Lewis v. Long et al
Filing
10
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 11/24/2014. (ssm)
CLERK' OFFI EU ,S.DI .
S
C
ST COURT
AT F A
O
NOKE,
VA
FIED
L
I TH E UN I
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FOR TH E W ESTERN DI
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RG N A
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LEW I
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M EM O R AN D U M O PI IO N
N
CLYD E A .
LON G , R .
J ,
By:Hon. l E.
G en Conr d
a
Chi fU nie St t s D it i tJ
e
t d a e s rc udge
A ppelee.
l
l t sa a f om t U nie St t sB a upt y Co tf t W es e n D i ti tof
n hi ppe l r he t d a e nkr c
ur or he
t r src
V i gi a Cr t lD . w i s e r vi w oft ba
r ni , ys a Le s e ks e e
he nknl cy c t sm em or
pt our '
andum opi on a
ni nd
o d rg a tn Cld A. n J .smo inf r u g n o pata fn ig a dd n igh r
r e rn ig y e Lo g, r' to o j d me t n ril i dn s n e yn e
a ton f de e na i ofade a nondic r ea e Fort r s t tf l t
c i or t nui ton
bt s
s ha g bl .
he ea ons ha olow, he
ba upt y cour' de son wilbeafimed.
nkr c
ts cii
l
fr
Background
Thi c e a t ba upt y c te phas z d i ism e or nd opi on,or g na es
s as , s he nkr c our m
i e n t m a um
ni
ii t
f o dit bi a toublng f c s Le sa Lo we e i ve s xualy a va i tm e i
r m sur ng nd r i a t . wi nd ng r nvol d e l t rous i s n
1 a 2000.Durngt coure oft rs xua r a i hi Le swa o y 1 or13yea s
999 nd
i he
s
hei e l eltons p, wi s nl 2
r
ol a Long wa 22 or23 yea sol They c ei d a c l who wasbo n i N ove
d, nd
s
r d.
onc ve
hid,
r n
mberof
2000.
O n Augus 1 2001 Long pl d guit t t count ofca na know l dge ofa c l
t 5,
,
e
ly o wo
s
r l
e
hid
bewe t ree a tfee ye r ofage i vi ai ofVigi aCodej1 2- Hewas
t en hit n nd it n a s
,n olton
r ni
8. 63.
s nt e t a t t lt r ofi prs e oft ye r ,wih s ven ye r s pe
e enc d o o a e m
m i onm nt en a s t e
a s us nded.
Ther t Lew i tl a ci lsui agai tLong i t Cicui Cour ofCul
eafer,
s i ed vi t ns
n he r t
t
peperCount
y,
alegi i entonali lcton ofem otonaldi t ess sexualas tand bater and car
l ng nt i
nfi i
i
sr ,
saul
t y,
nal
knowldgeofami . Long di notm a an a a a e i t c euntlhea a ed pr s a
e
nor
d
ke
ppe r nc n he as
i
ppe r
o e t
ad f ut u g n h ai .Th Cic i Co r e trdad fulj g n o la iiya ds t h
e a lj d me t e rng e rut u t n ee ea tud me t n ib l n e t e
t
matrf raj r til od tnnied ma e .P i rt tilLo g p o e d n p os , n Le s
te o u y ra t ee n a g s ro o ra, n , r c e i g r e a d wi,
tr ug c u s l e e u e ap o so yi tl n noewi ac n e so o j d me tnt e
h o h o n e, x c t d r mis r nsal t t t o f si n f u g n i h
me
h
a u to $12 4,0 .0
mo n f ,5 0 00 .Tha j g n i t eu d ryn de tn teisa tmatr
tud me t s h n e lig b i h n tn te .
On J nua y 1 201 Long fl ape ii f rCha e 7 ba upt y a lse t
a r 0, 3,
ied
tton o
pt r nkr c nd it d he
c n e s dj g n a ad b .Le st e b o g t h sa ves r p o e dngt c n ette
o f se ud me t s e t wi h n r u h t i d ray r c e i o o ts h
ds h r e b l yo t ej d me t n e 1 U. C. 5 3 a () wh c ma e d b st a aiefo
ic a g a ii f h u g n u d r l S. j 2 ()6 , ih k s e t h t rs r m
t
wilu a maiiu ij re no ic a g a l i b n r p c
lf l nd lco s nu is nds h r e be n a k u ty.
The pa i a a ed be or t ba u c cou tf a benc t i lon O c obe 21 201
rtes ppe r
f e he nkr pt y r or
h ra
t r , 3.
Lewi c le Long ashe o y wines .On die te mi ton,Long admit d t thea Le s
s a ld
r nl t s
r c xa nai
te ha
nd wi
conc ve a c l when hewa 23 yea sol a Le swas1 yea sol Howe r Long
ei d hid
s
r d nd wi
3 r d.
ve ,
tsiidt tiwa notuntld trt fc gha he wa t dhe a ' Oc.21 201 Tra Tr
e tfe ha t s
i k e he a t t t 1 s ol r ge.' t , 3 il .
af
19. Long al adm it t he pl guit t t o count ofcar knowl
so
ted hat
ed ly o w
s
nal
edge ofa m i i
nor n
vi ain ofVigi aCodej 1 2- W he as a t ci lpr ee ngsi sat c tLo
olto
r ni
8. 3.
n ked bout he vi oc di n t e our, ng
t siidt a h a pe r di c u t nted yta ted fu tud me twa e trda an th m.
e tfe h t e p ae n o r o h a h t h ea lj g n s ne e g is i
Alhoug Longi c tdt tt saec t( ked( mjs que tongj't c ensof
t h
ndiae ha he tt our k
as hi ome si s, he ont t
'
t e q s i a Long' a w e st r t w e e note i ie orot
hos ue tons nd
s ns r he e o r
lc t d
henvi e pr e e by Le i .
s es nt d
ws
O c . l 201 TralTr 20. Long f t rt tted t t a tr a werng t s a e co ts q s i ,
t2 , 3 i
.
urhe es ii ha , fe ns i he t t ur ' ue tons
t saec u t n ee t ed f ut u g n b c u eLo lc da y sau oy b sst p e n
he tt o r e trd h e a lj d me t e a s ng a ke n tt tr a i o rve t
e r ofde a t 1 a 21.
nt y
f ul. d. t
A tt cl e ofLewi ' evi nc ,Lo m a a S o i t s rke.' 1 a 23. The
he os
s s de e ng de t ton o t i ' d. t
m
b n r pc c u t o tu dt mo ina amoin fr u g n o p ril i dn su d rRu e
a k u ty o r c nsr e he to s to o j d me t n a ta fn ig n e l
5 ()o teFe ea Rulso Cii Pr c d r ,Se Fe R. n . 7 5 ($ e5 (ft e
2 c f h d r l e f v l o e u e e d. Ba kr P. 0 2 $
Ru1 2 o h
Fe r Rul ofCi lPr e ela isi ad raypr ee ngs') Theba uptyc t
deal es
vi oc dur pple n ves r oc di . .
'
nkr c our
t t m o i n unde a s e a alow e Long t puton e denc i hi def ns .
ook he t o
r dviem nt nd l d
o
vi e n s e e
On J nua y 28,201 t ba upt y c ti s a m em or ndum opi on a or r
a r
4, he nkr c our s ued
a
ni nd de
ga tngLo g' Rue5 ()moin.Th b n r p c c u t ee tdLe ssag me tta te
r ni
n s l 2 c to
e a k u ty o r rj ce wi' r u n h t h
sae c t oce ngsa i tLong a ee il d t pr cusveefec unde t docrneof
t t our pr edi
ga ns
r ntte o e l i f t
r he ti
c l t a es oppe ,a hel t tLe i ' e de w a i uf i e t esabls t tLong' de
ola er l t
l nd d ha w s s vi nce s ns fci nt o t ih ha
s bt
t h rao efo awi f a dmaii u ij r Ac o d n l t eb n r pc c u t u e t th
o e rs rm
l ul n lco s nu y. c r i gy,h a k u ty o r r ld ha te
l
de wasnote pt fom dic r unde j523()6) and,t ,t tLongwa enttedt
bt
xce ed r
s hage
r
a( ,
hus ha
s il o
j dg n i tea v rayp o e dn
u me t n h d e sr r c e ig.
Le i tm el a
w s i y ppea e t ba up cy c t sde s on.The m a t rhasbee f l br e ed
l d he nkr t our ' ci i
te
n uly i f
a i rpe f r ew.
nd s i br evi l
St
andard ofR e e
vi w
Th sc u t a a pelt j rs ito o rtematrp ru n t 28U.. j1 () On
i o r h s p lae u id ci n ve h te u s a t o
SC. 58a .
a al t c tr vi w st ba u c cour ' f c ua t ndi f cl a ew ra is l l
ppe , he our e e he nkr pt y
ts a t l i ngs or e r l nd t ega
c usonsdenovo.l r Kils h,258F. 31 31 ( h Ci.2001 .
oncl i
n e eic
3d 5, 9 4t r
)
D i si
scus on
1
.
C olat r Es oppel
l e al t
Unde 11U. C.j 5 a( ,ade i notdic r ea ei aCha e 7 ba upty i i
r
S.
23()6) bt s
s ha g bl n
ptr nkr c f t
aie fo aû l u a dmaiiusij r b t ed bo t a o h r' l deemii gta Lo '
rs s r m ' l l n lco nu y y h e tr o n t e . n tr n n h t ng s
wi f
'
de i not e e e fom di cha ge under t s s cton,t bankr cy c t fr t co i r d
bt s
xc pt d r
s r
hi e i
he
upt our is ns de e
whehe t sat c tj
t r he t e our udgme s e eed a ns Long s
nt ntr gai t
uppor t a iai of c ltrl
t he pplc ton
olaea
'Neihe sdeha r
t ri
s equese or ar
t d al gumentandt cour i oft opi on t i woul notai i t
he
t s he ni hat t
d
d n he
de sona pr s
cii l oce s.
3
e tp e t teutmaeis u d rj5 3 a( ) o t ef lwig ra o s t b n nlty c u t
so p l o h li t sue n e 2 ()6 .F r h ol n e s n ,he a k p c o r
o
co r c l he d t tt y do not
r e ty l ha he
.
Asteba k u tyc u t e o nz di iso iin,ç saec u tud me tc n c lae al
h n r pc o r r c g ie n t pn o û tt o rj g n a oltrly
a
e t t ltga i of is s i a r ar pr e di i f de a bankr cy c t' I r
sop he ii ton
s ue n dve s y oc e ngs n e r l
upt our. n e
'
Dt a 4 F.d 7 5 7 8 ( t Ci. 0 ) To d tnniewh t e a saec u t u g n h s
mc n, 48 3 2 , 2 4h r 20 6 .
ee n eh r tt o r j d me t a
s h a pr cl i efe t t c tmus a y t lw ofcola e ale t lf t sae t t
uc
e usve f c , he our
t ppl he a
lt r soppe or he t t ha
rnd rdt ej dg n ,nti c s , r i a I
e ee h u me t i h s a e Vigni. d.
Unde Vigni l a pa t i ki t docrne ofe lt r lesoppe be r t bur n
r r i a aw, ry nvo ng he ti
olae a t l a s he de
o e tb ihngt f lo n fveee ns ( )t tt p rist t et p o e d n saeûh
f sa ls i he o lwig i lme t: 1 ha he a t o h wo r c e i g r û e
e
t
s meo i p i t' ( )t a t ep irp o e dn de utd i av ld a d fn l ud me ta ans
a r n rvi ' 2 h t h ro r c e ig l s le n ai n i a j g n g i t
y;
r
t pa t ag ns whom prcl i i s
he ry ai t
e uson s oughtor hi prvy' ( t tt f t is t be
s i ' 3) ha he acual sue o
;
prcl d was l cual ltg t i t pror pr e ng';( t t t f t lis t be
e ude
s t ly iiaed n he i oce di ' 4) ha he acua sue o
a
P e ld d wa E se ta t te j d me t i t p ir p o e dif' a d () t a te e wa
rcu e s t s nil o h u g n n he ro r c e n ; n 5 h t h r s
e
t ut lt ûha i , a pary i ge r ly pr ve ed f om i
ç ua iy, t t s
m
t s ne a l e nt r
nvoki t pr cl i f ce of a
ng he e us ve or
j d me tu ls ta p ry wo d h v b e b u d h dt ep i rl iain oft eis er a he
u g n ne s h t a t ul a e e n o n a h ro i g to
t
h su e c d
t o ier s t''Jl ( tngTrns lsCe esl v.Shama,472 S. 2d27 275(
he ppost e ul.' .s quoi a Dule ntr nc.
t
r
E. 4, Va.
1 9 ).Ad iin l ûan is ei s be tt c laea e tp e o l i i i ie tc lt a is e
9 6 ) dto al s l su s u jc o o ltrl so p l ny f t s d nia o n su
y, l
de de i aprorpr e ng.' l (
ci d n i oce di ' d. empha i i orgi )(ii Angsa v.Ata i M u .l .
ss n i nal ctng
tdt
lntc t ns
Co.457 S. 2d 86,87- ( 1 ;Se hko v.Commonwe lh,5 S. 2d 803,8 (
,
E.
88 Va. 995) vac
at 29 E.
04 Va.
2 0 ).
0 0)
A.
The c i i i
r m nal udzmenti note il d t pr c usvee f c .
s
ntte o e l i f e t
Tot e en Le saguest tLong' ci naludg
he xt t wi r
ha
s rmi j ments d begi nprcl i
houl
ve e usve
efc unde t dodrneofcolae a eso l s ha g ntwaspr pel rjdedbyt
fe t r he
i
ltr l tppe, uc r ume
o ry ee
he
4
ba upt y c t snc Le swa notapa t t t c i na pr e ng.kl ge x lr e i
nkr e our, i e wi s
ry o he rmi l oc edi s-he ne a ul n
Vign ai t tci na j d me t o c n ito . . a en p e l i ef c i s bs q n
r ii s ha rmi l u g n s f o v cin . h v o r cusve fe t n u e ue t
cvi ltgai ' Le v.W i t 71 F. 888,8 ( hCi.1983 .Thi r e,k c hasb n
i l ii ton.' e
nson, 7 2d
94 4t r
) s ul s h
whi
ee
f l e i V i g ni snc 1916,i ba e upon V igi a s r qui e e ofm ut lt ofes oppe
olow d n r i a i e
s sd
r ni ' e r m nt
ua iy
t
l
a isr cognii t tt pa tesi a c i i pr e ng a enott s m east e i ac vi
nd t e
ton ha he ri n rm nal oc edi r
he a
hos n i l
pr e ng a t r i a c e
oce di nd he e s ons quen l k ofm ut lt ' I
t ac
ua iy. d.
'
M or ove , Long' pl a of g ly t c r lkno ldge of a m i di no i ve a
e r
s e
uit o a na
w e
nor d t nvol n
i ntca is t t contoli i s i t sca e. The contoli i s he e i whehe Long
de i l s ue o he
r lng s ue n hi s
r lng s ue r s
t r
in e d d t ijte' wi.l r Du c n 4 F.d a 7 9 d r1 U. . j5 ()6 ,ad b
d tn e o nt 'Le s n e n a , 48 3 t 2 .Un e l SC. 23 a( ) e t
i
r
i n tds h r e bei i aie fo at lf a d maii u ij r b ted bo t a oh r' l
s o ic ag a l f t rs s r m i lul n lco s n u y y h e t r o n te . n
wi
'
Ka uhau v.Geie ,523 U. 57 ( 998) t Suprme Co toft Unie Sttshedt tj
waa
gr
S. 1 , he
e
ur he td ae l ha
523()6) a is onl t k ct done wih t a t li e t ca e i ur ' 523 U. a 61
a ( pple y o l s
a
t he cua ntnt o us ni v.
'
S. t
(mphassa
e
i dded) The pr son i i stsi by neglge ,gr sy ne i ntorr kls
.
ovii s t aifed
not
i nt osl glge
ec e s
c
onduc . l r Dunc n,448 F. a 729. kM or r t me e f tt ta deb ore ge i a
t' n e
'
a
3d t
k eove , he r ac ha
t nga d n n
i en i na a tdoe notne s rl m e n t the a t w iluly and m a i i l f pur e of
nt t o l c
s
ces a iy a ha
c ed lf l
lc ous y or pos s
j 523()6 . l Ast Suprme Cour i tuce i Geg ,nondic r biiy rquie d
a ()' d.
'
he
e
t nsr td n ier
shagea lt e r s i
a
d lb rt o itn in li u y n tmeey a d lb rt o i tn in la tta la t ij r '
ei eae r n e to a nir , o rl eieae r ne to a c h t e ds o nu y.
'
Gei r 5 U. a 61(mpha i i orgna)
ge , 23 S. t e
ss n ii l.
A c ci frc r knowl ofami ,i vi ai ofVigi aCode j 1 2onviton o anal
edge
nor n olton
r ni
8. 63,
d e n trq iep o fo a y s e i citn , c ls a itn t ij r .Se Va Co ej 1 .
o s o e ur r o f n p ct n e t mu h e s n ne t o n u e e . d 82i
63()( ki i af ony t çc r ly knowg,wiho t us off c achid t ree ye r of
a ma ng t el o ûanal
) t ut he e ore, l hit n a s
a or ol r'. Theeor Long' pl s ofguit t vi atng t saut di notivol an
ge
de '
)
rf e,
s ea
ly o ol i he tt e d
n ve
i ntc is t t c r lng is he e,a ha no pr cl i e f c unde t doc rne of
de i al s ue o he ontoli s ue r nd ve
e usve fe t
r he ti
cola e alesoppel
lt r t
.
B.
Thede aul i
f t udzm e i no e il t pr l i e f ct
nt s t ntted o ecusve fe .
Th c u tl e s a r e wih t e b n r pc c u tta te d futj d me te trd
e o r i wie g e s t h a k u ty o r h t h ea l u g n n ee
k
a ns Long i t s a e t ta ton i note il t pr cl i ef e t Alhoug Le i a Long
gai t
n he t t or c i s
ntted o e us ve f c . t
h w s nd
weeb t p rist t ta to a dt ea to r s tdi atn l u g n ,h r c r i d vodo
r oh a t o ha cin n h ci n eule n i a j d me tt e e o d s e i f
e
e i e c s fiin t e tbl h ta t e is e o wilula d maiiu ij r wa a t al
v d n e u fce t o sa i h t h su f l n
s
f
l o s n u y s cu ly
c
ltg t d i t sae t t a ton,or t t s h is i i ntc l t one de i d i t t pror
ii a e n he t t or c i
ha uc s ue s de ia o
c de n ha i
pr ee ng.
oc di
Le ss sae tr cl mswee r ol wih t e r ofa dea tj
wi' tt o t ai
r es ved t he nty
ful udgme agans
nt i t
Lo
ng. I Vigi a t r i no t anke e mpton fo t a i ton ofcolae a eso li
n r ni, he e s i
bl t xe i r m he pplcai
l tr l t ppe n
t ec s o ad f ut u g n . Tr n Du ls 4 2S. 2 a 2 6.Tod tr n wh t e a is e
h a e f e a lj d me t' a s le , 7 E.d t 7
'
eemie eh r n su
wa a t lylt ae i t ec ne to ad fulj d me t c u t lo t tep o e dng la i g
s cual ii td n h o tx f ea t u g n , o rs o k o h r c e i s e d n
g
u t tee ty o t d f ut u g n , swela tej d me to d ri ef I r Brd e ,4 8
p o h n r f he ea lj d me t a l s h u g n r e t l. n e a ly 7
s
B. 7 6, 0 ( n r E. Va 2 2 ; e as l r Owe , 4 B. 2 9 2 2( n r E. Va
R. 9 8 2 Ba k . D. . 01 ) s e lo n e ns 4 9 R. 3 , 5 Ba k . D. .
2011 ( tng t tbankr cyc t ' tl t t a to oft pa te pro t e l ofg1
) noi ha
upt ours i
mus ook o he cins he ris ir o nt' a
y
d f ut u g n 'i d tr nn wh te t a pl c laea et p e)
ea lj d me t'n eemi ig eh r o p y o ltrl so p l.
l Tr D ules t s m i lc e i Vi gi a o t s i s a l ndl d fl s t a i t a
n ans l , he e na as n r ni n hi s ue, a or ied ui ga ns
t na f pos e s on of c m e ci lpr r y a f de i
e nt or s s i
om r a ope t nd or lnque r nta f es Tr ns ule ,472
nt e nd e . a D l s
S. 2d a 275. The t na f ie t a a pe s ly or by couns la a di postve he i l
E. t
e nt a l d o ppe r r ona l
e t s ii
arng. d.
a 276. At t t he r ng,t s a e c te era ne t tm o a a doc e a y e de e f o
t
ha a i he t t our nt t i d es i ni l nd
um nt r vi nc r m
t lndl d beor e ei adea tj me i t lndl d' fvor I l ltrpr ee ngs
he a or f e ntrng ful udg nt n he a or s a . d. n ae oc di ,
t s a e cour r f e t a y t doc r ne of c l t a es o l t t i s of t t na '
he t t
t e us d o ppl he
ti
ola er l t ppe o he s ue
he e nt s
6
la ii frr n ,sti t a $ d fulj dg n d e n ta t al l iae is e .' 1 a 2 5.
ib ly o e t l lng h t a ea t u me t o s o cu ly i g t su s' d. t 7
t
rl
t
'
On a
ppea ,t Supr m e C o tof V igi a de lne t r c ni e a bl nke e m pton f r de a t
l he
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ur
r ni c i d o e og z
a t xe i o f ul
j
udgment a hed t t t e de e pr e e by t lndl d i t dea tj me
s nd l ha he vi nc esntd
he a or n he ful udg nt
pr ee ng w a s fci t es a i h t t t i s of t t nants la lt f r nt ha be n
oc di
s uf i ent o t bls ha he s ue
he e
' i biiy or e
d e
ltga e des t t t na ' f l r t a ar 1 at27 l r ac ng t s de i i n,t Su e e
ii t d pie he e nt s aiu e o ppe . d.
6. n e hi hi c s o he pr m
Cour expl ne as f l s
t ai d olow :
The t na ' pe s
e nts r onalla lt f r a ot r c r ,i l ng at ne s
ibiiy or ent nd he ha ges nc udi tor y'
f e ,under t l as a t ly w as ltga e i t pr or a i
es
he e e c ua l
ii t d n he i cton. Te tm oni l a
si
a nd
doc e a y e de e w a pr e e e pa t i t di ti t c the r ng. The
um nt r vi nc
s es nt d x r e n he sr c our a i
cr ui cou t r or esa ihed t t pr was pr e e i t diti t co t
ic t r ec d t bls
ha oof
es nt d n he src ur
t ough a bookkee r f t l ndl d a t oug t l ndl d' a tr y,who
hr
pe or he a or nd hr h he a or s to ne
pr s nt d t las a ot doc e s i l ng a afi vi s
e e e he e e nd her um nt ncudi n fda t uppori t
tng he
a t r y' f escl i e
to ne s e
a m d.
1
d.
The f l ngyea,i l r Ansr,1l F. 1 (t Ci.1 ,t Fourh Cic twa
olowi
r n n e a i 3 3d 7 4h r 997) he
t rui s
p e e td wi t is o wh t e a d f utj d me te t rd b a Vign a sae c u twa
r sn e t he sue f eh r e a l u g n ne e y
h
r ii tt o r s
e ild t c lt a soppele f c i a s e nt ba upt y pr e ng. 11 F. a 1
ntte o olaer le t
fe t n ubs que
nkr c oce di
3 3d t 8.
Reyngo t eS prme Co r o Vign asd cso i Trns ls t Fo rh Cic i rj ce
li n h u e
u t f r ii ' e iin n a Dul ,he u t rut ee td
e
t de or s a gument t t colae a e t
he bt ' r
ha
lt r l soppel was no a opra e be us t sa e cour
t ppr it ca e he t t
t
j d me th d b e b s d o d f ut a d h l ta t e e ie c wa s fce tt e tbih t t
u g n a e n a e n ea l, n ed h t h vd n e s ufiin o sa ls ha
t pari sha a t ly ltga ed t de e m i tve i s
he te d c ua l ii t he t r na i s ue:
Pa a i ta ed t s a e c tpr e ngs a ye r a a ha fbef e t e r of
hl vi nii t he t t our oc edi
a nd
l
or he nty
d futj g n . Pro t t d ful,mutpe d p sto s wee tk n,ma y
ea l ud me t ir o he ea t lil e o iin r a e
n
doc e s e ha
um nt xc nged a t c ta c m i s one he d num e o he r ngs i
nd he our nd om s i r l
r us a i n
whih Ans r ( ed bo )a p ae i p ro o b c u e. Th p icp lf c s
c
a i t e t r p e rd n es n r y o ns l e rn ia o u
h
oft s e f t asw he he a t w ha e e tA ns i a i a Pa a ' tduci r
hi f or w
t r nd o
t xt n
ar, ctng s hl vis i a y,
had def auded Pahl or m i approprat f
r
avi
s
i ed unds f om hi . O nl when i becam e
r
m
y
t
cl t A nsar had r us t com pl w ih di
ear hat
i
ef ed o
y t scover or s di t coul
y der d he
'
t
br
oaden is i r i o vi atons of is or
t nquiy nt ol i
t ders. l s ,t e w as m uch m ore
n um her
e de e bef e t s a e c ti t s c s t n i Tr ns l , a t pa te
vi nc
or he t t our n hi a e ha n a Dules nd he r i s
he e c ranl e ged i mor e e i a t sded ltga i oft r l va
r e ti y nga
n
e xtnsve nd wo- i
ii ton he e e nt
is s
s ue .
1 at20- .
d.
21
The Fourh Ci c ts eque l r a he t o
t r ui ubs
nty e c d he ppost c l i n i Ca t Haulngsl
ie onc us o n piol
i nc.
v. r e , 5F. p' 1 0( t Ci. 0 3 ,nwhc t ep an ifag e ta ad fut u g n
Fo b s 7 Ap x 7 4h r 2 0 ) i ih h litf r u d h t e a lj d me t
c l t r ly e t
ola e a l s oppe t def nda f om ltg i whe he a de a os f om f a
d he e nt r ii atng
t r
bt r e r r ud.
App' a 1 l s doi t Fourh Cic te pha i ed t t unlke Tr ns ules t r w a
x t 71. n o ng, he
t r ui m
s z ha , i
a D l , he e s
( hi i t r cor e t bls ng t tûesi oni a docu e a y e de e w a pr e e i
l
not ng n he e d s a i hi ha t tm al nd
m nt r vi nc
s es nt d' n
t saec t oc e ng,ort tt oofwasprs ntd'ofa ki ast whehe Lhe
he tt our pr e di
ha pr
ee e
ny nd o t r t
def nt c
enda l ommitdfa ori edt ta hi oc ure a ala t saec ttilohe
te rud, nde ha nyt ng c rd t l t he tt our ra t r
t ntee ty o amo e j d me t'I . t1 (uoigTr n Dul s 4 2 S. 2 a 2 6 .
ha h nr f n y u g n . d a 71 q tn a s l , 7 E.d t 7 )
'
e
Bec us i he e w a no e de e t tt i s of f a w a a t ly ltga e i t sa e cour
a es r
t
s
vi nc ha he s ue r ud s c ua l ii t d n he t t
t
pr e ng,' heFourh Cic thel t tt bank up c cour e r d i appl ngt doc rne of
oc edi 't
t r ui d ha he
r ty
t re n
yi he ti
c l t r les oppe . 1 a 1 - 72.
ola e a t
l d. t 71 1
Si ia l i I r Ow e ,t U nie St t s Ba ru c Cour f t Ea t r D i ti t of
m l r y, n n e
ns he
t d ae
nk pt y
t or he s e n s rc
Vigi ahel t tt r cor bef ei wasd d ofs fcentevi nc s r
r ni d ha he e d or t
evoi
ufi i
de e ur oundi t enty of
ng he r
ad fulj dg n i a saetr a to t c n l et a t j d me th dap e l ie efc i
ea t u me t n tt o t cin o o cud h t he u g n a r cusv fe t n
a a ray pr e ng unde 11U. C.j 5 a( . 449 B. a 253. The onl e de e of
n dves r oce di
r
S.
23()6)
R. t
y vi nc
t pr c e ig i t saet r a to weet ep an ifsmo in f rj d me ta t e c u ts
he o e dn s n he tt o t cin r h litf
to o u g n nd h o r'
d f utj dg n o d r wh c sae ta Ste d fn a t h vng n ta s r d t eplitf'
e a l u me t r e , ih ttd h t ih e e d n s a i o n wee h anifs
k
M oton f J
i or udgm e a be ng s e nl c le c m enot....And t evi nc oft pl i if
nt nd i olm y a ld a
he de e he antf
bei he r t Cour e ee j me frt plitf agans t dee nti t a
ng a d,he
t ntrd udg nt o he anif i t he fnda n he mountof
$1 000.' JL l t a enc ofa ot r e de e,t bal u c c twas una e t
00, '' I n he bs ,
e
ny he vi nc he rkr pty our
bl o
..
deemi whehe ûheis ofghede o 'laleg asa ta batr wa a t lyltgae t
tr ne t r k sue t btrs l ed s ul nd te y s cual ii td o
t
8
(he de e s fcintt me tt sa r ofpr rquie by j523()6)' Ac or ngy,t
t q gre ufi e o e he tndad
oof e rd
a( . c di l he
'
b nku ty c u td ci d t g v t e d fu t u g n p e l i ee fc u e t ed crneo
a rpc o r e l
ne o i e h ea l j d me t r cusv fe t nd r h o ti f
colat es oppel l
l eral t
. d.
Upo r vi w oft r c d i t i t c e,t c ta e w ih t ba t up c c t
n e e
he e or n he nsant as he our gr es t he nlr t y our
t tt s c e,lke l r Ow ens i di tng s bl f om l r A ns r . The r cor bef e t c t
ha hi as i n e
, s s i ui ha e r n e
ai
e d or he our
c a ns no e de
ont i
vi nce of Le i a Long e gi i de ii ns e
w s nd
nga ng n pos to , xcha ng doc e s
ngi
um nt ,
c
ondudi e e i pr t i lhea i or a i t or of Long m a ng a pr t i la
ng xt nsve e r a
rngs
d viy,
ki ny e r a ppea a e i
r nc n
t s a e c ta ton. The onl e de e oft pr e ngs i s a e cour i Le i ' co pl nt
he t t our c i
y vi nc
he oce di
n tt
t s w s s m ai ,
t o d re trn d ful j dg n ,a d te s tlme tn t. S h e ie c i is fiin t
he r e ne ig ea t u me t n h ete n oe uc vd n e s n u fce t o
e t bls t t t pa te e ge i i e i a t o- i d ltg t o of t r l nt i s .
s a i h ha he r i s nga d n s nsve nd w s de ii a i n
ext
he e eva s ues'
'
l r Ans r,11 F. a 21
n e
a i 3 3d t .
Thi ca e lke Ca t l H a i i alo r diy di tngui ha e fom Tr D ules i t t
s s, i
pia
ulng, s s ea l s i s bl r
ans l n ha
t r i not ng i t r or i c i t t Le i pr s t t tm oni or doc e ar
he e s hi n he ec d ndi atng ha
w s e en ed es i
al
um nt y
e i e c t s p o th rcamsa an tLo g Ac o d n t t d fut u g n o d r tesae
v d n e o u p r e li g is n . c r i g o he ea lj d me t r e, h tt
c tba e isdecso ont f tCha moet t nt oneda ( dlea e snc pe s
our s d t iin he ac t t r han we yt
ys ha lps d i e ronal
s r c ofpr s upon (
evie
oce s
Longla t t(
nd ha Longhadjfie t tl r s nsvepla ngsorma
ald o ie epo i e di
ke
a a pe r n ei g ja to i atmeyf s in, l u h ( e a pe r di p ro rnt ed t o
n p a a c n t cin n i l a ho at g h ) p ae n e s n o h ae f
he
ho
t e tyo ted fu t. De . , 0 4De a l J Or e 1 Th o d rma e n r frnc t t e
he n r f h ea ll' c 27 2 0 fut . d r . e r e k s o e ee e o h
'
pr e a i ofe de by Le i - t tm oni l doc e a y,orot r i e - t s
es nt ton
vi nce
w s es i
a , um nt r
he w s o uppor he sa e
t r tt
t ' cl i s
ol a m .
t
W hie Long di a a pr s a t deful j me heai a a wee quesi
l
d ppe r o e t he a t udg nt rng nd ns rd
tons
fo t cour,Le sdi notpr
r m he t wi d
oducea e denc oft te nge,and t defulj
ny vi e ha xcha
he a t udgme
nt
order i s l on t s poi . A ccor ng t Long' undi put t tm ony bef e t bankr cy
s ient
hi
nt
di o
s
s ed es i
or he
upt
9
c u tteb ssf rt esaec u tsr l wa ta Lo h dn sauo y gou t o j c t te
o r,h a i o h tt o r' ui
ng s h t ng a o tt tr r nd o be t o h
e ty o t e d futj g n . Th sae c u ts d cso t e trte d futj d me twa
nr f h e a l ud me t e tt o r' e iin o ne h ea l u g n s
ba ed,t r f e,noton a s t ntve fndi ast t mert ofLewi ' sae t 4cli s but
s he e or
ny ubsa i i ngs o he
is
s s t t ol am ,
o a pr ed a t c c iy t tLong c d notr u e.
n
oc ur l e hni alt ha
oul
ef t
Gie t elmi d e i e c s ro n i gt ed futj d me t t ec u ta r e wi t
v n h i t v d n e u r u d n h e a l u g n , h o r ge s t he
e
h
ba u c c tt t Long' m e e pr s nce a t he rng i i ufi intt e t bls t a
nkr pt y our ha
s r ee
t he a i s ns fce o sa ih hat ny
s t ntve i s s i t s a e cour pr e ng wer ac ualy ltga e The r or of t s a e
ubs a i s ue n he t t
t oce di
e t l ii t d.
ec d
he t t
c tpr e di i devoi of a e de of ltgai on t m e is of Lewi ' sa e t 4
our oe e ngs s
d
ny vi nce
ii ton
he rt
s s tt ol
cai or Long' pari pai pror t t e r of t deful j
l ms
s tci ton i o he nty
he a t udgme . As s h, i i
nt
uc t s
i pos i e t de e ne w hi h i s s w e e ltga ed, i a or wha l gal s a r w e e
m
sbl o t nni
c s ue
r ii t
f ny,
t e
t nda ds r
e oye Acc di y,t ba pty c tc rcl deci d t gi t deful j me
mpl d. or ngl he nknz c our ore ty lne o ve he a t udg nt
pr cl i e f c unde t doc rne ofc lt r leso l2
e usve fe t
r he ti
ola e a t ppe .
2 wi h sctdan mb ro de iin fo oh r u idcin i whih cvij d nt weegve
Le s a ie u e f cso s rm te j rs ito s n c i l u gme s r i n
prcusveef c i s b e e tba rptyprc e n sp rann t ds h r a lyu e l U. C.j
e l i fe t n u s qu n nku c o e dig e tiig o ic age bit nd r 1 S.
i
5 3 a( ) I e c o t s c s s u lk t eisa tc s ,h r c r c nan dmo eta a e u t e d n et
2 ()6 . n a h f ho e a e, nie h n tn ae te e o d o tie r h n d q ae vie c o
esabls t t r l
t ih hat he eevantf t is wer acualy ltgaed f pur e oft docrneofcolaer
acual s ues e t l ii t or pos s he ti
lt al
e tpp l S eI r Flewoo , A 1 - 01 3GS, 01 W L21 0 6( n . Als aMa l , 01 )
so e. e n e e t d No. 2 0 1 - 2 3
78 9 Ba kr D. a k y 7 2 3
( oligta acvij d nti fvo ofamioro camso s xu l sa la dbatr wa a t al liae
h dn h t i lu gme n a r
n n li f e a a s ut n tey s cu l i g td
y t
wheeted bo d a t iae i tetil(twhihtemio qtsiid,o t rwihh rmohe, n
r h e tr d ri p td n h ra, a c h n r etfe tgehe t e t r a d
p c
couns or' a t sat cour f
el ,' nd he t e
t ound,ba ed upont evi
s
he dencepr e e t tt debt i e i l abus d
es nt d, ha he
or nt ntonaly
e
t emi rami mu o 3 tme wh ns ewa bewe ntea so 4a d7) l r W o ly 28 B. 2 4,
h no
ni m f 0 i s e h s t e h ge f n , n e ol , 8 R. 9
.
e
2 9-0( nk . D. . 0 )( ol ngt a adea lj dg nt se tte t prcu ieefc wh r t
9 3 Ba r S. Ga 2 01 h di h t f ut u me wa nild o e lsv fe t ee he
debt ,who wa f
or
s ound t ha s ve el be en a s xualy abus hi daughtroverape i oft yea s
o ve e r y at nd e l
ed s
e
rod en r ,
ç u sa taly 'p rii tdi t ep irc s , ndee tdn tt a e ra til l atrtesaes rme
ç b tnillq' a tcpae n h ro a e a lce o o pp a t ra ony fe h tt up e
s
c u t ue t a tea to wa n tbardb tepae tli ni do tie ;n r Hout 2 3B. 8l ,8 3
o r r ld h t h cin s o re y h rn a mmu t crn l I e l, 4 R. 8 2
y
( nk . . Fl.1 9 (oligta acvij dg n e trda ans ad bo wa e tte t pe lsv
Ba r M D. a 99 ) h dn h t i l u me t nee g i t e tr s nild o rcu ie
ef c wheet p irc s p o e d dt tila tej r d cd dta t d borrp dhsd u h el l r
fe t r he ro ae r c e e o ra, nd h u y e ie h the e t a e i a g tr;n e
Sc u tr 1 B. 8 7 81 t nk . D. c 1 94 ( ligt tad fulj d n wa e tte t
h se , 7l R. 0 , 2 Ba rE. Mih. 9 ) hodn ha e a t u gme t s n i d o
l
p e l i ef c whee ( irt e trn gh ) u me to d ful t tilc r h l abe htilgtwhc )
r cusve fe t r ,ç o o ne ig te j dg n f ea t he ra ou t ed nc ra a ih
pr
,
t cour r cei t si ony a r e ed af visa tsi t t cour eofe nt a t concl i oft
he
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nd eviw
lda t te tng o he
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ve s t he
uson he
til a t cour f
ra, nd he
t oundt def ndantdebt ' aci t be wiluland wa on i hi a eofyoung
he e
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lf
nt n s bus
Frn z'.
a t'
)
10
II.
The Suf i ency of t Evi
fci
he dence Present atTri
ed
al
U nde R ul 4005 oft Fe r Rul s of Ba upt y Pr e e,t pl i if be r t
r e
he de al e
nkr c
oc dur he a ntf a s he
bur
den of pr ng t
ovi
hat a de i no s ha ge bl
bt s ndi c r a e. û-he sa r of pr f f t
k
r
t nda d
oo or he
dichagea lt e ptonsi 1 U. C.j523()i t or naypr ponder c oft evi nc
s r biiy xce i n 1 S.
a s he di r e
r e- -he- de e
sa r ' Gr nv. nwr 498U. 279, ( 991 .
tnda d. oga Ga ,
'
S. 291 1 )
Aspr vi l e aned,j 5 ( ( ,on whih Le sscli i ba e pr de t ta
e ousy xpli
23a)6)
c wi' am s s d, ovi s ha
d b i n td s h r e be i i aie fo a k l u a d maii u ij r by t e d bo t
e t s o ic ag a l f t rs s r m s l l n
wi f
lco s n u y
h e tr o
a t r' 11 U. C.j 5 ()6) Sseci 5 a ( i
nohe .
'
S.
23a ( . t ton 23()6) snot stsi by ne i nt gr sy
aifed
glge , os l
neglge ,or r c e s conduc s l r Dunc n,448 F. a 729,or by û e el ...de i r t or
i nt
e kl s
t' n e
'
a
3d t
s r y
m
lbe a e
itn in l c gjt tla jt ij r ' Gec r 5 3U. a 61 l ta , h sau ek p le o l
ne to a a ts ha e dl o nu y. ie , 2 S. t . nse d t e tt t l pis ny
'
a
t i t donewih t a t li ç t c us i ur ' l r Dt n,448 F. a 729 ( tng
o acs
t he cua ntny o a e ni y.' n e mca
3d t
quoi
Gece,523U. a 61 (mphassi orgi l.
i r
S. t ) e
i n i na)
U pon r e oft evi e pr s nt a t i ,t c ta ee wih t bank upt y c t
evi w
he denc e e ed t ral he our gr s t he
r c our
t t Le i f l d t m e t t s Ssr nge r r m e f a fndi ofnondi c r ea lt ' I
ha w s aie o e hi tt i nt equie nt or i ng
s ha g biiy. d.
'
Le sdd n ttsiy o h r o b hafo prs n a o h re i e c o a itn t ij r .
wi i o e tf n e wn e l r e e t ny t e v d n e f n n e t o nu e
I t ad,Le i r pe t dl ar
ns e
w s e a e y gued t tt sr qui e e w a m e by Lo spl a ofguit t ca nal
ha hi e r m nt s t
ng' e
ly o r
k o e g o ami r a hi C d gso jta .. Le swa t evci oft sf ln . Oc.
n wld e f no , nd s t misin h t . wi s h itm hi eo y' t
a
'
21 2 3 Tra Tr 3 ;seas i. t7 (W eh v a miso st th pe g it t afln ' ,
, 01 il . 0 e lo d a 8 $
$ a e d s in ha e ld uly o eo y.)
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I a 8 (g ea mitdCr sa D. wi wa t v ci o . .wo c u t o c r a k o e g
d. t 0 $Hj d te y tl Le s s he itm f . t o n s f an l n wld e
(
' . Ase ane a ,howe r canalknowldgeofami ri asrc la lt ofe e
'
)
xpli d bove
ve , r
e
no s tit ibiiy fns
. . . .
unde Vigi alw.Vigi aCodej 1 2- doesnotrquieanys cii i e o us off ce
r r ni a
r ni
8. 63
e r
pe tc ntnt r e or ,
muc l san itntt ij e. Acc di y,t mee fctt tLong a te t vi ai t
h es
ne o nur
or ngl he r a ha
dmitd o oltng he
s a e s a ut i a of is f i i uf i i nt t s ts y Lew i ' bur n of pr ng t t Long
t t t t e, n nd
t el, s ns f c e o a i f
s s de
ovi ha
itn e t ij r h r To t e tn Le sake te b n r p c c ur t a s me t tLo
ne d d o nue e.
he x e t wi s d h a k u ty o t o su ha ng
ac e w ih s i e ,t ba upt y c tc r c l dec i d t do s See e :. U nie St t
t d t uch nt nt he nkr c our or e ty lne o
o.
s . , t d a es
v.Thomt 55 F. 443,44849 ( h Ci.2009)( tng,i afderlci nalc e,t tûhe
on, 4 3d
- 4t r
noi n e a rmi as ha û
t
Vigi a ca na knowldg ofens ,by de i ton,c t gorc ly doesnoti vet us off ce
r ni r l
e e f e
fnii a e i a l
nvol he e or
a doe no s
nd
s t uppor a i e e e t t a or al i t ne of t ofe e a e vi e a
t n nf r ne ha ny
l nsa es
he f ns r olnt nd
a e sve'
ggrs i ).
l t a e c o a y e i e c ta Lo itn e t ijte Le s t c u tc n ld s
n he bsn e f n v d n e h t ng n e d d o nt
r wi,he o r o cu e
t tLe sf ie t m e the bur n ofpr ng t tt de owe t he by Long a os fom a
ha wi a ld o e r de
ovi ha he bt d o r
r e r
wilu a d maiiusij r . Ac o dngy,t d b i n te e td fo d s h r e u de 1
l l n lco n u y
f
c r i l he e t s o xc p e r m ic a g n r 1
U. C.j523( ( ,a t ba upt c t dno eri g a i Long' Rul 52()moin.
S.
a)6) nd he nkr cy our di t r n r ntng
s e c to 3
Conc us on
l i
Fort r s s a e t c ' c ude t tt ba pt y cour ' de son m us be
he ea ons t t d, he oul oncl s ha he nknz c
t
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