PBM Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Method Pharmaceuticals, LLC et al

Filing 272

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 3/2/17. (hnw)

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I THE UN I N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF V I GI I CT R NA CHM LOTTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI CL ERKSOFFI u,s, ST GE AT RoANo DI , COURT '. : K;, VA qL IED MA2 22 21 27 BY : C CONCORDI PHARM ACEUTI A CALS , I C. N , DL CL EX ERK CL ERK Ci lAc i N o.3: 4CV 0001 vi ton 1 6 Pl i if a ntf , M EM OR ANDUM OPI ON NI M ETH OD PHA U ACEU TI LS,LLC, CA eta1, . By:Hon. l n E.Conr d Ge a ChifUnie St t Diti tJ e t d aes src udge D e e nt . f nda s On tef t' d y o abf rae til aj r rtr e avedc i fv ro t plitf h o u h a f iuc td ra, u y eu n d r it n a o f he an if t Co c r i P n ma e tc l, I c (co c r i', o is cam ta t e d fn a t, M eh d n o da h r c uias n . ç n o d a' n t li h t h ee d n s to i ) P r c u ias LLC (r e e d n M eho ' a d M ate Sc t Tuc e (r ee d n Tuc r hama e tc l, ç f n a t t d' n ) th w o t k r ç f n a t ke, a d c le tv l d eh d),e a e i fle a v riig i vo ain o t La hn Ac,1 n olciey, ç t o ' ng g d n as d e t n n ilto f he n m t 5 M s U. C. 1 2 ()1( .I t es bsq e td ma e p a eo tilt ejuyf t ta Co c r i S. j 1 5 a( )B) n h u e u n n g s h s f ra,h t' omd h t n o da wa e t ld t $ 3 ,0 0 i a ta o c mp n ao y d ma e . Ho v r tej r as f t s n i e o 7 32 0.0 n cu l r o e st r n g s we e , h u y lo omd t t t M ehod' f le a ri i wa not wilul Conco di s e nty fl a moton f ha t s as dve tsng s lf . r a ubs que l ied i or j d me ta amatro 1w o a n w tilo t eis e o wi f le s a moin f rela c d ug n s te f a r e ra n h su f l un s, to o z n e l h da ge a prj ma s nd eudgme i ee t a amoto fratr ys fe and ltgai coss Thi nt ntrs, nd in o to ne ' e s ii ton t. s me o a m r ndum opi on s t f t t c tsnzi on Conc d a' m otons ni es orh he our' lngs or i s i . B ackzround l M a of201 Co or a a quiedt Donnaa@ lne o pr ucstt aa' fo n y 4, nc di c r he tl i f od t s Dom1tl' r m l PBM Ph r c u ias I .(TBM ' . Domaa i a ln o c mbnain p e o a btla d ama e tc l, nc : ' ) l tl s ie f o i to h n b r i n a b la oma ak l i (TBA' p o ucs t ti u e a a jmci te a y i t te t n o eld r laod û ' r d t ha s s d s dt tve h rp n he r ame t f ) e c i i n he i t bl bowe s om e a a ut e t r colts Do t li a lbl by pr s rpton i t ni a e l yndr nd c e n e o ii. nnaa s vaia e f onn ofa t bl ta a e i r a e nd n lxi . Donnaalwa fr ti toduc i t 1 ,be o e dnz ma a tle s we e r r d t t s is n r ed n he 930s f r g nuf c tr r r equie o pr ve t tdr we ebo h s f a e f c i i or e t obt i a ovalby t Food a Dr g o ha ugs r t a e nd fe tve n d r o an ppr he nd u Ad nsrto (TDA' .Al o g Do naa p o ucsha b e a p o df rs ft , h FDA miitain ç ' t u h n t l r d t ve e n p r ve o aey t e ) h ha ye t dee mi t i efe tve s s t o t r ne her f c i nes . For m a yea s D o t l f c c ny r , nnaa a ed ompeii fom ge rc PBA pr t t t we e tton r ne i oduc s ha r pha mac utc ly e valntt Domlt l I 2011 m a a t e s o t ge rcve sonsbe n r e ia l qui e o aa. n , nuf c ur r f he ne i r i ga t t t i pr uc s of t m a ke . Onc t i nt i s of pr vi l m a a t e ge r c o ake he r od t f he r t e he nve or e e ous y nuf c ur d ne i pr ucswe ee i i t d,Do maa wa t onl lneofPBA pr t a ia ef pr c i n. od t r lm na e r tl s he y i oducs va lbl or es dpto De e ntM e hod i a whol a e dnz diti i c f nda t s es l g srbuton ompa bas d i Ari o Te . ny e n lngtn, xas The c ompa wa f unde by De e ntTuc ri 201 a he i t s e owne . Durng t ny s o d f nda ke n 2 nd s he ol r i he tm epe i a is ,Cl so rBoo s r ast c i rod t s ue ui t phe ne e ved he ompa svi epr i ntofo r tons ny' c esde pe a i . M e hod s ls a oxi at l t ry pha m ac utc lpr uc s t ta e m a a t e f t t e l ppr m e y hi t r e i a od t ha r nuf c ur d or he c ompan by c r c m a acurng o ga zai ns Rahe t n e oyi as l sf c M e hod y onta t nuf t i r ni to . t r ha mpl ng a e or e, t utlze phn ma e i lda a e t pr ii s r c utca t bas s o omot ispr t .M ehod' a ted busne ssr t e t oduc s t s dmit i s taegy i t e ur t tis pr ucs a e (i t d' t exitng dr i t da a e ,whih a e us d by s o ns e ha t od t r t nle ' o si l ugs n he t bas s c r e me be s oft phn mac utca i usr t de e m i whe he ge rc s tt t s a e a ia e m r he r e i l nd ty o t r ne t r ne i ubsiu e r va lbl frb a dn mep o ucs Se Tr o Tra Te tmo yo M ate S o t c e (-u ke Tr' a o rn a r d t. e . f il si n f th w c t Tu k r çf c r .) t ç ' 5,Doc tNo.229 (ûM) busnes mode i t s la pr tt tweha Li ci qwoul ke $( y i s l s o el ny oduc ha ve. nlgng d betewa wed t t'. h y o ha.) ' I 201 M e hod be n m a ng pl ns t m a ke a ne pr n 3, t ga ki a o r t w oduc t t w o d be t ha ul pha m a utc ly e va e t D o t . The ne pr uc w a e nt l na ed M e PB - yos r ce i a l qui l nt o nna al w od t s ve ualy m - H . 2 M eh d c na td W id rLa o ao is LLC (W i e' a d e p e s d a itrs i h vn t o o tce n e b rtre , C nd r' n x r s e n n ee t n a ig G ) W i rm amf c ur t ne pr t I De mbe of201 M ehod is apur has o dt f nde r a t e he w oduc . n ce r 3, t s ued c e r r or i ta sa lt t tng. Ho ve ,W i r ne r pe f me t sa lt t si ne es a y t niil tbiiy esi we r nde ve ror d he t biiy e tng c s r o de l p M e- Hyos a no fnihe pr t was m a acur d by W i r or a o he ve o PB, nd i s d oduc nuf t e nde ny t r ma at e. nuf c ur r N one he e s i M a c of 201 M e hod m oved f wa d w ih is pl ns t m a ke M et ls, n r h 4, t or r t t a o r t PB- Hyos a a ge rc at r tvet Dom aal M e hod us d t pr tlbel a pa ka i e t s ne i le na i o l t . t e he oduc a s nd c ge ns rs f Donnaaltbl t a e i r t c eae lbe s a i e t f M e pB--yos t bl t a ei r or t a es nd lxi o r t a l nd ns rs or - l l a es nd lxi. M eh d te p o e d d t ls t n n xitn Me p ly s p o u t wih t o te mao t o h n r c e e o it he o e se t - B-l o r d cs t wo f h j r phmn e ia daa s s M e - n a Fis Da a nk. nac utc l tba e , dispa nd r t t bn On M a c 31 201 M ehod s r h , 4, t ubmit t M e- l yospr tl bel,aong wih ne ted he pB-l oduc a s l t w pr ts ison f m s t M edispan. Aspa tofise f t t ha M e- l yos lnked t oduc ubm s i or , o r t fors o ve pB-l i o Do n tli t eM e is nd tb s , eh d lse Do naa' Naina Dr gCo e(NDC' a n aa n h d- pa aa a e M to itd n tls to l u d G $ 's ) t Ree e e NDC. See Tr ofTra Tetmo ofChzsop rBoone (i ne Tr' a 27, he fr nc . il si ny it he t Boo .) t ' Do ke No 2 ( c n wld i t tM eh d i e tfe Do naa a t rfr n e d' f rM e c t . 28 a k o e gng ha to d niid n tl s he ee e c l o ug P lyo f rt ep r o eo h vn M epB-l o lse a isç e ei u e u v ln s eas Tr B-- s o h u p s f a ig - ly s itd s t ç n rc q i ae f); e lo . l / o Tra - Da Th e (ç y Th e Tr' a 7 f il y re $ Da r e .) t 4,Do k tNo.26 (o fr n t a M eh d ' ce 3 c n imig h t t o s g e td t a M epB-- s s o l b ln e t Do n tl. M eh d as p o i e p iig u g se h t - lyo h ud e ik d o n aa) l t o lo r v d d rcn i or a i f t M e- l yospr uc s The lse prc sf t M e- l yospr nf m ton or he pB-l od t . it d i e or he pB-l oduc swe e t r l e t n t lsed pr c s f t Donna a pr ow r ha he i t i e or he t l oduc s A lhoug M et kne t tt pr t. t h hod w ha he oduct s de c i d i t M e pB-- l be s a i ers di note s,a t tno sa lt t tng had s rbe n he - lyos a l nd ns t d l xit nd ha t biiy esi be n pe f m e t d veop t pr t, M ehod i cae t t t prcng i bnnai n wa e ror d o e l he oduc s t ndi t d ha he i i nt to s e f c i a ofA prl 1 201 B a e o t i or a i n pr vi d by M e hod,t M e- l yos f e tve s i , 4. s d n he nf m to o de t he pB-l 3 pr t we else i t M e - n daaba ea a sg d t s me Ge rcPr tI ntfe oduc s r it d n he dispa t s nd s i ne he a ne i oduc de ii r ($ ' asDonnaal çGPI' ) t. l a ton t M edispa M et unde t k t ha isM e- Hyospr ducs lse i n ddii o - n, hod roo o ve t pBo t it d n Fis Daa nk' pha r t tba s nnac utc da a s . Howe r Fis Daa rk r f s d t ls t M e PBe ial t ba e ve , r t tbal e u e o it he Hyospr t wihoutva i ton fom Dal M ed,awe ie o r t d by t Na i nalLi a y of oduc s t lda i r iy bst pe a e he to br r M e cne. Co e nty,M e hod e a r t ls t M e pB--yospr di i ns que l t nde vo ed o it he - l l oduc swih Da l ed. t t iyM M ehod s ntDal e t pr tl be s f r t nonexit ntM e pB--yospr uc s De pie t e iyM d he oduc a l o he se - l l od t . s t knowi t tt pr ucs de c i i t l be sdi note s,a t tno sa lt t si had ng ha he od t s rbed n he a l d xit nd ha t biiy e tng bee pefr dt de lp t pr t,M eéodi c tdt ti i e dt sa tmakei t n ro me o veo he oducs t ndiae ha t ntnde o tr r tng he pr oduc s o J t n une 1 201 , 4. On J une 201 a tr s e s u l lsi M e pB4, fe ucc s f ly itng - Hyos wih Da l e M ehod t iyM d, t rs e ubmit t M e pB-- pr tlbest Fis Daa nk. M eho i c t d t tisplr e ted he - lyos oduc a l o rt tba l t d ndia e ha t am d l unc da e f r t pr a h t o he oduc s w a J t s une 1 201 a da t t ha a r a pa s d. At t t tm e, , 4, y ha d l e dy s e ha i M e hod kne t tno M e- l yos pr t w ha pB- l oduc s w e e a ia e t l unc t f l w i da m uc t r va l bl o a h he olo ng y, h l st da e rir Se Boo Tr a 46- M ehod as kne t tt i or ai n t ti es wo ys a le . e ne . t 47. t lo w ha he nf m to ha t pr de woul berledupo byme r oft phama uia i ty.J sM ehod' e frs ovi d d ei n mbes he r ce tc l ndusr #. t s fo t we e once a n s e s ul a t M e- l yos pr ucs we e lse i Fis Daa nk' r gai ucc s f , nd he pB- l od t r it d n rt tba s pha m a e i lda a e i e ry J 201 r c utca t bas n a l une 4. By t tpoi ,t M e - n lsi a s s ha nt he dispa itng l o howe a ma kei s a tda e ofJ 1 201 d r tng tr t une , 4 f t M e- H yospr uc s. M e hod w asa a e oft sf t a e n r vi w e t M e - n or he pBod t t w r hi ac , nd ve e e d he di spa lsi o J 3,201 t c im t tt ma kei sa tda e ha be n a itng n une 4 o onfl ha he r tng t r t d e dded. See Tuc rTr ' ke . at2526. 4 On Se e r 1 201 a t t i tnta ton wasfl d,M e hod c a t d W i rvi pt mbe 5, 4, fer he nsa c i ie t ont c e nde a e i rg r ig t M epB-- sp oe t M eh d i dc td t a i k w ta W id rha no mal e a dn he - lyo rj c. t o n iae h t t ne h t n e d t l satda ytigo t prj c, ndt a t ec mpa yh dd cd dt a iG g tb b s t b i o tre n hn n he oe ta h t h o n a e ie h t tl h e e t o al n mi Eh )p o e t' P1' Tra Ex.2 . No tee s ta s me d y i rs o s t a iq iyfo t e rj c. . il ' s 5 neh ls , h t n a , n e p n e o n n ur r m M e - n r ga di t saus o M e PBdispa e r ng he t t f - Hyos M ehod a s M e - n t t; e PB, t dvied dispa ha ( - Hyos M i a a tve pr t a wilbe a lbl t s p by N o mbe 1 201 ' Boo Tr a 40. s n ci oduc nd l vaia e o hi ve r 5, 4. ' ne . t M eh das c n ime t ts q ep iiga d lb l. . r c re ta d c re t' l t o lo o fr d ha çth rcn n a e . ae u r n n o rc. d. g ' Uli t l M ehod neve l unc d t M e pB-- pr t ,a t pr tma ey, t r a he he - lyos oduc s nd he oducswe e no l t r t m a a t e by W i rora o he c nuf c ur d nde ny t r ompa ny. I m i ocobe 201 M e - n r m o d t n d- t r 4, dispa e ve he ls i s f r t M e pB-- pr uc s Ar und t s m e tm e,Fis D a a nk m o d is ls i itng o he - l yos od t . o l he a i r t t bn ve t i tngs f t M e pB--yos pr or he - l l oduc sf om ac i ls i t a c ve ls i . t r tve i tngs o r hi d i tngs A fe t M e pBtr he - Hyos pr uc s w e e ls e w ih M e - pa a Fi s D a a nk, od t r it d t di s n nd r t t bn Doz t lpr s rptonsa t ts l dec e s d. Durng t co ls o t ltgai n,t pa tes ma a e c i i nd mi aes r a e i he tr e f he ii to he ri sr nuo l di put w he he t ls i we e t s e c us of t r duc i n i pr c i i te usy s ed t r he i tngs r he ol a e he e to n es rptons a uni s l s Atti l Conc di pr s nt d e de i c tngt ti e re ed l ts l i nd t a e . ra, or a e e e vi nce ndia i ha t xpe i nc os aes n e e s of$29. m ilon dola s a trt M e- l yospr uc swe e lse wih t da a s s xc s 4 li lr fe he pB-l od t r it d t he t ba e . Co or a m a nt i nc di i a ned t t t da a s ls i ha he t ba e itngs f t no xi t nt pr or he ne s e oduc s w e e s el t r ol y rs e ponsbl f t deci i s es M ehod,on t ot rha pr s nt e de e i c tng i e or he lne n al . t he he nd, e e ed vi nc ndi a i t t a num be of ot r f c or c rbut d t t r duc i i D o m a a uni s l s i l ng ha r he a t s onti e o he e ton n r t l t a e , nc udi s g fc nti r a e i t pr c ofD or a a pr i nii a nc e s s n he i es m t l oduc s t. Conco di a s pr s nt e de r a l o e e ed vi nce r ga di t e f t i unde t k t ale a e e r ng he f ors t r oo o l vi t c nf li n i t m a ke pl c r ga di t e s e e a a ia lt of a ge r c a t m a i t o ls o n he r t a e e r ng he xi t nc nd va l biiy ne i le tve o Domz t l For i t nce Co or a s nt $885 015. on a c aa. nsa , nc di pe , 00 oupon buy- wn pr n do ogr m 5 i eme e t co ba t ne tve e f t o t lsi sf rM e PBmpl nt d o m t he ga i fecs f he itng o - Hyos The c . ompa alo ny s r mpe is m a ke i sr t gy a e ged i i r s d pr m otona e f rs t r tng eva d t r tng ta e nd nga n nc ea e o i l f o t a ge i pha m a i s a pr c i r . r c e nd es r be s ProceduralH i orv st PBM c omm e ed t s a ton a ns M ehod o Aprl29,201 as e tng cli s unde nc hi c i gai t t n i 4, s ri am r t e Ln h m Ac a d Vigna lw. PBM fld a moin f rprl n r ijmcin o Ma 6 h na t n rii a i e to o ei a y n t to n y , mi 201 Tha moihwa utmaeywih rwnwih u p eu ieo Se tmb r1 , 01 4. t to s li tl t d a t o t rj dc n p e e 6 2 4. Folowi a s re of n e l ng eis m ndmen s Conc di purue ca ms f r dama t, or a s d li o ges a ns gai t De e ntM e hod a De e ntTuc r Afe t c f nda t nd f nda ke . tr he omplton ofdi c ve y t pa te fld ei s o r a he ris ie h a' i or umm y co smoin f rs mma yj d me t On M arc 29,2016,Concordi s m oton f s ar r s- to s o u r u g n . j d me twa d nid a d M eho ' moin f rs mmay j g n wa g a td i pata d ug n s e e n t d s to o u r ud me t s rn e n r n de ed i pa t ni n r . Pro t ti ,Conco di a M e hod moved t e l ce t n opi ons ofe ed by t i r o ral r a nd t o xcude rai ni fr he opposng s de' expertw inesses. On Aprl 1 201 t co t gr nt M e hod' m oton t i i s t i 3, 6, he ur a ed t s i o e l I n H of n s o ni o t n ot t of l tpr i dn a i uae by Conc di xc ude va m nn' pi on n he m m os oft m ges nc d. or a. Specfcal t c ul e l d Hof n s o ni n t tCo lor a s f r d no l s t n $29. i ly, he o ' xcude t m nn' pi o ha tc di ufe e e s ha 4 m ilon do l r i l tpr ft asa r s toft phn m a e i alda a e ls i f M e PBli la s n os o is e ul he r c utc t bas i tngs or - Hyos. Theco tc l d t tConc d aha f l t mee isbtr e ofs wi t tHof n sl t ur onc ude ha or i d aied o t t td n ho ng ha m nn' os pr ft c c ai r se u a s fc e f cualbassal ar la e a i a i ofe t bls d o is alul tons e t d pon ufi int a t i rd e ibl pplc ton sa ihe pr nc pl s a m e hods i of r a t y a ti e al oft m e s ze l tpr st t da a s i i e nd t , ns a s he trbut d 1 he a lr d os oût o he t ba e lsi f r M ePBitngs o - Hyos Acc di y,t c tr ed t tHof m ' opi on a t t t a . or ngl he our ul ha mar s ni s o he ot l a ount of l tpr i da age i un'd by Conco di m us be e l d t de Fe r l Rul of m os oft m s nc e r a t xc ude m r de a e 6 Ev d n e 7 2 Da b r v.M erl Do Ph r c u ias I c,5 9 U. 5 ( 9 3 ,a d is ie c 0 , u et rel w n ma e tc l. n . 0 S. 79 1 9 ) n t Pr ny. oge Conc di sca m f f le a rii unde t Ln m Ac pr e d t ti lo Aprl or a' li or a s dve tsng r he nha t oc ede o ra n i 1 , 01 Th is so la iiya d d ma e weep e e tdt t ejzyi abf r ae fs in. 8 2 6. e sue f ib l n n g s r r s ne o h l n iuc t d a ho t r Dl i t ela l yp a e t ej r f u di fv ro Co o dao iscam frflea v riig z ng h ibit h s ,h u y o n n a o f nc r i n t li o as d e t n . r i s Durngt da espha e bot pa te pr s nt e d nc c nc r ng t e e oft da ag i he mag s , h ri s e e ed vi e e o e ni he xt nt he m es s f r by Conco di ,i l ng t t tmony ofe rs Afe ' h pari sr se t co t ufe ed r a ncudi he esi xpe t. tr bot te e t d, he ur s b te te is e o d ma e a d wif le st tej r . Th j r u t tl f u d ta u mitd h su s f a g s n l un s o h u y e u y li ey o n h t l ma Co o di wa e il d t r c r$7 200. i a t lo compe a or dn nc r a s ntte o e ove 33, 00 n c ua r ns t y mage . W ih r s c s t e pe t t t is ofwilul s t j ' i iae t ti wa t e t fnd t tt dee nt o he sue lf nes, he ul ndc td ha t s mabl o i ha he fnda s y wilu l e ged i f le a rii lf ly nga n a s dve tsng. Co c r i h ssnc fld amoin f r u g n a amatro 1w o an w tilo t n o da a i e ie to o j d me t s te f a r e ra n he is eo wilune s amo in f re h nc d d ma e a dprj g n itr s, ndamo inf r su f lf l s, to o n a e n g s n eud me t n ee t a to o a t ne ' f es a ltga i c t The m o i ha bee f l bre ed a a e rpe f tor ys e nd ii ton oss. tons ve n ' y if nd r i or ul a g di to l d' cai nu D i si scus on 1 . M o i f Judz e as a M at e ofLa or a N e Tri t on or m nt tr w w al I tefrt t n Co o damo e fr u g nt samatro 1w o ane t a o te n h is moi , nc r i v s o j d me a o te f a r w l l n h i is e o wilune s Co c r i i iily a g st a t j r ' in ig o t tis i o l su f l l s . n o da ntal r ue h t he u y s dn n ha sue s ny f a s r and t t t co t m a m ai is o de e mi ton ba e upon t f c s and dvio y, ha he ur y le t wn t r nai sd he a t crumsa s oft ca e I t e ntt tt co tdiag e s a de i s t t jly' ic tnce he s . n he ve ha he ur s r e nd cde hat he tr s d tr nain i b n ig Co c r i a g e ta i i e tte t j d me ta amatro lw o a eemi to s i dn , n o d a r u s h t t s n ild o u g n s te f a r '80t sdesel t t ha t motonsdecde on t bref . eced o ve he i i d he i s h i 7 ne tilon t tis . Se P1' M .f rJ a aM a trofLa oraN e Trala 3,Doc tNo. w ra ha s ue e .s o .s te w w i t ke 2 5 (g j o l ti Co r fn t a t ej r ' dee miain i no meey a v s r ,Plitf i 6 ç s h u d h s u t i d h t h u y s tr n to s t rl d io y anif s t e tte t j d me t a a matr o lw o ,i t atr aie a n w tilo te is e o n ild o u g n s te f a r n he len tv , e ra n h su f wilunes f t r s stf t beow.) lf l s or he ea ons e orh 1 ' . ' M e hod doesnota a t c e tConc di s a g z e r ga di t advi o y na u e of t ppe r o ont s or a' r lm nt e r ng he s z tr t j r ' v r ito t is eo wilun s .Up nr ve o e si c s lw, h c u t g e s he u y s edc n he su f l l e s o e iw f xitng a ea t e o r a r e f wih Co c r i t a tej r ' fn ig o t a is i n tbn i . çti wels tld ta no t n o da h t h u y s idn n h t sue s o idng d s l-et h t l e pr o i e o ' lf ne s i r uie 't pr valon a c am f f le a rii unde t oof f ntnt r wilul s s eq r d' o e i l i or as dve tsng r he Lal m Ac . Ve t rPr d .v.Hato d Fr I s Co,3 7 F.d 1 6 1 1 ( 1h Ci.2 0 ) r hn t co o s rf r ie n . . 9 3 31 , 3 9 1 t r 0 5 . Howe r a fndi t tt de e n aced wilu l ma i s m e ca e ,s ve , i ng ha he f nda t t lf ly y, n o s s uppo ta a d of r n war e nc d da nha e mage orat ne 'f s Se Syne g si l '.LLC v.Kor a 470 F. 1 1 s tor ys ee . e r itc ntl m n, 3d 62, 75 ( h Ci.2006 ( ai ngt tç lf ne si apr a i tntf co 'i deemi nga 4t r ) expl ni ha d lul s s oper nd mpora a tr' n tr ni n wi a o it da ge a r unde t La m Ac) Excli M k .LLC v.Die - LLC, pprprae ma s wa d r he nha t; am % . rcfv, No. 1 - 3 9 201 U. Ap LEXI 2 3 8 a * ( t Ci. c 2 , 1 )( oi gt twilune s 5 2 9 , 6 S. p. S 3 7 , t 25 4h r De . 9 20 6 n tn ha l l s f i S r of t t t lt of t c r l s a s i or i t a l i ' a i a e t a r que t f r s t t he o a iy pa he iclm t nce nf m ng he na ys s ' pplc bl o e s o fe ) Be a e i i t e c u tt tutmaey d cd swh t rt a r ela e d ma e o e s. c us t s h o r ha l tl e ie ehe o wad r nc d a g s r i h at r e s f e ,tej r sv r ito t eis e o wi f le si o l a v s r Se .eR.B&F to n y ' e s h u y' e dc n h su f l un s s n y d io y. e . , l Sy .l c v. Blnc 51 F. p' 5 7 5 0 ( 1h Ci. 0 3 ( b evn ta te dsrc c u t ss n . Le a , 9 Ap x 3 , 4 1 t r 2 0 ) o s r ig h t h itit o r t r p ry c nsdee t ej r fndng wi r s c t wilune sa me ey a vs r ) Viil ç o e l o i rd h u y i i t epe t o l l s s r l d io f'; sbe p h f sys Com .v.UniysCop.No.04- 1 0. s r, 1 61 RGS,20 U. Dit LEXI 9030,a * ( M a s 08 S. s. S t 4 D. s . Fe . , 0 8 ( ic si t ej y sç d io yved c ta ( )ifi e n wa wilu' . b 7 2 0 ) ds u sng h ur ' û vs r r it h t t n rng me t s lf l) a he '' Ac or ngl Conc di smoton f j c di y, or a' i or udgme tasa ma trof1w orane tilo t n te a w ra n he i s of wil ul s w ilbe de ed a m oot Se Pe ki El e Com .v.Com put r i i n Co p. s ue lf ne s l ni s . e r n- m r e vs o r , 8 7 2F.d 8 8 8 5n5 ( d. r 1 8 )( oi ta Rul 5 mo in ç p yo l t bn i jly 3 2 8 , 9 . Fe Ci. 9 4 n t h t e 0 to s z pl n y o idng t ng a r v r it' (mp a i i o iia) Slly, n . . n ly La ss n .6 F. u p. 6 ,1 6n. edcs' e h ss n rgn l; l e l c v Be te b .I c, 01 S p 9 4 01 5 ) i ( D.Ca.1 8 )(o cu ig ta tejzy' v r ito t is o wilu ifi e n wa C. l 9 5 c n l dn h t h l s e dc n he sue f l l n rng me t s r f E d ioy o l ' a dt a t i c n l so çe d r dmo t'hed fn a t'moin f rj g n s v s r nyy n h t h s o cu i n i n ee o't ee d n s to o ud me t a ' r a amatrof1w o t tis ) s te a n ha sue .Thec twilc nsde Co o di sagume si t co e our l o i r nc r a' r nt n he ntxt ofdee m i ngwhe he t a r e nce da a sora tr ys f si t i t tc e. tr ni t r o wa d nha d m ge to ne ' ee n he nsan as I. 1 M oton f Enhance D a aee and Pr udzm e I e s i or d m s ei nt nt re f l is s c n mo in Co c r i s e st r c v r el n e d ma e a d p eud me t n t e o d to , n o d a e k o e o e r c d a g s n rj g n ha i e e t Be or tu ng t t pa tes a gum e t ,t c u'wilbre l s ma i e t r lva nt r s . f e tmi o he ri ' r n s he ot t l ify um rz he ee nt sa u o y pr son. The Ln m Ac pr de t tapl i ifwho pr vaiso a c am t r 1 t t t r ovii nha t ovi s ha antf e l n l i mde 5 U. C.j 1 25a G h l b e tte ,...s b e tt t e p icpls o e ut t r c v r ( ) S. 1 () t al e n i d s l u j c o h rn i e f q i o e o e 1 y, d fn a tsp o hs ()a y d ma e s ti e b t plitf,a d ( )t c sso te a to . ee d n ' r f , 2 n a g s usan d y he anif n 3 he o t f h cin' ' 1 U. C. 1 1 a . Th Ac frh rprvie t a Gin a s si d ma e t ec u t ye tr 5 S. j 1 7() e t u te o d s h t ç q s e sng a g s h o r ma n e l j d me t a c r ig t t cr u tnc so t c s ,fra y sl a o et e n t ft a u g n , c o dn o he ic msa e f he a e o n l b v h momt omd s m a t lda es no e e ng t ee tme s h a cua mag , t xce di hr i s uc moun . J. The Ac ma s cea t t t' . ' I L t ke l r ha e nce da a s may be a r d t f il c nha d m ge wa de o ary ompe a e a pr va lng pl i if butm a no be ns t e ii antf, y t i e f pt tveras . Se i (ç h s ...s l c tt compe ai a no a mposd or mii e ons e d. ç suc um hal onsime nston nd t p n ly' ;s e as Ba g rM ee.I c v.Grl l Co p. 1 F.d 1 45 1 5 (t Ci.1 9 ) e at .l e lo d e tr n . ' i l r , 3 3 1 , 1 7 7h r 9 4 me (xpl ni t tç c us pli if'l tpr isae noorousy difc tt pr ve' j 111 a e ai ng ha û a e antfs os oft r t i l fiul o o y' be 7() pemisa dsrc c u tt ç wa du t t retme tl d ma e p an ifc n a mal p o e'i r t itit o r o t r p o h e i s fe n g s litf a c l r v ' n a y o de t C ppr maea fi rc r f rt pli if';ALPO Pef pI .v.Ralt Plrna r r o ç oxi t ar e ovey o he antf ) a toods nc son zi Co,9 7 F.d 9 9 9 5 ( C.Ci.1 9 )(bsr ig t te h n e d ma e ae a p o it t . 9 2 4 , 5 D. r 9 3 o e vn ha n a c d a g s r p rprae o c pe a e a Ln m A c pl i if f r ad r e ef e t t t Gc l ne t r be di m i s d a om ns t nhn t a ntf o ve s f c s ha ç a l ihe s se s 9 s e u ai e n rp e iey c luae , a t t çlo tp o is a d mak td so t n a e p c ltv o r cs l ac ltd' nd ha s l s r ft n ' g r e it ri r o a p o raeba e f rtec th-l e a c me tc n e ltdb g 1 1 aj'. p r p it s s o h ac al nh n e n o tmp ae y j 1 7()' ) A. Enhanced D am aees A lhough t La m Ac is l pr de ( ite gui nc on t eq t bl pr nc pl s t be t he nhn t t e f ovi s ç tl l da e he uia e i i e o a i d by a c ti m a ng a a a d ofda a ,'t U nie St t s Co tofA ppe l f t pple our n ki n w r m ges' he t d a e ur a s or he Fokrh Cic thastde ii d sx f c or t g det pr e s' Syne citc 470 F. a 1 75. lt r ui û ntfe i a t s o ui he oc s . i ' r si , 3d t 74- Tho ef co sae t 1 wheh rt ed f n a tha t eitn t c n u eo d c ie ( )wh t e s a tr r : ( ) t e h e e d n d h n e t o o f s r e ev , 2 eh r ( s lsh v b e dve td ()te a e u c o oh rrme is ( )a yu r a o a l d ly b t e ae a e e n i re , 3 h d q a y f te e de , 4 n n e s n b e ea y h panifi a s ri gh srg t, 5 t epu l itr s i madn t emic nd tmp o ia l, n litf n se t i ih s () h bi ne et n l g h s o uc t r ftb e a d n c ( )wh t e i i a c s o pamig o f' 1 .a 1 5 No pa t u a f co i d s o iie a 6 eh r t s a e f l n f. d t 7 . ' ri lr a tr s ip stv , nd c dif r nto a tonalf t r m a be c i r d i t cr umsa sr uie. I a 1 - .s e fe e r ddii ac o s y onsde e f he ic tnce eq r d. t 75 76, e as Excam Mkt ,2016U. App.LEXI a #1 ( di t tt diti c tdi no a e lo li c. S. S, t 7 hol ng ha he srct our d t bus isd sr to i c ncu i t a c ran S n r itcf co sfv rd a e ha c d a r u d rj t ic ein n o ldng h t e ti y eg si a t r a o e n n n e wad n e 111 a) Fort f l ngr a ons t c ur fndst tt rl ntf cor weg i fvoro 7(). he olowi e s , he o t i ha he eeva a t s ih n a f e h n igt a u to d ma e a r e b t j r n a cn he mo n f a g s wad d y he u y. The trt f cor - whe he t de e nt ha t i e t co us or dec i is a t t r he f nda s d he ntnt o nf e eve a e s swhe he t de e nt ace wilu l ori bad f ih. Sm e citc 470 F. a 1 l ddr s e t r he f ndq s td lf ly n at r si , 3d t 75. n t c e off s a rii afndi ofwil une sr r spr t t de e ntG w he ont xt ale dve tsng, i ng lf l s equie oof hat he f nda ç kne t t...isad rii wa f le orm ilad ng or ...ace wih i fe e t ...whe he is ha t ve tsng s as se i t d t ndifr nce o t rt a rii wa fleg )miladi ' Se nt Cic tFe r J I tucins Ci lj 1 6. dve tsng s as or se ng.' ve h r ui deal mv nsr to : vi 3. 5 ( e t2 1 )(iigZa uDe ins L d. L' e l S. , 7 F.d4 9 5 7( t Ci.1 9 ); e W s 0 0 ctn z sc , t v. Or a. A.9 9 2 9 , 0 7h r 9 2 ) s e as Fe d Ad l. R. v. h e Re dTr dnc l . 5 7 F. p' 2 ,31( d Ci. 01 )(To lo n i ee S. L. As ly e a i s nc, 0 Ap x 6 2 r2 3 ç pr wilune s a ( antf mus s ove lf l s, pli if t how ( ) t t t dee nt wa a t ly a r of t 1 ha he fnda s cual wae he i rn ig a tvt ,o ( )t tt e d f n a tsa to s we et e rs l o rcde s dse ad o nfign ciiy r 2 ha h e e d n ' cin r h e ut f e l s ir g r r wilu bi nes')(uoig Iln S fwa e& Co u e S r .I .v. ir s f Cop. 41 lf l l s.' q tn sa d o t r nd ' mp tr e ve nc M co o t r , 3 F.d2 7 2 3( dCi. 0 5 ) 3 5 , 6 2 r 2 0 ). n al l ti c s ,t e j r fu t a te d fn a t dd no w iluly engage i f se n h s a e h u y o nd h t h ee d n s i t lf l ad rii Bas d on t c urtsown r viw oft r c d,howe r t c r bei ve t tt ve tsng. e he o ' e e he e or ve , he ou t le s ha he e de vi nce s ppors a c r r fndi u t ont a y i ng. Spe ii aly,t c tfnds t t t de e nt,a a c fc l he our i ha he f nda s t mi mum , a t wih i fe e e t whehe t i a fr tve r pr e a i r r ng t ni ced t ndif r nc o t r her fimai e es nt tons ega di he e se e a a ia lt of M e- l yos wer f s or m il di xit nc nd va lbiiy pB-l e ale sea ng. The e or t c t r f e, he our d cie t a c p tej r sv r ito t eis eo wilune s I lg to tec u tsfn ig o e l s o c e t h u y' e dc n h su f l l s . n i h f h o r' idn n n f t s is , t fr t Syne gitc f c or wei i f vo of a r ng e nee da n es t hi s ue he is r si a t ghs n a r wa di nha d n ag o Co c r i. The c u tn ts h we e,t a ç fn ig o wilun s i n tr q rd t j siy n od a o r oe , o v r h t ( i dn f lf le s s o e uie o u tf a e nc d da a s. Cho c Ho el I '- I v.Zea sLLC,N o.4: 3- 961 BHH,201 U. nha e m ge ' ' i e t s ntl nc. l 1 01 6 S. Dit LEXI 9 3 2 a * ( SC. uy 2 ,20 6 (ii ALPO Pef o s 9 7 F. a 9 5 ;s e s. S 9 4 , t D.. J l 9 1 ) ct ng to d , 9 2d t 5 ) e as S nec si,4 0 F.d a 1 5 ( b e vng ta a lc o wi f le so b d f i G o sn t lo y r itc 7 3 t 7 o s r i h t a k f l un s r a at i e o l h d ne sarl pr l 'a a r o dn s.Unde t f t a crumsanc soft spm iulr ce s iy ecude' n wa d f mage) r he acs nd ic t e hi ca c s ,e e i t c u t r t a c p t ej r sfndn o n n lf l s,t c u t u d sil a e v n f he o r we e o c e t h u y' i ig f o wilunes he o r wo l tl fnd i a opraet e ncet dn i t ppr i t o nha he mage a r d t Co or a. s wa de o nc di Th c u tsd cso i ti r g r i s p o tdb temao iyoft r mann fco s e o r' e iin n hs e ad s u p re y h j rt he e iig a tr, i udi t s co f t . Thi f c o - w he he s e w e e d ve t d - ç nvol s t i s o ncl ng he e nd ac or s a tr t r al s r i r e t i ve he s ue f whehe t pli ifl ts lsa ar uloft dee ntsgas a ve tsng) a t e e t t r he antf os ae s es t he fnda ' f le d rii , nd he xtnt o whih t pli if ha e eed t make ae whee t gas a rii oc re ' c he antf d ntr he r t r a r he fle dve tsngl cur d.' Svne gitc,470 F. a 1 r si 3d t 75. Asi caed a ve t e de e a ndi t bo , he vi nc dduce a ti li c t d t t d t ra ndia e ha Conc di e r e ed a s gnii a r duc i i D onna a s e a t r M e- l yos w a ls e or a xpe i nc i f c nt e ton n t l al s f e pB-l s it d wih t pha mac utc lda a s s t he r e i a t ba e .Conco di alopr s nt e de er ga di t e ns si r a s e e ed vi nc e r ng he xpe e t i ure i t c s ofate i t m ii t t i pac oft M e pB--yos lsi . Fo nc r d n he our e t mptng o tga e he m t he - l l itngs r i t nc Conc di s ns$88 01 00 o a c nsa e, or a pe 5, 5. n oupon buydown pr r m i e e e t c og a mpl m nt d o omba t t nega i e f c s oft da aba e ls i he tve f e t he t s i tngs. The c pa a s r va pe is m a ke i s r t gy om ny l o e m d t r tng t a e a e ged i i r s pr o i nd nga n nc ea ed om tonale f 's t r tng pha m a e and pr c r . A lho h f ol a ge i t r ci s es dbe s t ug Conco di wasuna et pr vet tt da a e lsi f M e pB--yoswe e s e y t bl me r a bl o o ha he t bas itngs or - l l r oll o a f t deci i Donna a s l sdurng t tm epe i a is ,2t e cour i c nce t tt or he lne n tl ae i he i rod t s ue h t s onvi d ha he a t o d ma e a r e b t e j r d e no prvie a e u t c mpe s to f rt e momt f a g s wad d y h u y o s t o d d q ae o n ai n o h a r e e f c s oft de e nt 'unlwf a ons Ac r ngl t s co f c o wei i dve s fe t he f nda s a ul di . co di y, he e nd a t r ghs n f vorofa r i e nc d da a s a wa dng nha e m ge . The t r f cor - t ade c of o he r m e es- a e s s whehe ohe f ms of hid a t he qua y t r e di ddr s e t r t r or rle,s h a alij ncin,( g tmo ea p o raey c re ta y ijzy teplitf s fee eif uc s r nu to G h r p r p itl o r c n n l h anif u frd mi r f om t de e nts i rng ng a tvii s ' Syne g s i 470 F. d a 176. I t s c e, a r he f nda ' nf i i c i te .' r i tc, 3 t n hi as n ij to orot rno n uncin he nmoneayr le wo dnota quaey co nst Conc di frt l t tr eif ul de tl mpe ae or a o he os s l a o he m a ke ha m t ti e re d a a r ul oft de e nt 'f le ad rii aes nd t r r t r ha t xpe ince s es t he f nda s as ve tsng. Acc di y, hi f c ora s we g i f vorofe ncng t da or ngl t s a t lo i hs n a nha i he mage awa de t Co or a. s r d o nc di The s m e i t ef t f urh f c or whih Ga e s st t mpo a i s ofwhehe t n s nl or he o t a t , c çddr s e he e r l s ue t r he pli ifwaiedt l ng,a trt i rnge nta i te be n,be or s e ng c tr le . 1 antf t oo o fe he nfi me ctvii s ga f e e ki our e if' d. ' The .e e n s lse t M e pB--yos pr t wih M e - pa i Aprlof 201 The pro d f nda t it d he - l l oduc s t dis n n i 4. ir owner of D ol a a fl d t i t nt a ton on Apr l 29, 201 a m oved f a pr i i r m t l ie he ns a c i i 4, nd or elm na y ij ton one wee ltr Ac r ngl t r wa no t e ona e dely by t pl ntf i nunci k ae . co di y, hee s mras bl a he ai if n 2I ed, t cour r ed prort ti t tno e r,i udi l Hof nde he t ul i o ral ha xpe t ncl ng van mann,coul a hort i l d ut iatvey sae t t aloft l tpr is s f ed by Concor a wer al i abl t t daabas lsi f M ett ha l he os oft ufer di e trbut e o he t e itngs or PBHyos . a s ri is rght, a t , t f t f c o weghs i f vor of i r a i Conco di s s e tng t i s nd, hus he ourh a t r i n a nc e sng r a' da mage a r s wa d. The ffh a tna r e nt f t i She publc i t r s i m adng t i rngi it nd s l elva acor s t t i ne et n l he nfi ng m ic s onduc t oft bl .,,3 Ij Thi f t a r s e t ba a e t t a c ts ul srke t mpr ia e (. s acor dd e s s he l nc ha our ho d ti bewe n a pli ifs t ihtt be c t e antf ç g o r ompe aed' f t de e nts unlwf la tons a Ghe ns t ' or he f nda ' a u c i , nd l t saut r rg oft de e ntt no be a s s ed a pe ly. I ;s e alo Fit si Ho Rd. t t o y i ht he f nda o t ses na t ' d. e s fv- x pe ' M u i.Lt . v.A. E. A. I c, 7 8 F.d 1 5 , 1 7 ( t Ci. 2 5 . Afe c rf ly sc d V. L. S n . 7 3 0 9 0 7 9h r 01 ) tr ae ul c ns de i t f c s a c r um s a e i t s c e,t c ti of t o ni t t awa di o i rng he a t nd i c t nc s n hi as he our s he pi on ha r ng e ha ed da age t Conc di wilno di t b t sdelca e ba a n nc m so or a l t s ur hi i t l nce. Bas d on t f e ng a l i ,t c t fnds t t t a i a e Syne citc f c or e he or goi na ys s he our i ha he pplc bl r si a t s we g i f vorofa r ng el nce da a st Conco di Spe ii ly, heco twile r i e ih n a wa di zha d m ge o r a. c fcal t ur l xe c s isdic e i t te et n ot f t s r ton o r bl he m mt ound a a t lda ges a a r Co or a $2, 99, 00. s cua ma , nd wa d nc di 1 600. The c ur bei ve t tt s e nc d a r i ne s a y t f il a a qua ey c o t le s ha hi nha e wa d s ce s r o a ry nd de t l ompe ae ns t Co o di f t a r e efe t oft de e nc r a or he dve s f c s he f ndan s mic t ' s onduc ,a t ti doe no c tt t t nd ha t s t onsiu e a i r s il ç e ly' 1 U.. C. j 1 1 () Ac o dn l, t e c u t wil g a t p mpemisbe s nat . 5 SS. p ' 1 7 a. c r i gy h o r l rn Co or a' r ques f re nce da nc di s e t o nha d mage . s B. Pr udzm e I e s ei nt nt re t l tes memo in Co c r i s e a a r o p eu g n itrs, tart s lce nh a to , n o da e ks n wad f rj d me t ne e t a ae ee td by t c t ç or a 1amount uli a ey awar d i t s aci n. P1' M o .f Enha e he oul l 1 f s tm t l de n hi to ' .s t or ' nc d D a a s D oc t N o.266 a 11 A lhough t La m A c doe not s c fc l pr de f m ge , ke t . t he nha t s pe ii aly ovi or prj eudgme i e et uc a a r i wihi t dic ein o t tilco t Se Ge gint ntr s,s h n wad s t n he srto f he ra ur. e or a 3 The sxt f t i ntted i Svne aitc di ve t is of wheher t def nt us is i h acor de ii n r si snvol s he sue t he enda ed t i rngeme of t pl ntf s ma k t s lis pr nfi nt he ai if r o el t oduct,mir e ntng t t publc t tt def s sepr se i o he i ha he endants ' ?od csweeral tos o teplitf. S n ritc 4 0F.da 1 6.S hC l n of wa n ta ise r u t r ely h e f h anif' y egsi, 7 3 t 7 uc t mig f' s o tsu ' pa l t scas 1 n hi e. d. P cfc Co s me Pr d . v Vo Drhl Co ,7 1F.d 7 0 7 2 (t Ci. 01 )(g j d a ii n u r o s LP . n e e m. 8 3 1 , 2 4h r 2 5 d W e o ; no c tg rc l f rco ea a r o p eu g n itrs u d rj 1 1 ()a a ee n o a t ae o ial o e ls n wad f rj d me t n ee t n e 1 7 a s n lme t f y dmuage a r i ata mak i rng me c s .'.Theprmay fcort c i ri de i ng s wad n rde r nfi e nt a e' ) i r a t o onsde n cdi wh t e t a r p eu g n itrs i wheh rs c a a r i ç e e s r t c mp nst t e eh r o wad rj d me t n ee t s t e u h n wad s s c s ay o o e ae h n plitf f l frg s ij re . M ayHee Co lCo . Hu s n, 35F.d2 7 21 ( t Ci. an if ul o i q n u is' r ln a p v. d o 2 y t ' 3 0 , 0 4h r 20 0 (i to a i tr l u tto mak o te ) 0 ) ct in nd nena q o ain r s mitd . a I t i tn c s ,te c u tde l st e rie is ds rto t a r p eu g n n he nsa t ae h o r ci o xecs t icein o wad rj d me t ne it r t The c ut be ive t t a a r of te e dn n e es. ot' le s ha n wa d r bl mage wil f il a a uael s l ary nd deq t y c ompe a e Conc di f rt ha m t tr s t d fom t de e nt 'mico uc ,a t tt ns t or a o he r ha e ule r he f nda s s nd t nd ha he i o i o o p eud me titr s o ta a u tc ul b viwe a pt tv i n tr ,rt r mp st n f rj g n n ee t n h t mo n o d e e d s miie n au e ahe i t nc ha ompe aor Se Buz Of I e tShi l LLC v.S. J hns & Sons I ,6 F.Supp. ns t y. e z f ns c e d. C. o on . nc. 06 2 5 1 5 2 ( . N. 2 0 )( e lnn t a r prj d me titrs b s d o t ec n lso d 7 , 9 M D. C. 0 9 d ci ig o wad eu g n n eet a e n h o cu in t tt ej r a r wa s fiin t c mp n aet p e al pa t) Ac o dngy t c u t ha h u y wad s u fce t o o e s t he rv ii ry . c r i l, he o r ng wil e yCo c r i ' rq e t o p eu g n itrs. ld n n o d as e u s f r rj d me t n eet 11 1. M ot on for At i torne Fees and Li i i C ost vs' tqaton s I is t r moton,Conc di s eks t r ove is a tm eys f s a ltga i c t. n t hid i or a e o ec r t to ' ee nd ii ton oss Thec t l add e sea h r ues i t n. our wil r s c eq t n ur A. A t ornevs'Fees t The Lal m Ac a horze a dititco tt a r r as bl a t e f es t t rhn t ut i s src ur o wa d e ona e tom ys' e o he prvalng pa' i Ge e i c s s' 1 U. C.j 111 a . Alhough t saue doe no e ii ly n sxc ptonal a e .' 5 S. t 7() t he ttt s t d i t c ie i t ta c e m us s ts y i or rt qualf a û xc ptona y t Fo t Ci c t efne he rt ra ha as t a i f n de o iy s s e i l' he urh r ui e ' h s ma e ce rt a a S xc pi n l a e rq ie moe t a j tv lto lc n u t S e a d la h t n s e to a' s e ur s r h n us o i na o d c. e e 'c i Geo capa ii,781 F. a 720 (( afl t dititc ts a iai öfis voltona r i- cfc 3d t ç fim he src our' pplc ton t ii l To ' sa r woul m e n t t e y Ln m Ac c s woul q lf a Sxc pto l t e s t t nda d d a ha ver nhn t ae d uaiy s e e ina ' mls he de e ntc d s f nda oul how t ti uni t ntona l ormit ke y pero me t a tonslt rf ha t n e i ly sa nl f r d he c i a e ound t o be a vi ai of t Ac.) I Geor apa fc,t Fourh Cic t a id t prncpls olton he t' . n ' gi- cii he t rui pple he i i e e mc aed by t Supr me Co tti Oc a Fine s LLC v. CON He 1h & Fines .I ,1 4 S. nt i t he e tr n t ne t s . I at t s nc. 3 Ct 1 49 ( 1 ) i whc t e S p e Co r a ay e t s me fe a r sa ad t e t e . 7 20 4 , n ih h u rme u t n lz d he a e wad tnd r md r h Pae Ac.L-a 720tnt t da t 721.Appl ngt eprncpl ,t Fo t Cic thedt tac s ma be yi hos i i es he urh rui l ha a e y d e d E x e to a' u d r j 1 1 ()i t re l td crumsa c s ( )wh n Ih r i a e me t c p in l' n e e 1 7 a n h e i e ic tn e : 1 e t e e s n mi t unus di c e nc i t m e is of t pos to t n by t pa te , ba e on t nonual s r pa y n he r t he ii ns ake he r i s s d he p e al p ry' p sto a et e fio o so o j ciey u ra o a l' ( )whe Sh n n rv ing a t s o ii n s ih r rv l u r b e tv l n e s n b e' 2 i ; n le ot p e al pat ha l iae t e c s i alu r a o be mn ne' o ( ) wh n Ghee i rv ii ng ry s i g td h a e n r n e s na l n r' r 3 e s r s t 5 ' t ot r s t ne i pa tc arc r um sa e t a he wie he ed n ri ul ic tnc s o dvanc c i r tons o c e onsde a i f ompe ai n a ns to nd d tre c . 1 . t7 (iai n a itr a q oainmak o te ) eer n e' d a 21 ctto s nd nen l u tto r s mitd . ' Afe c nsde i t t t lt oft cr lm sa esi t i t ntc e,t c ur i t bl tr o i rng he o a iy he icz t nc n he nsa as he o t s ma e t c l t t i qualûe as ( xce i na . Fis,Conc di ha not esabls t t t o oncude ha t i s ' pto l' r t e ' or a s t ihed ha he d fnd ns po iin o tecam frflea v rii gwa f oo so o j cieyl e s n bl. ee a t' sto n h li o as d e t n s dv lu r b e tv l mra o a e s W hie Conc di uli t l pr val d a til t co tde e is dipostve m o i o t l or a tma ey e ie t ra , he ur ni d t s ii tons n he is o la iiy b t a t e s mma y j g n sa e a d a t e co e o te d fn a t' sue f ib l , oh t h u r ud me t tg n t h ls f h e e d n s t e de e. A c r ngl t c tc nno s y t t t de e nt a gum e s i de e e of t vi nc co di y, he our a t a ha he f nda s' r nt n f ns he fle a ve t i cam we e s fi oo s o o j ci l b sls a t j siy a a r o as d ri ng li s r o rv lu r be t y a ee s s o u tf n wa d f ve a t ne ' f e . Se e a. B e km a l t u e s I v. LK R Pr tor ys e s e. . , c n nsr m nt . nc. odukt r A B, 892 F. 15 e 2d 47, 1 51 ( d.Ci.1 8 )(& ) fn i dfiul t a r et a gqd fns wa Sa ee s whe i 5 Fe r 9 9 $W e i d t ifc t o g e h t a ee e s b s ls ' n t g s r ie a moi n f rsz l j g n a wa rj ce o l a trfn ig we ema e o u vv d to o l mma' ud me t nd s ee td ny fe i dn s r d n y diput f t' Excai M.u.LLC v.Diec LLC,No.5: - 684- 2015U. Dit s ed acsl; l m l . t 1 r Tvs 11CV- FL, S. s. LEXI 1 2 3 ,a *1 ( D. C.S p . 0 2 5 ( se i e e b tef c ta t ec s we t S 3 9 7 t 8 E. N. e t 3 , 01 ) ç v d nc d y h a t h t h a e n W t til nete te lw n rt e i e c wa s ce r a t war to l o e c ncu in. o ra, i r h a o he v d n e s o la s o rml n y n o lso ' h ); Le dnc e ,LLC v.Zilw.l c,5 F.S p 3 4 4 4 9 ( . N. 2 4 ( ( h Co l n i Tre lo n . 4 u p. d 4 , 5 W D. C. 01 ) (Tj e u' G t c n itn l d ne Zilw' a g me t t ti wa e tte t j d me ta amatro lw, ih o sse t e id lo s r u ns ha t s n ild o u g n s te f a wh c y miiae a ans a fn ig ta Le dn Tr e p ru d meils cams' ( tr l ctto tg ts g i t idn h t n ig e u s e rte s li .) i ena iains ' n omitd) te . The c ti a s una e t fnd t tt s c s wasltgae i a t e o bl m n r our s l o bl o i ha hi a e ii td n n mr as na e nne . The Supr m e Cour hase ane t tç diti tc tma a r f e i t r r c s i whih e t xpl i d ha t src our y wa d e s n he a e a e n c a a pa t s unr s bl co uc - whie not ne s a iy i pe nty s nci na e - i ry' ea ona e nd t l ce s rl nde nde l a to bl s n n t ee ss çx e to a 'a t j tf a a r o f e . Oca eF te s 1 4 S. . t1 5 . o eh ls o e c p in l s o usiy n wa d f e s' tn in s, 3 Ct a 7 7 ' Typi a l t s pr c ly, hi ong i s tsi d whe e t non- e ii pary e ge i s e f m o s aife r he pr va lng t nga s n om or f G g e iu b ha ir'n l iaigac s .Le dn Tr e 5 F. u p. da 4 0 (olcigc s s. t r go s e vo 'i i g tn a e n ic e , 4 S p 3 t 6 c le tn a e) e t l s n uppo tof is r que tf at ne f es Conc di hi i ht t e de e unde l ng is r t e s or tor ys' e , or a ghlg s he vi nc ryi t cam f rflea v riig.W hl t e i e c ctdb Co c r i s p o t t j r sv r ito li o as d e t n s ie he v d n e ie y n o da u p rs he uy' e dc n t is ofla lt a t c tsfndi on t i s ofwilul s , he c tdoe no bele he s ue ibiiy nd he our' i ng he s ue lf ne s t our s t ive t tt c e a a who e wa ltga e urr a o bl or t t a of t def nda s ltgai n ha he as s l s ii t d le s na y, ha ny he e nt ' ii to tcis wee s e c p in la t j tf a a r o f e . M o e v r a t Fo t Cic i a tc r o x e to a s o usiy n wa d f e s r o e , s he urh rut r ce l madec e r afndi ofwil l s ,sa ng aone,çsno l rs t intt s e nty l a , i ng ll ne s t ndi l t i onge ufk e o how t t ha a c s i ç xce i na .' Excl i M 1 ,201 U . A pp. a e s e pto l'' a m du. 6 S. LEXI 23378 a *25. S ,t Fi ly, t c t doe no be i ve t t a a a d of f s i ne es a y t ad nc na l he our s t le ha n w r ee s c s r o va e c i e a i ns of c pens i or de e r nce The c tco i r d t ne d f c pe a i n ons d r t o om aton t re . our ns de e he e or om ns t o i r i on Conc di sr ue tf re l nc dn a . As i caed a ve t c ti oft n ulng or a' eq s o rha ed m ges ndi t bo , he our s he opi on t t a a a d of te e dn age w ilf i l co pe a e Conc di f r t ha m c us d ni ha n w r r bl m s l a r y m ns t or a o he r a e by t de e nt 'co he f nda s nduc .Li w i e t de t f c s a c r um s a es o t sc e, he c r i t ke s , m r he a t nd ic t nc f hi as t ou t s c vi d t tt a r ofte e dn a swilmor t n a quael deert de e nt a on nce ha he wa d r bl m ge l e ha de t y t he f nda s nd o he s fo e gi i smia l a u c t r r m nga ng n i lr ml wf l onduc i t f t r . Acc di y, Conco di s t n he ' u e u or ngl r a' m oto f rat r ys f swilbe de e i n o to ne ' ee l nid. B. L ii i C os s tzat on t l is fnalr ques,Conc di s e t r ove is ltga i c t . As not a n t i e t or a e ks o ec r t ii ton os s ed bove,t he La h m Ac p o ie t a p e al panif I h l b e tte ,. .s be t ot ep i ilso na t r vd s h t rv ii li tfs t al e n ild . u j c t h rncp e f ng s e ut t r c ve ...te c sso t a to . 1 U. C.j 1 1 () Atti t , we e, q i o eo r y, h o t f he cin' 5 S. ' 1 7 a . h s i ho v r me Co or a ha notr ques e a s cii a oun o c t ,or s it d a e de e i s nc di s e t d pe f c m t f os s ubm te ny vi nc n uppor of t s c a a r .Ac o dn l ,h rq e tf rltg to c sswil ed n e wih u p eu ie I u h n wa d c r ig y te e u s o iiai n o t l b e id t o t rj d c . f Co or a wihe t pur ue t sr ques,i mus s nc di s s o s hi e t t t ubmi a o it doc e a i wihi t ry t ppr pra e um nt ton t n hit da oft da e ofe r oft sm e or ndlm o ni a or r ys he t nt y hi m a l pi on nd de . Conc us on l i Fo t r a o sae ,te panifsmoin frj g n a a matro lw o a n w r he e s ns tt d h lit ' to o ud me t s f te f a r e tilwilb d ne a mo t t e plitY s moin f r e h n e d ma e a p eu g n ra l e e id s o , h an i to o n a c d n g s nd rj d me t i e e twilbe g a ed i pa ta de ed i pa t a t pl i ifsm oton f r a tr ys f e ntr s l r nt n r nd ni n r, nd he antf i o to ne ' e s a d l iain c sswilb d n e i p r a d d ne wih u p eu ie i pa t Th j d me t n i g to o t l e e id n a t n e id t o t rj dc n r. e u g n t wilbe a ndedt r fe ta a r ofda a si t t a a ountof$2, 99, 00. l me o e l c n wa d m ge n he ot l m 1 600. The Cl r i diece t s nd c e oft s or ra t ac ompanyi m e o andum e k s r t d o e opi s hi de nd he c ng m r opi on t a1 counselofr d. ni o 1 ecor DATED :hsf z dyo Mac,07 T i . t a f rh2 1. Chi fUn t d St t D i ti tJ e e a es s r c udge

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