Gilbert v. Colvin

Filing 15

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 11/27/13. (hnw)

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CL S OFFI U' , ST. ERK' CE S DC COURT AT RQANOKE, A ' I T UNIEDS AT DIT CTCOURT N HE T T ES S RI FRTE SENDSRC O VRII O H WETR ITIT F IGNA CHARLOTTESVI LLE DI SI VI ON 6 FE I/ L y g 2j ; yg g J t . L Y C/ K ULA D E , E BY: K JA CK R .GI LBERT,J . R, Ci lAc i N o. 3: 3CV 0001 vi ton 1 0 Pl ntf , ai if M EM O M N DU M O PI O N NI CARO LY N W .COLV I A c i N, tng Co mis o rofSoc a Se trt m s i ne i l c liy, By: Ho Gln E.Com a n. e d ChifUnie St t sDititJ e e t d a e src udg De e ant f nd . Pl i ifhasf l t s a ton c l ngi t fna de i i n oft Com m i s one ofSo a a ntf ied hi c i hale ng he i l c s o he si r ci l Sec iy de ng pl i ifs c ai f a perod ofdi a lt a di a lt i ur e bene islnde m t nyi a ntf l m or i s biiy nd s biiy ns anc ft l r t SocalSe trt Ac,asa nde 42 U. C.jj41 i a 423.J iditon oft scou ti he i cziy t me d, S. 6() nd urs ci hi r s pt s ntt j205( oft Ac,42U. C.j405() Asr l ce byt me a a agtme l ua o r g) he t S. g . ete td he mornda nd r z nt s itd by t pa te ,t is now be or t c ta e whehert Comm iso rs tna ubm te he ri s he s ues f e he our r t he s i ne ' s l de i i i s c son s uppo t d by s t n i e de ,o whe he t r i ' re ubs a tal vi nce r t r he e s ' good c us 'as t ne s ia e a e' o ce st t r ndi t c et t Commisone f f t rc i rton.Se 42U. C.j405( . ema ng he as o he si r or' he onsdeai ur e S. g) Thepl ntf, a kR. l r, r, sbo nonM a c 1 1 ai if J c Gibe tJ .wa r r h 8, 964, nd e nt l c plt dt a ve ualy om e e he nit g a i s hool M r Gibe thaswor d a a s r iori a he tng a arc toni n h r de n c . . l r ke s upe v s n a i nd i ondii ng busnes ,a asa engi e a m a ge f a a rm e com pl H e l tw or o a r gul i s nd n ne r nd na r or n pa t nt ex. as ked n e ar an s t i bas s i 2004. On M a c 1 201 pl i if f l d a a plc ton f a pe i of d us a ned i n z h , 0, a ntf ie n p i a i or r od diabiiy a di a lt i lr nc be ft . He a lge t the bec me di a e f a1f m sof s lt nd s biiy nsza e ne is le d ha a s bld or l or s t nta ga nf le pl m e to J nua y 1 200 d t ba k pr e sand di be es M r Gibe t ubs a i l i u m oy n n a r , 4 ue o c obl m a t . . l r now m a nt i t the hasr m a ne di a e t t pr e tm e.The r c d r a st tpl i if i a ns ha e i d s bl d o he es nt i e or eve l ha a ntf m e t i ur d s a usr qui e e sof heA c t ough t f t q r e of201 butno t r afe . t he ns e t t e r m nt t t hr he ourh ua t r 0, t he e t r See ae ,42 U. C.jj 41 i a 423() Cons que l M r Gibe ti e ild t dia lt , n. S. 6() nd a. e nty, . l r s ntte o s biiy i ur nc be i sonl i he ha esa i he t the be n e di a ed f a 1f m s of s t ntal ns a e neft yf s t bls d ha cm s bl or l or ubsa i ganf empl ntonorbeor Dec mbe 31 201 Se ge ,42U. C.j423() i ul oyme f e e r , 0. e n. S. a. M r Gibe tscli wasde e upon i ta c i r ton a r consde a i He t n . l r' am ni d niil onsde a i nd e i r ton. he r quese a rc ve a7:novohe rngandr viw beor a Admi srtveLa J e.l an e td nd e ei d . . ai ee fen nitai w udg n opi on d t d J y21, 1 t La J ni a e ul 201 ,he w udgeas de e nedt tM r Gibe t notdia e The lo t nni ha . l r was s bld. Law J udgef oundt tpli ifs fr fom s ve ei im e si l ng obe iy, pi dior ha antf ufe ed r e r mpar nt nc udi st s ne s der ( ge rtve dic die epos l de neai s sas/ t umbos ca f i ) h re i dibees melt ,afci a rl uson , ype tnson, a t lius fe tve d s r e ,e r i ds r ra dn xeyd s r e ( o tta mai srs ds r e) ( 2 ) Be a e io d rln nng iode, n n it io d r p s-ru tc te s io d r. TR 5 . c us oft s c tons t La J he e ondii ,he w udger l dt tpl n ifwasdia e f a1ofhi pa tr e n wor u e ha aitf s bld or 1 s s elva t k a tvii . Howe r t La J e de e mi t tM r Gibe tr t ne s fce f to l c i tes ve , he w udg t r ned ha . l r eai d ufi int unci na ca ciy f r a lm ie r ng of lg wor ac i t The La J pa t o i t d a e i ht k tviy. w udge as e s d pl i if s r s dua s s e a ntf e i l fmc i lc pa t asf l ws: t tona a ciy olo Afe c r f c i r ton oft e ier co d,heunde sg d fndst ,t ough tr a e ul onsde a i he ntr e r t r ine i hat hr t da e l ti ur d,t cli a ha t r sdua f nc i lca ct t pe l m he t as ns e he am nt d he e i l u tona pa iy o rbr lg wor asdei d i 20CFR 404.567( e e hec do nowor rquii iht k fne n 1 b) xc pt an k e rng m or t n oc as o l c i bi ba a i soopi kne i c o hi or e ha c i na lm ng, l nc ng, t ng, elng, r uc ng, c a i mus a dco nta e e ur t haz r rwlng; t voi nce r t d xpos e o a dousm a hi r andunpr e t d c ne y otc e he ght i or i lm ie o sm pl , outne, ndr pe ii as i aw o ke r ent i s w k s i t dt i e r i a e ttvet ks n r nvionm fee off s - e pr r a tpac d oduc i n r uie e sand i vi onl s m pl wor r a e to eq r m nt nvol ng y i e k- el t d de i i nsw ih f w , fa wor pl e c cs o t e i ny, k ac hange ; nd w or m us i veno m o et sa k t nvol r han mi ma ( fne asg e trt nnone butls t no a i l itr tonwiht ni l dei d r ae ha , e sha cc sona) neaci t he publc, w or r ,a s ni o s i co- ke s nd upe s r . ( 27) Gi n s a rsdua fmci lc pa iy,a atrc i rng Mr Gibe tsa TR . ve uch e i l t tona a ct nd fe onsdei . l r' ge, e duea i n, nd pr orw o k e r e e, sw e la t tm ony f om avoca i le r , heLa J to a i r xpe i nc a l s es i r tona xpe t t w udge l edt t antf r t i s t int unc i l pa yt pe f m s ve a s c t lg wor r es ' ul ha pl i if e aned ufk e f tona ca dt o ror e r l pe ik iht k ol 2 a al r l va tmesprort t tr nai n ofhi i u e saus. Ac or ngl t Law J t l e e nt i i o he e mi to s ns r d t t c di y, he udge uli t l c l d t tM r Gibe twa notdia ed,a t the i no entte t a pe i of tma ey onc ude ha . l r s s bl nd ha s t ild o rod dia lt ordsbiiyi urnc be ft.Se 20C. R.j404.5 g) TheLa J s biiy ia lt ns a e neis e F. 1 20( . w udge' opi on s ni was ado e as t fnalde i i oft Com m i sone b t So a Se urt A dm i sr ton' pt d he i c s on he s i r y he ci l c iy ni ta i s Appea sCounc l Ha ng e use a la ia e a i sr tve r m e es M r Gibe tha now l i. vi xha t d 1 val bl dm nita i e di , . l r s a al d t t sc t ppe e o hi our . W hie pl i if m a be dia e f c rai f m s of e pl l antf y s bld or e t n or m oyme ,t c ucalf t l nt he r i acua dee mi toni whehe a n ifwa dia e f a 1 or ofs t ntal i ul mpl m e .See tr na i s t rpli tf s s bld or l f ms ubsa i ganf e oy nt 42U. C.j423( ( .Theeaef elment o pr whihmus bec i r i ma ngs h S. d)2) r r our e s f oof c t onsdeed n ki uc a a ay i.Th s ee n saes mma ie a f lo :( )o j ci eme ia fcsa d ci c l n n l ss e e lme t r u rz d s o lws 1 b e tv dc l a t n l a ni fndn s ( )h o no a dc n lso o te t p y iins ()s b e tv e d nc o p y ia i ig ;2 te piins n o cu ins fr ai h sca ;3 u j cie vie e f h sc l ng ma f utonsofi r ns a desrbe t oug acama 't tmony;a ( t cai ts nies i mpaime t, s ci d hr h li nts esi nd 4) he l man' e ai voc tona hit y,esdual kil, nda .Vie v. nc 438F. 11 11 60( h duc ton, ai l sor r i s ls a ge tk Fi h, 2d 57, 59- 4t Ci.1 ) Undewoodv. biof,298F. 850,85l( hCi.1 . r 971; r Ri c f 2d 4t r 962) Afer a r vi w of t r o d i t s ca e t co t i t bl t c l t t t t e e he ec r n hi s , he ur s ma e o oncude ha he Com misone ' fna de ii i s s i rs i l c son s uppore bys t n i e de td ubsa tal vi nce.Themedialr c d c ims c e or onfr t M r G'be t ufe sfom ba hat . i r s f r r l ckpr bl ms dibe e , ndemotona difc tes Thec t i s o e , a ts a i l fi uli . our beleve t tt La J epr rydetnni dt tpli tf si im e sdo no m e torequa a oft ha he w udg ope l e ne ha a n if mpar nt t e l ny he ls i underA ppe x 1 t Subpa tP oft A d i sr tve Reg a i Pa t404. See 20 C. R . i tngs ndi o r he m ni ta i ul tons r F. j404.520( 1Thec t lobeivest thee de es 1 *. our as le ha t vi nc upporst La J t he w udge' fndi t t r s i ng ha M . 1I a cl mantsuf e sfom a i pai f ai f r r n m nnent orcombi i ofi r e s whi m ee sore sa naton mpaim nt , ch t qual , lsi underAppendi 1,t cl manti de e m i t bedi a ed wihoutconsi a i off orss as itng x he ai s t r ned o s bl t der ton act uch age,educaton,and prorw or expere i i k ince. Gi e t sds b e f ralo hi p s r lv n wo kr ls S e2 C. R. 40 1 20 9.Ho v r l r i ia ld o 1 f s a t ee a t r oe . e 0 F. j 4.5 ( b we e , t c ti una e t de e new he he t evi nc s he our s bl o t nni t r he de e upporst La J t he w udge' de e m i t o t t s t r na i n ha M r Gibe tr t ne s t i n f tona ca ct t pe f r s ve a s cfcale naewor r es . l r eai d ufk e t unc i l pa iy o ro m e r l pe ii t r t k ol e si i sgnik a ntmbe i t nai le onomy. M or s c t aly,t co ti una e t xitng n i f nt z r n he tona c e pe ik l he ur s bl o c ude t t t La J oncl ha he w udge pr ry a s s d t voc tona i ope l s es e he a i l mpac of pl i ifs e oto l t antf m ina i pai m nnent s. W ihoutg ng i o a y g e tde ala t s tm e t c tnot t tt m e c lr c d t oi nt n r a t i t hi i , he our es ha he di a e or c im st tM r Gibe t ss f r d f o sgnii a l w e b k pr e sove a pe i ofm an onfr ha . l r ha uf e e r m i f c nt o r ac obl m r r od y ye r .Heha unde go t s pa aeszg c lpr e le f r le ofl rba k di c or.The as s r ne wo e r t lr i a oc dtr s or ei f owe c s omf t rc r r fe t ta panif ut i lsj batre peincn ab c ij r l tey a shee fe, e o d elcs h t litf q ihs ato fe x re ig a k nu y. n h e r t ra tr M r G ibe ts . l r ough tea m e f bot hi l t r t nt or h s owerbac pr e sa Type 1 di be es By 201 he k obl m nd 1 a t . 0, wass f rngfom d a tcne opahy.Bas onc e nsast t lve ofpli tf' de e son, ufe i r i be i ur t ed onc r o he e l a n if s pr s i pli ifsf l docorr f redhi f ps c arcevaua i a te me .Dr Riha dKi ,a antf ' amiy t e e r m or y hiti l ton nd r at nt . c r m boa dc rii ps hi tita nezol it be ntea i M r Gibe t De e r2,2010.Si r e tfed yc ars nd lr og s, ga r tng . l r on c mbe nce t t tm e pl ntf s tea i m e a he lh s c a i t ha s it d r por s a a s s e s ha i , ai i f r tng nt l a t pe i ls s ve ubm te e t nd s es m nt i iaig t a Mr Gi e ts mao d p e sv ds r e ,a xey d s r e ,a d p nc d s r e ndc tn h t . l r' j r e r sie io d r n it io d r n a i io d r b co rbut t a over ldia lt ( 8,63 38 a 668) nti e o n al sbiiy. TR 4- , nd . The Adm i sr tve La J nita i w udge' e l to oft opi o e de ei t sca ei lmie s va uai n he ni n vi nc n hi s s i t d t t f l w i com m en s o he olo ng t' . A s f t opi o e de e t o ni of t e r s w ho pr par d t St t or he ni n vi nc , he pi ons he xpe t e e he a e Age y ( nc DDS)rporsae gve t graetwei t pa tc al t mos rc e t r i n he e ts gh, riulry he t e ent a s s nt ( bi 11 E) Thes e r opi onsae baa d,obe tve,a sesme s Exhi t . e xpe t ni r lnce jci nd c i t ntw ih t e de ofr cor as a w hol Alhoug t s ex r s di no ons s e t he vi nce e d e. t h he e pe t d t ha a opporuniy t e m i or tea t cl i a ,t r po t c e l r f e t a ve n t t o xa ne r t he a m nt he e r s l ary e l c 4 t oug r vi oft r c da a es hor h e ew he e or nd r uppora e I s tt s e rs f mii iy tbl . n hor,he e xpe t'a lart wih t SSA dia lt e l to pr n a t e de eofr or wa r nt t t he s biiy vauai n ogr m nd he vi nc ec d ra s he g e t tw e ght t opi onsgi n t g e t s we gh a em os c i t n w ih t r a es i - he ni ve he r a e t i t r t ons s e t t he l t na r viw oft evi nc ofr c d. ongiudi l e e he de e e or Le swe g i gi n t t cai ntsteai e mi ng s ceo ni co a ne s i ht s ve o he l ma ' r tng/ xa ni our pi on nt i d i t r pors a Exhi t 1 a 1 Alhough t s s zc di ha t n he e t t bis 4F nd 8F. t he e olr es d ve he o r uniy t e m i and te tt c a m a , heopi o of e e ar nots ppo t t o xn ne r a he l i nt t ni ns f r d e uppor e td wih ar tonal ora i ntfc ton oft sgnsa l bort y fndi a a enot t a i e n de ii a i he i nd a aor ngs nd r c i t ntw ih t ot rm e c le de e o r c d a a whol . The es e i l ons s e t he he di a vi nc f e or s e y s ntaly a o th cama tssae nswih u b ln eo o j ci i Alo te ee p rs d p te li n ' ttme t t o t aa c r be tvt s ,h s x e t' y. o ni donotr fe taf miirt wih t SSA dia lt pr r . na l t t pi ons e l c a la iy t he s biiy og am Fi ly, o he e e t yopi ont uli aeis ofdia lt t eopi onstea on a is xtnt he ne he tm t sue s biiy,hes ni r d n s ue r e ve f t Comm iso r He e,t y a eno e ild t c r lng weght es r d or he s i ne . nc he r t ntte o ontoli i u r20 C. R. c i 40 15 a o 416. nde F. Se tons 4. 27 nd/ r 927. ( 28- ) TR 29 . Thec t ivest t w J e' as e s nto her po t fo t te tngme a heat our bele ha La udg s s s me ft e rs ' m he r a i r nt 1 1h s c ait a saeag nc physcin mis st ma k i s r ldif r n r s c s Asr fe t i pe i lss nd t t e y i a s e he r n eve a fe e t e pe t . e lc ed n t La J he w udge' opi ons heLa J s ni t w udgea r tyga t gr t t i t t r por ofDr Luc ppaen l ve he eaes we ght o he e t . Vi anone nh, xami ngsat a nc a iypr c ii rwhoc ni t e ge yf m l a ttone ompl tdar or e ew onN ove r ee ec dr vi mbe 1 201 2( 1 21 ) Howe rasnot a , . m di no gi sps hiti teame 7, 0. TR 99- 0 . ve , ed bove DrKi d tbe nhi yc arc r t nt ofM r Gibe t iDe mbe 2, 0.Obvi l Dr Vi h di no vet o . l r untl ce r 201 ousy, . n d tha he pporuniyt c i r t t o onsde t fndi a di nos sfom t boa d c rii ps hititwhe heofe e hi as e s e of he i ngs nd ag e r he r e tfed yc ars n f r d s s s m nt M r Gibe tsemotona lmiai ns Thus t c ti una et c l t tt La J . l r' i l i t to . , he our s bl o oncude ha he w udge' s r la eon t sa ea ncyphyscin' r por i s ppo td by s tnta e d e. ei nc he tt ge i a s e t s u re ubsa il vi enc Thec ta s not st t i f multngahypo he ialque ton f t vocai le r, our lo e ha , n or ai t tc si or he tona xpe t t La J he w udgef ie oi l a l t wor r lt dlmia i no e byDr Vi i hi f tona al dt ncude 1 of he k-ea e i ttons t d . nh n s unc i l 2D r Sa a Fr nci, aps c l it as c ntiutdt t srpo t Dr Fr n sase s dpli ifs . ndr a s y hoogs, lo o rb e o hi e r. . a ci s s e antf ment condii i t m soft ls i underAppendi 1. al ton n er he ltngs x 5 c pa iy as e s e .Ba e onhi r viw oft me ca e de e, om plt d a atmebef r Dr a ct s s m nt s d se e he di l vi nc c ee t i oe . Ki ge r t d a ps hiti evaua i Dr Vi r po td t tM r Gibe te re ed mode a e m ne a e yc arc l ton, . nh e re ha . l r xpe i nc rt lmiai n i hi a iiyt u d rtn a d rme e d tie j bi tu to s c ryo td tie i tto s n s b l o n esa d n e mb r eald o nsr ci n , ar u eald t i t u tons m ai ai a t nton a c e r ton f e e d perods a wor i pr m iy t ns r c i , nt n te i nd onc nta i or xt nde i , nd k n oxi t o ot r wihoutditacin. ( 20 . Dr Vi s cfc ly rpore t tM r Giber c d be he s t sr to TR 4) . nh pe iial e td ha . l t oul e tdt e re e'usanedc nrtona pesse lmiai . ( 20 .Ye,wih xpece o xpe inc ' ti once tai nd ritnce i ttons' TR 4) t t s ' t pos i ee e i oft pr e si e ac i wih ot rpe e t La J dg i l d none he sbl xc pton he oblm ntr tng t he opl , he w u e nc ude oft s sgniia lmiai i t hy t tc lpos d t t voc tona e r. ( 57,58) he e i fc nt i ttons n he poheia e o he ai l xpe t TR . Cla l ditc tesi a tnton a c e r to a er lva tt t pe f manc oft uns le e ry, fi uli n te i nd onc nta in r ee n o he ror e he kil d wor r e e sone byt voc tona e r f Mr Gibe t ( 58- ) I i welstldt t k ols nvii d he ai l xpe tor . l r. TR 59 . t s l ete ha i a voca i le r' opi on i t be de med t be hepf lorr e nt i mus be ba e upo f tona xpe ts ni s o e o l' u elva , t t sd n c i r ton ofa 1o t wor r lt d lmia i doc onsde ai 1 f he k-ea e i t tons umen e i t medialr co d. W ake v. t d n he c e r l r Bowe 88 F. 47,50(t Ci.1989 .Thus e n a sl ngt tt La J n. 9 2d 4h r ) , ve slmi ha he w udgepr pe l r le o ry eid ont r por fom t nonexa ni saea nc he e tr he mi ng t t ge yphyscin,heLa l ia t w udge' te t ntoft wo ks r a me he r r l t e i llm ia i i no s po td by s t nta evi nc e aed motona i ttons s t up re ubsa i l de e. U li a e y,t La J tm t l he w udge ga no m ea ngf r s ns f di c ve ni ul ea o or s ountng t r t a i he epors nd opi onsf om Dr K i ,t b d c r ii d ps hi t ita ne ol i t a Robe tD .Ba r J . ni r . m he oar e tf e yc a r s nd ur og s , nd r ke , r, t lc ns pr es i he i e ed of sonalc ouns l who tea e M r Gibe tt de Dr K i ' s pe v son. Bot of e or r td . l r m r . m s u r ii h t ete tng s c hadt op runiyt s ea e uae pli tf ove ape i oftm e Thi hes r a i our es he po t t o e nd val t a n if r rod i . s ln i ia p rpe tv i epe il i o tn i camsa j iain.Un e t ea miitai e o gt n l es cie s s cal mp ra t n li dudc to ud y d r h d n srtv r ultons i i pr vi d t to ni fom a e mi ng s ur e a e ge r l e il t m o e eg ai , t s o de ha pi ons r n xa ni o c r ne aly ntted o r weg i c iht n ompaiont opi onsfom none mi ng s lr s Se 20 C. R.j404. 27()1. rs o ni r xa ni ozce . e F. 15 c( ) Gr a e weghti gi n t t opi o o m e ca s r e who ha a t lyte t d t cli a e t r i s ve o he nins f di l ou c s ve c ua l r a e he am nt ove ape i oftme.Se 20C. R.j40 1 27c( .Fi ly,hergul i pr det tgr tr r rod i e F. 4.5 ()2) nal t e atons ovi ha ' e ea weg i t bea co d t t opi onsofmedia s cilss s h a Dr Ki Se 20C. R.j iht s o c r ed o he ni c l pe ait, uc s . m. e F. 404.527()5) Thec t nno deemi ha heAdmi srtveLa udget heer g ao y 1 c( . ourca t tr net tt nitai wl ookt s e ultr pr f r nc si o a co .Fora l t er a o , hec t onc udest t he Co m i s one ' fnal e e e e nt c unt l of hes e s ns t our c l ha t m si rs i de s on i nots cii s uppored by s t n i e de t ubs a tal vi nce. On t ot rha t c ur i una et dee m i fom t pr s ntr c dt tM r Gibe t he he nd, he o t s bl o tr ne r he e e e or ha . l r ha m e hi btr n ofpr i e tbls ng t a diabiiy f al f m s ofs t nta ga nf s t s lde oof n sa ihi ot l s lt or l or ubsa il i ul e oy e .Dlrngt s m epe i i mpl m nt zi he n rod nwhihDrKi wasteai M r Gibe qt physc a who c . m r tng . l r he ii ns we e s eng pl ntf f hi dibe i pr e s d d not not a sgnik a e i r ei ai if or s a tc oblm i e ny i t nt motonal s ympt aol gy. Pe ha m or i pora l t r pors fom Dr Ki a M r Bake do not om t o r ps e m tnty, he e t r . m nd . r ne e s rl s c s a iy uppor t no i t t r Gibe tsde e sona a e yhadpr esedt dia i the ton ha M . l r' pr s i nd nxit ogr s o s blng lve sa atm eprort t t r nai ofi ur d saus ndee Dr Ki fr tteaedM r Gibe t e l t i i o he e mi ton ns e t t .I d, . m is r t . l r ls t n am on h prort t r nai o i ur d sa uson De e be 31 201 e s ha t i o e mi ton f ns e tt c m r , 0. Consde i a1t c r umsa si t sc s ,hec tsc tai dt c udet tt r i rng 1 he ic t nce n hi a e t our i onsr ne o oncl ha he e exit goo ca ef rr m a oft c ef f rhe co i r ton ofa lt c ii a is outi ss d us o e nd he as or u t r nsde a i 1 he rtc l s ues lned a ve I snp t c ur not t tac ulai yc a rce l tonm i pr ve yhepf l bo . npas i he o t es ha ons ttveps hiti vaua i ght ove r l u i a e sngt is sa t t e e a ons tofpli ifsemotona pr e . n ddr s i he s ue s o he xt nt nd e antf ' i l obl ms Fo t r s sa e t c ur fnds t ood c us 'f r r m a of t s c e t t r he ea ons tt d, he o t i d g a e' o e nd hi as o he Co sine f frhe de lpme a c i rto Se 40U. 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