Callahan v. Cregger et al
Filing
12
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/19/12. (jcj)
I TH E UN I
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COU RT
CT
FO R THE W ESTERN DI
STRI O F V I GW I
CT
R
A
CHA RLO TTESV I
LLE D I I ON
V SI
CLERK' oFFi t . . ST.
S
cE Js D# COUR
AT ROANOKE,
VA
, jl
l 't
u v&
02T 19 2 1
22
, JULA c.
i
B DE
Y:
I r:
n e
D AN I R.O STEEN a
EL
nd
RH ON D A G . STEEN ,
O
De or
bt .
W I A M E,CA LLA H AN , R. Tr s e
LLI
J , u t e,
Pl ntf/
ai i fAppe l t
lan ,
Ci lA c i n N o. 1 c 00023
vi t o
3: 2- vM EM O M N DU M O PI IO N
N
D AN I R.O STEEN ,
EL
RH ON D A G .O STEEN ,
D EU TSCHE BAN K N A TI A L TRU ST
ON
CO M PAN Y ,
RI
CHA R D T.
CREGG ER ,
o cw EN LO AN sERv l G ,LLc,a
cm
nd
sx xoN M O RTG AG E SERV I
CES,l C.
N ,
By: H o Gl n E.
n. e
Conr d
a
Chi U nie St t sD i ti tJ
ef t d a e sr c udge
D e e nt /
f nda s Appe l s
lee .
Thi ca ea iesfom abanknl cy peii fl dby def nda sDa elR.Ose n a
s s rs r
pt
tton ie
e nt ni
t e nd
Rh n aG. te (og t e,h ç te s' o No e e 4, 0 9i t U. Ba k u tyCo r
o d Ose n t eh r te ç e n ' n v mb r 2 0 n he S. n r p c u t
os
)
f rteW e tr Ditit fVign a W il m E. la n(h G t te'wa a p itdtu te
o h
sen src o r ii. li
a Calha t e Tr se ' s p on e r se
z )
oft bnnknl t y esat a fl a c pl nts e ng t a d a pr pe ii ta a ton i
he
p c t e nd ied om ai e ki o voi
e- tton r ns c i n
whi h t O see ga t i m or ga l nde a ( e d ofConfr a i ofDee ofTr s ,'
c he t ns ve he r
t ge e r ç e
D
im ton
d
u t'
g r nt e ng t l nde ' rghtt a fr tle i t r ti t O s e ns l nd. The c pl i alege
ua a e i he e r s i o i s i n n e es n he t e ' a
om a nt l s
c a m sunde bot f de a ba up c a V igi a s a e l w ,c t ndi t tt r w a
li
r h e r l nkr t y nd r ni t t a on e ng ha he e s
i ufi i ntconsde a i i t t a a to be we n t Os e nsa t i l r ,a t tt
ns tc e
i r ton n he r ns c i n t e he t e nd he r ende s nd ha he
o
cu
u
.
)
CL t '
ERK
ta f rs d beavoi d f t tr as Thede d o tus on t lnd i c renty hel by
r ns e houl
de or ha e on.
e f r t he a s u r l d
De s heBa Na i lTnztCo pa a ha be n a varoustm e s r c d by Oc n Loa
ut c
nk tona
s m ny, nd s e t i i s e vie
we
n
Se vii LLC,a Sa M orga Se vce . Ri ha d T. e ri t c r ntt u t et r
r c ng,
nd xon
t ge r i s c r Cr gge s he ure r se mde
t dee oft s . The e de e
he d nlt
s f ndmzswilbe c l c i l r f r ed t a t : a ' The Os e ns
t l
ole tve y e e r o s he ç nk.'
B
te
a t Ba e ch fl moto t dimi st c m pli ,a t Bn u c Cour e e e
nd he nk a ied i ns o s s he o ant nd he nkr pt y
t nt r d
j d me tf r h d fn a t, od n t a tea pl a ef d r l n saelw sa d r sf r
u g n o t e e e d n s h li g h th p i bl e e a a d tt a tn ad o
c
a qua ec i ai n ha be n me . TheTr t efl atm ey notc ofa
de t onsder to d e
t
use ied i l i e ppea , nd t ma tr
l a he te
i c re tyrp f ra j dc t n.Fo tera o st a f lo tec u t o cu e ta te
s u rnl ie o d u iai
o
r h e s n h t o lw,h o r c n ld s h t h
Ba kr pt y Cour wasco r ti dee ni t tt ta a ton c dnotbea d f ral k
n u c
t
rec n t nni ng ha he r ns c i oul
voi ed o ac
ofconsde a i a ac or ngl afimst or roft Ba u c Cou t
i r ton, nd, c di y, fr he de
he nkr pt y
r.
1.
Fact and ProceduralBackeround
ual
The Osee we e t f smpl o r ofapiceofr a pr ry l a e i Fl r
t ns r he ee i e wne s
e
e l ope t oc t d n uvama
Cot y, r ni (heç ope t '.OnDe e
mt Vigi a t i ry')
pr
c mber1 2006,t Osee obti anon- c s
2,
he t ns aned
pur ha e
mone l n fo W M C M o t geCor (I M C' t us i rfna i t i morga ont
y oa rm
rga
p. 1
W
' o e n ei ncng her t ge he
)
Pr ry. Pur ua t t l n, he O s e ns s g a p om i s r not i t a ountof
ope t
s nt o he oa t
t e i ned r s o y e n he m
$1 650. a s lr d t not wih ade oftus.W M C s e
43, 00 nd ecze he e t
ed r t
ubs quenty l tt de oft s
l os he ed nzt
a ne rr cor d i.Al os t yea sl tr on De e be 11 2008, tri wa dic r d
nd ve e de t m t wo r ae ,
cm r ,
afe t s s ove e
t tt de d oftus ha ne rbe n r c de M r Cr g rfld ac
ha he e
r t d ve e e or d, . e ge ie
ompl nta i tt Osee
ai gans he t ns
i t Fl m na Cot y Cic tCour. The compl i s
n he uvr
mt r ui
t
a nt ough a or rco im i t tM r
t n de nfr ng ha
.
Cr ggerhel eq t bl ttet t Pr pe t a t tuseeon t dee a t tW M C hed a
e
d uia e il o he o ry s he r t
he d nd ha
l
pe f c e fr tle s urt i t r ti t Pr t M r Cr ge a s tl d aN otc ofLi
r e t d i s i n ec iy n e es n he opery. . eg r l o i e
ie
s
Pe ns
nde .
l M ac o 2 0 ,hep rise trdit astlme ta r e n (h G t e n
n rh f 0 9 t a te n ee n o ete n g e me t te t t me t
se l
Agre nf'wheent Ose nsa e dt delve aDe dofConfr to ofDe ofTr ta
e me ) ri he te gre o i r e
imain
ed
us nd
a Afi vi ofLos I tlm e t M r Cr gge ,
n fda t
t nsrl nt o . e r whowast n t r c d t de d.I e hange
he o e or he e n xc
f t s M r Cr e a e t volm t r l di m i st l w s ta r ue tt tt Li Pe ns
or hi , . egg r gr ed o t a iy s s he a ui nd eq s ha he s nde
ber ea ed. TheDe d ofConfr ai n ofDe d ofTnztwa r or d i t r co dsoft
el s
e
im to
e
s s ec de n he e r
he
Cl r oft Cic tCo tofFl
e k he r ui ur
uvnnnaComt onJ y 27,
t y
ul
2009. On Ocober29,20 M r
t
09, .
Cr rnons t t l ui a fl apa talr l s oft Li Pe ns OnNove be 4,
egge
uied he aws t nd ied
ri eea e he s nde .
m r
2009, t Ose nsfl d ape ii f rr ifunde Cha e 1 o t U. Ba u c Code. o n
l
he t e ie
tton o ele
r pt r 3 f he S. nkr pt y
J y 2O,201 t c ewa c
ul
0, he as s onve t t onea ii unde Cha er7,a t Tr t efld a
red o
rsng
r pt
nd he use ie
m otont ha an i pe n a t ne i tg t a pr e ut ac am agans t Ose ns
i o ve nde nde t tor y nvesi a e nd os c e l i
i t he t e
a t hode oft noeunde U. Bn ptyCod j5 TheTr tet nfldt i t
nd he l r he t
r S. nknl c
e 48.
use he ie he nsnnt
c pl i a l ng t ee c
om a nt legi hr ount . Co tOne s kst a d t O s e ns'oblg i unde t
s un
ee o voi he t e
i atons
r he
Se te e A g ee e a t a t nda tta f roft D e d ofConûr a i ofDee ofTr t
tl m nt r m nt nd he te n r ns e
he e
m ton
d
us
und 11U. C.j548() Cot Twos kst voi t Sete ntAg e men a t Dee of
er
S.
a . mt
ee o d he tlme r e t nd he d
Co imaino De do Tr s u d r1 U. C. 5 4b ( )a Va Co eAn j5 - .Co t
nfr to f e f u t n e 1 S. j 4 ()1 nd . d n. 5 81 un
Thr e s ekst a d a oblga i a t t c r nthol roft dee oft u tunde t
e e
o voi ny i ton s o he ur e
de
he d r s
r he
alg dyu p re tdo iia d e o tu t t s a tt 1 U. C. 5 4 a .
l e l n e fce rgn l e d f r s pz u n o 1 S. j 4 ()
e
r
The O s e ns a t Ba e c f l d m otonst dim i spur ua tt Rul 701 oft
t e nd he nk a h ie
i o s s
s n o
e 2 he
Fe r lRulsofBn ptyPr e e, c i oportsRul 1 b)6)oft Fed r lRul
de a e
nknl c oc dur whih nc r ae e 2( (
he e a es
ofCi lPr ed e. TheBa pt y Co tte t d t m o i t dimisa m otonsf
vi oc ur
nknz c ur r a e he tons o s s s i or
'On N ove be 19,
m r 2009, heOse nsfldanadv r a ypr e ng i t Ba u cyCou tagans M r Cr gger
t
te ie
e s r oce di n he nkr pt
r it . e ,
Sa
xon,Ocwe Ral E.M an a t se a Am e ia Ge r lFi nci Se vies I .chale ngt valdiy of
n, ph
i s ru te, nd
rc n ne a na al r c ,nc, lngi he i t
t Dee ofConfnna i ofD e d ofTr s on t g oundst tt Os e ns ha no r ei t i ba gai f r
he d
l ton
e
u t he r
ha he t e
d t ec ved he r r ned o
consderton a par oft Setlm e Agr m e .Thepa tese nt l stldt scam a t Ose ns
i ai s t he te nt ee nt
ri ve ualy e te hi li nd he t e
r ceve $6, 00fo Saxona Oc n,i ad to t ce t n morgageco esi .
e i d 000. r m
nd we n diin o rai
t
nc sons
3
s mmayj g n u d rRul 1 ( )a de trdj d me ti fv ro t ed fnd n so al
u r ud me t n e e 2 d n ne e u g n n a o f h ee a t n 1
count
s.
II.
D i cussi
s
on
A.
St
andar o Re e
d f vi w
Th sa d r o a pelt rve f r h g a t o s mmayj d me ti d n v .S w
e tn a d f p lae e iw o t e rni f u r u g n s e o o ha
ng
v. to ,1 F.d7 , 9 (t Ci. 9 4 .A mo i p ryi e tte t sl r j dg n (f
S rud 3 3 91 7 8 4h r 1 9 )
vng a t s nild o t
mmay u me t ç
i
t m o nts
he va howst tt r i no g nui dipu east an m ae i lf ta t mova i
ha he e s
e ne s t
o y tra ac nd he
nt s
e tte t j d me ta ama trof a ' F d. Ci P. 6a .A g n n is ee it Sfte
n ild o u g n s te lw. e R. v. 5 () e uie su x ss ç h
'
i
e d n ei s c t a ara o a ej r c udrtr av r itfrt en n v n p ry'
vie c s u h h t e s n bl u y o l eu n edc o h o mo i g a t.
'
An es nv Lie t Lo b . n .4 7U. 2 2 2 8( 9 6 .I e au tn wh t e ag n ie
d ro . b ry b y l c, 7 S. 4 , 4 1 8 ) n v laig eh r e un
is e ss cou t mus c t u a 1f c sa r a o ei e e e i t lg mos f vor bl
s ue xit , rs t onsr e 1 a t nd e s nabl nf r nc s n he i ht t a a e
t t en n va t No rs nRugCo v Pa vza 5 F.d2 , 9 ( t Ci. 0 8 .
o h o mo n . u io
p. . r iin, 35 3 95 2 9 4h r 2 0 )
B.
A nal i
ys s
i
.
Cli un r1 U. C. 5 8 a( )B)
am de 1 S. j 4 ()1 (
The fr tc
is ountoft c pl i a l ge t tt Tr t e m a a d t t a f roft
he om a nt le s ha he us e
y voi he r ns e
he
De d ofContr tonofDe dofTr s a afa e c ya et rj548oft U.
e
imai
e
ut s rudulnt onve nc mde
he S.
Ba pt y Code.Se ton 548 pr de t ta tu t ei a a danyta f r' a i e es i
nknl c
ci
ovi s ha r se d y voi
m
r ns e 'of n nt r t n
t debt ' pr pe t t twa ma on orwihi t ye r oft daeoft flng oft
he
ors o ry ha s de
t n wo a s he t
he ii
he
ba pty peii i t de o r cevedils t n ar as bl e ui l ntval 'i e ha
nknl c tton, f he bt r e i te s ha e ona y q va e
ue' n xc nge
f s hta f r a t de orwasi ol nton t daeoft ta f rorwa ma i ol nt
or uc r nse , nd he bt
ns ve
he t he r ns e
s de ns ve
4
2
a ar s l o s c ta se . 1 U. C. 5 8 a.Th p risd n tds uet a t ed b o wa
s e ut f u h rn fr 1 S. j 4 () e a t o o ip t h t h e tr s
e
i ol nta t tmeoft ta f rort tt tanse occ r e wihi t yea soft Ose ns
ns ve t he i
he r nse
ha he r f r u r d t n wo r he t e '
ba
nknm t pe ii n. A ti s i whe he t t a f rwasi exc nge f r s nabl e va e
cy tt o
s ue s t r he r ns e
n ha
or ea o y qui l nt
vaue
l .
Th wo dt au 'i d fn di j5 a ç r p ry, rs tsa to o s c rn o e e t
e r ç le's ei e n 48 s d o e t o aifcin r e u ig fapr s n
v
p
o a e e e t e to h d bo . 1 U. C. 5 8d ( )A)(mp a i a d d .Th v lee c
r ntc d n d b fte e tr' 1 S. j 4 ()2 ( e h ss d e ) e au a h
'
pa t r eve i s c i a e ede de i t vaue oft f ndsdibur e t t de or a
ry ec i s n e urng nt c nt bt s he l
he u
s s d o he bt , nd
t g r nt ofr pa e o s h f
he ua a ee e ym nt f uc undst t c e t . Ca el w m a scl a t tt a f r m a
o he r dior s a
ke e r ha r ns e s y
no bea de t rj5 meeybe us t c i r tonc it ofs lrda e ede
t voi d mde 48 rl ca e he onsde ai onsss ecze ntc nt
de .Se Pe er v.
bt e r ia Dow Che Co.tn r Trc I 'Hol nas 1 .,287B. 98,11 t kz
m. ' e a e ntl di .nc)
l
R.
0 Ban .
S. N. 2 0 )(Tr c 1 (t y n o a tc d n d b . . o t ue s s fiin
D. Y. 0 2 s a e ' t me t f ne e e t e t . c nsi tl) u fce t
) pa
t
c i rton ,...) Anandv. tona Re i Bn ofChiag (nr Ana , B. 511
onsdeai
';
'
Nai l publc nk
c o 1 e nd) 239 R. ,
51 ( D.11 1 9)(çheei nodiput t tc ltrlz tonofa a ec de de conf s
7 N. 1. 99 d- r s
f
s e ha olaeaiai
n nt e nt bt er
val on t de or snc t bn pt y saut sdei ton ofç l i l
ue he bt , i e he nknl c t t e' fnii
vaue' ncudeste urngofa
sc i
p e e to a tc d n d b o ted b o .' I r Co nd wno Co n ciu l c,1 5B. 1 ,
r s n r n e e e t e t f h e tr' n e u to f n e tc t n . 1 R. 8
);
2S cin5 8a()po ie i f1:
e t 4 ()1 rvd s n u1
o
Thetu tema a oi a yta se (n ldn a yta se t o frteb n fto a isde u d r
rse y v d n rn fr icu ig n rn fr o r o h e ei f n n i r n e
a e lyme tc nrc)o a itrs o t d bo i p o et, ra yo l ain(n l iga
n mpo n o ta t f n nee t fhe e tr n r p ry o n bi t icudn ny
g o
o iaint o frteb n f o a isd ru d ra e ly n c nrc)ic re b t d bo,
bl to o r o h e ei f n n ie n e n mpo me t o ta t n urd y he e tr
g
t
t twa ma ori red on orwihi 2 ye r beor t da eoft tlng oft peiin,i t
ha s de ncu r
tn
a s f e he t
he ii
he tto f he
de orvolmtrl ori untrl
bt
t a iy nvol aiy-
B)i rc ie ls ta arao a l e uv ln v lei e c a g frsc ta fro o iain
() e ev d es h n e s n by q iae t au n x h n e o u h rnse r bl to ;
g
and
(i()wa i ov n o tedaeta sc ta frwa ma eo s c o lg to wa ic re o
i I s nsle t n h t h t u h rnse s d r u h biain s n urd, r
)
bec mei ol ntasar ulofs hta froroblg i
a ns ve
es t uc r nse
iaton;
(1 wa e g g di b sn s o ata scin o wa a o t oe g g i b sn s o ata scin
1) s n a e n uie s r rn ato , r s b u t n a e n u ie s r rn ato ,
f rwhi a pr ryr m ani wih t de t rwasa u e o bl s alca t l
o
ch ny opet e i ng t he b o
n nras na y m l pia;
(1)itnd dt ic r o b l v dta ted bo wo l i t,d bsta wo d b b y n te
11 ne e o n u, r ei e h t h e tr ud nct e t h t ul e e o d h
e
r
debt ' a lt t pa a s h de sm aur d;o
ors biiy o y s uc bt t e r
(V)ma es c ta se t o frteb n f o a isd ro ic re sc o lg to t
1
d u h rn fr o r o h e ei f n n ie, r n urd u h biain o
t
orf t be t ofan i i r t ra e plym e c ta ta no i t or nay c s of
or he nek
nsde, mde n m o nt onr c nd t n he di r oure
busne s
i s.
21( n r Co n.1 9 )(ttngt tu d rç d j5 8 d ()A)a a tc d n d b c n ttts
Bn k . n 9 0 sai ha n e ç e 4 ( )2 ( n n e e e t e t o si e
co
u
vauef t grntngofas c iyi ees'a t ttheta f roft sc iyi ee tby(j
l or he a i
e urt ntr t' nd ha d rnse he e urt ntrs a
t
de or( s notha t bec e a ouswiht d e ntsl nt t de or).
bt doe )
ve o ontmporne
t he efnda ' oa o he bt '
Ther l ntque ton t n bec swhehe t val e ha d by t c lt r i ton
eeva
si he
ome
t r he ue xc nge
he ola ealzai
ofapa tde consiut sC e ona y eq vae vaue. TheTr se c r c l poi so t tt
s bt
tt e t as bl ui lnt l '
r
'
u t e ore ty nt ut ha he
de e na i ofr as bl eq vaen vaue i ge r ly f ts cii a mus bem e sze by
t nni ton e ona y ui l t l s ne al ac pe fc nd
t
a lr d
l ki a t t aiy oft cic tnc s Ofi a Comm .ofUns cle Cr dior v.
oo ng t he ot lt
he r umsa e . fcil
e tr d e t s
W a h va(nr Helg Me r Co. 2 7B. 4 , 2( n r E. Va 2 0 ) s eas l r
c o i I e i - yes ) 9 R. 6 5 Ba k . D. . 0 3 ) e lo n e
i
,
J r a , 9 B. 4 8 4 t r r D.d h 2 0 )($ ed tnn n to o r a o a l
o d n 3 2 R. 2 , 41 Bal . I a o 0 8 ç
k
Th ee i ain f e s n be
e vae mus bem a a oft tm eofta f r. .a i a l d fom t poi ofvi w o
qui lnce
t
de s he i
r nse . nd s nayze r he nt
e f
t de orscedior (st whehe t ta frldt di nutonofade o ' prpeii
he bt ' r t s a o t r he rnse e o1 mi i
btrs e tton
a s t.) Ho ve, s c u t ta h v c nsd r dt eq e to h ved tr n dt a t e
s es' . we r mo t o rs h t a e o ie e h u sin a eemie h t h
'
s c ii to ofantce ntde wilnea l awa n
e urtzai n
e de
bt l ry l ys mountt r a ona y eq vaen vaue
o e s bl ui l t l .
Fo e ppl,i Ge on v. la n Ove s asFundeLt ae a . I r Apple The v
r xa e n r
Pal di
re
d. t 1 (n e
i d or
Co D. 3 3B. 8 8( n r S. N. 2 0 )t eCo r rj ce aj5 8 a cam o t eg omd
r l 2 R. 3 Ba k . D. Y. 0 5 ,h u t ee td
,
4 4) li n h r t s
t tt de t ' g a ofa s c iy i e e tt gua a e apror$30m ilon l n ne e s rl
ha he b ors r nt
e urt nt r s o r nt e i
li oa c s a iy
c n t e r a o a l e ui ln v le eCo r r a o dt a tth sc rt itrs d dn t
o si d e s n by q vae t au .Th u t e s ne h tç l e e u iy n ee t i o
mt
g
pr det Lende swih arghtt r cevea hi m or t n t a
ovi he
r t i o e i nyt ng e ha he mountoft mone t y ha
he
y he d
pr de a t de or sla lte di no i r as d t t s c iy i e e t' l a 841
ovi d, nd ht bt ' ibiiis d t nc e e ue o he e urt nt r s . d. t .
'
The Cour hed t twhe a e e ntde c tt t C r wed mone t twa a t ly
t l ha
n nt c de
bt onsiu es l o
bor
y ha s cua l
r c i d,' he s c ii to oft tve y s m e de w ilus ly n ot tt r as bl e va e
e e ve ' t e urtza i n ha r a
bt l ua l m m o e ona y qui l nt
val I a 841,844.
ue. d. t
6
Si ia l i l r Ana t dititc r a fr t ba pt c tsde ii n
m l ry, n n e
nd, he src ou t fimed he nknl cy our' c so
hol ng t tt a s g e ofi e es i r lesat asc l t r lt s c e pa tba l ns
di ha he s i nm nt nt r t n ea t e ola e a o e m
s nk oa
n mt d t r as bl e valntval . 239 B. at51 TheCou tnot d t ti wa
mot e o e ona y qui e
ue
R.
7.
r e ha t s
pr nt by Se n h Cic tc ea fo a tngt ba
eve ed
ve t r ui as lw r m dop i he nknmt y co tsde e m i tont t
c ur' t r na i ha
t s c ii to ofa ec de de tne es a iy a
he e urtza in
nt e nt b c s rl mount t r a o bl e vae vaue a a
ed o e s na y qui lnt l s
l ha t s r tong ndi t ha he tndar ha be n m e . l a
d d e
t d. t
m a t rofl w , buthed t ti wa ave y sr i caort tt sa
te
a 3
51 - The Cour e a ned:
7 18.
t xpl i
Eh lv lec n e 'do t ed b o i n ls sg iia t e t ed b o p o ie
t e au o fne n h e tr s o e s infc n wh n h e t r r v d s
s curt f r a a e ede t de t r t r t n doi s a t tm e oft orgi l
e iy o n nt c n b , ahe ha
ng o t he i
he i na
l n ta a ton. W hen one f us o t f c t tt vaue t de orr eves
oa r ns c i
oc es n he a t ha he l he bt ec i
i t ep o e d o tela isl . .h g eb n rp c c u tud es a p o c i
s h r c e s f h o n tef . t e t a k u ty o rj g ') p r a h s
h
e i nty s nsbl By de ton,a s urt i e es i pe d t t va ueoft
m ne l e i e.
fnii
ec iy nt r t s gge o he l
he
s c led as e s a hi h de e ofeq va e be wee t t o va ues i ,t r f e
e tr
s t ; g gr e
ui l nce t n he w
l s he e or ,
a s f a s pton.
a e s um i
I . t51 (iigl r So t mak Co 1 8B. 8 , 3 ( n N. Te 1 9 )( n igta
d a 8 ctn n e uh r p, 3 R. 20 8 0 Ba k. D. x. 9 2 t dn h t
i
t c lae aiaino d b û u rne dt a (h d bo jwo dr c i ra o a ye uv ln
he o ltr l to f e tç aa te h t t e e tr ul e eve e s n bl q iae t
z
g
va uei e ha f t pl
l n xc nge or he edgeofs trte 'be a et lnde çc d lqui t t cola e al
eczii s' c us he e r çoul i da e he lt r
3Th dsrc c ut ttdt l o g tec u t a tn n fa i Ih ba k u tyc u tu g 'lc n lso ta
e itit o r sae t t u h h o r cn i d o lws n te n r pc o rjd es o cu in h t
ah
Anandr c ve r as bl eq valn val asam a troflw,t c ti c tane t co i rf cst t
e ei d e ona y ui e t ue
te
a he our s onsr i d o nsde a t hathe
ban upt c zt d no 'I a 518.Theba r cyco tsex anai f a i ape s nlei asf l :
kr cy olr di t' d. t
nk upt ur' pl ton or doptng r e l s olows
l i obviust twhe de i wih t e ha ofonease f a he ,t c tmus c pae
ts
o ha
n alng t he xc nge
st or not r he our
t om r
t val ofwha t deb o s rendeed wih wha t de orr ceve Buthe et De ordi
he ue
t he t r u r r
t
t he bt e i d.
r he bt d
notgi up alofhi i e e ti t M o
ve
1
s ntr s n he kenapr ry;he onl gav t ban a i ees i t t
ope t
y e he k n ntr t n ha
pr pe t s t e t s c epa
o ry ufkint o e ur ymentofhi de s Thedifr nc i c ii l
s bt.
fe e e s rtca.
A s ctr c e t doe no own t colatr scurng adeb ;t c ediorhasnorg s
e led r dior s t
he l eal e i
t he r t
iht
i t colaer exc pt as ne esa y t pr e t t cl m .The de or c i s t own t
n he lt al e
c sr o otc he ai
bt ontnue o
he
pr pe t t s c ed c e t has o y t rghtt f c islqui ton f t s e pur e of
o ry; he e ur r dior
nl he i o or e t i da i or he ol
pos
pa ng t s tr de .A s curd crdiori notentte t c lctm or t n t amou oft
yi he ecled bt e e e t s
ild o ole
e ha he
nt he
de 9om s alq da i oft c ltr .An c ltr lval i exc ssoft de i a lbl
bt
uch iui ton he olaeal y olae a ue n e
he bt s vaia e
t s tsy ohe c e t s The de or not t tndi t tanse of a s c iy it es,ca
o aif t r r dior .
bt , wihsa ng he r fr
e urt ner t n
r lze t val oft c l t r li e es oft de by s li t pr r y orbor owi on a
ea i he ue he ola e a n xc s he bt e lng he ope t
r ng
jmirl n Th v leo tepo et, e o dtea u to ted b,st rfr n tls t te
t o i . e au f h rp ry b y n h mo n fh e ti heeoe o o to h
e
de ororohercedior asars toft ta f r
bt
t r t s
e ul he rnse .
I r An n 2l B. 4 6 4 85 ( n N. 11 1 9 )(iain o te )
n e a d, 0 R. 5 , 5 -9 Ba k. D.1. 9 7 ctt s mitd.
o
7
up t t a
o he mountoft de a a r lt d oblg tonsu rt pldg a e ntbutha t
he m nd nd ea e
iai
nde he e e gr eme
do
r unt t edpori oft c ltr '
etr he mus
ton he olaeal).
Th nz n i Peer v. w Che Co.I r Trc ltl lig s n . 3 B. 8 ,
e l g n ria Do
i
m. (n e a e n 'Hodn s I c) 01 R. 01
,
8 5( n r S. N. 2 03 (t- c 1' , u p rst i c n l ina wel I t a c s ,h
0 Ba k . D. Y. 0 ) sl a e 1' s p o t h s o cuso s l. n h t a e te
-r
)
Cou the dt ta4 e e e i ltanse t ts ts a a t ce ntde c dnotbede m e t
r l ha t f r nta r f r ha aifed n n e de
pr
bt oul
e do
be afa e co ya ebe a et e se oft a ec de de ts tsi d t
r udul nt nve nc c us he xitnce he nt e nt b a ife he
r r m e ofr as na y e val ntva ue orf i c ns de a i ' l a 805. The Co t
equie nt e o bl qui e
l
a r o i r ton. d. t
'
ur
ex ai dt ttl as consdeai i g c i rton.Ana e de de stsi t
pl ne ha dpl t i rton s ood onsdeai
ntce nt bt aifes he
r r m e off i c i r ton a r as bl e vae vaue,a pu tngasdeta f r t
equie nt a r onsde a i nd e ona y qui lnt l nd ti
i r nse s o
i ies tep y n o a e it la ii i n t ru ue t' 1 ( u tto makso t d ;
nsd r,h a me t f n xsi ib ly s o fa d ln . d.q oain r mit l
ng
t
'
e
s eas I r Helg- e r Co.297B. 46,54( nkr E. Va.
e lo n e ii M ves ,
R.
Ba . D. 2003)( a i amotont
grntng
i o
d s s o t eg o n t a t eis eo ra o a l e uv ln v lewa t o j to eo fc b t
imis n h r u d h t h su f e s n by q iae t au s t tus n f a t u
n
al o i plc t s a ge a prnc pl d i d f om t c s st tat a f rofas e s f lensw il
s m ia e
ner l i i e erve r he a e ha r ns e
s t or i
l
or naiyber as bl e valntvaue'.
di rl e ona y qui e l '
)
Co rst a h v rj ce t ep o sto ta t ec laeaiaino patd b
u t h t a e ee td h rpo iin h t h o ltrl to f s e t
z
a oma i ly c tt e r s bl e valntval ha r id on a s tofditng s ng
ut tcal onsiut s ea ona y qui e
ue ve ele
e
si uihi
c r c e itc . Fore mpl ,anumbe ofc esi veta f r al dl madet i i
ha a t rsis
xa e
r as nvol r ns e s lege y
o nsde
pa tesc os y a s it d wih t de or Se W are v. e (n r Skumpia , 11 00338,
ri l el s oca e t he bt . e r n Abr u I e
i) No. -
2011W L 5909263t nkr E. N. 2011 ( nyi amotont dimisac antalgi a
Ba . D. C. ) de ng
i o s s ompli le ng
fa e ta f bewe n ade ora aco poai ownedb t de o ' s e)
rudulntr nser t e
bt nd r rton
y he btrs pous ;
Ki r nv.Onvx Cor ,411B. 805,851( D. 2009)( l ngt tta fr rducnga
ppema
p.
R.
N. Ga.
hodi ha rnse s e i
d b p o ier ao a l e uvae tv lei t eta frei n ta o fc r drco , rmao
e t r vd e s n by q i ln au f h rnsee s o n fie , ie t r o j r
s rhol roft ta fr ) Ot c e ha i vedq si a t whehe t de t
hae de he rnseor. her ass ve nvol uetons s o t r he bor
8
ac al r eved t prorl n pr e .Se Stlwae Na ' Ba a Tr tCo. Kite (n
m ly ec i he i oa oc eds e il tr tl nk nd us
v. rlv l
r Sol
e omon) 299B. 626,637(0t Ci.BAP 2003 ( di t tta fr donotnec s aiy
,
R.
1h r
) hol ng ha r nse s
e s rl
c tt e r a ona y e va e val wher t tde t r c ve no l n pr e dsf om t
ons iut e s bl qui l nt ue
e he i b or e ei d
oa oc e r he
a tc d n d b a d ( d b oqo l p o ie tesc rt f rat r p ry' a tc d n d b '.
n e e e t e t n t e tr ny r vd s h e u i o hid at s n e e e t e f)
he
y
Suc c i r tonsr ie a tona que to off c ast t i e to oft pa tesand
h onsde ai a s ddii l si ns a t o he nt n i ns he ri
r quieacl e e ua i ofwhe he t tanse wa f rr a ona y eq va e tvaue Theca e
e r
os r val ton
t r he r f r s o e s bl ui l n l .
s
a ha i ve no s h al tonsofata f rbewe n i i r oraque to ast whehe t
t nd nvol s uc legai
r nse t e nsde s
si n o
t r he
O see a m a l r c ve t l n pr ee .
t ns c ly e ei d he oa oc ds
The Ose s c e a ec de de whe t y a e t ta f rt Dee of
t ens e ur d nt e nt bt n he gr ed o r nse he d
Confr ai ofDe ofTnztt t rlnde spu s ntt t Se te e Agr e e .The ha
im ton
ed
s o hei e r r ua o he tlm nt e m nt
y d
r ceve $1 650 i f ndsi 20 fom W M C whe t y trtta f red ade d oftus o t
e i d 43, n u n 06 r
n he i s r ns e r
e
r t n he
Pr t Tlr ye r l e , he s c e t tde by a ne D e d ofConfr aton ofD e d of
opery. lee a s at r t y e ur d ha bt
w e
im i
e
Tr s t te il d W M C t rg si cola e a up t t n
u t ha ntte
o i ht n lt r l o he mountoft no e.Thee ha wa
he t
xc nge s
t f r a ona yequi l ntval - t $1 650 t Ose nsr c ve i e ha e f ra
hus or e s bl
va e
ue he 43, he t e e ei d n xc ng o
s ur d i e es i t ts e n oun he d by t c r n t u t ,M r Cr
ec e nt r t n ha am m
t l
he ur e t r s ee . egge .
r
TheBa pt y Cour i t sc edee mi d t tt s c ii a i ofa ec de de
nknz c
tn hi as tr ne ha he e urtz ton nt e nt bt
ne es a iy n o st r a ona y equi al ntva ue. Se Ca l han v.Os e e a1, o.09c s rl m unt o e s bl
v e
l
e la
t en t . N
63551
( n . . Va Ma . 0 2 2 (T g a t o asc rt itrs i c l tr l o a
Ba kr W D. . r 3 , 01 ) ç he rni f e u iy n eet n ol ea f r n
$
ng
a
a ec de de doesnotc tt eafa e c
nt e nt bt
onsiut r udulnt onve nceunde Sec i 548be a et
ya
r ton
c us he
g a i ofas c iyi e etwilal ysc tt eras bl e vae val ' .Howe r
' ntng
r
e urt ntr s l wa onsiut e ona y qui lnt ue.)
'
ve,
t s c t d notde e mi whe he s h a pe s r e i c r t be us unde t f c soft s
hi our nee
t r ne
t r uc
r e ul s or ec , ca e
r he a t
hi
ca e i i c e t tt va ue oft De o Confr a i ofD e d ofTnl tdi no s gnii nty
s , t s l ar ha he l
he ed f
im ton
e
s d t i fca l
e e t $1 650 l n t tt Ose r evedi 2009.No mal rwha t Ba a tmpt d
xce d he 43, oa ha he tens ec i n
te
t he nk te e
9
t do wih isne y pe f td s c iy i e e t i woul ne rbe a et o ai a hi m o e
o
t t wl rece e urt nt r s, t
d ve
bl o bt n nyt ng r
t nt de pr ee f whih isi e es s r ed a c lt r l Li wie t Ose di no
ha he bt oc ds or c t ntr t e v s ola e a . ke s , he tens d t
s tha t el by ma ng t ta f r t yr c ve $1 650,f whi t y
horc nge hems ves
ki he r nse - he e ei d 43,
or ch he
tansere aco pa a ei e e ti t i lnd.
r f rd
m r bl nt r s n her a
I i t Tnzt sposton t tt Bn i a ki f t De ofConfr ton ofDee
t s he see' ii ha he nk, n s ng or he ed
ima i
d
ofTr s , a s m pl s eki t pe f ta a r a s c ii e l n i a a tm ptt i pr is
u t w s i y e ng o r ec n l e dy e urtz d oa n n te
o m ove t
postonr ltvet o he c e t swih i e e t i t Pr pe t .4 The Tr t ea g t tt
ii ea i o t r r dior t nt r ss n he o ry
use r ues ha he
ta f rdi notgi t Bn a ne s c iy on t pr - xitng de , ndt ti smpl
r nse d
ve he nk ny w e urt
he e e si
bt a ha t i y
r afi m ed a i e e tt Bn a r dy pos e s i a e f tt gai prort ove ot r
e fr
n nt r s he nk lea
s s ed n n f or o n i iy r he
cedior.Howe r s h apostonatmpt t ta f m afa e c ya cam unde j
r ts
ve , uc
ii te s o rnsor rudulnt onve nce li
r
548()i oaprfr nc a tonund rj5 ( .I c rancrlmsa s ta fr ma be
a nt ee e e ci
e 47b) n e ti icz tnce ,rnses y
a de whe t y a ema wih a e t wa dsbe ftng c ran c e t r ove ot r . 11
voi d
n he r de t n ye o r
ne ii e ti r dio s r he s
U. C. 5 7 b .Ho ve, 5 7b rq ie t a s c ta sesaea oia l o l wh ntel n
S. j 4 ( ) we r j 4 () e u rs h t u h rn fr r v d b e ny e h i
e
ta i tes b e to t ta fri p re tdwi i nieyd yso ted t t ed bo tldis
h t s h u j c f he rnse s efce t n n t a f h ae h e tr se t
h
ba pt peiin.11U. C.j5 b)4) Peha be us t r i noquesi t tt De d
nknz cy tto
S. 47( ( . r ps ca e hee s
ton ha he e
ofConfr ton ofDe d ofTnztwaspe f c e mor t nni t daysbef et Ose nsfl d
ima i
e
s
re t d
e ha ney
or he t e ie
f bn pty,a t c nnotbea de l rt pr f r nc s ut , heTr t esyl d hi
or nknl c nd hus n
voi d mde he e e e e lt e t
use t e s
c mplita afa d ln c n e a c a to u d rj5 8 a .W h tv rtera o ,h Tr se '
o an s ru ue t o v y n e cin n e 4 () ae e h e s n te u tes
f a entc
r udul onveya e c a m m us f lbe aus asa r s d a
nc l i
t ai c e, dd es e bove, he O see r ei d
t
t ns ec ve
r a ona y e valntval whe t y ta f red t De d ofConfr ton ofDe d ofTr t
e s bl qui e
ue
n he r nse r he e
ima i
e
us.
Ot rc t ha a e s d t i s ofc e t sco l tng t pr f r ntala f a
he our s ve ddr s e he s ue r dior nf a i he e e e i nd r udul n
et
conve nc s a ut ,a ha f t t a gum e t r uasve. See l r K a a Br l w A s
ya e t t es nd ve o md he r
nt mpe s i
n e pl n es a
h.
4Pefcino al ni ata fru d rj5 ( )1.
re t f i s rnse n e 48d()
o
e
10
LLC, 6 B. 3 9 3 0t n r S. N. 2 01 (l ad bo gv samo ta et s c r ade t
2 4 R. 0 , 3 Ba k . D. Y. 0 ) E f e t r ie
$
rg g o e u e b
i a r dy has a a e de d bt a me t t ot rsa u or r quieme s.. t gi ng of
t lea
- n nt ce nt e - nd e s he he tt t y e r nt . he vi
t a mo ta ema b aprfrn e b tti no afa d ln c n e a c . ;seas Trc 1 3
h t rg g y e eee c , u i s t ru ue t o v y n e' e lo a e , 01
)
B. a 8 5 0 (t s c nsd rto i g o c n ieain. . ( h p eee ta ta frd e
R. t 0 - 6 ç t o ie ain s o d o sd rto . . T) e rfr nilrnse o s
pa
n tc n ttt afa d ln c n e a c .
o o siue ru ue t o v y n e'
).
M or ove ,wha e rl lm e i t r ma bei t ditnci be we n s c ii to a
e r
t ve ega rt he e y n he si ton t e e urtza in nd
pe f ton wih r pe tt fa e tta f r ,t co t i t l kofa e t bl ditnc i
rec i
t es c o r udul n r nse s he ur fnds he ac
n quia e si ton
i t sc e t be s gnii a . Bot de e nt i e d a lal f t Bn t hol a i e es
n hi as o
i f c nt
h f nda s nt nde l ong or he nk o d n nt r t
i t Pr ry up t t n oun oft l n, t Se te e A g ee en he ped a c pls
n he ope t
o he m
t he oa and he tl m nt r m t l
c om i h
t tmut li e bym a ng s et Bn hel s c iy f t Osee 'de . I woul bea
ha
ua ntnt
ki ur he nk d e urt or he t ns bt t
d
pe v r i n oft i e ofbot pa tes a i en t twasfr te nc d i 2006and r mai d i
r e so
he nt nt
h ri - n nt t ha
is vi e n
e ne n
pl c i 2009 t hol t tM r Cr ersf iur t r co d t de d c ul s m e
ae n
- o d ha . egg ' a l e o e r he e o d o how de e tt
f a he
Bn s rghtt a i e es i t Pr pe t The Se te e tA g ee e gr nt d t Ba t
nk' i o n nt r t n he o ry.
tl m n r m nt a e he nk he
i e es t tt O s e ns t
nt r t ha he t e houghtt ha a r dy g ve u a i c pe a e t Ba f t
hey d lea i n p, nd t om ns t d he nk or he
f nds i ha pr vi l l t t O see . A tno poi w a e t rpa t a t m ptng t
u
t d e ous y ent o he t ns
nt s ihe ry te i o
c r umve t pum os oft notc saut ,whi h i sm pl t ma ou sdepa tesawa eof
ic
nt he
e he i e t t e
c s i y o ke t i
ri
r
a i e esst tm a behe d i apr ry,a t c ts dno r a r
ny nt r t ha y
l n ope t nd he our houl t e rangee pos f c o t
x t a t he
pa tes i e e t i t nn e oft f a e c ve nc s a ut The ta f roft D e d of
r i ' nt r s s n he m
he r udul nt on ya e t t e.
r ns e
he e
Confr a i n ofD e ofTr tpt s ntt t Se te e tA g ee e wasf r as
im to
ed
us l ua o he tl m n r m nt
r
or e onabl
y
11
e uv ln vau , n tu c n o b a od du d rj5 8 a. c r igy t eBa k u ty
q iae t le a d h s n n t e v ie n e 4 () Ac o dn l, h n r pc
Co tsde ii ast Co Onei afi me 5
ur' cson o unt
s tr d.
1.
1
Cli und r1 U. C. 5 4 b ()a Va Co ej5 am
e 1 S. j 4 ( )1 nd . d 5 81
I CountTwo,heTr t s e t a dt ta f und U. Ba pty Codej
n
t usee e ks o voi he r nser er S. nknl c
5 4 b ( ) whc gv st etu tei ab n r p c c s p we t a oda yta se o a itr s
4 ( )1, ih ie h r se n a k u ty a e o r o v i n rn fr f n n ee t
oft de ort ti voi bl und ra plca esa elw .6 Thi es e i ly g ve t Tr t
he bt ha s da e e p i bl tt a
s s ntal i s he usee
sa ngt brngac us o acin se ngt voi t ta frunde Va.
tndi o i
a e f to e ki o d he r nse
r Codej55- .Seci
81 ton
55 81pr de t te r ta f rby a i ol ntta f r whih i ç upon c i r to
ovi s ha ve y r nse
n ns ve r ns e or c s t
not
onsde ai n
dee
medval bl i l w s l... voi ast c edior whos de ss l ha bee c r td
ua e n a hal be d o r t s
e bt hal ve n ontace
a t tm ei wasm a ' To a d ata f rt rt ssa ut t pl ntf ç us de o ta e
t he i t
de.
'
voi r nse mde hi tt e, he ai if t t m nsr t
m
t a ( )ata se wa ma e ( )teta se wa n ts p o tdb c n ie ain d e dv la l
h t 1 rn fr s d ,2 h rn fr s o u p re y o sd r to e me au b e
i lw, n ( )teta se wa d newh nteta fr rwa i s le to teta se rn e e
n a a d 3 h rn fr s o
e h rnseo s n ov n r h rn fr e d r d
t ta fr i ol n . Shaav.M e r(nr Me r, F. 352,353( hCi. ) The
he rnseor ns ve t' i
'
ve I e ye) 244 3d
4t r 2001.
s co el m e s m pl r f r t G y va ua e c i r ton r c i d by t t a f r ,' d.
e nd e nt i y e e s o n
an l bl ons de a i e e ve
he r ns e or' l
(mph ssi o ii a)( i to o te ) a dt o sn t e u r ra o a l e uv ln v le' Ce a i n rg n l ct in mitd , n t e o rq ie e s n by q iae t au .
a
d
'
T of r ii v. zo h eAso . d. rn rhp No. - 5 8 * ,1 9 W L 1 3 7( t Ci.
Vicna El s o s c Lt Pate s i, 91 1 7 , 2 9 2
r
2 0 4h r
5Alho h t Ba pty Cour di notadd e st is ,t defnda salo aguedt tt yr ceve ras nabl
t ug he nkru c
t d
r s he sue he e nt s r
ha he e i d e o y
e val val unde t c tonsoft Seteme Ap e me endi t l ui bewe t Ose nsa t
qui ent ue
r he ondii
he tl nt
e nt ng he aws t t en he te nd he
Ba The ei s m ea hort f t pr posto t ar ea efom ltgaton c n s r e a ade t c de ain
nk. r s o ut iy or he o iin hat el s r ii i a e v s quae onsi r to
t e j5 8a, e l r J r n 3 2B. a 4 2CRe sn bee uiae c cnce ryi ld teei naino
md r 4 ()se n e oda , 9 R. t 4 ç ao a l q v ln e a lal ncu e h l to f
mi
camso liains', we e, e a s tec u t a d tnnn dta tes c rt aino a tc d n d b
li ri g t .)ho v r b c u e h o r h s ee ie h th e u iz to f ne e e t e t
t o '
i
consiut r as
tt es e onabl e valntvauei t sc e,t cou tne not a do not r c t deenda s
y qui e
l n hi as he r ed , nd es , ea h he f nt'
a tona ar
ddii l gume s
nt.
6S cin5 4b)1 po ie i f1:
e to 4 ( () rvd s n u1
Ex eta p o ie i p rga h() t tutema a oda yka se o a itrs o t ed bo
c p s r vd d n aa rp 2 ,he r se y v i n n fr f n neet f h e tr
i pr ry ora oblgain i ure by t de o t ti voi bl u e a ia e lw by a
n ope t
ny i to nc r d
he btr ha s da e nd r pplc bl a
c e t hol ng a uns tr cl m t ti al a eunde s ci 502 oft stte ort ti not
r dior di n ecled ai ha s low bl
r e ton
hi il
ha s
alwa eo l u d rscin5 2 e o titte
lo bl ny n e e to 0 () f hs i .
l
1
2
J n 2 ,1 9 ) Th s t ec n ie ainrq ie n t e j5 - i ls srn e t h nu d rj
a . 9 9 2 . u ,h o sd rto e ur me t md r 581 s e s tig n t a n e
548()oft U. Bn uptyCode.Bec us t c r ha deemi dt tt s trtz tonof
a he S. nkr c
a e he ou t s tr ne ha he ecliiai
t Ose 'a e ede de tc tt e ra ona ye vae val unde j5 a ,t
he tens ntc nt b onsiuts e s bl qui lnt ue r 48() i
ne esaiys fc asa val bl c i rtonu rj55 81.M o e r Vigi alw make
c srl ufies ny ua e onsdeai nde
r ove, r ni a
s
cea iha a e ed de . .c tt e vaua ec nsde ai f rg a i ofade d oft s .
l r t t nt c ent bt . onsiut s l bl o i r ton o r ntng
t
e
nzt'
'
Unie St lSuppl LLC v.D&E Ac ston Cor .l , 7: 1 v00326,*3,
t d ee
y.
quiii
p. nc.No. 1 c
2011W L
61
76224( . Va. c.1 2011 ( tngl piai Co .l v.Muli ,690F.Supp.15
W D. De , ) cii ns rton al nc.
lns
02,
1 0 ( . Va 1 8) seas Ba ko Co rev Ro e r & Th me I .21 Va 7 ,
5 5 W D. . 98 ); e lo n f mmec . s ma y
y .nc, 8 . 81
78 ( 978 .Asexpl ne a
4 1 )
ai d bove,heOsee 'r eptoft $1 650. i l npr ee i
t t ns ec i
he 43, 00 n oa oc ds n
exc nge f t m o t geon t Pr ry c rai y qua ii sa s evaua eco i r ton,
ha
or he rga
he ope t e t nl
lfe s om
l bl nsde a i
a t Ba r pt y Cour ' de i i n ast CountTwo i a fr e
nd he nk u c
ts c s o
o
s f im d.
ii
i.
Cl m unde 11U. C.j544()3)
ai
r
S.
a(
Laty t Tnztes e st a odteta se u d r1 U. C. 5 4()3 .Thss cin
sl,he se e k o v i h rn f r n e 1 S. j 4 a () i e to
oft ba u c c gi stuse st rg sa powe so bonafdepur has r f vaue of
he nkr pt y ode ve r t e he i ht nd
r f
i
c e s or l
t de o ' pr ry. Thus i t De d ofContr ai ofDee ofTr s i s tasdea t
he bt r s ope t
, f he e
im ton
d
u t s e i nd he
ta f ra de t orgi de d oft s woul r man unr c de a t rece and, he
r ns e voi d, he i nal e
nzt
d e i
e or d nd mpe f td,
t
Tnz t e asa bo fde pur has , oul ha fr trg st t pr ee oft s l oft
se ,
na i
c er w d ve i s i ht o he oc ds he a e he
Pr pe t Howe r ha ng dee m i d t tt ta f rs d notbe s ta i t Tr se i
o ry.
ve , vi
t r ne ha he r nse houl
e sde, he u te s
t bl t pr valon CountThr e, ndt Bn pty Cour' de ii i afl med.
ma e o e i
e a he nknz c
ts c son s tr
111
.
C oncl i
us on
The A ppe l nthasf l t s
la
aied o how why t t a f rofa i er s i t O see 'Pr ry
he r ns e
n nt e t n he t ns ope t
w as notf adequat cons der i undert applcabl feder and s at l s. A s a r ul,t
or
e
i aton
he
i e
al
t e aw
es t he
Ba
nkm pt y Cour ' de i i n w ilbe a fr e i a lr s c s An a o i t or rs l i s
c
ts c s o
l
f im d n 1 e pe t .
ppr pr a e de ha l s ue.
13
TheClr i dr c e t s nd c rii c pi so t sm e o a
ek s ie t d o e e tfed o e f hi m r ndum o ni andt
pi on
he
a om pa ng or rt t pa tes
cc
nyi
de o he r i .
n
ENTER:Ths t't d yo Oco e, 01 .
i t q a f tb r2 2
'
l
Chi fU nied St t s Di t i tJ
e
t
a e s rc udge
14
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?