e t r ha . t e o he
ao .
t et ,
ve , s
m aied m or t n t o m ont afe t pl i iffl d he c r ofdic i i ton a w a no
l
e ha w
hs t r he a ntf ie r ha ge
s r m na i nd s t

co e t t Ar Unde e si pr ce nt t cou ti una et c l t tt prva el te
pi d o he c.
r xitng e de ,he r s bl o oncude ha he i t et r
t t m e a ors fc st s tsy t e usi n r qu r me . SeeM ie ,429 F. a 492
o he dit ufi e o ai f he xha to e ie nt
ls
3d t

( di t taprvaelte , e fvemont atrt orgi lc r a wihoutbei c pidt
hol ng ha i t etr s nt i
hs fe he i na hage nd t
ng o e o

t e oye,wa i ufiintt me tt a nitai e usi rquie nt;Sl v.
he mpl r s ns fce o e he dmi srtve xha ton e rme l oop
M e ilM isonHos .I ,1 F. 1 1 ( h Ci.1 (mphaszngt tdgq woul be
mora s i
p. nc. 98 3d 47, 49 4t r 999) e
ii ha cit d

o j ci ey i o ia t v e aprv t lte fo ac mpann p ryt t eEEOC a
b e tv l l gc lo iw i ae etr r m o liig a t o h
l
s
co tudi y a
nsr vel mendi af m a c r gi n t to oft pur e ofr quii apa t t fl
ng or l ha ge, ve ha ne he pos s e rng ry o ie

c r swiht EEOC i t putt c r pa t onnoieoft camsr ie agans i'.
ha ge t he
s o he haged ry
tc he li asd i t t'
)

Ac o dngy t ec u t o cu e t a t ecam o r c d srmiainu e Til V1 i s j c t
c r i l,h o r c n ld s h t h li f a e ici n to nd r te 1 s ube t o
dimis lf lc ofs jd matlj idi on.
s sa or a k ube te-urs di
Eve i t cou tha j idito ove t cam ofr edici nai t Ar woul
n f he r d urs cin r he li
ac srmi ton,he c
d

no tee sb e tt dt s mmayj d me t l t ea sn eof n d rc e ie c o itn in l
neh ls e nil o u r u g n . n h b e c a y ie t vd n e fn e to a
e
di c i i ton, he pl i if sTil V 1 cl i i a l ze unde t bur n- hi ng fam e or of
s rm na i t
a ntf
te 1 a m s na y d
r he de s hi r w k

M c mel
Dol lDouglsCor v.Gre 411U. 792,80 05( 973 . Se Dimondv.Col a Lie
a p. e n,
S.
2- 1 ) e a
onil f
& Ac de I . ,41 F. 31 318( h Ci.2005 , Unde t sfa wo k,aplitf
ci nt ns Co. 6 3d 0, 4t r
)
r hi rme r
anif

de nsrt aprmaf i ca eofrcedici nainby s ng()t ts i ame rofa
mo taes i ace s a s rmi to
howi 1 ha he s mbe

6

pr e e cl s ( t ts s frda a s e oy nta i ( t ts waspef mi
otctd as; 2) ha he ufee n dvere mpl me cton; 3) ha he
ror ng

h r o d te a alv lha me h re ly rslgt t e pe tto a tetmeo tea v re
e j b u is t e e t t t e mpo e ' e imae x cains t h i f h d es
i
e oyme a ton;a ( t tt postonr i do orwasfledbyasmial qualte
mpl nt ci nd 4) ha he ii emane pen
l
i lry ii d
a i a ore pl e out i oft pr e t c as H ilv.Loc ed M ari LocitcsM g t,
pplc nt m oye
s de he ot c ed l s. l
khe
tn
si
m .

354F. 277, ( hCi.
3d
285 4t r 2004) I t pli ifma st ss wi t bur ns fst t
. f he antf ke hi ho ng,he de hit o he
e pl rt pr
m oye o oduce e de e of a l gii a e,
vi nc
e tm t non- s rm i t r r a on f t a ve s
di c i na o y e s or he d r e
e pl ym e a ton. 1 O ne t e pl yerc esf w a d w ih s h a r s n, çhe bur n
m o nt c i
d.
e he m o
om or r t uc ea o t
t
de
r ve t t t pl i ift es a ih t tt em pl r snt - s r m i t y r tona e i a pr t f
e r s o he a ntf o t bls ha he
oye ' m di c i na or a i l s e ext or

i e to dici nai ' Hekov. omboSa Ba F. B.434F. 249,258( hCi.
ntninal srmi ton. i Col
'
v. nke S. ,
3d
4t r
2006 . Thi ki lprt i uiymegeswiht uli t btr n ofpes di t c tha
)
s i na eext nq r r
f
t he tmae lde
rua ng he our t t
t pl i ifha be n t vi i ofi e i ldi c i i ton, hi h a a ltm e r m a ns w ih t
he a ntf s e he ctm
nt ntona s rm na i w c t 1 i s e i
t he

pli if' M ert v. dDomi onFr ghtLi l ,601F. 28 29 ( hCi. 0 (ntr l
antf.
' rit Ol
ni ei ne,nc.
3d 9, 4 4t r 201 ) i ena
quottonmar a atrtonomitd)
ai
ks nd leai
te .
I t sc e, hec ta e wih t de e ntt tChrsm asi una et esa ih a
n hi as t our gr es t he f nda ha
it
s bl o t bls
pr m a f c e c e ofdi c i i to The undi put d e de e esa i he t tt s e p pos to
i a i as
s r m na i n.
s e vi nc t bls s ha he l e
ii n

t tChrsmaspe f m e a 1 4 Loc twase i i t a t ti wa notfledby a t r
ha
it
ror d t 01
us
lm naed, nd ha t s
il
no he
e pl e. l i a s unc e t d t t o y o he s e p pos ton a t gr hom e w hi h was
m oye
t s l o ont s e hat he nl t r l e
ii t he oup
, c
he d by a w hiem a e w a a s e i i t d. Co eq nty,Chrs m asca
l
t l , s l o lm na e
ns ue l
it
nnots
how t ts was
ha he
t e t d di f r nty t n a s m ia l s t t d i vi
r a e f e e l ha
i l ry iua e ndi dualfom out i he pr t c e c as a t , s
r
s de r o e t d l s nd, hus i
una et es a i h a pr m a f c e c s ofdi c i i to
bl o t bls
i ai ae
s rm na i n.
M or ve ,e n i Chrs m a co d e t bls a pr m a f ci c s ofdi c i i ton, he Ar
eo r ve f it s ul s a i h
i a e ae
s rm na i t
c
hasartcul ed a l tm at non- s i i ory r
i at
egii e,
di crm nat eason f elm i i hersl poston.
or i natng
eep ii

A c di t an a f d ts gne by T. e Covi on, hef
cor ng o
f i avi i d
Le
ngt t onne e c i die t ,
r xe utve r c or Covi t i
ng on, n

c lbor ton wih Ar m a ge s de de t ti wasi t be ti e e t oft or nia i s
ola a i
t c na r , ci d ha t
n he s nt r ss he ga z ton'
c i nt t lm i 1 4 Locus t f r s de s Be a e 1 4 Loc tope a eson is o n budge
le s o i t 01
t o our e i nt . c us 01
us
rt
t w
t
de i fom M e ca d f ng a bilng gui lne , he Ar ha t m a safi c ngest
rved r
di i undi nd li
de i s t
c d o ke t t ng ha
o
c rs
or e pond t t r duc i i r i ntalne dsa t r duc i n i r ve e ge r e fom
o he e ton n es de i e nd he e to n e nu ne at d r
ha ng onl f r s de s Covi o uli a e y t i d t elm i t t t o s e p pos to a
vi
y our e i nt .
ngt n tm t l t de o i na e he w l e
dec
ii ns t

1 4 Loc tbe nni J y 1,
01
us gi ng ul 2009,be us t r wa no l ranee f t s postonsa t s
ca e he e s onge
d or he e ii
t hi
g o hom e, t budge c d nots
r up
and he
t oul
uppor t e pos tonsw ih t r duc i n i r ve '
t hes
ii
t he e t o n e nue.
'

( vi onAf.Doc tNo.1 11)
Co ngt
f, ke
7- .
The Ar hasc e r y m e isbur n ofpr f rng a pe m i s bl r s f rt elm i ton of
c
lal
tt
de
of e i
r s i e ea on o he i na i
t pl i if s see pos ton,a t pl i i fha pr e e no e d e f om whi h a r as bl
he a ntf ' l p ii
nd he a ntf s es nt d
vi enc r
c e ona e

j r c ud f t a t ep of rdra o i meep ee tfru a u ds rmiain. Th o l
u y o l i h t h r fe e e s n s r rtx o nlwfl ici n to
nd
e ny
evi nce s it d by Chr s m a c it ofaf i visf om he s fa t o ot re pl e ,
de
ubm te
i t s ons s s
fda t r
r el nd w
he m oye s

whihs
c ummaiysaet tt y aet r 'ofS srmi tr pr cies' t Ar . ( ke
rl tt ha he r û e' t ci nao y a tc 'by he c Doc t
awa
di

No. - . S c c n l s r afd vt aeis fce tt d f a amoinf rs mmayj d me t
8 1) u h o cu o y fi a is r n ufiin o e e t t o u r u g n .
o
Se Mal nv. ns 11 F. x 731 7 ( hCi.20 (mpha ii t tt pl ntf s
e gha Eva , 8 App' , 33 4t r 04) e
szng ha he ai if
C ow n
k

,

sl-e vi a co l or afda t( s i ufiinta amatroflw t c e
efsr ng nd ncus y fi vi wal ns fce s te a o ountr

s t nta e de e ofl ii ae, n- s rmi t y r a onsf ra a r ee oyme a ton
ubsa i l vi nc
eg tm t no dic i na or e s
o n dve s mpl
nt c i

a t sa of s
nd o tve f ummayj
r udgme l Re ev. eiorAut snc.5Fe Appx. 244( hCi.
nf'; es M rt
o.I , d.
239, 4t r
2001 ( di t tconcus yafi visfo ot re oye c dnotceaeage neis of
) hol ng ha
l or fda t rm he mpl es oul
r t nui sue

maeilfc) Ac o dn l ,heAr smoinf rs mmayj d me t tb g a td wih
tra a t. c r ig y t c' to o u r u g n mus e rne t
res
pectt t scl m .
o hi ai

8

;
<

B.

AD A

Chrsmasalocai t tt Ar vi ae t ADA by 'e cndgng 'aprvi
it
s l ms ha he c oltd he
G s i i j' e ous
r
ac
c ommodai f he ale ddiabiiy,
ton or r lge s lt nameyt see postona 1 4Loc t ( ke No.
l he l p ii t 01
us. Doc t
1 la 3. TheADA pr bisdici nai d gans aquaiidi i dualont bassof
- t )
ohi t s rmi ton t i t
a
lfe ndvi
he i
di a lt i r ga d t .. t hii a nc e , di c r ofe pl ye ,... nd o he t r s
s biiy n e r o . he rng, dva em nt or s ha ge m o es
a t r em ,

co to ,a prvie sofe oy nt' 42U. C. 1 11 a . ks s i nato asusdi
ndiins nd i lge
mpl me .
'
S. j 2 2() 'Dicrmi in' e n
t A DA pr bis no onl di pa a e t e t e be us ofa e pl e' di a lt s i ,but
he
ohi t t y s r t r a m nt ca e
n m oye s s biiy, ee d.

alot f l et ma çe ona ea co moda i t t known physc lo m e a lmia ins
s he aiur o ke r as bl c m
tons o he
i a r nt l i t to

ofa ot r s quaii i viua wihadiabiiywhoi a a i n ore oye 'i j
n he wie lfed ndi d l t s lt
s n pplca t mpl e, d.

1 1 b)5( .... Shi v. vofM d.M e Svs Cop.3 F.App' 47 479 ( h Ci.
21 2( ( )A) ' n Uni
'
d. . r , 69
x 2, 4t r
201 .
0)
I or rt m a outa pr m a f ci c e ofdipar t t e t e on t bas sofhe di a lt
n de o ke
i a e as
s a e r a m nt he i
r s biiy,

Chrsmasmus de tae: 1 t ts i wihi t ADA' pr ecedca s ( t ts s frd
it
t monsrt ( ) ha he s t n he
S ot t ls ;2) ha he ufee
a adves e oyme a i ()t a t tmeoft adves a ton, hewa pef mi he
n
re mpl nt cton; 3 hat t he i
he
re ci s
s ror ng r

j b a alv l h tme h re o e ' lgtmaee p cain ; n ( ) h ttea v rea to
o t e e t a t e mply rs e i t x e tto s a d 4 t a h d es cin
i
oc ur e unde cic sanc st tr iear s nabl i er nc o unl wf dic i naton.
c rd
r r um t e ha as ea o e nf e e f a ul s rmi i

Rhoa v.FDI 257F.d 373,387n.1(t Ci.2 ) Toe tbls aprmafci caefr
ds
C,
3
l 4h r 001 .
sa ih i a e s o
f l et ac ommodae, it smus s w: 1 t ts i a i vi lwihadia lt wihi
aiur o c
t Chrsma
t ho ( ) ha he s n ndi dua t sbiiy t n

t mea ngoft ADA;( t tt e oye hadnotc o he dia lt ()t twih
he ni
he
2) ha he mpl r
ie f r s biiy; 3 ha, t
r s bl ac ommodai s c dpef m t e snta f o oft posto , nd( t t
eaona e c
ton, he oul ror he se il undins he iin'a 4) ha
t e o r f e t m a s h a ommodai J
he mpl ye: e us d o ke uc cc
ton. Z
.

Upon r e oft r c dst c tc l dest tChr sm a ha f ied t es a i h a
evi w
he e or he our onc u
ha
i t s s a l o t bls
prm a f c e ca e ofe t rdi pa a e te t e on t bass ofdi a lt orf iur t a c m oda e.
i ai s
ihe s r t r a m nt he i
s biiy a l e o c om
t

9

''

I

Asu n frt ep r o e o s mmayj d me tta Clit si wi nt eADA' prtce
s mig o h u p s s f u r u g n h t u sma s t h
hi
S oe td
c a s no r as bl i e e ofunl w f di c i i ton c n be d a f om t r or The
l s , e ona e nf r nce
a ul s rm na i a
r wn r he ec d.

e de epr f r d by t Ar whih ha notbe n r f t b t pl i if r ve st tt se p
vi nc of e e
he c, c s
e e ued y he antf, e al ha he le
post o a 1 4 Loc tw e e e i i t d f b e a y r as . M or ove ,bo h pos to w e e
ii ns t 01
us r lm na e or udg t r e ons
e r t
ii ns r

ei nae no j tt posto tle byChrsma . Ad tonal Cl smaswasofee a he
lmi td, t us he iin ild
it s dii ly, uit
frd not r
s f a 1 1 Loc ta s c tnued he e pl e twih t Ar untlJ
hit t 0 4
us nd he on i
r m oym n t he c i anua y of20l w he
r
0, n
s r i ne The c ti c nc t tno r s bl i e e o di a lt di c i i ton c n
he es g d.
our s onvi ed ha
ea ona e nf r nce f s biiy s r m na i a
be dr w n f o t s f c sand, hus t tChr sm a i unabl t es a i h a pr m a f i ca e of
a
r m he e a t
t , ha
it s s
e o t bls
i ac e s
diparat teat ent
s
er m .

To t e e t pl i if scl i i one f f iu e t a om m odat t c t
he xt nt he a ntf
am s
or a l r o cc
e, he our conc udes
l

t ts hasf l t s
ha he
aied o how t ts wa d nid ar s
ha he s e e ea onabl a omm odai by t Ar See
e cc
ton he c.
Rhoads 257 F. a 387 n. 1 W hie Chr sm a co e t tt A r s d ha
,
3d t
1.
l
i t s nt nds ha he c houl ve

ac
c omm oda e he dia lt by a l nghe t r mai i a see posto s i u bl t
t d r s biiy
lowi
r o e n n l p ii n, he s na e o
e t bls t tt sr que t ac omm od i wasr a o bl TheAz wa notr ie t f a
sa ih ha hi e sed c
aton
e s na e.
c s
equ r d o und
see pos ton a 1 4 Locus whe i w a no l
l p ii t 01
t n t s onge fna a l f a i e t do s orr m ove
r i nci ly e s bl o
o, e
a t re pl ye f o o oft r m ai ng f s e p postonsa a t rg oup ho e i f vorof
no he m o e r m ne he e ni our l e
ii
t no he r
m n a

Cl sma . Se e. ,Lambv.Oualx, F. x49,59(t Ci,
uit s e, g.
e 33 App'
4h r 2002)(t- ADA doe not
'l
-he
s
. . .

rquiea e oye t ceaeanew po iin a a a co
e r n mpl r o r t
sto s n c mmodai t adia edempl .';
ton o sbl
oyee'
l

EEOC v, r Le Cop.23 F. 349,355( h Ci 2001 (t- ADA doe notr q r
Saa e r , 7 3d
4t r. ) il
-he
s e uie
r as i e whe i w oul m anda e t tt e pl ye bum p a he e pl
e s gnm nt n t
d
t ha he m o r
not r m oyee o ofa pa tc a
ut
r i ul r

poston.) Buc esv. rtDaaRe o c s l ,1 F.d 1 ,11 ( hCi.1 )((A)
ii '; kl Fis t s ure -nc. 76 3 098 01 8t r 999 ( n
'
g
ac
c ommodai i unras
ton s e onabl i i ...i e und fna ilo admi srtvebtr nsr .
e f t mposs ue i nca r
nitai tde .)
'

1
0

I

Fo t s ra o ,h c u'c n ld sta t eAr i as e tte t s mmayj d me to te
r he e e s ns te o l o cu e h t h c s lo n ild o u r u g n n h
t
pl ntf sA DA cl m s.
ai i f
ai

l he fnalr m ani cai Chrsmasas e t t tt defnda vi a e t FM LA by
n r i e i ng l m, it
s rs ha he e nt olt d he
e i i tng he s e p poston whie s w a o FM LA l a t c r f rhe hus nd. U nde t
lm na i
r le
ii
l he s n
e ve o a e o r ba
r he

FM LA,Sa ei bl e oye s l bee il t at a of1 wo kwee ofla durng a
in lgi e mpl e hal ntted o ot l 2 r
ks e ve i ny

l mont pe i ...gq orert c r frt s e. . t e oye i s hs e... a
z- h rod in d o ae o he pous . ofhe mpl e,f uc pous has
sroushe lhc ton. 29U. C.j261 a( )C) I i unlwf f a e oye t ()
ei
at ondii '
'
S.
2()1( . t s a ul or n mpl r o a
'ntreewih,r tan,orde t e rieo t srghtor( S shageori anyohe
i efr t esri
i
ny he xecs P'hi i , b) l c r
di
n
t r
mame dici naea i ta i vi lf opposnga pr ci ma unlwf byrhe
l r srmi t gans ny ndi dua or
i ny a tee de a ul t

Ac)' 2 U. C. 2 5 a . Ane ly ec nb i a itree c cam u d rtetrt
t. 9 S. j 61 ()
'
mpo e a rng n n ef rn e li n e h is
pr hi ton ora r t la i c ai unde t s c one. See Y a he v.Ha r h' N C Casno
o bii
e a i ton l m
r he e ond
s nko
ra s
i

Co.LLC,446F. 541 546( hCi.
.
3d ,
4t r 2006)
.
To t ext ntChr sm a c a m st tt Ar i er e e w ih t e r i e ofhe FM LA r g s
he e
i t s l i ha he c nt f r d t he xe c s
r
i ht
whe a t r s t l ave i f ie t r s or he t he s e p pos ton a 1 1 Loc t t cour
n, fe he ook e , t a l d o e t e r o r l e
ii t 0 4
us , he
t

c l st tt Ar i e ildt s
oncude ha he c s ntte o ummayj me . TheFM LA doesno pr def a
r udg nt
t ovi or n
a ol e rghtt r s or ton t apr ore pl e pos ton whe a e pl er t nsf om FM LA
bs ut i o e t a i o i m oym nt ii
n n m oye e ur r
la
e ve. 1 a 547. The A c i t d pr de f onl a C i ie r g t r s or i ' 1 l
d. t
t nsea ovi s or y i m t d i ht o e t aton. d. n
l
'
pa tc a ,a e pl r c n a i la lt u rt FM LA i i ca pr t ti w oul no ha
r i ul r n m oye a vo d i biiy nde he
f t n ove ha t
d t ve

rti a e oye eve i t e oye ha notbe nonFM LA l ve. J .t5 5
eaned n mpl e n f he mpl e d
e
ea
#aa 47, 49.
l t sca e, he unr ut d e de e pr f r d by t A r de o t a est tt elm i ton
n hi s t
ef e vi nc of e e
he c m nsr t ha he i na i
oft s eep posii at1014 Locus wasa fnanci decii and nota per
he l
tons
t
i
al s on
sonneldeci on s f c
si pecii

t Chr sm a . A s s tf t a
o
it s
e orh bove, h s e p pos to a 1 4 Lo twer e i i t d,i l ng
bot l e
ii ns t 01 cus
e lm na e nc udi

t one he d by a e pl ye w ho wasnotd s bl d oron m ed c ll a . B e a e t undi pu e
he
l
n m o e
ia e
i a e ve
c us he
s td
e de e es a ihest tt Ar w oul notha r t i Chr sm a i t s e p poston a 1 4
vi nc t bls
ha he c
d
ve e a ned i t s n he l e
ii t 01
Loc te n i s had no t n FM LA l a ,t c ur c l st tt A r i e il d t
us ve f he
t ake
e ve he o t onc ude ha he c s ntte o

s mmayj d me to t eplitf sitree ecam. Se 1 a 5 0( li t a t dsrc
u r u g n n h an if n efrnc li
e d. t 5 hodng h t he itit
c u t i n teri g a t s mmayj d me tt ted fn a t nt panifsitre e c
o r d d o r n r ni u r u g n o h ee d n o he li tf n efr n e
ng
cai wheet pli iffie t t eut t e de s te by(hedefnda q
l m, r he antf ald o t f e he vi nce ubmitd t
r
e nt

de tai t tisr or ni to wa l ii t a t ti wo dha dic r d ghe
monsrtng ha t e ga zain s egtmae nd ha t ul ve s hage t

plitf l v ni h ha no tke la e'.
an if e e f e d t a n e v '
)
To t e e Chrs m a cl i st tt Ar r t la ed a i the f t ki FM LA l ve
he xt nt i t s a m ha he c e a i t ga ns r or a ng
ea ,

t ec u tie s c n ld sta teAr i e t ldt s
h o r l wie o cu e h t h c s ni e o ummayj dg n . F LA camsaiig
k
t
r u me t M
li rsn
unde ar t lai t or ar a yz d unde t bu d s fi fa e r ofM c me l
r e ai ton he y e nal e
r he r en-hitng r m wo k
Dol l
D oucl , upr I a 551 Thus i Chr sm a ç sf r h s fci nte denc t es a i h a
as s a. d. t .
, f it s û
put o t uf i e vi e o t bls
pr m a f c e c e o r t la i ' nd t Ar S f r a non- s rm i t r e a ton' f ris
i a i as f e a i ton' a he c s e s
of
di c i na o y xpl na i ' o t

empl ym e de ii n,Chrsmasi a st bur en ofe t bls ngt tt e oye ' pr f r d
o nt c so
it
l r he d
be
sa ihi ha he mpl rs ofe e

e a to i prtxtf FM LA rt iton.' J ( i Nihol v. hlndHos Com .251
xplnain s ee or
ealai ' Z quotng c s As a
p.
,

F.d4 6 5 2(t Ci. 01 (nen lq oain mak o te l.
3 9 , 0 4h r 20 ) itr a u tto r s mi d )
t
Asdi c s d above t Ar ha pr s nt e de de
s us e
, he c s e e ed vi nce monsr tng t tisde ii t
ta i ha t c son o
e i i t t s ee pos tonsa 1 4 Loc twasbas s el on fna i lc e ns l t
lm na e he l p ii
t 01
us
ed ol y
i nc a onc r . n he

a e ofa e de et twoul c e t age neis ofma e i f c r ga di t lgii cy
bs nce ny vi nc ha
d r a e nui s ue
t ral a t e r ng he e tma

oft Ar sdecso t c r c l t tt Ar i as e ildt s
he c' iin,he ou t oncudes ha he c s lo ntte o ummayj
r udgme ont
nt he
pl ntf sr alaton cl m .
ai if et i i
ai

Fort er as ,heco t lgrntt Ar ' moinf s
hes e ons t ur wil a he cs to or ummayj
r udgme t
n.

12

M oton t A m end
i o

On Fe ua y 1 201 Chr sm a m oved f rl vet a e he pl di t a t EEO C
br r 1, 3, i t s
o ea o m nd r ea ngs o dd he
a lm aD il r t EEOC m e at , pa t de e nt . l t m oton, hepl ntf ale t t
nd r
la d, he
di or as ry f nda s n he i t ai if l ges ha
Dil r e
la d ngag i i a f s e a m i f as nc ' f ii t a e t pl i t f ' c r e of
ed n t lea anc nd s e a e' by a lng o m nd he a n if s ha g
m
di c i i ton i r pons t t l te fom D r G a es a t tt a l ge m i c
s rm na i n es
e o he e t r r
. t , nd ha he le d s onduc gi sr s
t ve i e

t aca eofa tonunde t Fe r Tor Cli Ac. ( ke No. a 2. TheAr oppos s
o us ci
r he deal t ams t Doc t 20 t )
c
e

temoino t eb ssta tep o o e a n me two l b p eu iila df tl.
h t n h a i h t h r p s d me d n ud e rj dca n uie
o
Unde Rul 1 a)oft Fe rlRulsofCi lPr ed e,Chrsmasca a ndhe
r e 5(
he dea e
vi oc ur
it
n me
r
c pl i çonl w ih t oppos ng pa t s wrt e c en ort co ts l ave. Fe R.Ci P.
om a nt t y t he
i
ry' it n ons t he ur ' e '
' d.
v.

1 ()2 . t t o g la et a n s o l b fe l gv nwh nj tc s rq ie , dsrc
5 a( ) t h u h e v o me d h ud e r ey ie e usie o e ur s a itit
Al
c t sdic eton t de am o i t a e acompl nt s l asi doe notouti r t et
our ha s r i o ny
ton o m nd
ai , o ong t s
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