Eramo v. Rolling Stone LLC et al

Filing 188

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 9/22/16. (jcj)

CL SOFFI U. DS COURT
ERK'
CE S, ST.
ATROANOKE,
VA
FI
LED

I THE U N I
N
TED STA TES D I
STRI C OU RT
CT
FO R TH E W ESTEM D I I O F V I W I
STR CT
RG A
CHA RLO TTESV I
LLE D I SI
VI ON

sEP 22 2 1
96
J
U
BY:

DU t CL
.
R
ERK
CLER

NI
COLE P.
EM M O ,
Pl i if
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Ci lA c i n N o. 1 CVvi to
3: 5- 00023
M EM O M N DU M O PI ON
M
RO LLF G STON E,LLC,e a .
N
t 1,
D e e nt .
f nda s

By: on.G l n E.Co a
H
e
nr d
Chi fU nie St t s Di t i tJ
e
t d a e s rc udge

N i ol Er m o fl d t s def m a i ac i n a i t de e an s Roli St
c e a
ie hi
a ton to ga ns f nd t
lng one, LLC

(E lig S o ' , b iaRu nEr ey a d W eme Me i LLC (l e n rM e i' Th c s
û l tne' Sa rn bi d l, n
Ro n
)
r r da
ç n e d a). e a e
W

i p e e tybeo et ec u t np an ifsmoin frp rilsl r j dg n a d fnd ns
s r sn l f r h o r o litf' to o a t l
a mmay u me t nd ee a t '
mo in f rs
to o umma yj d me t Fo ter a o ss tf rh b lw,t moin wi b g a td i
r u g n . r h e s n e o t eo he to s l e r ne n
l
pa t de ed i pa t
r and ni n r .
Fact Backzround
ual

A g a to s mmayj d me ti a p o raeo l whe Ch e t erc r s o arg t
rn f u r u g n s p r p it ny n G e ni e o d h ws ih
t
r
t j d me twi s c caiy a t la en r o f rc n r v ry a d e tbih sa fr tv l
o u g n t u h lrt s o e v o o m o o to es n sa ls e fimaiey
h
t tt a r e pa t c nno pr va lunde a c r um s a es ' Phoe x Sa ncs a Loa I
ha he dve s r y a t e i
r ny ic t nc .
'
ni vi
nd
m nc.

v. eAen Ca . nd S rt Co.3 1F. 2 , 4 ( t Ci.1 6 ) W h n fc d wi cosTh ta s a u ey , 8 2d 45 2 9 4h r 9 7 . e a e t r s
h
moins fr s mmayj dg n ,t e c u tc n ies e c mo in s p r tl a rs le a1
to o u r u me t h o r o sd r a h to e a aey nd e ov s 1
f t diput a E c
acual s es nd t
any ompe i r tonali e e e i t lghtm os f vo a e t t pa t
tng, a i
nf r nc s n he i
t a r bl o he ry

opposng t moi ' Rosinolv.Voor r 316 F. 51 5 ( h Ci.2003) ( i
i he ton.
'
sg
haa,
3d 6, 23 4t r
quotng
W iht nv. i l Temi lRy. ,100F. 228 230( tCi.1 ) Ac or i y,t
c ma Sprncfed r na Co.
3d ,
1s r 996). c dngl he
f l i f c s f om t r c d a e eihe t di put d o pr e e i t lghtm os f vo a e t
olow ng a t r he e or r t r m s e r es nt d n he i
t a r bl o
t nonm ovi pa y.
he
ng rt

Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 1 of 26 Pageid#: 11878

Niol P.Ermo (1 a ' i a Asocat De n of St nt a t Uni riy of
c e
n C mo' s n s i e a
Er )
ude s t he ve st

Vigna (UVA' .Rol So e a W eme Me i ae t p bl h r o Roln S o
r ii ç
d ' lng tn nd l r da r he u i es f lig tne
)
i
s
maga i . Sa i Rubi Er y (& dey' wor a a rpo tra Conti i Edio f
zne brna
n del ( l ' ked s e re nd
Er )
rbutng tr or
Roli St
lng one.

On Nove be 1 201 de e nt publs d a a tcewrte byEr l a e il d <
m r 9, 4, f nda s
ihe n ri l itn
de y nd ntte 1
A

Ra eo Cn us A Bnla Asa l a d S r g l f rJ tc a UVA' (h G t l' . Co .
p n mp :
tl su t n tu ge o usie t
' t e t i e' mpl!
Ar c )
45. The Ari e c ai d a g a c de ci n of t a lge ga r pe of a UVA sude ,
tcl ont ne
r phi pi to
he le d ng-a
t nt
r f r e t a ( a ki,'a a PhiKa pa Ps f ae niy pa t Acc di t t Aril ,J cde'
e e r d o s s c e' t
l
p
i r t r t ry.
or ng o he tc e a l s

mohe if r d a a a mi d a t tJ c i h da( a e pe nc 'a ap ry J ! 5 .The
t r n ome n c de c e n ha a k e a t d x de e' t a t. . 6
b
Z
a a i de n t n putJ c e i t h w ih Er m o.
c dem c a he
a ki n ouc t a
A t t tm e Er o' dutes a U VA i l d pe f r i i a of s xua as a t
he i , nm s
i t
nc ude
r o m ng nt ke
e l s ul
c pl i s a pr d ng s ppor t pur r e vi tm s I t sposton,Er m o a s pa tc pa ed
om a nt nd ovi i u
t o po t d c i . n hi
ii
a
l o rii t
i pa di c s ons a a t nde co e e s on s xua a s ul. She al o pr de q t tons
n nel s us i
nd te d nf r nce
e l sa t
s ovi d uo a i

f ra tcls a
o ri e ppea i i t Ca irDa l UVA ' sude -un ne pa r wasi e ve
rng n he vale iv,
S t ntr
ws pe ,
nt r iwed o
n
W UV A r ga di UV A ' s xua m i c
e r ng
S e l s onduc polc a ga br e i e v e s t l al ne s
t i y, nd ve i f nt r i w o oc
w
c r e s Pl' R e p.t D e s 'Fi s Se of I e oggs N os 1 3. On c
ha m l . .s s o f . r t t nt r
. .ampus Er m o was s e a
, n
en s

s l e r i a1 is s r a e t s xua a s ul' a t ' i tpe s 'f r r po s o s xua
s ' xpe t n 1 s ue elt d o e l s a t' nd he l n r on' o e rt f e l
al
po

mic n u t 3 ( )6 De . fAl Grve , 27 1 , 3 1 - 8
so d c. 0 b ( ) p o ml o s 8 :- 1 3 3:6 1 .
I he pic t Roli St
n r th o
lng one,Er l sa e t the a tce woul S oc on a s xual
dey tt d ha r ri l
d ' us
f
e
as a t c e on one pa tc a l f a ht c m pus . . f l w i i a i m a is w a t o h
s ul as
ri ul r y r ug n
. olo ng t s t kes t
y hr ug
uni r iy pr dur t is r s uton,orl c t r of' tca pus Ra ' Er l Dkt 11 Ex.
ve s t oce e o t e ol i
a k he e . t m
'
pe' by de y, . 6,
The Ar i e des r bes J c e' i e a tons wih Er m o, i udi ho J c e s r
tcl
ci
a ki s nt r c i
t
a
ncl ng w a ki ha ed
i om ai a
nf r ton boutt o ot rvi tm s oft s m e f a e iy. Thr houthe i s i to Er l
w
he c i
he a
rtm t
oug
r nve tga i n, de y

2
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 2 of 26 Pageid#: 11879

s
poke wih a numbe o sude s a ut s xua a s ul a UVA ;he not r fec t t s ve a
t
r f t nt bo e l s a t t
r es e l t ha e r l
sude s c m uni a ed t i a ia i of Er m o. Er l Re tng N ot , R500 1
t nt om
c t he r dm r ton
n
de y
por i
es
438 ,
R S0041 D k .1 Ex.1 As publc ton nea e s m e s ude s e es e t Er l c e ns
65, t 04,
5.
iai
r d, o
t nt xpr s d o de y onc r
t therpo ta ofEr m o w a i cc a e D e ofSa a Sur a 11 18 1 1
ha
r r yal
a
s na ur t . p.
r
f ce 8: -1 9: 8.
Er l r le he viy on t na r tve J cc e pr vi d i m i i t Ar i e s m uc s
de y e i d a l
he r a i a li o de n tng he tcl , o
h o
t t s di no o a n t f 1 na e of J c e s as a l nt or co a t t m . N or di Er l
ha he d t bt i he ' 1 m s
u
a ki ' s ia s
nt c he
d de y

i ewi w t i vi l who f
nt l e he ndi dua s
ound J ki t ni ofhe al ge ga r pe. Si iary,Er l
ac e he ght
r le d ng-a
m l l dey
di notobti ce t n c r a i docl nt J c e ca me t ha a es t a wa una e
d
a n rai orobor tng lme s a ki li d o ve cc s o nd s bl
t c
o onfr wih J c e' mot rJ ki sas e ton t the m o he ha lkel desr d t d e s
m t a ki s he ac e' s ri ha r t r d i y toye he r s
J c e wor on t ni htof t a l ed r pe A ddii ly,Er l w a notgr nt d a i er e
a ki
e
he g
he leg a .
tona l
de y s
a e n nt vi w

wih Er mo t as a ut t t ve st s polces I tad, Er m o' s ror m a UVA
t a
o k bo he mi r iy'
i i . nse
n s upe i s de
Pr s de ,Te es Suli n,a ia e
e i nt r a lva va l bl .
A fe is r l a e,t A r i l c e t d a t e a f r s or ' and w as vi w e onlne m or
t r t e e s he tc e r a e
s di i e t m '
m
e d i
e

t 2. milon tme Roli St i s d apr sr e e c e
han 7 li i s. lng one s ue
es elas ont mpor ne l wih t Aril ,
a ousy t he tc e
a on N ove be 26,201 Er l a a e on t Br a Lehr r Show a t Sl t D o e
nd
m r
4, de y ppe r d
he i n
e
nd he a e ubl x
G a e tpodca t On t s s s Er el di c s d t a l ga i m ade i t Ar i e.
bf s
s.
he e how , d y s us e he le tons
n he tcl

The c
ompl i as e t t t t Ari l a s e nt medi a a anc desr d
ant s rs ha he tce nd ubs que
a ppe r es toye
Er mo' r put ton a a a
a s e a i s n dvoc e and s ppore ofvitms ofs xuala s ul. She wa a t ke
at
u
tr
ci
e
sa t
s tac d

by i vi l o t l vii a t i e ne ,a s r e ve hundr oft e t ni vi i
ndi dua s n e e son nd he nt r t nd he ec i d
eds hz a e ng, cous
e a l f om m e be s of t publc. A s a r s t Er m o s f r d d i f c nt e ba r s m e t
m is r
m r
he
i
e ul, a
uf e e ç gnii a m r a s n ,
s

h miito me tl ufeiga d e to a dsrs . Co l!2 7.
u l in, na s f rn n mo in l ite s' mp . '0
a
'
U po f r he i s i ato by i
n ' t r nve tg i n
u
ndepe nt e ii s i was r pored t t t Ar i l a
nde ntte , t
e t ha he tc e, nd
ke c pone s ofJ c e' s or c d no be s t i e W ihi t o w e ks oft Ar i e'
y om
nt
a ki s t y, oul t ubsantat d. t n w
e
he tcl s

3
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 3 of 26 Pageid#: 11880

publc ton, t faem iy whe e J c e' al d a tc t
iai
he r t t
r a ki s lege ta k ook pl e pr ed e de e
ac
oduc
vi nc
de o t a i t tno s i lga he i w a he d on t ni i ques i a t tno m e be of
m nsr tng ha
oc a t rng s l
he ght n
ton nd ha
m r

t e faent mac e t e d srpin gv n b J c e f r h r p i r a tc e . I ! 9 .
h rtr iy th d h e c ito i e y a ki o e rmay ta k r d. 0
Addii nal The W a hi on Pos r an a tcl a es i t f tt tEr l di notco a t
to ly,
s nct
t an
ri e ddr sng he ac ha de y d
nt c
J cki sa cus d a s ia s.
a e' c e s al nt

On De e e 5 2 4 Roln S o e is d a sae n (h G io ' Noe' t a
c mb r , 01 , lig t n sue
ttme t t e s t rs t' h t
Ed
)
a knowldge t dic e nc e i J ki s a c ,bl d J ki f r m iladi Er l a
c
e d he s r pa i s n ac e' c ount ame ac e o se ng dey, nd

came t t is t s i J c i h d b e ( s lc d' l .! 91 Th s sae n a pe rd
li d ha t nzt n a k e a e n C pa e . d
mi
'
. i ttme t p ae
a nde t t o i Ari l a as by is l on a s pa a eURL. On M a c 23,201 f ur
ppe d o he nlne tce, nd lo
t ef
e rt
rh
5, o
m ont a tr t Ar i e w a publs d,t Cha l tes le Polc D e r m e i s d a r por
hs fe he tcl
s
i he he
r o t vil
i e pa t nt s ue
e t

r r ng isi si to of J c e' a s ul. The r por sa e t tJ c e ha t d Er m o a
ega di t nve tgai n
a ki s s a t
e t t t d ha a ki d ol a
w holy dif r ntt e of s xualas a t t n t s o y publs d i t A ri l . U li a e y,t
l f e e al
e
s ul ha he t r
ihe n he tc e
tm t l he
polc c l d t tt r wasno s t ntve bas s i f c t c l t ta i i tocc r d
i e onc ude ha he e
ubs a i
i n a t o onc ude ha n nc den
ur e
co i t ntw ih t f t i t Ar i e. I Apr l201 a t ra r por by t Col bi J ur i m
ns s e
t he ac s n he tcl n
i
5, f e e t he um a o nals

Re e d s rb d teAril a a(o r aitcf i r 'a d c ncu e t td fnd nsl e a ie
viw e c ie h tce s j u n lsi al e' n o ld d ha ee a t i t sd
u
s
or r tonai e a unnec s ar es e il pr c ies of r po tng,' Roli St ne E fcaly
ai lz d s
e s y s nta a tc
e ri '
lng o i i i l
of

rta td' n rmo e teAril fo iswe st.1 ! 1 Er mog a tdal tditr iw
erce 'a d e v d h t e r m t b ie d. 4. n rn e i e n e ve
c
mi
t t Col bi J na im Re e a pa t t i i ve tga i f t r po'
o he um a our ls
vi w s r of her n si ton or he e l.
t
On M a 1 2015,Er m o fl d a sx- oun de a ton a ton a ii noto y fom t
y 2,
n
ie
i c t f ma i c i rsng
nl r he
a l ga i i t A ri l but a s f om o he s a e e s m ade by t de e nt i s eque
le tons n he tc e
lo z
t r t t m nt
he f nda s n ubs
nt
m e a a a a s On M a 29,201 de e nt r m ove t i t t ac i n f om t Cic t
di ppe r nce .
y
5, f nda s e
d he ns an t o r he r ui

Cour f t CiyofChal ts lepurua t 28U. C.jj133 1 a 1
t or he t
rote vil s nt o
S.
2, 441, nd 446.Folowi
l ng

teco eo d so ey, litf mo e f rpata s mmayj dg n a d d fn a t mo e f r
h ls f ic v r p an if v d o ril u r u me t n e e d n s v d o
4
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 4 of 26 Pageid#: 11881

s mmayj g n . Th c u th l ah ai o t emoi n o Au u t1 , 01 Th moin
u r ud me t e o r ed e rng n h to s n g s 2 2 6. e to s
ha be n f l bre e a a enow rpe f diposton.
ve e uly i f d nd r
i or s ii
St
andar ofR e e
d
vi w

An a r o s mmayj g n i p r p it Sft e mo n s o t a t r i no
wad f u r ud me t sa p o rae ç h va t h ws h t hee s
i

g n i e ds ue a t a y maeilfc a t mo n i e t ld t j d me ta a matr o
e u n ip t s o n tra a t nd he va t s n i e o u g n s
t
te f
lw. Fe . Ci P. 6 a .I d tr n n wheh rag n ieds ueo maeil a te ss t e
a ' d R. v. 5 () n eemii g t e e un ip t f tra f c xit,h
'
c u tmus t e t e fcs a d a1j siibe ifr n e aii t rfo i t lg tmos
or
t ç w h a t n 1 u tfa l n e e c s rsng heer m n he ih
vi
t
fvorbl t t nonmovi pa t ' Li rain Pa t ofVa. J 71 F. 308,31 ( hCi.
a a e o he
ng ry. be tra ry
'
v. udd, 8 3d
3 4t r
201 . S he fce wih cos- i f s
3) f n a d t r smotons or ummayj
W
r udgme t ( urs c i rea h moi
n, co t) onsde c ton

s p rtl o iso meist d tr n wh t e ete o t p risd s r e j dg n a a
e aaey n t wn rt o ee mie eh r i r f he a t e e v s u me t s
h
e
ma tro lw. Ba o v. t o Rih n ,4 5F.d 6 3 6 6 3 (t Ci. 0 ) d c u t
t f a ' c n Ciy f c mo d 7 3 3 , 3 - 7 4h r 20 7 . The o r
e
'
mus de bot motons i i sndst tt r i a ge ne diput ofm a e i f c ,buti t r i
t ny h
i ft
ha he e s
nui
s e
tral a t
f he e s
no ge neis a one ort ot rpa t i e il d t pr vala a ma troflw , he c twil
nui s ue nd
he he ry s ntte o e i s
te
a t our l

rn e j d me t' S y An e U. ,LLC v Dic v r Co ' . LLC,9 F.S p 3 8 0
edr u g n. k
'
c l S.
. s o e y mmcnss
5 u p. d 6 ,
8 9( M d. 01 )(iain o te )
6 D. 2 5 ctto s mitd .
D i si
scus on

1 Publc O f i or Li ied.
i fc al
m t purpos Publc Fi
e
i gure

Boh sd sh ve mo e fr s mmay j g n o t e is e o wh t rErmo wa a
t ie a
v d o u r ud me t n h su f ehe n
s
publc ofi i lor a lmied- pos publc fg e I Er m o was a publc ofi i or lm ie
i fc a
i t pur e
i i ur . f n
i fcal i t dpu pos publc f gu e a t tm e of publc ton,a pa tof he def m a i c e,s m us pr
r e
i i r t he i
ia i
s r
r n ton as he
t ove
by c e r a c nci evi nce t t de e
l a nd onvi ng de
ha f ndant ac e w ih a tz l m alce N e Yor Ti e
s t d t c ta
i . w
k m s

Co.v.Suli n,3 U. 25 279- 0 ( 964) Ge t v.Robe tW ec 418 U. 323,342
lva 76 S. 4, 28 1 ; rz
r lh,
S.
( 974 . Theis ofwhehe Ermo wa apublcofiilorlmie pur epublcfg e i a
1 )
sue
tr a
s
i fca i td- pos
i iur s
5
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 5 of 26 Pageid#: 11882

q sin o 1w t b r s le b tec u t W el v Lid ,1 6F.d 5 5 5 (t Ci.1 9 )
ueto f a o e e ov d y h o r. l . d y 8 3 0 , 31 4h r 9 9 .
s
The c t s a t w ih a pr s pton t t Er m o w a a prva e i vi
our t r s t
e um i ha
a
s
i t ndi dual a t tm e of
t he i

p bl ain,s be tt d fn a t'b r e o p o i t tp anifwa a p b i o fca o
u i to u j c o e e d n s u d n f r vng ha litf s u lc fiil r
c
lmied- pos publc fg e. Fortc v.Ca t CiisABc,37 F. 1 ,1 (t Ci.
i t pur e
i iur
eih
pial te /
3d 541 553 4h r
1 4)
99 .

A l td p r o ep bi tg r i o ewh ( ou trl ij cshms l o i da it a
i e - u p s u lc i u e s n o ç ln aiy n e t i ef r s rwn no
mi
v
pa tc a publcco r r y a t r by be om e a publcfgtr f ra lmie r nge ofi s s.
ri ulr
i ntove s nd he e
c s
i i le o i t d a
s ue '
'

Ge t v, 8U. a 3 .l o tn l, h s idv d l aes b e tt t ea t l lc sa d r
rz 41 S. t 61 mp ra ty t e e n iiuas r u j c o h cua maie tn ad
f t ras :()be a e ofthera lt t r or t t (efhep'r med ofrbutal'a
or wo e ons 1 c us i i biiy o es t o he sl- l e y e t ' s
t

t s idv d l S s al e j y sg iia t g e tr a c s Eo t e me ij ta p iae
he e n iiuas ç u ly n o in fc nl rae c e s t h
u
y
da h n rv t
i vi s' and ( be a e t y ha t untrl e e t ms l st i r a e rs o
ndi dual'
;
2) c us he ve t
vol aiy xpos d he eve o nce s d ik f

ij r fo d fmaoy fle o . Fo eih, 7F.da 1 5 To d tr n whehe aplitf
n u y r m ea tr asho d' rtc 3 3 t 5 2.
'
ee mie t r an if
i a prva e pe s or a lm ie pup os publc fgur i r a i t a pa tc a publc
s
i t
r on
i t de
i i e n el ton o
r i ul r
i
co r r y,de e
nt ove s
f ndan sm us pr t f l ng:
t
t ove he olowi

ç 1 t pan ifha a c s t c n nes o efcie c mmt c to ( )t e
$ ) he litf d c e s o h n l f fe tv o miain; 2 h
(
pl i i f vol a iy a s e a r e o s c a pr i nc i t publc
a ntf
unt r l s um d
ol f pe i l om ne e n he
i

c n rves ;( )t epli tf s u h t ifue c t r s uin o o to o t e
o to ry 3 h anif o g t o n l n e he e olto r uc me f h
c n r v ry ( )t ec nr v ry e itdpro t tep biai no t edea t r
o to es ; 4 h o to e s xse ir o h u lc to f h fmao y
sae nt a () t pli if rt ne publcfgtr sau a t tme oft
ttme ; nd 5 he antf eai d
i-i le tt s t he i
he
a l ged de a a i '
le
f m ton.'

Fi g rl v. nh u eI tl Lt .6 F. 6 , 6 (t Ci.1 2 ; rtc 3 F.d a 1 5
t ead Pe to s n '. d, 91 2d 66 6 8 4 h r 98 ) Fo eih, 7 3 t 5 3
z

( oi d fn a tsb r e o p o f. Thes c nd a dt idf co saeo tn c mbie a d a e
n t ee d n ' u d n f r o )
ng
e o n hr a tr r fe o n d n r
t he t of t i uiy: t t r t pl i if had volm t r l as um e a r e of s c a
he ar
he nq r t he he a ntf
whe
l a iy s d
ol
pe i l
pr i nc i a publc c r r y by a t m ptng t i l nc t out m e. Fo e i h,37 F.
om ne e n
i ont ove s
te i o ntue e he co ' r tc
'
3d
at 1553.

6
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 6 of 26 Pageid#: 11883

The s pe oft co r r y t be m e at es d de e mi to Se Hafl v.The
co
he ntove s hus co s hr hol t r nai n. e til

Ne Yo k Ti sCo.5 2 F.d31 ,3 2 (t Ci. 00 )(tt ta t ec u tdis a d e se j
w r me , 3 3 2 2 4h r 2 8 sai h t h o r t rt d rs ls
ng
f
t naur oft S riulrpu i c r ry't t ga rs t t alged defmain' .
he t e he pa tc a blc ontove s ha ve ie o he le
n to '
)
Si nii nty,i G ul be i ppr pra et s i a1c r ve se t t s cii sa e e sof
g fca l t t d
wo
na o it o hrnk 1 onto r is o he pe fc tt m nt
whi h a pli if c
c
antf ompl i .' Na ' Lie I .Co.v.Philps Pub. l ,79 F.Supp.6 637
ans' tl f ns
li
. nc. 3
27,

( S. 1 9 ) I ta ,te c u td fn st e so tr u h af i r a i o teAril i is
D. C. 9 2 . nse d h o r eie h c pe h o g ar e dng f h t e n t
c
e trt Se Hafl,532 F.d a 323 (sltsa t r a ont twes dl t t s peof
niey. e til
3 t
çgj tnds o e s ha
houl ook o he co

t eme s g c n e e i ..h atce ..g an if i c alngn .)
h sa e o v y d n . te rils . plitfl s h l i g' .
e
'
H e e, a f i r a ng of t A ri l s es s t t t c r r y a i s i I A '
r
a r e di
he tc e ugg t ha he ont ove s t s ue s W S
r po e t a l ga i of s xual as a t The r c d w a r t t de e m i ton t t Er m o
es ns o le tons
e
s ul.
e or
r an s he t r na i ha n

vol nt rl a sl e aposton ofS pe a pr ne e'on t si s s t ad n a ofhe
u a iy s tm d
ii
ç cil omi nc ' hi s ue: he ook va t ge
s
r
ac e s t l a m e a s c fc l by a a i o W UVA,pr di i
c s o oc l di , pe ii aly
ppe rng n
ovi ng nputt The Ca le
o
va ir
D a l a s ki t l a afii t of na i lne s ne w or . Se Car v.For s 259 F.
iy, nd pea ng o oc l fla es
tona w
t ks
e r
be ,
3d

273,281(t Ci.2001 (i ngpli ifvol miy asumedapr ne publcpr e ea
4h r
) fndi antf unt l s
omi nt i esnc nd
a tm ptd t i l ncet out ome bec us hea tnde publcm e tngs wr t e t i sf t
te e o nfue
he c
a e
te d
i e i , o e dioral or he

l c l p e s a d wa q t d i t e lc l me i) Ftt r r ,t v lme o h r me i
o a rs , n
s uoe n h o a d a. u hemo e he ou
f e da
a a a e ,a i s m e i t nce t r de h,s
ppe r nc s nd n o
ns a s hei pt uppor st c us on t t Er m o a t m pt t
t he oncl i ha n
te ed o
i l nc t out o e of t c r r y. I 201 f r i t nce Er m o a hor a o ni
nt ue e he c m
he ontove s
n
3, o ns a , n
ut ed n pi on
pi c r ga di t U ni r iy' pr es f ha i s xua a s ul c pl i s See Fa t s v.
e e e r ng he
ve st s oc s or ndlng e l s a t om a nt .
la

Stt Ne pa r 928F.Supp.637,645 ( S. 1996 (i ngt tat c ra PublcHe lh
ae ws pe,
D. C. ) fndi ha ea he nd
i at
phys c a vol arl a s e a r e of s ci l pr m i e a a t m pt d t i l nc t
ii n
unt iy s um d
ol
pe a o nenc nd t e e o nf ue e he
out e bec us s a hor d a o ni pi c a s ve a l te son t i s a had a ar d
com
a e he ut e n pi on e e nd e r l e t r
he s ue nd
ppe e

7
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 7 of 26 Pageid#: 11884

o v ro rd op o r ms. Thec u th c n ld st a d fn a t h veme t erb r e a
n aius a i r g a )
o r tus o cu e h t ee d n s a
t h i ud n s
t t s c and t r fcor. Fortc 37 F. a 1 (s c l we ha c ne t
o he e ond
hid a t s
eih,
3d t 553 ç
Typialy,
ve ombi d he
s co a t r r qui e e s t a k t he he t pl i if ha vol a iy a sl e a r e o
e nd nd hid e r m nt , o s w t r he a ntf d unt r l s tm d ol f
s ci l pr m i nc i a publc co r r y by a t m ptng t i l nc t out om e of t
pe a o ne e n
i nt ove s
te i o nfue e he
c
he

c n r v ry''(iigRe b rv. o Ch mia Ne . n .9 5F.d7 3 7 9( t Ci. 9 (.
o to es .' ctn u e Fo d e c l ws I c, 2 2 0 , 0 4h r 1 91
)
9
Reg di t f lt a ffh f c or ,Er m o' n r l a m e a a
ar ng he okrh nd it a t s a s ume ous oc l di ppea a es a
r nc nd
t i t m por l pr m iy t t A r i l , i addii n t t Of i e of Ci l Ri t i s i a i
he r e
a oxi t o he tc e n
to o he f c
vi gh s nve t g ton
U VA w asunde a t tm e,i c t t tt c r ve s a i s U V A ' r pons t a l tons
r t he i
ndi a e ha he ont o r y t s ue,
S es
e o lega i

of s xua as a t e se pror t publc ton oft Aril . Se Fiz r d,691 F. a 669
e l s ul, xitd i o
iai
he tc e
e t ce al
2d t

(i-ep bi c nr ves e itdb f r a da trpu lc to o tealg dd f mao ya ce ..
Cl u lc o to ry x se eo e n fe biain f h le e e n t r lil ..
rh
Thep anifh d be n i tr iwe f ra oh ra t l i t ep e iu y a.) Th r c r as
litf a e ne ve d o n te ri e n h r vo s e r' . e e od lo
c
'
s ppors t de e na i t t Er m o r t i d S
u
t he t nni ton ha a
e a ne t i f g e 's a us a t tm e oft a l ge
publc i ur ' t t t he i
he le d
de a a i s r m a ned i he pos ton w he t a tc e w as publs d. Onl s ve alm ont
f m ton: he e i
n r ii
n he r i l
i he
y e r
hs
l t r w a s m ove t a dif r ntpos ton w ihi t U VA c m uniy. Fiz r l 691 F. a
ae
s he
d o
fee
ii
t n he
om
t
t ge a d,
2d t

6 (itngt a ihep an ifrti e p bl -i u esa'sa t tmeo t ealg d d fmain'
68 l i h t t litf ean d u i fg r tt t he i f h l e ea to '
s
t
c
u
e
a t ffhf t i dee mi nglmied- pos publcfgur saus.
s he it acor n tr ni i t pur e i i e tt )
Pl ntf a g t t def nda s a e una e t s w t t s ha ac e s t e f tve
ai if r ues ha
e nt r
bl o ho ha he d c s o feci
c muni to t frt f c or bec us t Fa l Educai l Ri s and Prva y Ac
om
cai n, he is a t , a e he miy
tona ght
i c
t

ITER.A' p e e td h r fo s a i t te me i . Ad i o ly UVA wo l n talw
C P ' rv n e e r m pe kng o h d a
I
dt nal ,
i
ud o l
o
Er m o t s k w ih Er l prort publc ton. The c ti unpe s
n
o pea t de y i o
ia i
our s
r uade W hie FER PA m a
d.
l
y
ha pr l d Er m o f om s ki a ut J ki s c e t co t c l o a e t t i
ve ec ude
n
r
pea ng bo ac e' as , he ur a m t gr e ha t
pr ve e he f om s a ng a utUV A ' polcy r ga di s xua as a taleg i nsi a
e nt d r r
pe ki bo
S i e r ng e l s ul l ato n
gener sense. Li i UV A ' unw ilngnesst alow Er o t cont t m edi m ay have
al
kew se,
S
li
o l
nm o
act he
a

8
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 8 of 26 Pageid#: 11885

p th ri t ed f utp sto o d cdng b t e h rj b a d h rrpu ain. Ho ve,t
u e n h ifc l o iin f e ii ewe n e o n e e tto
we r he
c tbe i ve t t des t t s pr hi ton,Er m o s ilhad gr a e a ce s t The Ca i r D a l
our le s ha , pie hi o bii
a
tl
e tr c s o
vale
iy
or o he l alne s oute s t n prva e cii ns s ts yi t tr tf ct . See Fi cc v.Si a
t r oc
w
l t ha i t tze , a i f ng he i s a or
a o
gm

Al aEp io F ae t ,5 F.d 9 1 0 (s Ci.2 0 )(i d n a u i riy a mi itao
ph sln rtmiv 28 3 4, 0 1 t r 0 8 tn i g nvest d nsrt r
ha g e t ra ce st medi whe heha be n m e i ned by na e i e e n ne pa ra tc e
d r ae c s o
a
n
d e
nto
m n l ve ws pe ril s

o rtepatye r. He a c s be o se n mo e a pae tu n c n ieain o t l td
ve h s a) r c e s c me ve r p rn po o sd rto f he i e
mi
i e viw Er mo g an e t t Coll a J lnaim Re e s ve almont a trt Ari l s
ntr e
n
r t d o he lmbi otr ls
viw e r
hs fe he tce'
pu i to a wiho t pe mison ofhe s ror . Thus t c ts a l i oft fve
blcai n nd t ut he r s i
r upe i s
, he our ' nayss he i
r quie e s f lm ie publc fgur sa s a is o r l r viw oft r or lad t t
e r m nt or i t d- i i e t m , nd t ve al e e
he ec d, e o he
c l i n t t de e nt ha m e t i bur n of e t bls ng t t a t tm e ofpublc i
onc us o ha f nda s ve t he r de
s a i hi ha , t he i
i aton,

Er m owa r t d t lmie pur epublcfgtr de i ton. 1
n
ran e he i t d- pos
i i le sgnai
II. A ct M alce
ual
i

'

A publc ox ca , publc fg e, or lm ie pur e publc sgur ma r c r f a
i
il
i i ur
i t d- pos
i
e y e ove or
de n t y f le
f ma or as hood onl on a s
y
howi o Ga t lm ai e. N e Yor Ti e Co.v.Suli n,
ng f sc ua lc ' w
'
k m s
lva

3 6 U..2 4 2 9 28 ( 9 4 ;Get v Ro e tW ec .I c,41 U. 3 ,3 5 ( 9 4 . At
7 S 5 , 7 - 0 1 6 ) rz . b r lh n . 8 S. 23 4 1 7 )
s mmay j d me t Ch a p o rae ..q eto wilb wh t e t e e ie e i t e r c r
u r u g n, ç e p r p it . u sin l e eh r h vd nc n h e o d
t
co d s
ul uppor ara ona eju' fndi et rt tt pl ntf hass
t e s bl t y
ng ihe ha he ai if hown a t lmalceby ce r
cua i
la
a c nc ng e de e or t t t pl i i f ha no . A nde s v.Li r y LobbvsI ,477
nd onvi i vi nc
ha he a ntf s t'
'
r on
be t
nc.

U. 2 2, 5 5 ( 9 6 .De e a t a kt c u tod cd , samatro lw,h t an ifh s
S. 4 25 - 6 1 8 ) fnd n s s he o r t e ie a
te f a t a plitf a
fie t fr c te denc t twoul s
ald o o e as vi e ha
d uppor aj ydeemi toni pli ifsfvor
t ur tr nai n antf' a .
A c ual m alce G eq r s a a m i m um t t sa e e s w e e m a w ih r c e s
t
i s uie t
r
ni
hat he t t m nt
r
de t e kl s
di r a d f t t ut ' H a t --n
s eg r or he r h.
'
r e l nks Com m c' . I v. Co ught 491 U . 657, 667
l
ns s nc.
nna on,
S.

l
Be us lm ie pur epu i fgur sandpublcofk i sbot m us pr a t m aie,t c t d
ca e i t d- pos blc i e
i f al h
t ove cual lc he our nee
notde i whehe Er
cde t r amo wa apublcofii .
s
i fcal

9
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 9 of 26 Pageid#: 11886

( 9 9 . Re kls dse ad me n t a d fnd nsmus h v G n e i e sro sd u t a t
1 8 ) c e s irg r a s h t ee a t
t a e s tlan d e iu o bs s o
e
t tuh ofgheijpublcain. St Ama v.Thomps 390 U. 727,730 (968 . Thec t
he r t t r
i to ' . nt
'
on,
S.
1 )
our
e l t s S he f c ua r or i f 1' Conna ht 491 U . a 688. Furhe m or bec us
va ua e ç a t l ec d n ul.'
t
ug on,
S. t
t r e, a e

a t l lc i as be tv iq iy, p an iftse tte t p o et ed fn a tssaeo mi
cua maie s u j cie n u r a litf i nild o r v h e e d n ' tt f nd
i
t ough c r lm s a i le de e. 1 a 668.
hr
ic l t nta vi nc ' d. t
'
I i he pf t r vi w w ha ot r c t ha de e m i d i a i no s fci nte de e.
t s l ul o e e
t he our s ve t r ne s nd s t uf i e vi nc

For e mpl i i wel s tld t t S aiur t i tgae wilnot aone s
xa e, t s l e te ha l l e o nvesi t l
f
l
uppor a fndi o
t i ng f
a t lm a i e. Col a ht 491 U . a 692;s a s Bi o v.Conde N a t 807 F. 541 5
c ua lc '
' m uc on,
S. t
ee l o r
s,
3d
, 46

( Ci. 01 )(C erc g iet tat ug fiu et ivetg t d e no i is l e tb ih b d
2d r 2 5 : e o nz ha l h alr o n siae o s t n tef sa ls a
W
ho
f ih,r inc o a
at ela e n nonymous o t ela e s tr swihoutf t ri si ton ma s
r mr ibl o lce t
' he nve tga i
ur
y uppor a
tn

ifrnc o a t l maie' . Si lry d patr fo j u n lsi sa ad i n t a
n ee e f cua lc .)
'
mial, e rt e r m o r aitc tnd r s s o
l
dee m i nt ofacualma ie,but s h aci n m i s l as s
tr na
t
lc
uc to
ght ewe
uppori e de e. Re r v.
tve vi nc
ube

Fo d Ch mia Ne .I c,9 5F.d 7 3 71 (t Ci.1 91 (n b n ) c r. e e ,5 U.
o e c l ws n . 2 2 0 , 2 4h r 9 ) e a c , e td nid 01 S.
1 2( 9 1 .ç p tto o a ohe ' wo d d e n t ee s o o rs o sb l yi ter p ae
21 1 9 ) t ei n f n t rs r s o s o r la e ne f e p n iii f h e e tr
Re i
t
kno s t tt w or a e f l e o i r nty i pr bl ,or t r a e obvi us r a o t doub
w ha he
ds r a s r nhe e l m oba e
he e r
o e s ns o
t

t ev r ct o t epes n q td. God trv.Gi b 41 F. 3 ,3 7 ( d Ci.1 6 )
h ea i f h ro uoe ' l wae
y
'
nz mx, 4 2d 24 3 2 r 9 9,
c r. e id 3 6U. 1 4 ( 9 0 (ttn ta rpei o i o efco t tma b p o aieo
et d n e , 9 S. 0 9 1 7 ) saig h t e t in s n a tr ha y e r b tv f
t
acu maie ;s eas St Ama ,390U. a 73 (tRjc e s sma bef md wheet r
tal lc ) e lo . nt
S. t 2 tg e klsnes y ot
r hee
a eo ousr s t doubtt vea t oft i or n . Furhe e whiea t lmaie
r bvi ea ons o
he rciy he nf ma t'
). t nnor , l cua lc
cn be i er fom ilwilori e tt ij e ao çgl c nno be s d t te de e o
nnot nfred r l l ntn o nur lne, sit n t ai ha vi nc f
m o i orc r ne rbe sa r lton t t a t lmalcei uiy.' Conna ht 491 U. a
tve
a e ve ar ny ea i o he cua
i nq r '
uc on,
S. t

688;s e as Dufy v.Lea na Edge Pr . l ,4 F. 308,315 n.1 (t Ci.1995
e lo f
di
ods. nc. 4 3d
0 5h r
)
(sEq de eofi1wilc n ofe boltra i ernc ofacualmaie. Fi l le de et t
tg vi nc 1 l a tn se n nf e e
t
lc ' naly,tvi nc ha
).
10
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 10 of 26 Pageid#: 11887

adef nda c ei d a sor lne i a nc ofa i si a i a t n c cousy s to t
e nt onc ve
t y i n dva e
n nve tg ton nd he ons i l e ut o
m a t e de e c or t t pr c ei d s o y i e de eofa t lmalc a m a ofe
ke he vi nc onf m o he e onc ve t r s vi nc
c ua
ie, nd y tn

p o t b q t p wef le i e c . Harsv. t o Se tl,1 2F. p' 5 5 5 (t Ci.
r ve o e ui o ru v d n e' ri Ciy f at 5 Ap x 6 , 68 9h r
e
'
e
2005)
.
He e a i m os s m iar c e , pl i i f l r l r i on c r um s a i l e de . Se
r, s n
t i l as s a ntf a ge y eles
ic t nta vi nce
e

Heb r v La o 4 U. 1 3 1 ( 9 )(; ma beta p anif wil a eyb s c e s'ln
r e t . nd , 41 S. 5 , 70 1 79 tt y h t litfs lrr l e u c sf i
1
u
p o i ga rne so fle o fo t emo t o ted fn a th ms l.) Alh u hf i r t
r v n wae s f asho d r m h uh f h ee d n i ef'. t o g al e o
'
u

a e u tl iv siae ad p ru efo j u naitcsa d r s o i1wilo itn t ij r wil
d q aey n e tg t, e a tr r m o r lsi tn ad , r 1 l r ne t o nu e l
no s ng a l pr vi e de e of a m a m a i e,t c t be i ve t t pr of al t e i
t i ul r y o de vi nc
c l lc he our le s ha oof
l hr e s

s fcintt ce t age neis ofmatra f c.Pli it howeve,goesfrhe .Poi i t
ufi e o r ae nui sue
eil a t antfl
r
u t r ntng o

Er ey' o rp rig n ts p an ifas f rc sse ie c ta c u dla a ra o a l jly
d l s wn e o t o e , litf lo o e at vd n e h t o l e d e s n b e t
n
r
t fn t a Er ey h d ç b i u r a o t d u tEa kes v r ct 'o S n etie s ro
o i d h t d l a l v o s e s ns o o b l c i'j ea i r û tran d eius
o
y' e
doubt a t t tut o ( r publc ton.' Gol tr 41 F. a 337;St Ama ,390 U. a
s s o he r h f he) iai ' dwae , 4 2d t
. nt
S. t

Fis,plitf o fr e ie e ta c ul la a j r t d tr ne t a Er ey h d a
rt anif fes vd nc h t o d e d u y o eemi h t d l a
pr onc i d so y lne a ma ha c ns ousy d s e z d c r di t y e de e. Se
ec eve t r i nd y ve o ci l ir ga de onta cor vi nc
e

Ha s 1 2 F.Ap x a 5 ( o ig ta e i e c o a p e o c ie so y l e c n s e k t
ni, 5
p' t 68 n tn h t v d n e f r c n ev d tr i a p a o
n
wh te d f n a ta td wi a t a maie .A j r c ul c ncu efo Er ey' p th f rt e
eh r e e d n ce t cu l lc ) u y o d o ld r m d l s ic o h
h
A ri l t tEr l e c e t f nd i ton f om t t i r iy' a i s r ton. She des r be
tc e ha de y xpe t d o i nac i '
r he m ve s t s dm nit a i
ci d
how t A r i l w oul hi hlght S he va i us w a co l s ha r i t d i ve e o t
he tc e
d g i ç
t
ro
ys lege ve es s e nvol m nt n he

is o s xua asa ton c mpus (ndhow i woul f usonas xualasa tc s o c
sue f e l s ul a
;a
t dj oc
e
sul a e n nmpus
...

f l w i i asi m a s isw a t o h uni r iy pr dtr t is r s uton, l c
olo ng t t ke t y hr ug
ve s t oce le o t e ol i or a k

Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 11 of 26 Pageid#: 11888

t e .' d mpusRa 'by Er l Dkt 11 Ex.7. Er l ha a s pr vi l publs d fve
her of' G
cn
pe'
dey, . 6,
dey d lo e ousy
ihe i
sm ia a tc e ,a de ii t si ony s
i lr ril s nd poston e tm
ugge t t tsude t f l t tEr y di notlse t
s s ha t n s et ha del d
it n o
w ha t y t d he a
t he ol r bout Er m o. De of Sa a Sur a e 11 25- 1 3; De of A l x Pil ron
n
p.
r
fc
0: 1 1:
p.
e rke t
'

190:
5-15.

Se ond, ai tf ha pr
c
pl n if s oduc e de e s
ed vi nc uppor i t i e e t tEr l s d ha
tng he nf r nce ha de y houl ve

f rh r iv siae J c es alg to s Se Bio 8 7 F.d a 5 6 (ttn ta fi r t
u te n etg t d a ki' le ain . e r , 0 3 t 4 saig h t al e o
u
ivetg t f rhe,i c ran crl tn e ,ma s p o ta fn ig o a t a maie. The
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ve , d
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f ti r t deenni t t o he s a Ro lng St ne kne Er l di not r a h outt t s
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ve ovi d he ' 1 m
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ul 53: 4- 54:
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t e t d c s o, e t i
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J c e' cai s a utt m . Er l Re tng Not s R500448 R5004476,Dkt 1 Ex.7
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( i t tJ cki smohe ha t edoc nt,t tJ ki lkel di no tl he mohe a
notng ha a e' t r d hes ume s ha ac e i y d t el r t r bout
t s doc nt,andt tJ c eltrt dEr l t the mot rhadt docl nt) Fi l
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Er l de pie tyi di not s a wih J c e' m o he t c im J c e' c ai t t he
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t r
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om

1
2
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 12 of 26 Pageid#: 11889

t e e fds ar ao bej r c ud c ncud t tEr ey s o l h v iv siae frh r a d
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none hees ,di no pr s J c e t e an t i onsse e . De ofEm iy Re 36: 7t l s d t e s a ki o xpl i he nc it ncis
p.
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(ttn adfee tn mbe o a s ia t weeivov d ta wh tEr eyr p re i t atce ;
saig ifrn u r f s alns r n le h n a d l e o td n he ril)
De ofSa i Rubi Er l 37: 1 s e Ze ang v.TSP Ne pa r ,I ,81 F. 1066,
p.
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1 71( t Ci.1 8 )(icq u t ha eu hedfn ig o a t a maiewh n ad fnd n fie t
0 5h r 9 7 C o rs v p l i dn s f cu l l
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eibe o ta y n o main.) ctn oz e ) li tn ' a t he k r s lo o nz n
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f a ke s n o sse t tre . p. f i b t r e- u 0 1 - 7 afr n h t he
s
k e J c i' so y o s x a a s utc a g d o rtme . Mo e ve,aj r c ul fnd t a
n w a k es tr f e u l s a l h n e ve i )
ro r u y o d i h t
Roli St ne kne t tJ cki s ve son of t sor ha notbee veted. De ofEls be h
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oft rpe i par,bec us J c e r us t pr de t i c a ti or ton) The c t
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our
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i ng ha de y nd lng one r og za
a ki s nco it ncis nd r di lt

13
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 13 of 26 Pageid#: 11890

pr e sa t tm eofpublc ton.
oblm t he i
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Fo t pli ifofe s e de e s
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rle o as c n - a s u c o rafrt a d a c u tt td s rb dt e e tdfee ty . I
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a dto ,Er ey' n tss o ta o e s e tr p re ta t a miitain dd abetrj b
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pt s e a G a ng s e ..s ehi punii ..siks' 1 RS00 47. J c edic os
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d. 0 4 2; e r n u , 1 2 t 0 ç ed c f r he litf a e n p l e
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God n Be rDiti S s o Te s I . . a eRe e.n .70 F.d 9 4, 5 (t Ci. 98 ).
le a srb. y . f xa .nc v Ch s v ll c, 8 2 4 9 0 5h r 1 3 )
Er l s not s alo i i a e t t J c e' ve son of how s n e Er n o n a ha be n
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fh, anif it o e o iin e tmo y r m ih t o l e s n b y n e
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t tEr l har e i1wilf Er mo ori e d t ij et ad nitain. Conna ht
ha dey bord 1 l or a
ntnde o nur he mi srto
ug on,
14
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 14 of 26 Pageid#: 11891

4 U. a 6 7 6 (u g si ta moi e c n s p r a utmae fndn o a t a maie.
91 S. t 6 - 8 s g etng h t tv a u po t n li t i i g f cu l lc )
Er y t d a sudentt ts ho d t Ari l woul brng c nge t t sr t e ofUVA '
del ol t
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n
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Er l r er d t t tsude asa E dm i sr tvewa c
dey efr e o ha t nt n s nita i
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t hdog.'De ofSa a Str a e 1 2: 0- 7;
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f
. co e Fln , 8 u p. 6 6 S. N. 9 5 fndn litf d r sn e
s fc e c r um santal e de , i l ng e de e of de ogaor co me s t s v ve
ufii nt ic t i vi nce ncudi vi nc
r t y m nt , o ur i

s mmayj d me to te is e o a t a maie . W hl i wilo itn t ij r ao e i
u r u g n n h su f cu l lc )
ie l l r n e t o nu e ln s
l
i ufi intt s
ns fce o how a t lma ie,pl i ifha a s a nc d e de i c tng Er l ha a
c ua lc antf s lo dva e vi nce ndi a i
dey d
pr conc i d sor lne di notade t l i tga e i t f c o co r di t r i or ton,
e
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qua ey nvesi t n he a e f nta c o y nf ma i
a ha a r as bl ba i upon w hi h s w oul lke y t de s a t the porr ya of Er m o
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wa ia c rt,Th c u t eiv st a ar ao a l jlyc ud ifra ta maiei lg to t i
s n c u ae e o r b l e h t e s n be t o l n e cu l lc n ih f hs
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e r

Fi ly,pl i ifof e s e de e r ga di how,bewe n t N o mbe 18 publc to
nal antf f r vi nc e r ng
t e he ve r
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da e a t De mbe 5t Edio ' Not ,Roli St ,t ough i e na co r ai ns a
t nd he ce r h
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di c s ons wih out i s ur e ,c ude t tt i t us i J c ce ha be n ç i pl c ' A
s us i
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s de o c s oncl d ha he r r t n a li d e ç s a ed.
m
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juy c ul d tr ne ta ti e d n e as s p o t a fn ig o a t a maie S e Da i
t' o d eemi h t h s vie c lo u p rs i dn f cu l lc . e v d
El e,Den to A La rs Guie j77 (uy 2 6 (ic si ho ç o tp s o
d r f main:
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s
e de e ( r ae bac a pr de i ee ile de e of dee ts knowi o r kl s
vi nc j elt k nd ovi nfrnta vi nc
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dse a d o f li a t etmeo p biai n) F a o v.Co e,31 S. .d 6 0 6 7 ( x
irg r f ast t h i f u lc to '; rnc
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nfl 1 W 3 0 , 0 Te .
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0) cic tnta vi nc howi ec es segad y rve r
he

d fn n ' wo d o a t b f r , t o a trtetmeo tec mmu iain.' ( u t Clr v
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ng
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e kn , 4 W 3 8 4 5 Te Ap 2 08) n e sl ,h o tp bl to o e s
c

15
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 15 of 26 Pageid#: 11892

c ud s e k t d fn a t'g o fih i p bihn t e oi ia a t l . Ele ,s p a j 77;
o l p a o ee d n s o d at n u ls ig h rgn l ri e d r u r
c
.
Ho f n v.W ah n tn P tCo. 4 3 F.S p 6 0 6 5 ( D. 1 7 ) afd 5 8 F.d 4 2
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( C. r 1 78 (ug e t t tap o trta to c n n g t a i fr n eo a t a maie .
D. Ci. 9 ) s g si ha r mp er cin a e ae n n ee c f cu l lc )
ng
Th c u tb le e a j r s o l d tr n t e p o r efc o ti e d n e Gu nic v.
e o r eiv s u y h u d ee mie h rpe fe t f h s vie c . n n
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fe t r i h o vie c , r o e e ie y h u y' .
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g a l a e s n be t o l i d h t o e f he v d n e rs n e n e e d n l
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ho v r ajly c u d c ncu e oh m ie Ta uae sv. r ,81 F.d 7 2 7 0 ( C.Ci.
we e , t o l o ld te s . vo lr a Pio 7 2 6 , 9 D. r
r
1 7,c r.d n e 1 S. .2 0 ( 9 7 ($ pli t fma p o et ed fn a tss b e tv
98 ) e t e id, 08 Ct 0 1 8 ) çA) ani y r v h e e d n ' u j ci e
(
f
saeofmi t ough t c ai ofcr umsa i e de e. The eor t c the
tt
nd hr
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te Fo rh Cic i' a mo iin t ts mmay j d me ts o l b e o d c rf ly wh n
h u t r uts d nto ha u r u g n h u d e mplye ae ul e
a d e sn ap ry ss b e tvesaeo mi d Se Na' Liel s Co v. il sP .I c, 9
d r sig a t' u j ci tt f n . e tl f n . . Phli ub, n .7 3
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p 2 , 3 D. . 9 2 ct
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1 8)(t l r p s il s be tvee au to a ea is e a h r wheead tr n to o
98 ) sW hee o sby u j ci v l ains r t su , s e e r ee miain f
g
whehe De e nt a t wih a t lm ai e i a is ,t Fourh Cic tha c utoned agans
t r f nda s c ed t cua lc s t s ue he
t r ui s a i
i t

a Co r tkn t s d tnnnainsa y fo aj r ' ,y e as He r v. tlAs ' o Ai
u t a ig ho e ee i to wa r m u y.) ç lo n y Na' sn f r
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Tr fi S e ilss I . 8 6 F.Su p.1 0 ,1 1( M d.1 9 ) afd,3 F.d 1 6 (t Ci.
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9 3, f , 3 0 6 4h r
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9 4 G c u e h u sin f c u l lc n ove u j ci v lains h u t s
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rl tntt tket malcedeemi ton fom aj y.) Demy v.Se boad La ue,I ,487
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F.d 48 ,4 (t Ci.1 7 )(W h r saeo mi i a is e s mmayd s sto s ud b
2 5 91 4 h r 9 3 t ee tt f nd s t su , u r ipo iin ho l e
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paigy s d.)
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r ug n s o
act m alce.
ual i

16
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 16 of 26 Pageid#: 11893

11
1.

TheChale d St t m e s
l nge a e nt

Boh sd s h ve as mo e f r s mmay j d me t o t e is e o wh t e t
t ie a lo v d o u r u g n n h su f eh r he
c alng d sae n sae a to a l. Gn Vigna te ee n so l lae( )p b iain o
h le e ttme t r cin b e t r ii, h lme t f i r 1 u lc t f
l
be
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( )a a to be sae n wih ()t r q ii itn . Ch pn v.Knih-td e.I . 9 3
2 n cina l ttme t t 3 he e ust n e t' a i
e
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c tli d r nc, 9
F.d 1 8 ,1 9 (t Ci.1 9 ) To b a to a l,asae n mu tc nan aE r v bl fle
2 0 7 0 2 4h r 9 3 .
e ci n be ttme t s o ti ç o a y as
p
fcua c nn tto , mu tb G fo c nc r ig't e plitf,a mus çe g t h r te
a t l o oain' s e d r o enn ' h an if nd t s ndj o n m h
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r p tto (h panif. W J TV v. vn, 6 Va 1 0 1 6 ( 0 2 ;Ga et,Icv. ri,
e uain te li tfj' LA'
Le i 2 4 . 4 , 5 2 0 ) z te n Hars
229Va.1 37 ( ) Cha n,993F. a 1
, 1985 ; pi
2d t 093.l i f t c tode i whehe asatme
t s or he our t cde t r t e nt
ha a pr va y f l e f ct c r o a i or i pr t c e o ni a w he he a s a e e i
s
o bl a s a ual o m t ton
s o e t d pi on nd
t r t t m nt s
c pa e of ha ng a de a a or m e ni t t i , t ndi t ha m t pl ntf ' r put t o
a bl
vi
f m t y a ng, ha s e ng o r he ai i f s e a i n.

CACIP e e Te h.I c v. t d s 5 6F.d 2 0 2 4 (t Ci.2 0 ) Hafed v. w Yo k
r mir c s n . Iho e , 3 3 8 , 9 4h r 0 8 ; t l Ne
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y acua nno a i
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afdu la srin, n wh t e t esae n i t u j d t o jdiev rt ain. Bis h rc
a a se to a d eh r h ttme t s t b e o b e v ei to ' o p e is.
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k
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l c v.F r e .l c,1 F.d 1 0 1 4 ( t Ci.1 9 ) Ev n wh n a sae n i s b e tt
n . o b s n . 51 3 8 , 8 4h r 9 8 . e e ttme t s u j c o
v rfc to tesae n wilrmanp oe td i i i ç la t al e s n b el tnesta (h
e i ain,h ttme t l e i r tce f t s t e r o 1 r a o a l i e r h t t e
i
c
s
sae n i)o fr d ..a e a g r td r eo i itn e t s r t d b t'o Gh o iin o
ttme t s fe e . s x g e ae h t rc n e d d o pak he e ae' r t e pn o f
t
t a hor d a f om t c r um s a s r a e ' CA CI 536 F. a 301;Cha n,993 F. a
he ut
r wn r he ic t nce el t d.'
,
3d t
pi
2d t

1
093. Sloc tng t lne s pa a i c tt i nal pr eced s c fo a tona e
çw a i he i
e r tng onsiuto ly ot t
pee h r m c i bl
de nm a i ca be difcul a r qui e c i r t o oft na ur oft l ngua us a t
f ton n
f i t nd e r s ons de a i n he t e he a
ge ed nd he
c e a ge r t nor of t a tc e t de e m i whe he t s a e e c n r s bl be
ont xt nd ne al e
he r i l o t r ne
t r he t t m nt a ea ona y

Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 17 of 26 Pageid#: 11894

ve d a a a s rin o a t a f c. Cho v KyuCh lLe ,31 F. p' 5 ,5 4 (t Ci.
iwe s n s e t f cu l a t'
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a

fcl't esae n sa en tp o e td ik vihv. ri J una Co.4 7U. 1 21( 9 0 .
a tr h ttme t r o r tce .M l o c Lo an o r l , 9 S. , 1 9 )
'
Ad i o l ça ta sae n sma et s p r o j tf a o no c nf r t eb sso a
dt nal s cu l ttme t d o u po t r usiy n piin a o m h a i f n
i y, f
a ton f def m a i ' W J - ,264 V a. t 1 *s e a s A ve nt I .v.
c i or a ton.
' LA TV
a 56, e l o
poi nc Pow e Tool .l .
r
s nc ,

9 F. u p. d4 6 5 6( . Va 2 3 .
81 S p 2 9 , 0 W D. . 01 )
M e ey bec us t sa e nt ma be de m e t ha a f le f mal c
rl
a e he t t me s y
e d o ve as ac
onnotton,
ai
howe r i no s fce t s
ve , s t ufi int o uppor a de a ai a ton. Se Ka z v.Odi Fe d a &
t
f m ton ci
e t
n. l m n

Pi lma P. ,3 2 F.S p 219 9 ( D.Va 2 0 )($ he f c t ts me o t e alg d
t e ns C. 3
l
u p. : 0 E.
. 0 4 (Tq a t ha o
(
f h le e
sae e sma ha be f s ,wihoutmor i nots fc e t m ant i a ca eofa ton f r
t tm nt y ve en ale t
e, s
ufi i nt o i an
us
ci o

d fmain.) Th sae n smu t lob c p bl o h vn ad fmao yme nn Se Pe '
e a to ' . e ttme t s as e a a e f a ig ea t r a ig. e ny
'
v.Il o W ih Ct . No 2:5 v 0 ,2 6 W L 1 01 9 ,a * ( D. . rl2 201 ) A
se f c t y, . 1 c 2 4 01
6 1 5 t 3 E. Va Ap i 0, 6 .
s a e e t t S e t ha m t r put t o ofano he as t l w e li i t e tm a i of t
t t m nt ha i nds o r he e a i n
t
t r o o r lm n he s i ton
he
c m uniy o t de e t r pe s f o a s a i or de lng wih hi ' ha a de n a o y
om
t r o t r hid r ons r m s oci tng
ai
t m ' s
fm tr

me nng Ch p n 9 3 F.d a 1 9 s e as Rettme t( e o ) o To t j 5 9 c .b
a i . a i , 9 2 t 0 2; e lo sae n S c nd f rs 5 , mt
(s mmuniai ar ofe defmat y be aus t y tndt e ea he t har d,rdiul
tco
c tons e tn a or c e he e o xpos not r o te i c e

o c n e t' ; o sv. r o 1 2Va 38 38 ( 9 4 (I i s fiin i telng a etnd
r o tmp .) M s Hawo d, 0 . 6, 7 1 0 ) ç t s u fce t f h a u g e s
'
$
t ij r te rp tto o t pa t,. gr t h l hm u a a o j c o s o rd c l,o
o nu e h e u ain f he ry .. o j o od i p s n b e t f c m, iiue r
c n e t' .l d tr nngwh t e asae n i c p beo h vngad f mao yme nng t e
o tmp .) n ee mii
'
eh r ttme t s a a l f a i
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c tc i er t pli a natr lm e ng oft wor i a ton t t i e e e f ry
our ons d s he a n nd tla ani
he
ds n ddii o he nf r nc s ail

a tb tb et t e Pe deo v. ws me 29 Va 1 2 1 2 (01 )(iig W el v.Lid
tr u a l o h m. n lt n Ne o , 0 . 6 , 7 2 5 ctn
i
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ul

2008 Cs a e a deamao y c r ma be made & i ee e,
) Bec us
f tr ha ge y
by nfrnc

18
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 18 of 26 Pageid#: 11895

i i to ori i ton, t Cot'm us l notonl t t a t lwor s
mplcai n nsnua i ' he ut t ook
y o he c ua
ds poke bu a s t
n, t lo o

a1ifrnc sfil atiu a l t t e ' (u tn Cawiev. c mo dNe p p r,1 6 Va
1 n ee e ary t b tbe o h m.) q o ig r l Rih n ws a e s 9 .
r
'
1 7 ( 9 4 ) Ho v r wh te t e panifwa a t al d fme rman a q eto t be
, 1 5 ). we e, eh r h lit
f s cu ly en d e is u sin o
r s ved by t f ti r Pe e on,290 V a a 1
e ol
he ac tnde . ndl t
. t 72.

De e nt a guet tt c lnge sa e nt ar notaci na ebe a e a am a trof
f nda s r
ha he hale d t t me s e
to bl c us , s
te
lw,t y ar pr eced o ni a not c pa e of ha mi Er m o' r put ton. I c r t
a he e ot t pi on nd
a bl
r ng a s e a i
n ontas,

panif c ne s t a t e c alng d sae n s ae fcu l a d dea tr p r K . GA.
li tf o tnd h t h h l e ttme t r a t a n fmao y e
e
ç j
g
sae e i de a a o y pe K i i,n ng o h r cru tn e ,. tmp t lj t a pes n
t tm nt s f m t r
r
f t mo t e ic msa c s.. i u es o
ro
.

unft s t pe f nn t dutesofa ofi ore oy e ofpr i,orwa ofi e iy i t
ines o r o he i
n fce
mpl m nt
oft
nt nt grt n he

ds h r eo ted te o s c a ofieo e o me t'
ic ag f h u is f u h n fc r mply n .'
'CACI 5 6 F.d a 2 2 9 ( u t
, 3 3 t 9 - 3 q oi
ng
Cawi v. c mo Ne p p rs n .1 6Va 1 7(9 4 )
r l Rih nd ws a es I c, 9 . , 1 5 ).
e
Afe r viwi t Aril ,t c tbele s t t i i not Sce t al r a o bl
tr e e ng he tc e he our
ive ha t s
çlar o l e s na e
ls e r ' t t al t e ve s a e e s t r e e by t pl ntf a e û xagge a e r t i 'or G he
i t ne s' ha l w l t t m nt a g t d
he ai if r &
e
r t d he orc' l
t

o ni oft a ho .
pi on he ut r'
'CACI 536 F.d a 301
,
3 t .Unlket r gulry- bls a cec t i
i he e a l pu ihed dvi olmm n
Bi phe is ç Ra on Ca
os rc , (
A pe
mpus'i des rbe asa S calRe t on t fo c roft
' s ci d
ç i
spe
por'
' he r nt ove
he
m a i 1 F. a 1 1 Cont a y t t t l s
gaz ne. 51 3d t 8 .
r r o he a k- how hos i CA CI Er l ha nota it d t
tn
, de y s
dm te o
C a ng f e nt us of hype bol ' On t c r r Er l ha w rte a l s fve ot r
: ki r que
m
e
r e.
'
he ont a y, de y s it n t ea t i
he

sm irl syl s e n a f c -n e i a tcesa
i l y-t ed, olm nd a tit nsve ri l boutr pe. Thes cicl sa ess ppo tt
a
e r tm t nc u r he
no i t tG Ra on Cnmpus'was lr el a r por ofa f ct oc ure e. Li wie,t
ton ha $
A pe
'
ag y e t
a ual c r nc
ke s he
c r c e i to of t a tcl a a i s i to i s e ue i e v e s bolt r t co ts
ha a t rza i n
he ri e s n nve tga i n n ubs q nt nt r i w
s e s he ur '
t de s a ng t tt ge r t nor oft Ar i l ,a r as bl unde s andi ofi,i one of
m r t ndi ha he ne al e
he tc e nd e ona e
r t ng t s

fct las ri Compl Ex.C ( srbi t Aril asa (nvesi ton ofc mpusrpe'on
a ua se ton.
.
dec i ng he tce n C tgai
i
n
a '
t Bra Le e s w) Bi phe is 151F. a 18 (oo ngt t g rltnoroft atcl
he in hrr ho ; os rc ,
3d t 4 l ki o he enea e
he ri e
19
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 19 of 26 Pageid#: 11896

t d tnniewh t rtesae n sweea srin o fc o o n o )
o ee n ehe h ttme t r se t s f a t r piin .
o
Looki t e c sa e nt onl o ,t çde k' oft a tc e c f il bec a t rze
ng o a h t t me , y ne he s c ' he ri l , an a ry
har c e i d
as hype bol a no f c ua .2 The us o t phr s ç w hol ne l o a e' i sm ia t
r e nd t a t l
e f he a e ;
a
e w dnd f bus ' s i l r o
t t nn t r d- le s ' o de c i m iia y c r c or . CA CI 536 F. a 301 Li t phr s
he e ' e kil r ' t s rbe lt r ont a t s
hi
,
3d t . ke he a e

ç e t mak u 'i Ch pi, h c aln e sae n i çu tt o s b e tv awo d t b p o e
ç fy r - p'n a n t e h le g d ttme t s j s o u j cie
h
r o e rv d
f l e. 993 F. a 1
as '
'
2d t 093. W hie t q s i n i c os ,whe l ng t t ge r t nor oft
l he ue t o s l e
n ooki o he ne al e
he

Ari l,t co tbe ive t c le d phr s G nssso t r t ta eeihert vag t be
tce he ur le s he hal nge
a e t it f e ms ha r t oo ue o
co
f lii bl or s e t be unde sood a me ey a lbelf t lblrs unde l ng as e tons'
a sfa e
ur o
rt
s rl
a
or he a e '
ryi
s ri .'

Di rh v. de 7 F.d 3 7 3 9 ( t Ci.1 9 ) Er ey se ngy u e S xa g rtd o
l t Du ly, 5 3 0 , 0 7h r 9 6 . d l e mi l s d t g eae r
wo
e
ig a i lnguage t drve home a unde l ng f c a as e ton.' Cas o v.Sm ih,28 Va.
ur tve a
o i
n
ryi a m l s ri '
hi n
t
6

3 7 3 ( 01 )t c a a ml J,dse tn ) Th sfg rtv lng g r man p o e tdwll
2 , 41 2 3 M cln h , . isn ig . i iu aie a ua e e is r tce l e
i
t t ryi f c ua as e tonsdo no .Levi k s I v.W a- a tSt e sl ,1 F. 1
he mde l ng a t l s ri
t
ns v's nc.
lM r or s nc. 27 2d 22,

1 9 1 2 ( s Ci.1 9 )(i i go c aln e sae n t b h peb l a d a ohe t bea
2 - 3 1t r 9 7 fndn ne h le g d ttme t o e y r o e n n t r o n

a s rin o f c) W iln v. ra h y 2 9Va 2 4 2 3 (9 )(i dn jlitf ssae n s
s e t f a t; lims Gar g t , 4 . 2 , 3 1 95 fn ig anif ttme t
o
a
bouta s cii e nta s e ntr ept o de og or not t be f t a s ri but
pe fc ve nd ubs que ec i f r at y es o
acual s e tons
pl ntf' e e son t t s be ived t not s a e nt we e s xua ha a s e t be
ai if s xpr s i ha he le
he
e nd ve
r e l r s m nt o

o iin .
pn o )
A st t r m a ni s a e e s t co ti pe s de t t a r a ona e under t ndi i
o he e i ng t t m nt , he ur s r ua d ha e s bl
s a ng s
t t t y a s r f c ua c m ot tons r r ng Er m o a t ad i sr to s a tons Se
ha he s e t a t l ol a i
ega di
n
nd he m ni t a i n' c i . e

Tr el v. to deVut I .Co.27 Va. 715 16(
onf d Nainwi
. ns , 2 709, - 2006)(i ngt tsae nt
fndi ha ttme s

rltng t t pli if tus t s pe e' mo y' c ane $ pr bl f s f cual
eai ha antf j t ake opl s ne ' onti d : ova y ale a t
a
2
Th S e k'eest t p rs s utb lw tehedieo a at l a a v tetrtsne e .I &
e s c 'rfr o he h ae j s eo h a ln f n ri e nd bo e h is e tnc s n ç
d
c
A
Ra eo Ca u , ted c sae t aki wa j s sat gh rfeh nyera teUnv ri o Vignawhe
p n mp s' h e k ttd:d c e s u t tri e rs ma a th iest f r ii n
'
l
n
y

s wa br t l as a t by s venme a a9atpary.W he s ti t hol t m ac nt e awhol ne ki
he s ualy s uled e
n t
t
n he red o d he cou abl,
e w nd
ofa ebe '
bus gan.
'

20
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 20 of 26 Pageid#: 11897

c l tto '. Fo e mp e aj r c ul tn t tteGr tdUVA d a 'et e dd o dd n t
omo ai n' r xn l, u y o d q d ha h suse
)
t
e n' ih r i r i o
dico age J c e fo s rng he sor t t Er m o di or di nott l J c e t t ç
s ur
a ki r m ha i
r t y, ha a
d
d
e l a ki ha ç
nobody
wa s t s nd t i da e t t r pe s hool' a t t Er mo di or di not ha a
nt o e her ught r o he a
c , nd ha a
'
d
d
ve
nom e ton t J ki s a s ri n t tt o he i vi l we e r ped a t s m e f ae niy.
aci o ac e' s e to ha wo t r ndi dua s r a
t he a
r tr t

Fu t v. v ri eHe l c r As' , 5Va 2 ,1 3( 0 3 (1 ohe wo d ,(h sae n s
se Rie sd at ae sn 26 .1 7 3 2 0 ) $n t r r s t e ttme tj
h
:
aec p bl o b i gpr v ntu o f1e'.Ev nt esae nsa s ri gt a tea miitain
r a a e f en o e r e r as .) e h ttme t s e t h t h d n srto
'
n
s d ha a t d i lghtof J c e s a l ga i t tt ot r i i dual w e e r pe a t Phi
houl ve c e n i
a ki ' le ton ha wo he nd vi s r a d t he
K a Ps f a e niy i c pa e ofcon yi a ve ii bl f c :t tt a i s r ton di no a t
ppa i r t r t s a bl
ve ng
r fa e a t ha he dm ni ta i
d t c.

Se M i vih 49 U. a 1 ( g x r sin o tpiin'ma o tn i y a a s rin o
e l c , 7 S. t 8 LEl p e so s f o n o
ko
s
y fe mpl n se t f
o
o j cief c.) Re ttme t( e o d o To t j5 6 c . ( La I s.1 6 )( e ci ig
be t a t'; sae n S c n ) f rs 6 , mt b Am. w n t 9 5 d s rbn
v
'
ç n opi on i f m' t t i E ppae l ba e on f t .. t t ha not be n saed'
s
a
ni n or ' ha s s rnty s d
a
acs . ha ve
e tt ).
The e o e t cour tnds t r m ai ng c le d s a e e s i pa tw ha a r a ona e r ade
r f r , he
ts
he e ni ha l nge t t m nt m r
t e s bl e r
w o d be i ve t be f c u l
ul le o
a t a.

Si l ry,c i rng a lr s na e i e e es t co tbe ive t tt sa e e t a e
mia l onsde i l ea o bl nf r nc , he ur le s ha he tt m n s r

c p bl o h vng a d f mao y me nng Ch pi,9 3 F. a 1 9 ,1 0 - 5 (ttme t a e
aa e f ai
ea t r a i . a n 9 2d t 0 2 1 4 0 sae ns r
c pa eofade n a o y m e ni i t tndt ha m t pli ifsr put ton,hol he up asa
a bl
fm tr
a ng f hey e o r he antf ' e a i
d r
n

o j c o s o n rd c l o c ne t o ohewie ma e he a p a C d o ,i n us o
be t f c r , iiue r o tmp, r t r s k r p e r ç ius nfmo , r
o
rdc o s'(ii M c iev M erl Do a dPh nna e tc l, n .5 F. u p.1 5 ,1 5
iiulu ' ct
) ng Brd . rel w n a c u ias I c, 40 S p 2 2 2 4
( D. 1 8 )a dAd msv. ws n 5 Va 25 , 5 - 6( 8 7 ) W el,1 6F.d a 5 3(& e
D. C. 9 2 n a
La o , 8 . 0 2 5 5 1 6 ); ls 8 3 t 2 $
W
l no onl t t acualwor s ke butas t i e e e fil ati a e t t m.)
ook t y o he t
ds po n,
lo o nfr nc s ary trbutbl o he '
'
( ttonso te .A ras bl fctnde co d c ncudet tt c le d sae nt i y
ciai mitd) e ona e a ti r ul o l ha he halnge ttme s mpl
t de ama or m e ni pl ntf a c i t t m :t tEr m o di c za J cli fom s ng
he f t y a ng ai if s rbes o he ha n
s olr ged a ce r
hmi
he sor i l ng f lng a f r a c pl i ;t t Er m o had no r a ton t J ki s s o y of
r t y, nc udi ii
o m l om a nt ha a
e c i o ac e' t r

21
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 21 of 26 Pageid#: 11898

t o he vitms; a t t t a nitai n di no hi i lg of t e al ga i .
wo t r c i
nd ha he dmi sr to
d t ng n iht
hes le tons

Rettme t ( e o d o To t j 61 4 ) (ttn t a t e çt y d tr ne wheh r
sae n S c n ) f rs
4 2 saig h t h jl eemi s
r
te
c
ommuniai ca bl ofadefmat yme ni wass t rt );Cha nv.Grve,787F.
c ton, pa e
a or a ng,
o mdesood'
pi
e

S p 55 , 5 4 ( D.Va 1 9 ) (s'e d s o iie q sin p e e td i wh t e o n t a
u p. 7 6 E.
. 9 2 tf ip stv ueto r sn e s eh r r o
-h
r s bl f cti r co d co l t tt a tcl o s a e e s i t a tc e s a e o i pl i
ea ona e a fnde ul nc ude ha he r i e r t t m nt n he ri l t t r m y, n

t erp ana nau a sns ,h d fmao yme nng a ci dt t m b p an if.)
h i li nd t r l e e te ea tr a i s s rbe o he y litfs' .
'
Pl ntf , ho e r as t c t t f rhe fnd t t t c le
ai i f w ve , ks he our o u t r i ha he ha l nged s a e e s a e
t t m nt r

d fmao ype K . S n ti v. yn J I c, 8 F.d4 9 4 0 (t Ci. 0 4 (Th ciia
ea tr r
tmah s Flic s n .3 9 3 2 , 4 4 h r 2 0 ) G e rt l
$
c
di tnc i be w e n de a a i n ne K a ot r a tons f r de n ai n i t t a pe s s
s i ton t e
f m to
r
nd he c i
o f m to s ha
r on o
.

d fme i prs me t h v s fee g nea d ma e ,a d a y a e e o a ta ij r i
e a d s e u d o a e u frd e rl a g s n n bsnc f cu l nu y s
c i r d onl i di nuto ofda es') Aswih acua mai ,i i i tuci t r viw
onsdee y n mi in
mag . .
'
t t l lce t s nsr tve o e e
w ha ot r co t have f t d t be de n a or perK . For e m pl i Cr t la v.K uz i li
t he ur s
om o
fm t y
xn e, n e e l
m nksc ,

t dititc tf
he src our ound t a s ri t tpli if c us d e r a s e t hi e pl r a
he s e tons ha antf a e mba r s m nt o s m oye nd
wa i da erofl i hi pr e so llc ns t bedef ma or pe K . 640 F.Supp.741 76
s n ng
osng s of s i na i e e o
n t y r
, 3

( D. .2 0 ) Si lry i Ca iev Rih n Ne p pes sae n si li t a t e
E. . 0 9 . mial , n m l . c mo d ws a r, ttme t mpyng h t h
Va
p an ifwa g i yo c n u tf rwhih Eh plit fc ud a ds o l bes be tt ds n me t
litf s ul f o d c o c t e ani o l n h ud u j c o ib r n
t
t
f
p o e dn s' r h l t bed fmao ype K . 1 6Va 1 8( 9 4 .Hee ho v r t ec u t
r c e ig 'wee ed o ea t r r
9 . , 1 5 ) r, we e, h o r
bele t tt al ge def ma or m e ni a c i t t c le d sa e e sdoe notgi
ives ha he le d a t y a ng s rbed o he ha lnge t t m nt
s
ve
rs t pr sl e dn
ie o e lm d mage . Thi i no t i y t tEr mo ha orha notbe n dn
s
s s t o mpl ha n
s
s
e mage i i t
d; t s o
ke p t de e m i t o o dn age , a t de e m i ton of w he he t sat m e s ac ua l
e he t r na i n f m s nd he t r na i
t r he t e nt t ly

den d Er
fme nmo,wih t fcfnde . Pe dl t ,290 V a a 1 2 (ttng t twheher t
t he a ti r3 n eon
t 7 sai ha
t he
.

sae n sd fme panifi aq e to f r h j r l
ttme t ea d litf s u si n o t e u y .

3

or ot wie ast pa tesm a a e t si ae
he ri
y gr e o tpult.
, her s ,

22
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 22 of 26 Pageid#: 11899

Ne ,pl ntf a kst c tt c ude as a ma tr oflw,t ta1t l sa e t
xt ai if s he our o oncl ,
te
a ha 1 weve tt men s
a e S or co e ni ' Er m o. D e e nt do no c es pl i if s c nt nton t t t
r ç
of
nc r ng' a
f nda s
t ont t a ntf
o e i ha he

sae e s a e ç a c r ng' Er m o e pti r ga ds t t çde k' oft Ari e. The
t tm nt r s nd once ni ' n
of
xce n e r o he d c ' he tcl

c u t h we r fn st tte d c i h p r o e n ts b e tt v rfc to a t rf r n t
o r, o ve, i d ha h e k s y eb l, o u j c o ei ain, nd heeo e o
aci na e. Thus i i ir l va whe he t dec i oforc e ni Er m o. Ast t o he
to bl
, t s re e nt t r he k s
onc r ng n
o he t r
sae e t ,t r i no diput t tt s sa e nt a e oforc
tt m n s he e s
s e ha he e t t me s r
once i Er m o. Cf M ag l v.
m ng a
.
il

Guf& W e tr I d .I c,7 6F.d 9 6 9 9 ( t Ci.1 8 )(ttngt tsl r j g n
l
sen n uss n . 3 2 7 , 7 4h r 9 4 sai ha l
mmay ud me t

i i a p o rae i t ee i a ds t a t te c n lso st bed a fo un ip td fcs.
s n p r p it f h r s ipue s o h o cu in o rwn r m ds u e a t)
Thus w ih t e e i of t Gde k' oft Ar i e,t c tw il g a pl i if s m o i n f r
, t he xc pton
he i c ' he tcl he our l r nt a ntf
to o

p rils mmmy j g n o te is e o wh t rte oh r sae n sa e o o c n e n
at u
a
ud me t n h su f ehe h t e ttme t r f r o c mig

Ermo Th c u twi d n plitf ' moin f rp rilsl r j dg n a t wheh rt e
n . e o r l e y an ifs to o a t l
l
a mmay u me t s o te h
s a e e s a e def m a or pe K,a d wi d n d fnd ns moin f r s mmay j d me t
t t m nt r
a t y r
n l e y ee a t' to o u r u g n
l
.

r a d ng whe he t sa e t a e pr eced opi on a notca bl ofha ng a de n aor
eg r i
t r he t t men s r ot t
ni nd
pa e
vi
fm t y
m e ni The c tbeleve t tt lte q si ast whehert sa e nt a t ly ha a
a ng.
our i s ha he a tr ue ton, o
t he t t me s c ua l ve

d f maoyme n n ,sp o el c mmitdt t j r
ea tr a i g i r p ry o te o he u y.
1 .
V

Re
publc i n
i at o

Pli if a ks t c t t fnd t t Roli St s De m be 5h sa e e
antf s
he our o i ha
lng one'
ce r t tt m nt

a k o e gn d sr p n is i J c i ' a c u t (h i i rs Noe' wa a rp b iain
c n wld ig ice a ce n a k es c o n t e l t ' t' s e u lc to
Ed o
)
publs d wih a t lmalc Pl i if a s rst tt addii of a a ndi t t org na
ihe
t c ua
ie. antf s e t ha he
ton
n ppe x o he i i l
Aril a f t d s t ntve c
tc e fece ubsa i hange s h t r nde t c
s uc o e r he ombi d Edt ' Not a Aril a
ne
iors
e nd tc e
ie
s publc ton' unde t l w . I co r t de e nt c e t t t D e m be 5t Edior s
r
ia i '
r he a
n nt as , f nda s ont nd ha he ce r h
t '
N o e i no a r pu i ton be a e i di not r f i m t s t nce of t A ri l I t d,
t s t e blca i
c us t d
ea fr he ubs a
he tc e. nsea

de e nt lr t c tt viw t EdiorsNot a a ( f c i r taci n.
f nda s zge he our o e he t '
e s n ç e tve er to '
ef
'

23
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 23 of 26 Pageid#: 11900

W hie t Vigi a Supr me Co tha notye f c d t is ,t Fourh Cic t ha
l he r ni
e
ur s
t a e he s ue he
t r ui s
uphel t a ia i of t sng e publc ton nze whih dit t s t tdef ma or f
d he pplc ton
he i l
i ai
l, c c a e ha
n t y onns of
mas c
s ommt c ton o a e t publc to s
mia i r ggr ga e
ia i n uppor
tonl a sngl ca e of aci
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ton. Se
e

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n s e W li
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ro
. n . 3 2 6 , 6 - 8 4h r 98 ) u idci n
t t have a pt t s ngl publc ton r e a e çne r y una m ous 'i a yi i t i e ne
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p b iain .At n o v M c u hi 4 2F. p 2 1 3 ,1 515 ( N. 2 0 ) l i ls
u lc to s kis n . La c l 6 Su p. d 0 8 0 - 2 D. D. 0 6 . t s e s
n,
c e r how t r publc ton exc pton t t sngl publcai r e a i s i t c e o
la
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ee to i me i.I r P ld lh aNe p pes LLC, 9 F.d 1 ,1 4( dCi. 1 )
lcr n c da n e hi ep i ws a r s
a
6 0 3 61 7 3 r 20 2 .
The r publc to e pton i me t t gi pl i if a a to l r m e whe a
e ia i n xce i s an o ve antfs n ddii na e dy
n
de e n edt a r ta mis t de n a o y m a e il orr diti es t m a e i lwih t
f nda t is nd e r ns t he f m t r
t ra
e srbut he t ra t he

g a o ra hng a n w a in e I r Da s 3 7 B. 6 7 61 ( . Ky.2 0 ) S ae
ol f eci
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0 6 . ttd
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c s
n he pe ke s dfimai l et r t d' he t t me .

Clr v Vic m Itll c,61 F.Ap x 4 5 5 5 ( t Ci.2 5 . l te c n e to itr t
ak . a o n ' n . 7
p' 9 , 0 6h r 01 ) n h o tx f nene
a tces o he c t have hed t t < sa e t on a we ie i notr publs lnl s t
ri l , t r ours
l ha 1 t t men
a
bst s
e ihed l e s he
saeme is fi s t ntvey at r d oradde t o t we iei die t d t ane a i nc '
t t nt tel s ubsa i l le e
d o, r he bst s r c e o
w ud e e.'

Ye ge v.Bowln,693 F. 1
a r
i
3d 076, 1 (t Ci.201 ;s e as Davi,347 B. a 61
082 9h r 2) e lo
s
R. t 2

( g j e es b tni emaeili a d dt awe st,a d ta maeili r ltd t d fmao y
sW h r u sa tv tra s d e o
l
b ie n h t tra s eae o e n t r
maei t ti ar a posed,arpublc tönhasocc rd.)
tralha s le dy t
e iai
ure ' .
'
Unde Vigi adef m ai n lw,t quesi ofwhe he pli ifha pr
r r ni
n to a he
ton
t r antf s oved t e e nt
he l me

o p b iain i af du lo ef rt ej r .Thah me Br s v.S a 1 6 Va 8 3 8 ( 9 )
f u lo to s a a n o h u y
li r o . h w, 5 . 6 , 71 1 31
(i dn s fce te d nc t s b tt t ej r t eq e to o p blc to ) I f lo ,t n
fn ig ufiin vie e o u mi o h u y h u si n f u iai n . t ol ws he ,
l
t tr publc ton i a s f r t f c fnde t de e mi 4 W oodhul v. M enel 20 P.d 1 ,
ha e i a i s lo o he a ti r o t r ne.
i , 2 3 26
4
Ge ea1 r publc insa es pa aetrt. W J TV v Le n 2 4Va 1 ,1 3( 0 .I
n r1y,e iato r e r t o s LA- . vi, 6 . 40 5 20 2) n
cons que ,t co tbele st tr
e nce he ur ive ha epublcai o y s ts ist frtee e ofade a ai cl m .Pli if
i ton nl aife he is lm nt
f m ton ai
antf

24
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 24 of 26 Pageid#: 11901

1 1 ( M .Ct Ap 2 0 )(C q e to o wh t e a Itr trp blc to h soc u rd i
3 N.
. p. 0 8 &
The u sin f eh r n nene e u iain a c re s
hi yf cua i t ti t nso t c e oft s ondpublcain asi r ae t t 5rt' ;
ghl a t l n ha t ur n he ontnt he ec
i to
t elts o he s.)
'

W e v rv. n atrNe p pesI . 9 A. 8 9 9 7 ( . 0 7 ( n ig ag n n is eo
a e La c se ws a r nc, 26 2d 9 , 0 Pa 2 0 ) t dn e uie su f
i
f tr r ngwhehe t r wa arpublc ton)
ac egadi
t r he e s e iai .
He e, i i not dipu ed t t de e nt a nded t orgna Aril . Ho ve , a
r t s
s t ha f nda s ppe
he i i l tc e
we r

r a o bej r c ud fndt a t ed fnd nsdd n ta twih itn t r c utan w a d e c .
e s na l u y o l i h t h ee a t i o c t n e t o e r i e u in e
Li wie t r i a ge ne diput r ga di whe he de e
ke s , he e s
nui
s e e r ng
t r f ndant ç fi tvey r ie a e 't
s ç fnna i l etr t d' he
a

c le e sae ns Se Clr ,61 F. p' a 5 5 (ttn t a rp b iain o clswh n
halng d ttme t. e ak 7 Ap x t 0 sai g h t e u lc to c t
r e
t s a r ta fr tvey r tr t ' t sa e e a t t t doc rne of r publcai n
he pe ke çfimai l eie aes' he t t m nt nd ha he
ti
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ç oc e upon a e r c ut nf). Fr de ii t tmo t co t beive
d us s
f
udince e r ime
om poston esi ny, he ur le s

r a o a ej r c u dd tnniet t h De e e 5hEdtrsNoe( fe tv l r ta td' ny
e s n bl u y o l ee n ha t e c mb r t io ' t G fciey er ce 'o l
e
t sa e nt r ga di t al ge r pe no t sa e nt a
he t t me s e r ng he le d a , t he t t me s boutJ cki s i e a tons wih
a e' nt r c i
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Er m o. De of Er l 282: 1 De of W ila Dana 308: 1 Pf Ne
a
p.
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lim
6- 5; . vada I pe nt
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Br a c si Co .v.Ale , 6 4 P.d 3 7 45 ( v. 1 3 (i ig t a a atmptd
o d atng p
ln 6 2 3 ,3 Ne 98 ) fndn h t n te e

c re to c u d b c n iee a rp biain . Co ves l,a fcfn e c u d d tnn n t a
o r cin o l e o sd r d e u lc to ) n rey a tid r o l ee i e h t
t c le
he ha lnged sa e nt we e eihe ç u t ntal at r d or a d t 'o t tt y we e not
t t me s r t r ç bsa i ly le e
s
dde o' r ha he
r
.
Y e e ,693 F. a 1 2. A c or ngl i t c tsvi w , he e r m a ns a g nui i s off t
ac r
3d t 08
c di y, n he our ' e t r e i
e ne s ue ac

warn ig j r c nsd rto Th c u twi d n panifs moin fr p ril sl r
ra tn u y o ieain. e o r l e y litf
l
to o a t l
a mmay
j g n o t eis e nsq e t ,t ec u t e ln st r a ht eq e to o wheh rt ee
ud me t n h su .Co e u nl h o r d ci e o e c h u sin f te h r
y
w a a r publc ton m a w ih a t lm a i e.
s e
ia i
de t c ua lc

m us a n pr t ot rel e sofdefm ai na el a ina esa e e sand i e .Cha n,993F. a
t gai ove he he em nt
a ton, m y cto bl tt m nt
ntnt
pi
2d t

1 9 (itn teVignaee nso d fmain .l ti isa c yh efc o teEdtrsNoewil r lv n
0 2 lsig h rii lme t f ea to ) n hs n tn e te fe t f h io ' t lbe ee a t
i deer ni whehert saeme sar aci bl a whehe t de e nt ha t rquiiei e , houl a
n t mi ng t he tt nt e tona e nd t r he f nda s d he e st ntnt s d

j r f d fn a t rpu ih dtec aln e sae ns
uy i ee d ns e bl e h h l g d ttme t.
nd
s
e
25
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 25 of 26 Pageid#: 11902

C oncl i
us on

For t f eg ng r s ,t co t wil gr nt i pa t a de i pa' t pa te '
he or oi ea ons he ur l a n r nd ny h l he ris
t

moinsf rs mmayj d me ta d p rilsz r j g n . TheClr i dr ce t s n
to o u r u g n n a t l
a mmay ud me t
ek s ie td o e d
co e oft sm e a um opi on a t a compa ng o de t al couns lofr cor
pis hi mor nd
ni nd he c
nyi r r o l
e
e d.

a

DATE T i %1 dyo S pe e, 0 6
D: hs - a f etmbr2 1 .
Chi fU ie St esDititJ
e
t d at
src udge

26
Case 3:15-cv-00023-GEC Document 188 Filed 09/22/16 Page 26 of 26 Pageid#: 11903