Price Automotive II, LLC v. Mass Management, LLC, Edison 2 Motors et al

Filing 75

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 1/22/2015. (ssm)

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CLERK' OFFI U t. DI COURT S C: 7 ST. AT F<s.r Ki, k' j .) i VA 7N I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT ' FO R THE W ESTERN D I f CT OF VI I I STRI ' RG N A * ' CHA RLOTTESV I LLE DI I ON V SI FLJ 1tl ' a ' ..' : '''!' * r ,,'à-r ' '' .-:è,'r 1.i 7-----r' ! d --i--,' 1; . t ' . r-' : - l'1 -g r -.l :.. l . ,--; .. - JU(! -A . , - ?, '.zj cu -' trL- f :q I f PR I AU TO M OTI E I LLC, CE V I, Pl i if a ntf , Ci lA c i N o.3: 4CV 00029 vi ton 1 M EM OR ANDUM OPI ON NI M A SS M AN A G EM EN T,LLC, SON EDI 2 M OTORS,a V igi a lm ie la lt r ni i t d i biiy com pany,eta1, . By: Hon. e E.Co a Gln nr d Chi fUnie Stt DititJ e td aes src udge Def nda s e nt . I t s di r iy a ton,t pl i if Pr c Aut otve 1 ,LLC,c a m st tt de enda s n hi ve st c i he a ntf , i e om i l l i ha he f nt c pie t s la ve c et twasr pr en e t be a a he i 1 6 M as r t 300S t t ons r d o el hi l ha e es t d o n ut ntc 95 eai o he pl i if sas i , nd t wha t pl ntf a isas i a ntf ' s gnor a hat t he ai i f nd t s gnorac ua l pu c s d wasa c e f t t ly r ha e ount r ei vehi l The c e i pr s nty be or t cou ton t de e nt 'm otonst di m i st de Rul c e. as s e e l f e he r he f nda s i o s s m r e 12( ( )oft Fe r lRulsofCi lPr ce e. Fort r s stf t bel t moto wil b)6 he de a e vi o dur he ea ons e orh ow,he ins l be g a e wih r s c t t pli ifscli f s i da es butwilot r s bede e r ntd t e pe t o he antf am or pecal mag , l he wie ni d. Bac ound kzr The f l i f t , a f o t pl ntf ' s c a e d c pl i t a e a c t d as olow ng ac s t ken r m he ai i f s e ond m nde om a n , r c ep e t u f pu pos oft de e nt 'm otons t di m i s Se Er c o v.Pa dus 551 U . 8 94 r e or r es he f nda s i o s s . e i ks n r , S. 9: ( 2007) . M a e a i a lala c rm an a t e , oduce a lm ie num be of 3 s r t, n t i n a uf c ur r pr d i td r 00S r ci c r a ng a s bewe n 1 a 1 t e 955 nd 958. Thos sili e se a ehi hl c t d by a omobiec lc o s e tl n xitnce r g y ove e ut l ole t r . l 200 Olve Kutner(i t r',heprncpa ofM a sM a me ,LLC, s 2 n 4, i r t ç ne')t i i l Kut s nage nt Edion Motr (s sM a ge f', r ha e ac ssf aM aert3005t twasde i dbyPee os ç Mas na men )pu c s d hasi or s ai ha sgne tr $3. 000USD (hr milo t hundrdffyt a USdola s wilbedue 250, t ee lin wo e i' housnd t lr) l f ( wee fom daeofsgni Thebuye ha t rg t wihhol $1 000 our 4) ks r t i ng. r s he iht o t d 00. USD ( hu ed t a US dola s fom fna pa e t s lri f a one ndr hous nd lr ) r i l ym nt o ele f or ny r s nt r tr i me ine a i no c ee wihi t f ( we ks ea o he esoaton nto d bove s t ompltd t n he our 4) e fom da e of s g ng. r t i ni I buye i no ha wiha ofhi tndi durngt t ( wee d f r s t ppy t ny s i ngs i he wo 2) ks ue dii nc pe i ors ner he c n t r i t t s c t a t Sha lbuye t r i t lge e rod oo , a e m na e hi on r c . l r e m na e t s c r t he w ilr ce ve fom s l rhi de i, c i f l t be bal w ie hi ontac , l e i r ele s pos t ba k n ul, o z rd k bac t Cl s i l s m e s l wihi t e b i s da ofve ba orwr te k o a s c nve t nt nc. t n hr e usne s ys r l it n t r i to oft sc r t e m na i n hi ontac . 2 Am . d Compl Ex.E. TheAm e d Bilo Saef t pr de t tt i or ton c ai d . nde l f l urher ovi s ha he nf ma i ont ne i t a re n i çr ea dc re t'a t th a re n ds d u d r n liso p ru y' n he g e me ts i u n o rc, nd ha t e g e me t s ma e n e pe ate f ej r . t ' i ' I d. The pl i ifpr de t tna i f t pur ha e oft V e c e,a Cl s c a ntf ovi d he i nc ng or he c s he hi l nd as i I t e sas i d t Am e d BilofSaet t pl ntf. Afe wii $3, 000t nvesm nt sgne he nde l l o he ai if tr rng 200, o Kutne a M a sM a t r nd s nage nt t pl ntf la nedt tt Ve c ewa no a he i . The me , he ai if e r ha he hil s t ut ntc pl i ifde i t t ke pos e son oft Ve cl a r quese ar f antf clned o a ss i he hi e nd e t d e und. Ho ve ,Kutne we r t r r us t r tzn t pl ntf sm one ef ed o e tr he ai i f y. ProceduralH i oa st On M a c 21 201 t pl i iffl t i t nta ton a i tK utne ,M a s r h , 4, he a ntf ied he nsa c i ga ns t r s M a ge e ,Amse , Re Li i t Unie Stt Diti tCour f t Dititof na m nt tr and d ne n he t d aes src t or he src Coo a o. OnJ n 3 201 t ec s wa ta serdt t i dsrc o tepat s j it to lrd u e , 4,h a e s rn fre o hs itit n h ri ' on moin. e The ea t r t pl ntf tl d is fr ta e r fe , he ai i f i e t i s m nded c pl i a i tt de e om a nt ga ns he f ndan s whi h t, c a s r e t f l i c a m s a t lf a aga ns Kutne , a sM a s e t d he olow ng l i : c ua r ud i t t r M s nage e ,a A m se m nt nd tr ( Count1;fa e co e me agans Kutner Mas Mana me ,a Amser( unt1) ) rudulnt nc al nt i t t , s ge nt nd t Co 1. , co tuci fa ag ns aloft de e nt ( nt11.cvic piac ag ns a1oft nsr tve rud ai t 1 he f nda s Cou 1) i l ons r y ai t l he , defnda s( e nt Count1 ;saut yc piac a i taloft dee nt ( V) tt or ons r y gans l he fnda s CountV) r s si of ; ecison c nr c a an t tne a M a s a a e n ( u t ) a db e c o c nr c a an t t r o ta t g i s Kut r nd s M n g me t Co n V1; n r a h f o ta t g is Kut ne a M a sM a ge nt( tVI) nd s na me Coun l. The def nt s eque l m ov t di m i st fr ta e d co pl nti ise ie y enda s ubs nty ed o s s he i s m nde m ai n t ntr t purua t Rul 1 b)6)oft Fe rlRul ofCi l oc dur Thec ur hedahezngo t s nt o e 2( ( he dea es viPr e e. o t l ai n he de e nt 'm o i nson Se e r1 201 Durng t hea i i r pons t a gumen s f nda s to pt mbe 0, 4. i he rng,n es e o r t r ga di t s fcinc oft a lga i wih r s tt Am se , heco ta s t pa tes e r ng he ufi e y he le tons t e pec o tr t ur dvied he ri t ti woul pe m i t pl i ift fl as c a ha t d r t he antf o ie e ond mend c ed ompl i ,a t ti woul r er e ant nd ha t d es v r i on t pe ng m oto . ulng he ndi i ns On Se e r24, 4,t pli tf fl d as ond a e d c pt mbe 201 he a n if ie ec m nde ompl nt t whi Am se ai , o ch tr a Red Li fl a he m oton t di m i s Them otonst dim i sha be n f l bref d a nd ne ied not r i o s s . i o s s ve e uly i e nd ar rpe f rr vi . e i o e ew St andard ofRevi ew W he de di amotont dimisfrf l et saeacam t rRul 1 b)6) t n ci ng i o s s o aiur o tt li mde e 2( ( ,he c tmus ac e a tuealwe lpla al tonsa dr w a1 r as bl f c ua i e e si our t c pt s r 1 l- e ded legai nd a l e ona e a t l nf r nce n t pl ntf' fvo . ViolS. v.Prmeos Shi ngCo.708F.d527 53 ( h Ci.201 . he ai ifs a r t , A. i r e ppi , 3 , 9 4t r 3) lW hieaco aitatcke byaRul 1 b)6)motont dimisdoe notne deaiedfcua t l mpl n ta d e 2( ( i o s s s ed t l a t l alegai , pli ifso i tont pr det gr l tons a a ntf blga i o ovi he oundsofhi en ilm e t r le r r mor s tte nt o ei f equies e t n lbel a c usons a af mul i r cia i o t e e nt ofac us ofa tonwilno ha a s nd oncl i , nd or ac e t ton f he l me s a e ci l t do.' Bel lCor v. ' lAt. p. Twombl 550U. 544,55 ( )(ntr ct i a quottonmaks y, S. 5 2007 i enal iaton nd ai r omit ) To s vvedimis lf fiur t saeacli k c an mus co an s fcint ted . ur i s sa or al e o tt am,k omplit t nti ufi e a f ualm ater accept astue,t ' t e a cl m t r i t i pl i e on is f '' A s oft act t , ed r o s at ai o elef hat s ausbl t ace.' hcr v.Iba,55 U. 662,678( 9)( i Twombl 550U. a 57 . l rvi ngaRul g l 6 S. 200 quotng v, S. t 0) n e ewi e 1 b)6 moton,hec tma c i rt c ant isatc nt,a doc nt G ta he 2( () i t our y onsde he ompli ,t ta hme s nd ume s t tc d a t ()mo int ds s , oln a t e aeitg a t t c mp an a da t e tc' Se ' o o a to o imis s o g s h y r ne r lo he o lit n u h ni . cy f ' Stt f Dee v. i eNavcai Lt ,484F.d700,705( hCi. ) ae or fnce Trmbl i ton d. 3 4t r 2007 . Di scusson i Fr Cl m s( aud ai Count 1 1 1 s -1) A l oft de e nt ha m ove t di m i s t f a cl i sas e t d i Count 1 1 ,a l he f nda s ve d o s s he r ud a m s re n s , l nd IIoft s c a e d co pli t Asi cae a I he e ond m nde m a n . ndi td bove, hepl i ifa s rscai ofa t l t antf s e t l ms cua f a f a ul ntc ea m e t a c tuc i f a r ud, r ud e onc l n , nd ons r tve r ud. A. Sum m aa of t A pplcabl Law he i e The pa te agr e t tV igi a s t ntve l w a i t t pl i if scl i s To pr va l r i s e ha r ni ubs a i a pples o he a ntf am . e i on acli ofa t lf a unde Vigi a lw,apl n ifmus pr t f l ng eeme sby am c ua r ud r r ni a aitf t ove he olowi l nt ce ra dc nvn i e ie c :ç1 aflerp e e tto ()o amaeil a t ( ) d la n o icng vd n e 1 ) as e r sn ain,2 f tra fc, 3 ma e ( itni n lya dk o n l, 4 wi itn t mila , 5 r la c b t ep rymild a d( ) n e to al n n wi gy ( ) t n e t o se d ( ) ein e y h a t se , n 6 h r s tng da a t t pa t m ild. Eval ton Re e r h Cor v. e n,439 S. 2d 387, e uli m ge o he ry se ' ' ua i s ac p. Alqui E. 390( .1 . dconsr tvefa difr fom a t lfa i t tt mirprs ntto of Va 994) d tuci r ud fes r cua rud n ha he se e e ain m a e i lf c i notm ade wih t i e t m i l ad, i m a i e l orneglgenty a t t ra a t s t he nt nt o s e but s de nnoc nty i l lhough r s tng i da a t t one r yi on i. 1 Vi g ni 1 w al o pr de t tt e uli n m ge o he el ng t' d. r i a a s ovi s ha he ' ûlj nc ame oro si ofamae ilfct onewhoknowst tt ot rpa t i a tngupo tc o e l nt mison tra a by ha he he ry s ci n t as u pton t tt f tdoesnote s c tt e aci na efa ' Ale Reat Cop v. he s m i ha he ac xit onsiut s to bl r ud. ' ln ly Hol r, 18S. 2d592,597( 1 4) Aswihacua fa bohc tu tvefa a bet3 E. Va. 98 . t t l r ud, t onsr ci r ud nd faudul ntc e m e m us be pr n by cl a and c nc ng e de e Eva u i n R e e z h r e onc al nt t ove ez onvi i vi nc . l ato s ac Cor ,439 S. 2da 390;Spe ev. ifn,3 S. 2d595,598- ( 1 ) p. E. t nc Grfi 72 E. 99 Va. 988 . Frudcai ar s j c t ahei e pl di sa r und t Fedea Rul ofCi l a l ms e ub e to ghtned ea ng tndad er he rl es vi Pr e e. Fe r Rul ofCi lPr ed e9( r uie apa t al ngfa t itt wih oc dur deal e vi oc ur b) eq rs ry legi rud o s ae t s patc aiyt cr umsa esconsiutngfa .... Fe R. v. 9( . Tostsyt s riulrt he ic tnc tt i r ud ' d. Ci P. b) ' aif hi s a r t pl i ifm us pl a w ih pa tcul rt S he tm e, a e,a c e s oft f s t nda d, he a ntf t e d t r i a iy ' i pl c nd ont nt t he al e r pr s nttons a wel a t i ntt oft pa t m a ng t m ir pr s nt to a wha he e e e a i , s l s he de iy he ry ki he s e e e ai n nd t obti dt r ' Hars nv.W etnghous Sa ane heeby.' rio si e vanna Ri rCo.1 F. 776,786(t Ci. h ve , 76 3d 4h r 1 9 ) Cll c o c mpl n ewi Ru e9 b ' p e dn rq ie n si te tda afiu et 9 9 . d wa k f o i c t l ( )s la ig e ur me t s rae s alr o g a h saeacli unde Rul 1 b)6)' J.a 783n. tt am r e 2( ( .' 7.t a 5. B. T he K ut ner D efendant t s I movi t dimist pli ifsfa cli , tne a M a sM a eme (he n ng o s s he antf' rud ams Ku t r nd s nag nt t C t rdefnda t' a g t ta pr tpes i si i casi r cngc r woul ha ' ne e n s' r ue ha ny uden ron nve tng n l sc a i as Kut ) d ve m a a s nc e e f t o a ce t i t t ue c ton a pr na e ofaca prort pur hasng i, de i er f or t s ra n he r ondii nd ove nc r i o c i t a t tt pl n ifi unabl t e t bls t ti r s bl r le on t mir pr e a insa nd ha he aitf s e o sa ih ha t ea ona y e id he se es nt to nd omisonsa is si t s ue. Att ssag oft pr ee ngs howe r t co ti una et a ee The hi t e he oc di , ve , he ur s bl o gr . i s ofwhe he a pa t sr la wasr as bl i or na iy a que ton f t t i roff c t s ue t r ry' e i nce e ona e s di r l s i or he re ato d tr ne S eBa ko M o te lv S g e Bat,1 3F.d 8 8 8 4( t Ci.1 9 )( tn t t eemi . e n f nra . in t r 9 3 1 , 3 4h r 9 9 noig ha k ter a o a ln s o apa t srla c i ai u sinl t bed cd db t ej r i lg to ,ne h e s n be e s f ry' ein e s i e t ) o e i e y h u y n ih f itr q o a i,t naur oft pari a t ta aci t r pr s n a i ,omisons a ditaci ns la he t e he tes nd he r ns ton,he e e e t tons s i , nd sr to pr e e byt def nt a t dute o i si tona s dbyt pli if';M ilrv. es ntd he enda , nd he is f nvetgai sume he antf ) le PrmirCor ,608F. 973,982(t Ci.1 (mphaszi t tt (is ofr inc a e e p. 2d 4h r 979) e i ng ha he lsues ela e nd r a o a ln s, o n a te d t s be tv sae o mi a a pl ain o o j cie e s n be e s g i g s h y o o u jcie tts f nd nd p i to s f b e tv c sa r ofr a ona ene s aepre ne l fcua is sf t tiroffc ) As umi t tndads e s bl s , r e mi nty a t l sue or he re a f'. s ng he t t oft pl ntf s alegatonsregar ng t m i epr nlh he ai if' l i di he sr esent i m ade by Kutnerand Am ser, atons t t t c tc l he our onc udest tt a l ga i pl us bl s ts y t sel m e . See e. , lo' v. r a ha he le tons a i y a i f hi e nt - g. Eli t G e t t Poi Pa t rsLLC,No.1:Oc 01 2011U. DitLEXI 8 ,at*1 20( D.Va J 5, nt rnes 1 v1 9, S. s. S 27 9- E. . an. 8 2 1 (-ha Plitfsdi no c n uc t i o iv siaini n t na ou eb r oterfa d 01 ) ll t an if d t o d ther wn n e tg to s o a bs lt a t h i ru tc am . l i plusbl t tt i lc ofi tgai wasnoti is l unr s bl ,a i i li t s a i e ha her a k nvesi ton n te f ea ona e nd t s pl usbl t teve t n t y m a be e us d f o t tdut A s um i t ve ac t ofPl i if ' a i e ha n he he y xc e r m ha y. s ng he r iy a ntf s al ga i a tki t m i t c nt xtoft Compl ntasawhol t Compli plusbl le tons nd a ng he n he o e he ai e, he ant a i y s ssane ilme t rle .) ugget ntte nt o eif' . ' Th c u t s l e s rj d t eKu te d f n a t'ag me t h t h fa dcamsae e o r mu t i wie ee h tn r ee d ns r u n t a t e ru li r k ba r d by t pr sonsoft Ame d BilofSae,whih pe tedt buye t i pe tt re he ovii he nde l l c nnit he r o ns c he Ve cea t tr i t t a e nti t buy wa ( ha wih a ofhi fndi durng hil nd o e m na e he gr eme f he er s k not ppy t ny s i ngs i t t ( wee duedii nc pe i ' 2dAm. he wo 2) ks lge e rod. ' ComplEx. Unde Vigi alw, nta t l . E. r r ni a co rcua dicai r a ei a p o a tc'a i tfa cli s Hia hiCr di Am , p . Si ne s l me s r ' not r phylc i' gans r ud am . t e e t Co v, g t Bank,1 F. 61 630( h Ci.1 ) Thus kfa i vi li d 66 3d 4, 4t r 999 . ,s n ndi dua s upedi oe ei i oa i nt ntrng nt n a r e e t ts m e a e e c o t ke a a t i vi l sr gh t s f fa ' g e m nt ha a gr em nt mm t a w y he ndi dua ' i t o ue or r ud. ' Na ginv.unoLoudon, hi a J LLC, F. 684 Supp. 731 740( D. 201 ;s as FS Phot I 2d , E. Va. 0) ee lo o.nc. v Pitrviin.n .61F. p 2d47 , 81( D. .1 9 )(( meg rca eb r o fa d . cu e so I c, Su p. 3 4 E. Va 9 9 iA) r e lus o n f ru ( s d notbea l houl lowedt i o mmuni et fa e co z he r udulnt nduc ; d t r bee nofa t r woul be t ha he e n r ud he e d nomege ca e' . Att ssa oft pr ee ngs t c ti c nc t tt plitf has r r lus .' ) hi tge he oc di ,he our s onvi ed ha he anif ale d s f c en f c st e t bls t tt Am e d BilofSal w ast pr uc off a l ge uf i i t a t o s a i h ha he nde l e he od t r ud. Cons que l dhetr oft tagee ntc nnotpr e t(leg y)fa e pa tesfom e nty,d ems ha r me a t otc al edl rudulnt ri r r pons biiy f t i ac i . N ahi a 68 F.Supp. a 740. Fort e r s ns t es i lt or he r tons' ' gi n, 4 2d t hes ea o , he Kutne def nda s m o i w ilbe de e wih r s c t t pl i if sf aud c ai s t r e nt ' ton l ni d t e pe t o he a ntf r lm . B. The A m st D ef er endant s l mo ngt dimist faudcai a i tAmse andRe Li (heçAmse n vi o s s he r l ms gans tr d ne t i tr d e nt',t Amse defnda sfrta g t tt pl ntf' fa cli aes j ctt efnda s' he tr e nt is r ue ha he ai ifs rud ams r ube o ) 9 dimis lbe a et s ond a e d c s s a c us he ec m nde ompli f ist aleg t ta f ler pr s nttonsof ant al o l e ha ny a s e e e a i m a e i f c w e e m a by A m s e . Fort f l i r as ,ho e r t cour i una et t ral a t r de tr he olow ng e ons w ve , he t s bl o agr ee. Acc di t t s c or ng o he e ond a e d co pl i , m s e pr pa ed a r por t tf l e y m nde m a nt A t r e r e t ha a s l de c i t V e c e' c s i a a num be 3 c s sr t rt n a Sha Chas i ,a s rbed he hi l s ha s s s r 067 has i a he ha w s s nd a t m pt d t di tngui h t Sha Cha s sf om t V e c e' c s i . The pl i ifa l gest t te e o s i s he w s i r he hi l s ha s s a ntf le ha t sr por w a ge r t i a e f t o c nceW at rBa e t tt Ve cewasa he i , hi e t s ne aed n n for t onvi le um r ha he hi l ut ntc a t tBa e i r a e Amse ' f ler pr e ai nsi hi o wrte r por, c nd ha um r nco por t d t rs a s e es nt to n s wn it n e twhih Am s e pr de t Cl s c l t e s The pl i ifa l gest tAm s e kne t tBa e ' t r ovi d o as i nvesm nt . a ntf le ha t r w ha um r s r por i or aed Am se ' f ler pr e ai nspe ti ng t t Ve cl sc ss a t t e t nc por t t rs as e es nt to rani o he hi e' has i, nd ha Am se i e d f t po e ilpur has rt r l on t r por. As u i t tut oft t r ntnde or he t nta c e o ey he e t s m ng he r h he pli tf sa lga i , heeo tc l a n if le tons t ur oncudest tt s o ame d c ha he ec nd nde ompl ntsaesapl usbl ai t t a ie ca m f fa bas d o Am se ' m ir e e t tonsr ga di t Vehil sc ss Se li or r ud e n t rs sepr s n a i e r ng he c e' hasi . e Alxa rv.Sout senW hols l Co p.9 F.Supp. 61 623( D. 201 )($n e nde heatr e ae r , 78 2d 5, E. Va. 3 ; I V i g ni a c ai off a doe notr r diec co a torprviy be w e n t de e r i a, l m r ud s equie r t nt c i t t e he f ndan a t t nd he pl i if A c pl i m us m e el a l t tt d e ntkne o had r a on t know t tt a ntf . om a nt t r y lege ha he ef nda w r es o ha he pli ifwoul rl o t mirpr e ai ' (ii M orarnov. ula tEng' Ser .I , antf d ey n he se esntton.) ctng t i Cons tn ' g vs,nc. 46 S. 2d778,782( 1 ) s eas Brni v. C Entr.LLC,832F.Su 2d646,653 7 E. Va. 996)* e lo a n TM , es. pp. ( . Va. 1 ( di t tt pl ntf sae a a tona ecam f acua fa basdon W D. 201 ) hol ng ha he ai if ttd n ci bl li or t l rud e f l e r pr s nt to m ade t a t r pa t r r ng a ca ' m iea ,whe e t pl ntf a l ge a s e e e a i ns o hid ry ega di r s l ge r he ai i f le d t t def hat he endanttm i r ' s epres ed t m ieage w ih t know l ent he l t he edge t t m ir hat he s epresent i aton w oul be r pea e t i e a pur has ri t be i vi t ca ha l s m iea t n i a t l d e t d o nduc c e n o le ng he r d e s l ge ha t c ualy di ' d' ) 10 Thepl ntf alo a lge t tAm serf ley r pr e t d t Ca pe eron muli e ai if s le s ha t as l e es n e o r nt tpl occ i t tM a e a iw o d c r iy t V e cl asa he i The pl n i fcl i st tA m s e asons ha s r t ul e tf he hi e ut ntc. ai t f a m ha tr m a t sr pr s a i t Ca pen e wih s i k l dg t ti w a f s ,a t the di s de hi e e ent ton o r t r t uperor now e e ha t s al e nd ha d o wiht expe tto t tCa e e woul r a t r pr s nt ton t t pl n ifand Cls i t he c ai n ha p ntr d ely he e e e a i o he aitf a sc I t nt , nd t tt pl i ifa Cls i I sme swoul r l o i. W hiet Am se nvesme s a ha he antf nd a sc nve t nt d ey n t l he tr def nda sc e t tt sal dm ir pr s ntto i nota tona e snc i pe t nst f lr e nt ont nd ha hi lege s e e e ai n s c i bl i e t rai o utze conduc by a t r pa t t co ti unpe s ed. t hid r y, he ur s r uad k age a r e, fa mus r l t t apr en orpr - xitngf c , nd c nnotor na iy s As ner l ul (r ud t e ae o es t e e si a t a a di rl be pr ca e on unf led pr i e o sa e e t a t f t e e nt .' Pa rck v.Stm m e s 369 edi t d il om s s r t t m n s s o u ur ve s '' t i z r, S. 2 1 2 1 4( . 98 )( u t g S bev. r n, S, 2 45 , 6 ( .1 4 ). Ho v r E.d 6 , 6 Va 1 8 q oi o l Hema 9 E.d 9 4 4 Va 9 0) n we e, t sr ei notwiho e e i . Fori t nce t Supr me Co tofVigi a ha r c ze hi ul s t ut xc ptons nsa , he e ur r ni s e ogni d t ta cl i f f a t a s m e i e be pr di t d o pr i e w hi h a e m a w ih a pr s nt ha a m or r ud t y o tm s m e ca e n om s s c r de t ee i t nton nott pe f m t m ,oron pr i e m a w ihouta i t ton t pe f m t m . ne i o r or he om s s de t ny n en i o r or he ' ' Ll v. t 1 S. 363,365( 1 . i bassfrt e e i i t tçhesaeoft oyd Smih, 42 E. Va. 928) ' The i o he xc pton s ha t tt he pr s ' m i a t tmehema st pr m iei af c s t t i hem ir pr s nt hi sa eof omior s nd t he i ke he o s s a t' o ha , f se e e s s tt m i ; m i r pr e s at e s i f d .' M e e t i v. . ul r & M a i l .Co. 1 nd, he s e es nt hen xi tng a '' r ns e n St Pa Fie rne ns , 42 F. x 1 1 ( h Ci. )( i Ll 1 S. a 366) App' 36, 39 4t r2005 quotng ovd, 42 E. t . Thi e e i ha bee a i d i ca esi vi mir pr e ai çr lt t t s xc pton s n pple n s nvol ng se es nt tons sea ed o he pr pe tve c os c i onduc oft r pa te .' I a 1 t hid ris' d. t 40. l M e e t n,t pli ifalege t toneof n r nsei he antf l d ha t de e n ' a nt ,i a e f t o i e t pl i tf t a r e t a m al a tc s tl m e , he f nda t s ge s n n f or t nduc he a n if o g e o pr c i e e te nt sat 'i unequi t ed tn vocalt m st t pr er hat he oposed s tem ent...woul have no advers or negatve etl d e i efec whas ve on(hepli ifs a lt t obt nla lt i u a ec r .' 1 a 1 f t toe r t antf l biiy o ai ibiiy ns r nc oveage' d. t 37. Si t pl ntf aleged t t agentiknew t hi r esent i w as f se att tm e ofis nce he ai if l hat he û hat s epr aton al he i t 11 m a ngn t Fourh Cicui hel t tt ag tsas ur nc whi h c d be k onsr e a a ki ' he ' t r t d ha he en ' s a e, c oul ' tu d s c pr s ma wih pr s ntfa ulnti e , c tt e as tc e pr di a ef t pli ips omie de t e e r ud e nt nt' onsiut d ufi i nt e c t or he antf ' cli ofa t lfa I a 1 s eas Boyki v. r tgeRe t 3 S. 2d 1 17 ( am cua rud. d. t 40; e lo n Hemia alv, 60 E. 77, 9 Va. 1 ( di aveditf t pli if onfaudcamst tweeb edOna s a s 987) uphol ng r c or he antfs r li ha r as surnce r r ngt f ur conduc ofat r pa t deveope) egadi he ut e t hid- ry l r. l t sca e t pli ifale t tAm se une vocal r pr s e t tM as r t n hi s , he antf lges ha t r qui ly e e entd ha eai wo d c riy t Ve cl asa he i i or rt i uc t pl i ifa Cl s i l smen st ul e tf he hi e ut ntc n de o nd e he antf nd a sc nve t t o pur has t V e cl Thepl i iff t ralege t tA m s e kne t tt sr pr s n a i w a c e he hi e. a ntf urhe l s ha t r w ha hi e e e t ton s f l e att tm e t ti w a m a as he i ha t s de, Co i t w ih t f r oi de s ons t c t ns sent t he o eg ng cii , he our conc udes l t tAmse ' pr s r ga di t f t ec ha t r s omie e r ng he ' ur onduc ofat r pa t whi h wa al ge y ma u t hid ry, c s le dl de wih pr e fa e i e , onsiut a s fcintpr di ae f t pl i ifscai offa t es nt r udul nt nt nt c tt es ufi e e c t or he antf l ms r ud. TheAm se de e nt alo a g t tt sr pr s ntto i nota tona e be a ei i a tr f nda s s r ue ha hi e e e ai n s c i bl c us t s me ee es i ofopi on. W hiem e ee es i ofopi on ge r l ca r xpr son ni l r xpr sons ni ne aly nnotf m t bass or he i ofa cl i f f a t Su e e Cour ofV igi a h C t...e t bls d a b i lne t s t a m or r ud, he pr m t r ni as d no s a ihe rght i e t o a c r a n w he he f s r pr e a i c tt t m a tr ofopi o o s a e e s off c .' s e ti t r ale e es nt tons ons iu e te s ni n r t t m nt a t' M o trn 46 S. 2 a 7 1 l ta ,ta hc s mu t nalr eme s r b a j d e fo is raio, 7 E.d t 8 . nse d ' c a e s i ag a u e e du g d r m t e own f t ,tki i o consde a i t naur oft r pr cn a i a t m ea ng oft acs a ng nt i r ton he t e he e es t ton nd he ni he ln u g u e a a pidt t es j c matra da itprtdb t s ro ndn a g a e s d s p le o h ube t te n s ne ee y he u r u ig crumsa s' 1 (ntr ctto a q tto makso te ;seas M ee ti 1 F. ic tnce . d.i enal iain nd uoain r mitdl e lo rnsen, 42 ' App' a 1 (i ngt sprncpl û riulrysgniian'whe t undel ngc anti x t 4l fndi hi i i e d tc al i fc t' n he pa ryi ompli s rviwe a t Rul 1 b)6)sa ) l t sc e,hee de ema s t tM a eaiwilnot e e d t he e 2( ( tge . n hi as t vi nc y how ha s rt l c r iy t V e c e asa he i ,a t tAm s e wasa a e oft sa t tm e he m a t e tf he hi l ut ntc nd ha tr w r hi t he i de he r es atonst t contar Becaus A m st sassurances coul be constued asaf im atons epr ent i o he r y. e er' d r fr i off c i t sc e , hec 'i una et c l , tt ssageoft pr e di ,ha t y a e a t n hi ontxt t oul s bl o oncude a hi t t he oc e ngs t t he r no a tona e. t c i bl TheAmse d e nt ne aguet tt cli f fa e c eame ( tr efnda s xt r ha he am or r udulnt onc l nt Countl)i Is s b e tt ds sa b c us Amse h dn d t t ds l ea yi fr to rg r i gt e u j c o imis l e a e tr a o uy o icos n n omain e ad n h a te t i o teVe il . Un e Vign alw,'a d t t ds l ed e n t r lyaie uh ni t f h hce cy d r r ii a i j uy o icos o s o no mal rs g w he pa tesa e e n ri r ngage i a a m ' l ngt ta ac i n. Ba ofM on r l 1 F. d a 8 d n n r s e h r ns to ' ' nk t ea , 93 3 t 29. Howe r s hdut i y aie( )i t fc i maeila t oneco e i ha s ror ve , uc y s ma rs 1 f he a t s tra nd he nc alng s upei k wld ea dk o t eoh ri a t u nt ea s mp inta tefc d sn te iti o () no e g n n ws h te s ci po h su to h th a t oe o x slj r 2 ng i onepa t tkesa tonswhihdi r t ohe pat fom ma ngpr ntivetgai ( g.by f ry a ci c ve the t r ry r ki ude n si tons e. , ma ngapataldicos e. I (nenalcttonsomit ) ki ri sl ur l' d.itr iai ' ted . Att ssa oft ca e, hepl i ifha a l e s fce f c st s hi t ge he s t antf s leg d ufiint a t o uppor t e se eof t he xit nc bot oft s c r um sa e gi ng r s t a du y t di c os A sf t fr tc r um sanc t h he e i c t nc s vi i e o t o s l e. or he is i c t e, he a l a i i t s c a e d c pl i pl us bl es a i h t tA m s e had s r o leg tons n he e ond m nde om a nt a i y t bls ha tr upe i r knowldgeoff c spe ti ngt t au he i iy oft Ve ce, ha hee ce a i e dt t e a t rani o he t ntct he hil t t xpe td nd nt nde ha Cl sc I s m e s a t pl i ifw oul ac on t a s pton t tt V e c e w asa he i , as i nve t nt nd he a ntf d t he s um i ha he hi l ut ntc a t thede i r t l de i t dicl et em ae i lf c s Asf rt s ond cr um sa e, nd ha lbe a ey clned o s os hes tra a t . o he ec ic t nc t a l ga i i t s cond a e d c pl i lke i e pl us bl e t bls t tA m s e a he le tons n he e m nde om a nt i w s a i y s a i h ha t r nd Ku t t se t di r Cl scI t e sa t pl i iffom dico rng t c e e tner ook t ps o ve t as i nvesm nt nd he antf r s ve i he onc ald f c s s h asby r pr s ntngt tt ma a t e woul c riy t Vehi ea a he tc,a by a t , uc e e e i ha he nuf c ur r d e tf he cl s ut n i nd pr vi ng wrten m a e i l pur r i t s o di it t r a s po tng o how t Vehi l ' hi t y a pr na e asa or g na he c e s s or nd ove nc n ii l M as at 300S w ih chass snum ber3067. l lghtoft er i t i ni hese alegatons t courti convi l i , he s nced t hat t pl ntf has s fci l pl t A m serhad a dut t di cl e t f si hi pos i he ai if uf i enty ed hat t y o s os he act n s sess on r atng t t aut i t oft V ehi e. el i o he hent ciy he cl The c ti a s oft opi on t tt pli if ha pld t i fa cai swih our s lo he ni ha he antfs ve e her r ud l m t s fcentpa tc aiyt s tsyFe r Rul ofCi lPrce e9( a t pu pos sf whih ufii riulrt o aif deal e vi o dur b) nd he r e or c t r ewa dr fe Afe r vi ngt s ii al gai i t s co ame he ul s a t d. t r e ewi he pecfc le tons n he e nd nded c ompl i , ant t c ti s ts id t tt de e nt a ea y a eoft t ri a cic sa esf he our s a ife ha he f nda s r mpl war he s tculr r um t nc or pa whih (he wilha t prpar adefns 'andt tt pli if ha de tae ûs tnta c t yj l ve o e e e e,' ha he antfs ve monsrtd tubsa il pr - s ve y e de e oft e f c s ' Ha rs n,17 F. a 784. A cc di y, he f a e di co r vi nc hos a t .' r i o 6 3d t or ngl t r ud camswilnotbedimis unde Rul 9( . li l s sed r e b) Fial,h c u t t ee tteAmse d fn ns ag me tta t ep an ifh sfie n ly te o r mus rj c h tr ee da t' r u n h t h litf a ald t al f c ss fcintt s o lege a t ufi e o how t tRe Li i via i l la ef a f a ulnt ha d ne s c rousy ibl or ny r ud e r pr e a i orom i s onsby Am ser The Supr m e Cour ofV i g ni hask ong a r d t t e es nt tons si t . e t ri a ' l dhe e o he nlet tC prncpa i bound by r pr e ai ofhi a nt m a eihe i t s ope ofhi l ha a i i l s e es nt tons s ge , de t r n he c s e o me to i f rh r n eo teo j c f rwh c h i e l y d ' Nain d I . v. mply n r n u te a c f h be t o ih e s mp o e .' to wie ns Co. ' P te s n, 1SE.d4 0 4 3( .1 8 )(u tn Cergi v. ti, 5S. 3 3 3 7( . atro 33 . 2 9 , 9 Va 9 5 q o ig rilo Pet 7 E. 0 , 0 Va t 1 2 ) Sine r s hc e,heprncpa hol ou hi a ntasc 91 ). il ve y uc as t i i l ds t s ge , ompee ,a ftt betuse tnt nd i o r td; a t r by,i ef e t he war a s hi fde iy a good c nd he e n f c , r nt s i lt nd onduc i a lm a t r w ihi t s ope of t n l te s t n he c t age y.' 1 ( i J f s Stndad LieI .Co. He ik,27S. 2d 1 202( he nc '' d.quotng eferon a r f ns v. drc E. 98, Va. 1 43). 9 ) I t sca e asi Nai n hi s , n tonwi , healeg tonsi t s co a e de t l a i n he e nd m nded c ompl ntplusbl ai a i y e t bls t tA m s e wasd d out'a Red Li sa nt 1 s a ih ha tr i hel ' s ne' ge . d. D urng t r l va tm e pe i i he e e nt i rod, A m s e r gul r y c m uni a e by us ng Re Li st l phone num be a e a la ount ,a t r e a l om c td i d ne' e e r nd m i cc s nd A m s e ' e a l i l ed a s gna ur bl k s ti f t Re Li s f lna e a es ,a t r s m is nc ud i t e oc e tng orh d ne' ul m , ddr s nd tlphonenumbe . Se I ( di t ta i vi lwashel outasa ag f t i ur nc ee r e d.hol ng ha n ndi dua d n ent or he ns a e co ny,wheeCl ewass lsedi t l alt e mpa r shj o it n he oc elphonediecor ' çg eus dNai de' r t y'and ihj e tonwi s ltehe d' . Thealgai i t sc a nde c an as plusbl e tbls t t etr a ' ) le tons n he e ond me d omplit lo a i y sa ih ha Am s e w asa tng i t s ope ofhi e pl e a t tm e ofhi alege m i r pr e a i nsand tr c i n he c s m oym nt t he i s l d s e es nt to om i s o r ga di t a he i iy oft V e cl The pl i i fa l s t tRe Li w a s i ns e r ng he ut ntc t he hi e. a ntf lege ha d ne s r pons bl f r a s m blng and r s o i t V e c e, ha Am s e e r i e contolove t s es i e o se i e t r ng he hi l t t t r xe c s d r r hi pr es a Red Li sf iiy i Conne tcu ,a t tAm s e a Re Li sood t r c i a oc s t ne' ac lt n c i t nd ha t r nd d ne t o e e ve c mison fom t s l Ac or ngl t Am se de e nt 'moto t dim ism us be om s i r he ae. c di y, he t r f nda s i ns o s s t de e t t e e ti s e t dimist fa cli sag ns Am se a Re Li ni d o he xt n t e ks o s s he r ud am ai t t r nd d ne. l I. Cons r y Cl m s( piae ai Count I and V) sV I CountI oft s c n V he e ond a e m nded c pl i ,t pl i ifa s rs a c m on l om a nt he a ntf s e t om aw c pia c ai aga ns t de e nt . I Cou V , he pl ntf a s r sa r l t d c a m unde ons r cy l m i t he f nda s n nt t ai i f s e t e a e l i r t V igi a Bus nes Cons r c A c . he r ni i s pia y t To pr va lon t c vi co piac cl i , he pl i t f i us s w t tçw o orm or pe s e i he i l ns r y a m t a n i f i t ho ha t m e r ons co bi t a o pls by s m ned o cc m ih, ome c e td a ton,s m ec i i lorunlwf pur eors m e onc re c i o rm na a ul pos o unlwf pur eby ac i na orunlwf m e ns'' Shivi kiv. t d St t sCo tGua d, a ul pos rmi l a ul a ,' r ns Unie a e as r 673F. 308 320( hCi. 2)( i Commeca Bus SyssI v. l h Sevs,l , 3d , 4t r 201 quotng ril . . nc. Belsout r . nc. 45 S. 2d261 267( .1 ) Towihsa amotont dimis apli ifmus d e dt 3 E. , Va 995). t tnd i o s s, antf t s a he pl r s t c e tofa ton a uniy ofpur e i m or t n m e e c us y l nguage ' Ba equi ie onc r c i nd t pos n e ha r oncl or a .' y To c LLC v. l OuaiyToba coPr .LLC, F.Supp. 483,499- ( D.Va. bac o. Bel lt c ods. 261 2d 500 E. 2003) dgj i note hmeeyt saet tac pia yt kplc ' J onv. ucas,1 . tlt s noug rl o tt ha ons r c oo a e. ohns Ka r 4 ' Va. r 1 1 ( Ci.1 ) Ci, 72, 76 Va. r 988 . Und t Vigi aBusnes Cons r c Ac,ij edpatesca obt nte eda ges er he r ni i s pia y t nur ri n ai rbl ma a ns Cl n t ormor pes nswhoc ne,a s it agee, ual u rakeorc e t gai t cajy wo e ro ombi socae, r mut ly ndet onc r t t rf t pur eof. ..wilulyandmaii l ij i a he i hi r putton,ta ogehe or he pos . lf l lcousy nurng not r n s e ai rde, 15 b sne so p o e so b a yme n wh tv r' Va Co ej 1 .- 9 - 1 .- 0 . dAj wih u i s r r f sin y n a s ae e . . d j 82 4 9 82 5 0 t s t ' g c omm onl w ci lc piac t ssa u er quie pr (ha t de e a vi ons r y, hi tt t e r s oof t t he f ndan sha c t ve ombi d . . o ne . t a co pls s e pum os noti is fc i i lorunl w f , c i i orunl wf m e ns '' c m i h om e, n t el rm na a ul by r m nal a ul a .' Shivi ki673F.d a 321( i Pot cVal & Fitngl v.Crwf dFitngCo.829 r ns , 3 t quotng oma ve ti nc. a or ti , F. 1 1 ( hCi.1 ) Towihsa amotont dimis Cheal tonsmus alw 2d 280, 284 4t r 987). t tnd i o s s ,s legai t t lo i e e e ofa m e tng oft m i and notm e epa a l c nd t' K a i v. t St t sBa nf r nc ei he nds r r lel o uc . ' m n Unied a e nk Na 'As ' No.11 tl sn, :3CV00058,2013U. DitLEXI 1 S. s. S 72935,a *8( . Va De 9,201 . t W D. . c. 3) Th panifn e n t o eta t ed f n a t'i rmay a do erdngp r s ( s t ij r e litf e d o pr v h t h ee d ns s i r n v rii u po e wa ) o nu e p a he , bu r t rt tt d e nt k c e i e i na l pur e uly,a w ihoutl w f not r' t a he ha he ef nda s i t d nt nto ly, pos f l nd t ' a a ul j siiain. Ad a c dM aieEn es v. RC. n .5 S. 2 1 8 1 4 4 ( . 99 ) u tfc to ' v n e rn tr. P l c, 01 E.d 4 , 5 - 4 Va 1 8 . ' I movi t dimi st c pia y c t ,hedefnda sc le t s fc e y oft n ng o s s he ons r c oun s t e nt hal nge he ufii nc he pl i ifsalegai wihr pec t t e e ntofco e td a ton t ti c antf l tons t es t o he l me nc re c i ha s omm on t bot o h cli . Upon r vi oft s c a e d c a ms e ew he e ond m nde ompl i , ant howe r t c ti s tsi t tt s ve ,he our s aifed ha hi elm e hasbee a quae ypl d. Ass ma i d a e nt n de tl e um rze bove t pl ntf a l est tKutne a , he ai if leg ha t r nd Am se ha a t d i conc r t pa sof t Ve c ea an a he i M as r t 300S wih t t r ve c e n e t o s f he hil s ut ntc eai t he orgi l3 c s i s nc a l a t2008,whe t y i i na 067 ha s s i e t e s n he nduce Ros n t pur has t V e c e. d e o c e he hi l W he Ros n quesi d t Ve c e sl gii c a c n e tone he hil ' e tma y nd omm isoned W at rBa e t si le um r o a he t c t t V e c e, utne a Am s e t a l d t Ge m a t m ee w ih Ba e a ut n i a e he hi l K t r nd t r r ve e o r ny o t t um r nd c nce hi t tt V e el w a a he i A spa to t i ef o t ,Kutne a A m s e g ve onvi m ha he hi e s ut ntc, r f he r f r s t r nd tr a Ba rt r por pr pa e b Am se , c f ley r pr s t d t tt Ve ce' c s i was ume he e t e r d y tr whih as l e e en e ha he hil s ha ss t 3067 cha s sr t rt n t Shaw c s s a a t m pt d t ditngui h t Sha Cha s sf om he s i a he ha he has i , nd te e o s i s he w si r t V e cl s c s s A fe Ros n di co e t tt V e cl w a nota he i a f ce he hi e' has i . tr e s ver d ha he hi e s ut ntc nd or d K utne t r t n hi m one K utne a Am s e e a r t s l t V e c e t Cl s c t r o e ur s y, t r nd t r nde vo ed o e l he hi l o as i I t nt wih t unde sa ng t tt y wo d bot be i fna i l fom t s l l s nvesme s t he r t ndi ha he ul h neft i ncaly r he ae. n o doi Kutne a Am se pr de doc e t t teihe c nt i d,orwer bas d on,f s ng, t r nd t r ovi d um n s ha t r o ane e e ale r pr s nt i r a di t Ve ce' a he i iy,a Amse f s l r pr s t d t tt e e e atons eg r ng he hil s ut ntct nd t r aley e e en e ha he m a a t e woul c riy t Ve ceasa he i . Consr i t a lga i i t lg mos nuf c ur r d e tf he hi l ut ntc tung he le tons n he iht t f a e t t pl i tf ,t c ti c avor bl o he a n if he our s onvi e t tt aleg tons a e s f c e t s po tt nc d ha he l a i r uf i i nt o up r he r r d elm e ofc e t a ton. Ac or ngl t de e n s motonswilbede e wih equie e nt onc red c i c di y, he f nda t ' i l nid t r pec t Count I a V . es t o s V nd 11 1. Cont ac Cl m st r t ai count VIa Vl ) s nd I l Co V l t pl i ifas e t a cl i f r c s i ofc r ta i tK utne a M as n unt , he a ntf s rs a m or es i son ontac ga ns t r nd s M a e e . I Coun V l , hepl i ifa s ' a c ai f b e h ofconta a i tKutne a nag m nt n t lt a ntf s els l m or r ac t r ct ga ns t r nd M a sM a s nage e . I bo h c s t pl i ifa l ge t tt A m e d BilofSa e ç a f m nt n t ount , he a ntf le s ha he nde l l û s or w tes l o a 1 5 M a eai3 0 wi S hcel e tfc to Nu e ( N)3 6 En ie h ae f 9 6 srt 0 S t ve il d n i ain mb r Vl 0 7 gn h i #3 2,' and t tt K utne de e nt k a e i ly b e c d t i o i a i unde t Sal 06 99 ha he t r f nda s t t ra l r a he he r blg tons m r he es Agr e e ... f ii t dei ra 1 M a e a i3 wih ve cei ntfcai numbe 3 e m nt by a lng o lve 956 s r t 005 t hi l de ii ton r 067, e i n mb r3 6 ' 2dAm. mpl! 8 , , 6 9 . ngne u e 0 2. ' Co . ! 8 91 9 , 9 Thepli ifa t Ku t rdef nda sa e t tAri l 2 o t Vigi aUnionn antf nd he tne e nt gr e ha tce f he r ni f Commeca Code(t ' g r t Ame dBilofSal be us i i ac r c f t s l ril dUCC') ovens he nde l e ca e t s onta t or he ae ofgoods Se Va. . e Codej8. 1 2(t es t c ntxtohewierquies t sttea i t 2- 0 d unl s he o e t r s e r ,hi il pples o ta a tonsi g rnsci n oods.. .) seas Cr diAc e a eCor v. t , Va. r 267, ( .' ; e lo e t c ptnc ' p. Coaes 75 Ci. 270 Va. Ci. . r Ct2008)( di t t$ s l a ee ntf ramotrve ce... onsiut air a toni hol ng ha k aes gr me o a o hil c tt es tansci n g ds a i t g ne byAril 2oft UCC'. Unde Aril 2oft UCC,Sgl oo ' nd s hus over d tce he ' ) r tce he kany afi m a i off torpr i e m a by t s le t t buye w hi h r l t s t t goodsand fr ton ac om s de he e l r o he r c e a e o he bec espa toft ba i oft ba gai c e t s a e e sw a r nt t tt g om r he s s he r n r a e n xpr s r a y ha he oods s l c or ha l onf m t t eafr to o pr mie' Va Co ej82 31 () Lie s ,tan d srpino t o h fimai n r o s . . d .- 3 1. k wie ' l y e c ito f he ' l goodswhi i madepa toft ba i o t ba g n c e t sa e es wara y t tt goods ch s r he ss f he r ai r a e n xpr s r nt ha he s lconf m t t de ci i ' J Ssuc a exprs warnt i br c dwhe t goods hal or o he s rpton. #a k h n e s za y s ea he ' n he f i t c or t t a fr a i off c orde c i i m a byt s l .' Al v. lr n USAS a l o onf m o he f m ton a t s rpton de he eler' i Ale ca l , 1:2- 11 201 U. Dit LEXI 1 1 7,a * ( D. .Aug.23,201 . nc.No. 1 CV- 5, 2 S. s. S 2 41 t 45 E. Va 2) I t sc e t K utne de e an s c nc de t tt Am e d Bilof Sa e i nt m pl t d n hi as , he t r f nd t o e ha he nde l l i e ae co (halt c rbei s dwa apa tc a i ni dc ra pa t, s met de iidc r.... t t he a ng ol s riulr de tfe a nd rs not o mi ntfe a ' ' K u t r Def . Br i Opp' 8. M or s cii aly,t K utne de e nt a fr e S tne s' .n n e pe fc l he t r f nda s f im d, i r unde p n l e o p ru y't a te weea ren t s lap riua mo o ve il d s rb da a1 5 e at s f ej r , h th y r g e ig o el atc lr t r hce e cie s 9 6 i ' M aert 300Swih ( hi el nttc tonNumbe ( N)3067Engi #206 andals r pat s ai t k cl de ii ai ve r V1 ne 2 1 pae rs (ncl ngs r bl ka hea ecl' 2dAm. i udi pae oc nd d t . ' ComplEx.E. W hiet Kutne dee nt . l he t r fnda s nonehel sa guet tnot ng c ai d i t a e m e tc dha f t es r ha hi ont ne n he gr e n oul ve onne t ba i oft d he ss he pa te 'ba ga n i lghtoft ag ee e ' i pe ton pr s o , heco ta e sw ih t pl i if ris r i n i he r m nt s ns c i ovi i ns t ur gr e t he a ntf t tt sa gum e i w iho m e i . ha hi r nt s t ut r t l i eprtngt i ssoft bagai 'a gec ai di Vigi aCodej8. 31 1, n ntr ei he û i he r n'lngua ont ne n r ni ba 2- 34) t Su e Cour ofVigi ahashedt tCanafi tono fc i prs he prme t r ni l ha t l fnnai f a t s e umedt beapa toft g o r he ba ga n,a a f tt tw oul r m ove s h a t r a i outoft a e m e Ce r s c e r r i nd ny ac ha d e uc fi m ton he gr e nt r qui e l a afr tvepr .' Yaesv.Pima M f .l ,51 S. 2d605,607( 1999 ( i fimai oof'' t t n c. nc. 4 E. Va, ) quotng Da ryv. he,41 S. 2d33 339( 1 ) s eas M a tnv.Amei nM e ca Sys, uahte As 3 E. 6, Va. 992); e lo ri rca di l . l . 1 6F.d 1 2 1 5( t Ci.1 9 )( mp a ii gt a, n e Vigni lw,sth e p e s nc, 1 3 0 , 0 4h r 9 7 e h szn h tu d r r i a a i l e x rs l w anunt i r f eson whati i t t s l agr t s l and,abs cl pr t t y nquiy ocus t s hat he eler eed o el, ent ear oof hat he pa tesdi noti e t rba ga n t i l t s le ' de c i i oft goo ,t tde c i i ri d nt nd hei r i o nc ude he e l r s s r pton he ds ha s rpton i a exprs warnt '. Appl ngt s prnci es t cou ta e wih t pli ift tt sn e s ra y' ) yi he e i pl ,he r gres t he antf ha he des r p i n oft V e cl i t Am e d BilofSa e i pr um ed t be pa toft pa tes c i to he hi e n he nde l l s es o r he ri ' bargai abs cl and afir atve pr t t cont ar Att s s age oft pr n ent ear tm i oof o he r y. hi t he oceedi t ngs, he c ti una et c ude t tt i pec i n pr s o i t Am e d BilofSa e,whi h do our s bl o oncl ha he ns t o ovi i ns n he nde l l c nOtafi m a i y di c a m a1 e es wa r ntesore i il i c t t ta f iu e t i pec w il fr tvel s l i 1 xpr s r a i xplc ty ndi a e ha a l z o ns t l c tt eawave ofal conta t lr m e e , e udet pli iffom r c rng u onsiut i r 1 r c ua e di s pr cl he a ntf r e ove i ndera br ac ofe es w a r nt t or e h xpr s r a y he y. To t e e t Kutne def nda s a t r tve y a g t tt V e cl c o m st t he xt nt he t r e nt le na i l r ue ha he hi e onf r o he afi m a i a de c i i i t A m e d BilofSa e a t ,t tt r ha be n no br a t r tons nd s rptons n he nde l l nd, hus ha he e s e e ch ofa e e swa r nt s h a gume i i ppr it a t ssa oft c s Thei s of ny xpr s ra y, uc r nt s na opra e t hi t ge he a e. s ue whehe any e es wara te we ebr c i aquesi off c t tc l bede i d on a t r xpr s r n i s r ea hed s ton a t ha amot c de Rul 1 b)6)moint dimis Ac or ngl t Kutne defnda s motonwilbede ed e 2( ( to o s s. c di y,he t r e nt' i l ni wih r pectt t pl ntffs contac cl m s. t es o he ai i r t ai Cl m f punii and ot speci dam azes ai or tve her al I isp a rf r le , hepl ntf s e t r c rpunii a tohe s i da n t r ye or ei f t ai if e ks o e ove tve nd dt r pecal mage i sn a a ntt bedetr ne a tila i te h g ee ntf t i fa ' 2dAm. n mou o emi d t ra gans ac dlfnda or her rud. ' Compl 1 . 5. The c r wilfr ta es t pl i i f scl i f rpunii da a . Unde Vi gi a l w , ou t l is ddr s he a ntf ' a m o tve m ges r r ni a û tve da a m a be r co r d on a c m on l w f a c a m - i l ng a f a cl i i punii m ges y e ve e om a r ud l i nc udi r ud a m a i i f om t pur has ofa ve cl - onl upon ' oof e t rdiec orcic s a tal s r sng r he c e hi e y pr , ihe r t r um t n i , howi ng a t malc .' Ad nsv.Cr wnAut l .488F. 225,234(t Ci. )( i J da cual ie'' ki o o. nc, 3d 4h r 2007 quotng or n v.Sa 247S. 2d739, ( 1 :. û t lmai 'maybee tbls dbys wi t t uve, E. 741 Va. 978 t ua lce' Ac sa ihe ho ng ha adee ntsa tonsweeç ompt by ilwilmalvolnc gr ,s t,( )wike fnda ' ci r l pr ed l l, e e e, udge pie or c d i e i ' ort tt w e e i o r c e sorne i ntast e nc a c c ousdi r ga d oft nt nton,' ha hey r s e kl s s glge o vi e ons i se r he pl ntf srg s' J da 247S. 2da 7 142(ntr lciai omitd) ai if iht. or n, ' E. t 4 - i ena tton te . l J da t Supr e Cour ofV igi ahe d t r w a s f c e e de e t s n or n, he em t r ni l he e s uf i i nt vi nc o uppor a tn a a d ofpu tve da age f f a i co c i w ih t s l ofa ve c e The Supr m e Cou t w r nii m s or r ud n nne ton t he a e hi l . e r not d t tt e de oft d e nts m i r pr e a i n t tt ve cl wasne ,c ed e ha he vi nce he ef nda ' s e es nt to ha he hi e w oupl wih hi m isaeme sa utt ve ce' m ie ,br ke ,sike prc and fna i wo d t s st t nt bo he hil s lage a s tc r ie, i ncng, ul h v j si e t ej r i tn i ted fn a tsmic nd c t b o s c arc e sa n gie t a e u tt d h u y n i dng h ee d n ' s o u to e f u h e kls nd e l n i g c r c e ast evi e a c c ous di r ga d f t pl i if sr g s I Acc di y, he ha a t r o nc ons i s e r or he a ntf ' i ht . d. or ngl t Supr m e Cour r ve s d t t i lc tsde s on t s rke t pl i if' punii da a cl i . e t e r e he r a our ' ci i o t i he a ntf s tve m ges a m l d Com pa i t f c sa l ge i t sc e t t e i J r n, he co tc l st tt rng he a t le d n hi as o hos n o da t ur onc ude ha he pl ntf ha ade t y s a e a c ai f pu tv dam a a t s sage oft pr ee ngs A ta ai i f s qua el t t d l m or nii e ges t hi t he oc di . mi mum ,hepl n if sa lga i plusbl s s t tt de e nt 'mir pr e t tonsa ni t aitf le tons a i y ugge t ha he f nda s se es n a i nd om i s ons r ga di t a he i iy oft V e c e we e s r kl s orne i n ast e nc a si e r ng he ut ntc t he hi l r o ec es glge t o vi e c c ousdi r r f rt pl ntf sr gh s A c or ngl t punii da a c a m w ilno be ons i s ega d o he ai if i t . c di y, he tve m ges l i l t di m i s d a t stm e. s s e t hi i On t ot rhand, he c tm us d s i st pl i tf scl i f rd he s i ldam a . he he t our t i m s he a n if a m o t r pec a ot ges' ' Fedea Rul ofCi lPr ed e9()r uie t ts cilda gesbets ctc l sae 'nt rl e vi oc ur g eq rs ha pe a ma ûpe ii aly ttd'i he c pl i . Theprm a y pu pos oft she ght ne pl a ng r quie e ( s one ofnotc ,bot om a nt i r r e hi i e d e di e r m nt i i ie h t i or def ngpa te a t t naur oft da a sca me i or rt a d s prs ar o nf m endi ri s s o he t e he m ge li d n de o voi ur ie; l d t i or t c t t s t nc oft c pl i . Ca nel Cons r Cor v.D a le o nf m he our of he ubs a e he om a nt' ' r l t . p. nvil Rede lpme & Hous Auh.745F. 703, ( h Ci. 1 (ntr cttona quotton veo nt . t, 3d 725 4t r 20 4) i enal iai nd ai - m a ksom it d) l t sc e,hepl n if sc l or de a f rt he s ci da r te . n hi as t aitf oncus y m nd o ç r pe al mage i a ot sn n a mountobedeemi da ti 'i clal i ufii tt mee t ssa r Seei ( di t t t tr ne tral's e ry ns fcen o thi tndad. d.hol ng ha t pl i t f f l d t a ua el pl a s ci ldam a i co he a n if aie o deq t y e d pe a ges n nnec i n w ih isbr c ofco r c to t t ea h nt a t 20 cli swhe et br ac ofco r c cou S r y pr ye f ragg e t da am r he e h nta t nt s el a d o me r ga e mage in a amountt si n o bepr na ti butnotl st n$41 5 pl i ee t' ;eeas M cmtSe v . Ilnoi.nc. ove tral es ha 9, 75, us ntrs'' s lo l . r s of li s I v, at M c .Sys l .907F. He lh mt ,nc. , Supp. 294( D.1.1 (imisngt pli ifscai 289, C. 11 995) ds s i he antf l m f s ci lda ag , he e t pl ntf m e e y r or pe a m es w r he ai if r l eque t d a a ou ofda a t be pr s e n m nt m ges o oven a t tilanddi notsaewha t eda gesweeorhow iwa da ra, d tt t hos ma r t s mage . Ac di y,t d) cor ngl he pl i if scl i f ot r s i ld a w ilbe di m i s d. a ntf a m or he pec a nm ges l s se Concl on usi Fort r as s a ed, he de enda s m oto t di m i sw ilbe gr nt d i pa ta he e ons t t t f nt ' i ns o s s l a e n r nd de e i par. The Cl r i die t d t s nd c ri i d c esoft sm e or ndum opi on a t ni d n t e k s r c e o e e tfe opi hi m a ni nd he a com pa ng o de t a1 c c nyi r r o 1 ouns lo r or e f ec d. Ix 'sR :rhi ï r ' s Jzd a o Jn ay2015. dy faur , Chi fUnie St t s D it i tJ e e t d a e s rc udg 21

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