GOLIA v. THOMAS et al
Filing
57
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 6/14/16. (hnw)
CLERK' OFFI U. DI coUR'
:
CE S. SX
r
ATRG NOKE, A
V
FIED
L
I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR TH E W ESTERN D I I OF V I N A
STR CT
RG
CHA RLO TTESV I
LLE D I I ON
V SI
J 1ù 2 1
UN
25
N
J
U
, U L ,CLERK
BY:
.
D
W CL
ERK
STEV EN GO LI ,
A
Pl i if
a ntf ,
Ci lA c i N o.3: 5CV 00008
vi ton
1
M EM O R AN DU M O PI O N
M
DA V I W .TH OM A S and
D
DA V I M .BU ON CRI AN I
D
STI ,
By:H on.G l n E.Co ta
e
rr d
Chi fU nie St t s Di t i tJ
e
t d a e s rc udge
Def nda s
e nt .
I t sdi r iy a to St ve Golac am st tDa dThomasandDavi Buonc ita
n hi ve st c i n, e n i l i ha vi
d
rsini
c
omm itd lgal apr c i i t c s ofr pr s ntngli i t ca eofAm e i n De olto
te e m l a tce n he our e e e e i lm n he s
rca m ii n
a dNu la De o si nn . n . I Gr u s n .No 3: 1 0 7 ( . Va fldDe .
n ce r c mmiso ig I c v.BCS o p I c, . 1 CV0 0 8 W D. .ie c
9 2 1 (t eADND c s ' Th ma al Bu n rsin (olciey Gheatr e s'h ve
, 01 ) t
h
a e). o s r o cita i c le tv l ,t to n y ' a
d
t
)
mo e t ds s Goi' s c n n nd dc mplitp rua tt Rue1 b ()o t eFe e a
v d o imis l s e o d me e o an u s n o l 2()6 f h d r l
a
RulsofCi lPr d e Fort r a onss tf t beow, hemotonswilbe g an edi pa ta
e
vi oce ur .
he e s
e orh l t
i
l
r t n r nd
de e i pa t
nid n r.
B ackzround
Thef lwi f t,tkenfom Gola' s co a ndedco ai ,ae a c pt astu
olo ng acs a r
i s e nd me
mpl nt r c e ed r e
frp po e o t eatr y ' to st d s s . S eErc o v. r u , 51U. 8 , 4( 0 )
o u s s f h tone s moin o imis e iks n Pad s 5
S. 9 9 20 7 .
Go i, a Ne J re r sd n, wo k d fr I
la
w es y e i e t r e o BCS Gr u I . (I ', a F o ia
o p, nc $ BCS'
ç
)
lrd
c po a i ba e i Cha l tes le,V igi a f om Fe a y of 2008 untl Fe u y o 201
or r ton s d n
r o t vil
r ni , r
bnz r
i br ar f
2.
I CS i ow ne a c r l by Edm l d Sc bor
B
s
d nd ont oled
m
ar ough, a i i dual s le y who r s de i
n nd vi
tr t
ei s n
Ea l vil V i gi a.
r ys le, r ni
Bewe n Se e
t e pt mber2008 a Se e r2009, BCS diti e am ake i br htr t
nd pt mbe
I
srbut d
r tng oc le o
Amei nDe ii a Nucea Dec
rca molton nd l r ommisoni I (< DND' . Thebr hur , c was
si ng, nc.:A
.
'
)
oc e whih
l t on t I
ocaed he BCSwe ie,ndia e t tI
bst i c t d ha BCS K ul Ee r et ta a ton'i abo is
t d r ve s he r ns c i f nd s ued
wo
b I
y BCS wa rj ce by a Co ta tn Ofie . 2 Am.Co .! 1 . Th b o hle as
s ee td
nr ci g fc r' d
'
mpl 6
e r c t lo
r
i c t d t t Sc r o h' bonds we e çç
ndi a e ha
a bor ug s
r sgood e
nough t be a ove by t f de a
o
ppr d
he e r l
gove n e ' a t tt y Cç a be bac d by c h,c h e valnt orr diy m a ke a e
r m nt'' nd ha he tm y
ke
as as qui e s ea l
r t bl
a s t.' l !1
ses' d 7.
'
On M a c 1 2009,ADND r t i I
r h 9,
e aned BCS t s ppl a bond i s
o u y
n uppor ofa bi f t
t
d or he
p roma c o d moiin wok a afd r lg ven n p oe ti Ai e So t Cao ia(&
ef r n e f e l o r t e ea o r me t rj c n k n, u h r ln the
t
t
Aie Prj c '. ADND e e u e a Ge rlAge me to I d mnt wh c ç o ti e t
k n o e f)
x c td
nea r e n f n e i
y, ih t n an d he
c
f lo n ln ua ec n enigt rfmd o b ndp e u : gq ef 1i iilfei f lye r d
o lwig a g g o c r n he e t f o rmims çth ' 1 nta e s ul ane
u
u o e c to o tebo a dwi no b rfmd d wav do c n eldf ra yra o ' JL!
p n xe ui n f h nd n l t e e t e , ie r a c le o n e s n.' .
l
' I
.
1
9.
On De e be 1 2009,ADND pai t r quie bond pr m i i t a mt of
c m r 0,
d he e r d
e um n he mot
$1 , 00. Prort pa ng t pr mi W iln Sc a a ADND r pr s nttve,ha a
38005.
i o yi he e um, li m ha b, n
e e e ai
d
pe s
r onalc
onver a i wih Scmbor
s ton t
ough. Co i t nt wih t r pr s nt tons i t m a ke i
ns s e
t he e e e a i
n he r tng
br hur ,Sc bo ough a s d Sc b t tt bo pr m i w oul be r f nde i t e ntt t
oc e ar r
dvi e haa ha he nd e um
d e u d n he ve ha
t b n wa rj ce b t eCo ta tn Ofie .
he o d s ee td y h n rcig fc r
I
BCS pr s nt t bond t AD ND on D e e be 1 2009. The Contac i Of i e a
e e ed he
o
c m r 6,
r tng f c r t
teAie Prj c utmaeyrjce t b n Th Co ta tn Ofi e d tr ne t a t b nd
h k n oe t li t l ee t d he o d. e n rcig tc r eemi d h the o
f ie t m e t c t i s curt a c l t r l r r m e s s t f t i t Fe r l A cq s ton
a l d o e era n e iy nd ola e a equie nt e or h n he de a
ui ii
Reg ains(ç '.
ulto çFAR'
)
ADND notfedI
i
BCS oft Contaci Ofi rsdecs o I
he
r tng fce ' ii n. BCS wasuna et s y a
bl o uppl
r pl c m e bo t tw o d s ts y t FA R r quie e s Cons que l AD N D w asf c t
e a e nt nd ha ul a i f he
e r m nt .
e nty,
or ed o
pur has a he bo f om a di f r ntsz e y.
c e not r nd r
f e e lr t
2
ADND s eq nty r ue t d ar f oft $1 005. bond pr m i pai t I
ubs ue l eq se e und he 38, 00
e um d o BCS.
Howe r I
ve , BCS, hr
t ough Sc r r h, e us dt pr dear fm d.
a bo oug r f e o ovi
et
O n D ec m be 9,2011 A DN D fl d s t i tls c t a ns I CS,Sc r r ug a
e r
,
i e ui n li our gai t B
a bo o h, nd
Gola,a s ri a c am off le a rii unde Vigi a l w. The ca e wa a sgne t t
i s e tng l i
a s dve tsng
r r ni a
s
s s i d o he
u d rine dsrc j g .
n e sg d itit ud e
I m e a e y a tr I S was s r e w ih t c pl i ,I
m di t l fe BC
e v d t he om a nt BCS r pr s nt tve s
e e e a i s oughtt
he
l l s r i e of Thom a a Buonc ita . The a t ne a e t r pr e t I
ega e v c s
s nd
rsini
tor ys gr ed o e es n BCS,
S abo o h, ndGoi. Th ys bsq nl flda on a we o b hafo alh e d fnd ns
c r r ug a
la e u e ue ty ie j it ns r n e l f ltr e ee a t.
Thea we di nota s r a i vi de ens on be l ofGola.
ns r d
s e t ny ndi dual f es
haf
i
OnJ n r 1 , 01 ,
a uay 0 2 4 ADND mo e f rs mmayj d me ta ans I ,S ab r u h
v d o u r u g n g i t BCS c r o o g ,
and Gola Gola c am s t t t a t ne di no a s hi of t flng of t m o i or
i.
i l i ha he tor ys d t dvie m
he ii
he ton,
co ul wih hi r ga di a po e ili vi ua de e e o a gume st tco d ha be
ùs t t m e r ng ny t nta ndi d l f ns s r r
nt ha ul ve en
r i ed i oppos ton t t m oton.
as n
ii o he
i
OnM a 1 , 01 , h c u t rn e ADND' mo inf rs mmayj d me t Thec u t
y 4 2 4 t e o r g a td
S to o u r u g n .
or
e trdj g n i fv ro ADND, nda ans Goi, BCS, n S ab r u h i t n u to
n ee ud me t n a o f
a g i t la I
a d c r o o g ,n he mo n f
$1 ,0500 t g t rwi po t u g n itrs a te sam o y rt. Thee fe ,t e c u t
380 . , o ehe t s- d me t ne e t t h tt r ae
h
j
ra tr h o r
gr nt d A DN D ' m o i n f r a t r ys f e ,w hi h w a notoppos d by t de e nt
a e
S t o o t o ne ' e s
c
s
e
he f nda s.
Proc dur H i t y
e al s or
G ola tl d t i t nt a ton a ns hi f m e a t r ys on Feb ua y 1 2015. I hi
i i e he ns a c i gai t s or r to ne
r r 0,
n s
s co a e d c pl nt Gola cl i s t t a c l c of i e e tr uled f o t a t ne
e nd m nde om ai , i a m ha
ont i t nt r s es t r m he tor ys'
j i rpr s ntton ofhi ef I
ont e e e ai
ms l, BCS,and Sc r ough,andt tt at ne c
abor
ha he tor ys ommitd lga
te e l
m apr tc by f ii t r s a i vi lde i e on hi be l. Gola s ii ly alege
l aci e
alng o aie ny ndi dua f ns s
s haf
i pecfcal l s
t t t a t ne s d ha m ove t di m i s t c a m a i t hi f l c of pe s l
ha he tor ys houl ve
d o s s he l i ga ns m or a k
r ona
j rs ito ,ta t e s ul h v a s re asau eo l tto d fns ,a dt a t e s ul
u idcin h t h y ho d a e se td ttt f i ains ee e n h t h y ho d
mi
ha r ied i vi
ve a s ndi dualde e e r ltng t t pr xi t ca e ofADND' l s Gola cai s
f ns s e ai o he o ma e us
S os .
i lm
t a h ( u dh v s c e sul d f n e ADND' flea v rie n cam i gh atr e j
h t e G l a e u c s f l ee d d
wo
y
S as d e tsme t li f te to n ys
ha a e u tl p e e tdg iq n iiua d fn e , al ta E ana e uaerp e e tto b gh
d d q aey rs n e hs i dv d l ee s s' r h ti j d q t e r sn ain y t e
' d
g
atr e jwo l ha ep e e td Goi fo s fe apes na j g n a ans hi a dt e
ton ys ud v rv n e la r m u fdng ro l ud me t g i t m n h
r s tngd ma e t giqp o e so a r p tto ' 2 Am. mpl! 1 7 0
e ul a g s o hs r fs in l e uain. d
i
'
Co . ! 0 - 8.
The a t ne ha m o d t dim is t s ond n nde compl i ptr ua t Rul
tor ys ve ve o s s he ec
me d
ant ls nt o
e
1 ()6 o t eF d rl lso Ci l r c d r . Themoinha b e f l b ifdal i rpef r
2 b () f h e ea Ru e f viP o e u e
to s e n ul ree t s i o
y
d
dec son.
ii
St
andard o R e e
f vi w
A Ru e1 ( )6 moint ds s t sstes fiin yo t p an ifsc mp an , c
l 2 b ( ) to o imis e t h u fce c f he litf o lit whih
m us c nt i ç s ta pl i sa e e t oft cai s
t o an $ hor nd an tt m n
a
he l m howi t tt pl ade i e ild t
ng ha he e r s ntte o
r l f' Fe . Ci P. () s eas P e ly v Ci o Chalte vle 4 4 F.d48 , 3 (t
ei . d R. v. 8 a; e lo r se . t f ro ts il, 6 3 0 48 4h
e'
y
Ci.2006) W he de i ngamoto t dimisunde t sr l,t c tmus ac e a tu a1
r
.
n cdi
in o s s
r hi ue he our t c pt s r e l
wel- e ded a lga i a dr w alr as bl f c i e e si t pl i ifsf vor Viol
lpl a
le tons nd a 1 e ona e a mal nf r nce n he antf ' a . t p
S. v.Prmeos Shi ncCo.708F. 527,539( hCi. 3) (W hieac ai at ke
A. i r e ppi
,
3d
4t r 201 . t l ompl nt tac d
by a Rul 1 b)6)moton t dimisdo no ne d deald f t alegai ,a pli ifs
e 2( (
i o s s es t e tie acual l tons
antf'
o i a i t pr vi t g ounds of hi e il me t r i r uie m or t n lbe s a
blg ton o o de he r
s ntte nt o elef eq r s
e ha a l nd
c l i ns a af mul i r ia in o t ee e sofa c us ofa tonwilnotdo. Be l l
oncuso , nd or a c ect to f he lm nt
a e ci
l
'
' l At.
Co . Twombl 550U. 544,555(
m v.
v,
S.
2007)(nenalcttona quotto makso ted .
itr iai nd ain r mit )
su ve di m i s f f iur t s a e a c ai ,1a com pl i m us c a n s f c e f t m a t r
t wi
s s al or a l e o t t
lm ç
a nt
t ont i uf i i nt ac ual te ,
a ce t a t e,t t t t a c a m f r i ft ti pl us bl on is f c '' A s r tv.I l 556
c p ed s ru o s a e l i or ele ha s a i e
t a e.'
hc of
oba ,
U. 6 2 6 8( 0 9 ( u tn Two l 5 0U. a 5 0 .
S. 6 , 7 2 0 ) q oi g mby, 5 S. t 7 )
4
Di
scussi
on
I or rt e t bls ac am oflgalmapr c ieunde Vigi alw , pl i ifmus s
n de o sa ih l i
e
l a tc
r r ni a a antf
t how
t t sa t e C a ldt e r s t r s na ede eeofc z , kil a dipac i pe f mi
ha hi töm ys ç ie o xe cie a ea o bl gr
f
a e s l, nd s t h' n ror ng
t sr ie f rwhih t a t ne swee e oye 'a t tGuc f iur wast pr mae
he e vc s o c he tor yg rl mpl d,' nd ha t h al e
s
he oxi t
c us o t e gh p an ifs l s' He r & Le Co sr Co v Sa d ,M d ro M aks&
a e f h t e litf') os. ywad
'
e n t. . . n s
es n. r
M ilr 4 3S. 2 2 0 27 ( .1 9 )( u tn Ori v Bart 2 8S. 2 8 3 8 7( . 9 1
le , 5 E.d 7 , 2 Va 9 5 q o ig t . ret 7 E.d 3 , 3 Va 1 8 :;
z
s eas He d i v. uz e t, 5 S. 2d71 7 ( .1 9 )($ me ealg to o n gi e c o
e lo n rx Da h rv 4 7 E. , 4 Va 9 5 : r le ain f e lg n e r
A
br ac ofadut i nots fce t s
e h
y s
ufi int o uppo ta a ton f l ga m al a tce Rahe ,apl i ifi
r n c i or e l pr c i . t r
antf s
r quie t pl d t t he s t i damag pr ma ey c us by t a t ne s a t and
e r d o ea ha
usaned
es oxi t l a ed
he tor y' c s
o si n . Asag nea r l,b t o t e e is e C r t b d cd d b af c tn e ,a tr
miso s'
).
e rl ue oh f h s su s ç e o e e i e y a t i d r fe
a
co i rng t si ony o e r wine s s' He
nsde i e tm
f xpe t t s e .' ywar & Lee Co t.Co. 453 S. 2d a 27
d
nsr
,
E. t 2.
ç
s
Howe r whe t eque to a epur l ma tr ofl w, he a er e ve f de e nai n by
ve , n hes
si ns r
ey te s a t y r es r d or t nni to
ac ur a dc n o b t es b e t fe pe tetmo y' J
o t n a n t e h u j c o x r tsi n . Z
'
As sl ma i ed a
lm rz
bove, Gola s c fc l cai t tt a t ne comm it d lga
i pe i aly l ms ha he tor ys
te e l
map a tc i t eADND c s b fiigt s e ds s a f rlc o p ro a j rs ito b n t
lrcie n h
a e y aln o e k imis l o a k f e s n lu id cin, y o
a s ri a s a ut oflm ia i de e e a by f lng t r i e i vi ld e e r l tng t t
s e tng t t e i t tons f ns , nd
aii o a s ndi dua ef ns s e a i o he
pr m ae c us ofADND' l s. Fort f l ng r a o ,t c tc l st tGola'
oxi t a e
S os
he olowi e s ns he our oncude ha
i s
s a ut of lm ia i t or of m a pr t c f is a a m a tr of l w . H oweve , G ola' o he
tt e
i t tons he y
l ac i e a l s
te
a
r
i s t r
t ore ofm apr c ie i veque tonsoff tt tc motbede i d on am otont dimi s
he is
l a tc nvol
si
ac ha ar
c de
i o s s.
1.
Stat e ofL i iat ons D ef
ut
m t i
ense
ADND' fle ad rii cam wa fld plrua t Vigi a Code jj 18. 21 a
S as ve tsng li
s ie zs nt o r ni
2- 6 nd
59.- 3. Se ton 1 2- 6 ma s i t a ul f Sgl pes fr c por to or
168.
ci 8. 21
ke t mlwf or çany ron, im, or ain
a s a i 't publs di s m i t ,orpl e be o e t publc a w rten I ve ts m e of a
s oci ton' o
i h, s e na e
ac f r he
i
i t t ri e nt
ad
ny
s t t tc ans G ny pr ie a s rin,r pr s nt ton,orsaeme o f c whih i un nz
or' ha ont i i
'
a
om s , s e to e e e ai
t t nt f a t c s t e,
de e i orm il di ' i t ad rieme i madewih t çi e tt s l'orS o i uc t
c ptve
sea ng, f he ve ts nt s
'
t he tnt n o el' i nd e he
t
p bi't e trit a o lg to . Va Co ej1 .- 6. Pu s a t oj5 16 .,Gan pes n
u lc'o n e n o n b iain
. d 82 21
ru n t 9.- 83 S j y ro
l
who s fr l s a t r s tof'fle a tsng i vi ain ofj 1 2- 6 ma S i a
ufes os s he eul
as dverii n olto
8. 21 y û ng n
br
i vi la tont r ove da ges' Va.
ndi dua ci o ec r ma .
'
Codej 1 28. 216.
I i undiputdt tacam f flea rii i s j tt t t ye rlmiai pei
t s s e ha li or as dve tsng s ubec o he wo- a i tton rod
prs rbe by Vigi a Code j8. e ci d
r ni
01248. Se Pake - t v.St Cop. 551 S. 2d 615,61
e r rsmih
o
,
E.
9
( . 0 )( g c u eo a to f rflea ve t i gi a a to f rwh c nolmiainp ro i
Va 2 01 $A) a s f cin o as d ri n s n cin o ih i tto ei d s
1
s
p e ci d Th rf r , Co e j 8012 i a p ia e .). Th v a iiy o a same o
rs rbe . eeo e d
. - 48 s p lc blg '
j
e ib l f tt f
t
lmia insde e ei t unde l ng a ton hi son whe s h ca m ac r . l a s li t t
i t to
f ns n he
ryi ci
nge
n uc li c ues n s e ng ha
t a t ne c mit l ga m apr ci eby f ii t r i easaut oflm iai de e e Gola
he tor ys om ted e l l a tc
a lng o a s t t e i t tons f ns , i
a gue t tADND ' f s a rii cai a nz d on M a c 1 2009,whe ADND e ut
r s ha
S ale dve tsng l m cc e
r h 9,
n
xec ed
t Ge a I m niy Ag e m e t te e sy i caed t tt bond pr m i c d no be
he ner l nde t
r e nt ha xpr s l ndi t ha he
e um oul t
r fmde upo exe uton oft bo
et d
n
c i
he nd. Ale ai l Gola a g s t a c am ag ns hi
t m tvey, i r ue hat ny l i
ai t m
be n t ac r i Se e rof2009,whe t m a ke i br
ga o c ue n pt mbe
n he r tng ochur wasno l r a ce sbl
e
onge c s i e
fom t I
r
he BCS we ie For t f l ng r as , t c ur fnds Gola' a gume s
bst .
he olowi e ons he o t i
is r
nt
t
mper
suasi
ve.
Asn td a ve Vigna Co e j 1 .- 6 alwsça n p ro wh s fesl s' a a
o e bo , r i i d
82 21 lo i q y e s n o u fr o s' s
g
r s toff le a rii t brng a aci f dn a . Ba e on t pli lng ge oft
e ul
a s dve tsng o i n ton or m ges
sd
he an a ua
he
saut ,t c ta e wih t a t neyst ta cai f rf le a rii doe nota cr untl
t t e he our gr es t he tor
ha l m o a s dve tshg s
c ue i
t l s o dn a occ s. A lhough t Supr m e Cour ofVi gi a hasno had t oc s on t
he os r m ge ur
t
he
e
t
r ni
t
he ca i o
a d e st sp riu a is , i h sln r c nz d ta (a rg to a to c n o a c'et i
d rs hi a t lr sue* t a o g e og ie h t t j ih f cin n n t c z mtl
c
l
u
t eei ac u eo a to , a t t(intea e c o ijlyo d ma e'aplitf G sn c u e
h r s a s f cin' nd ha ç j h bsn e f nt r n g , an ifs o a s
'
l
r
'
ha
ofa ton a no rghtofaci c ac r et hi . Ca l v. ieRn e ,1 S. 2d 257,
c i nd i
ton an c u o m '
' udil W s mblr 68 E.
259
( 9 9 . Ap yngt i r l i Fis Vicn aBa k- lnilv Ba e , 01S. 2 8( .1 8 ) i
1 6 ) pli hs ue n rt r ii n coo a . k r 3 E.d Va 9 3 ,r
ï
w hi h a ba s ug t r ove da age ca e by t de e nt a l ge ne i nce t
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