Thornhill v. Aylor et al

Filing 170

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/18/17. (jcj)

I THE UN I
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TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI OF VI NI
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RGI A
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SH ERR Y LY N N TH ORN HI
LL,
f he s l and a Ad i sr t oft
or r e f
s m nita or he
Esa eofhe s Sha Chrsophe Be r
tt
r on, wn it r ry,
d ea ed,i vi ly a on be fof
ec s ndi dua l nd
hal
alot r sm ia l st t d,
1 he s i lry iua e

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Ci lAc i No.3: 5CV0
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M EM O RANDUM OPI ON
NI
By:Ho Gl nE.Conr d
n. e
a
Unie Stt sDititJ
td a e src udge

F. LEN N A YLOR,e a .
G
t l,

Def nda s
e nt .
Pli ifShe r Lynn Thor l,on be l ofhe s l a a ad i sr t oft esa e of
antf
ry
nhil
ha f
r e f nd s m nitaor he tt

hers Shawn Cl sophe Ber fl t sa i pu s ntt 42 U. C.j1 a Vigi a
on,
uit r ry, ied hi cton rua o
S.
983 nd r ni

Co e j8015 t s q,a an tt eCe ta Vigna Re in lJ i Auh rt (h i to iy'
d . - 0 t e . g is h n rl r ii go a al t o iy te ' h rt ',
Au
)
S p rne a tF. em Ayo ,a dtr eme ia e ly e (d eM e ia Dee d ns' a t
u eitnd n Glr lr n h e dc l mpo e s ih d c l f n a t' t he
t
)
Ce ta Vigna Re ina J i (' ' . Th a to a ie o t o Ber s d ah whl
n rl r ii go l al $
CVRJ'
)
e cin rs s u f ry' e t
i
e
e rencng dr a aco wihdr li CVRJ cusody. The c e i pr s nty be or t
xpe i i
ug nd l hol t awa n
t
as s e e l f e he

c u to t e d fn a t'moin f rs mmayj d me ta t Comt1 u d rj 1 8 a d t e
o r n h e e d n s to o u r u g n s o t 1 n e 9 3 n h
def nda s moton t dim isCo I1f wr ulde t unde Vig ni l Fort r a ons
e nt ' i o s s unt I or ongf
ah
r r i a aw.
he e s

stf rhbeo b t t moi nf rs mmayj d me ta dt emoint d s s aed nid.
e o t lw, oh he to o u r u g n n h to o imis r e e
FactualB ackeround

The f l i f d s a e e t r undiput d or pr s nt d i t lg m os f vor e t t
olow ng a
r ihe
s e
e e e n he i ht
t a abl o he

plitf.Se Andes v. b t LobbvsI , U. 242, ( 986)
anif e
ron Lierv
nc.477 S. 255 1 .

1 CVRJ Polcison M e calCaret l at s
.
ie
di
o nm e
Al CVRJi t sha Ant m me c li ur e.De ofTe es M il 1 1 Do t
l
nma e ve he
di a ns anc
p.
r a ler 4- 5, cke
No.1 Eac bilfom ahe t a epr de i ne it dwih Ant m do t ac r c ual
05. h l r
alhc r ovi r s gota e t
he
wn o onta t ly

al da nt 1 a 1
lowe mou . d. t 5.Ant m pa t bila t Aut iypaysAnt m.L.
he ys he l, nd he hort
he d
a
The Aut iy i tu r cevespa nt f r media e ns fom fve l ltes t t
hort n tm e i
yme s o
c l xpe es r
i oca ii ha
us t f iiy t hous i aes De ofGl nn Ayl 59,Doc N o.1 4. The l aii spay
e he ac lt o
e nm t . p.
e
or
ket
0
oc lte
a a
n nnualalocai n ba e on a f mul ,a whe t m e c e ns s f a c ran l alt
l to s d
or a nd
n he dial xpe e or e ti oc iy
e e t budgeed a l a i t Au hort pa t bila t l a iy r mbur e t
xc ed he
t loc ton, he t iy ys he l nd he oc lt ei
s s he
Aut iy. 1 a 78,80- 1
hort d. t
8.

The me c lde rm e oft CVRJhasa wrte polc manua on pr di m e ca
di a pa t nt he
it n iy
l
ovi ng di l

c r t i t s The m a l i l
a e o nma e .
nua ncudes a s cton on i t s unde goi dr a alohol
e i
nma e
r ng ug nd c
wihdr wa . I t t s to t manua lss s
t a l n ha eci n, he
l it ympt
oms of a ut wihdr wa t i ude
c e t a l o ncl
r sl s nes , lt r
e te s s e ha gy, vom ii s kes or te o s c
tng, ha
r m r , onvuli , me a c uso a
sons
nt l onf in nd

diore ai pos i e bi r e be vi r or ps
s int ton, sbl zar ha o
ychoss a ma ked a e y. CVRJ M edial
i , nd r
nxit
c
Polc M anua a 48- Doc tN o.1 4. Ot r s
iy
l t 49, ke
23he ympt
oms ofaloholwihdr la e lse
c
t awa r it d
t oughoutt m a
hr
he nuala i ude a eevae bl pr s ur ee t d ora malpule r t
nd ncl
n l td ood e s e, lva e
bnor
s ae,
te or,haluci ton,a dec e s d r s r t y r t a aler d sae of c cous s ,na ea
r m s l na i
r a e e pia or ae, n t e t t
ons i ne s us ,

we kne s a e a a s tng. 1 a 92,98a s , nor xi , nd weai
d. t
99.
Fori aesdipl yi sgnsofi o cai t m e c sa fi i tu t d t pe f m a
nm t s a ng i
nt xi ton, he dial t f s nsr c e o ror

Clni ll tt e W ihdr wa Ase s nt(i W A' s l cond tai o c c ' r or t
i ca nsiut t a l s sme é
Cl ' cae, uc t
)
neur he k, ec d he
'
i a e s via sgns i
nm t ' t l i , s obt n a m ue i or a i as pos i e a t t dr nki ha t a
and ai s
h nf m ton
sbl bou he i ng bi nd
hi t 'of t i a e t i ude t i at s pr ous hi t y of det f caton and tm e ofhi
s ory'
he nm t o ncl
he nm e' evi
s or
oxii i
i
s

l tdrnk. See i a 92. The m a li t uc st m e c lde rm e t r
as i
d. t
nua ns r t he di a pa t nt o epor t a phys c a i
to
i in f

t i t s or mor t 20 on t CI A s al a a st have a pa tculry c
he nma e c es e han
he W
c e, ppe r o
ny ri a l once ni
r ng
s pt s s h a a i om pl t r pons t ca e or c i us a
ym om uc s n nc
e e es
eo r
ontnuo bnonna vials g ,bec es
l t i ns
om

c us d, s f r fom pe ssen vomii or r c i s Phe r n f pe sse vomii
onf e ufe s r
r it t
tng,
e e ve
ne ga or r itnt
tng
be aus of is potnta t de r s t s i e t e hol I a 92c e
t
e il o c ea e he ezur hr s d. d. t 93. The pr oc f
ot ol or
m oniorng via sgnsr quiesac c e r 1 mi e durng s r s
t i tl i e r
he k ve y 5 nuts i eve e ympt ,eve y 2 hour
oms
r
s

f rtefrt 4 h u s a de e y4h u sfrten x 2d y .Jza 9 .Laeo mao wi r wa
o h is 2 o r , n v r o r o h e t a s #. t 3 t r j r t a l
hd
fom aco ,whih i ma ked by a i oudi ofco ci nes a de ii ' a k
r
l hol
c s r
t
cl ng
ns ous s nd lrum ' nd nown a
s

deii te ns (' ',us ly be ns a
lrum rme k ' ual gi bout 48 hour afe t ls drnk a r uie
DTs )
s tr he a t i nd eq rs
çl os t lz tonl' I a 99.
çl pia ia i ' d. t
The i t c i f m a gi wihdr wa fom he oi a s t t t sgns and
nsnltons or na ng t a l r
r n dvie ha he i
s
ympt m s wilus ly occ r wihi 2 hour of t l t dos a i ude naus a di rhe
o
l ua l
u t n 4
s
he as
e nd ncl
e , a r a,

te or ,a i r a e a tt a i r as d ordec e s d bl pr s ur ,a $ ale ed sa eof
r m s n nc e s d ppe ie, n nc e e
r a e ood e s e nd é tr tt
an
men a i ' l a
t ton.' d. t

The medialde rme i i tu t d t obs r i aes e r l5
c
pa t nt s nsr c e o
e ve nm t ve y

mi t f r lvelofcons i nes ,r cor t i ae' via sg ,obt i deaied i onna i
nu es o e
cous s e d he nm t s t l i ns an t l nf
ton
r ga di t i ae' dr hit y,c
e r ng he nm t s ug sor onduc a neur c c o a
t
o he k n nyone wih a at r d lvelof
t n le e e
c cous s ,r por a lfndi t a physca a s nd a i vi ua who a a s t be
ons i ne s e t 1 i ngs o
i in, nd e
ny ndi d l
ppe r o
tunc eous,obt
t ons i
unded,non- mbul t y,orwho a a st be i a sa e ofe e ge y' t t
a
aor
ppe r o
n tt
m r nc ' o he

hos tle r nc r
pia me ge y oom.J a 1 . t 4142.
Z
l1.

Berry' Experi
s
ence att CV RJ
he

Afe beng a r t by d putes fo t Or nge Count She ifs De rme on
tr i resed
e i r m he a
y
rf'
pa t nt
out t ndi w a r n s Shawn Chr s ophe Be r ari d a t CV RJ f booki a a ound 4:
s a ng r a t ,
it
r r y rve t he
or
ng t r
27
p. .on A ug t7,201 A f .of Sh nno D i ks 1 3,D oc tN o.1
m
us
4. f
a n c on ke
06. On t booki i ake
he
ng nt
f m , t a r tng ofi r not t t Be y a a e t be under t i l nce of dr a
or he r es i
tce
ed ha
n' ppe r d o
he ntue
ugs nd

ac
l ohol a t t Be r ha afim e t t he wa s f rng fom û ea ba .
nd ha
ry d fr d ha
s ufe i r
' l d
r

Aresi - a pori Ofi r Quetonnar , Docke No.
r tng/ ns tng fce
rr
si ie
t

. DTs'
.
'

(ntr l q tton maks
i ena uoai
r

omit . Thebo ngofie as obs r dt tBer a ardt beunde t i l nceofa
ted)
oki fc r lo eve ha ry ppe e o
r he ntue
n
i o c nta ç ski ofsa i of, nd ofsa me i altl bi. De ofCol M il r3nt xia nd t
wa nd t rng f ki
tm rng ite t' p.
'
by le
4,Doc tNo.1 8. The booki o fc rr c de on t bo ng obs r a i f r t tBe r
ke
23ng fi e e or d
he oki
e v ton o m ha ry
i l be goi tuough wihdr wa DTs'fom he oi a a c
d l
wi
ng l
t a l
' r
r n nd l oholus a i c t d Be r ha
e nd ndia e
ry d

l tus d dr a 1 00 p. . Aug t6, 4.Booki Obs r to For , ke No.1 6.
as e ugs t 0: m on
us 201
ng
e vai n m Doc t
23-

Ber te u d r n ame ia itkep ro me b Lie e Prdia Nu s (LP '
ry h n n e we t
dc l n a ef r d y c nsd a e l rt i N'
û )
a s r s Am a Pit . Se Doc o ' Not ,Doc tNo.1 7,De of Chrsi Appl
nd upe vior
nda ts
e
t r s es
ke
23- * p.
ite
e

Fi ns62,Doc tNo.96. Pit r c ve t booki obs vai f m a co plt d he own
ggi
ke
ts e ei d he
ng er ton or nd m e e r
i a f m . De of Ama Pit 68,75,Docke No.93. I hernot s Pit i c t d t t
ntke or
p.
nda ts
t
n
e , ts ndia e ha
Be r ha a hit y of ashm a hype t i a dr a a c
ry d
sor
t ,
renson, nd ug nd l oholabus whi h i ude
e, c ncl d
drnki a ffh oflquor a usng he oi e r da Docors Not . Be r c
i ng it
i
nd i
r n ve y y.
t '
es
ry ompl i of
aned

lwe a tro rbp i 1 .W h l Pi sd dn to ev a ysg o ij r i t eae , h n tc d
o r n ei r i an. d ie t i o bsr e n in f nu y n h r a s e oie
t
t tBer waswhe zi J- Sheprs rbe Al e o f Ber sa t ,( ,a or rd
ha ry
e ng. g.
e ci d butr l or ry' shma 4, nd dee
c eksof Be r svia s g ,i l ng hi pule a bl pr s e,onee a da f t da ,
he
ry' t l i ns nc udi
s s nd ood es ur
y or wo ys
a i Bely a a ed unsa e,e r s h,De ofPit 35;M e ca l a Fo m,Doc tNo.
nd f ' ppe r
r
t bl ve y hi
p.
ts
di l nt ke r
ke
1 9. Att ttme,Be r had a pule r t of93 a abl pr s ur r di of 1 o r94.
23ha i
ry
s ae
nd
ood e s e ea ng
28 ve
M e c l a For .
di al nt ke m
Pit or r d t via s g c c t m onio Be r f a s g or s m pt s of
ts de e he t l i ns he ks o
t r r y or ny i ns
y om

wihdr wa . Doc ors No es Dep.ofPit 35. She lt rt tfed t ts bei ve Be r was
t a l
t ' t ;
ts
a e esii ha he le d ry
under ng onl heroi and not al
goi
y
n,
cohol w ihdr al Dep. of Pit 36. She had pr ous y
, t aw .
ts
evi l
teat i at suf erng f al
r ed nm es f i rom coholwihdr almz under ood t s e oft sym pt sof
t aw
d
st
hat om
he
om

ac
l ohol wihd a
t r wal ove l p wih t s
ra
t he ympt s of he oi wihdr wal i l ng na e
om
r n t a , nc udi
us a,
vom ii a et a t ton,a s tng. 1 a 1 1 20. W hie Be r was notha l i i
tng, nxi y, gia i
nd wea i
d. t 7, 9l ry
luc natng

ordiplyi ot rm or s rous sg ors
s a ng he
e ei
i ns ympt
oms o ac
f loholwihdr wa whe Pit obs r d
t a l n ts e ve
Be r s unde sood t ta i t wa ç oba y notgoi t ha a sg a s
ry, he
rt
ha n nma e s l
pr bl
ng o ve ny i ns nd ympt '
oms'
d i t i a a s s e C a ei' ve y e xy a trt i l tus ' a i a e l tsa t
urng he nt ke s es m nt ' us ts r a l fe her as e' nd nm t s i
bec
don' t r

wihdrwi ii ltron.'J-a 1 29.Shea no edge t tanurec dpef aCI A
t a ng tl ae ' Js t 8,
ck wl d ha
s oul ronn
W
s l o a i t i a numbe ofca esi udi one i whih t i a e diplyed sg a
cae n n nma e n
r
s ncl ng
n
c he nm t s a
i ns nd

s omsofaloholwihdrwa orha ahit y ofaco us . L. a 2831 Pit ha be n
ympt
c
t a l
d sor
l hol e d t - . ts d e
a
ta ne on t polcym a
r i d he i
nualwhen s sa td he poston a t CVRJ.I a 35,
he t re r ii t he
d. t
Folowi t i a as e s e ,CVRJofii shous d Bery i JBl
l ng he nt ke s s m nt
fcal
e
r n
ock. Shorl bef r
ty o e

1 :0pm. nAu u t7 Ber v mie o hsj mps i.De o M . ro k 1 - 6 Do k t .
00 . o g s , ry o td n i u ut p. f Hor c s 5 1 , c e No
94;VogtAug.7,201 l de Re r,Doc tNo.1 1 Two ofi r a a EM T e c t
4 nci nt po t
ke
24- .
fce s nd n
s ored
Be r who wa a e t wal wihoutas itnce t t me c lde rm e . Dep.ofHoroc
ry,
s bl o
k t
ssa , o he dia pa t nt
r ks
1 Vog Aug.7,201 I de Re '.The EM T de e mi d t tBe r wa wihd awi fom
7; t
4 nci nt pol
t
t r ne ha ry s t r ng r
he oi a ga Ber y Phene ga f na e a l odi f di r hea D e of Thom as V ogt
r n nd ve
r
r n or us a nd m um or a r . p.

1 1 Doc tN o.95. I a i e vi wih Vig ni Stt Polce l si a or ,Vogts i t t
2- 3, ke
n n nt r ew t r i a a e i nve tg t s
ad ha
Be r S ooke lke he ha t s kes lk t s ke and ha te s' l er e ofThoma
ry s
l d i
d he ha , i e he ha s
nd r mor .' nt viw
s
Vog 8,Doc tNo.1 1 W hie t tf ng i t sc e,Vog asere t tBe r di no s
t
ke
23- 3.
l esiyi n hi as
t s td ha ry d t how

sg ofac wihdrwa,Si te so deusons halci tons s tng,a ey,g j
ins lohol t a l ike rmor r l i , lu nai , weai nxit or
l
a t ton. D e ofV og 1 1 1
gia i ' p.
'
t 2, 7- 8.
The ofi e s t n ta f r e Be r t b ng,wher a boo ng of i r c d m onior
fc r he r ns e r d r y o ooki
e
ki
fce oul
t
hi . D e of Hor oc 24;De of M il r 5- The CV RJ di nots a ft m e c lde r m e
m
p.
r ks
p.
le 6.
d
t f he di a pa t nt
f om l1. p. .untl 5: a. . bu r le on a on- a lphys c a f r e e ge i s I a 3
r
00 m
i 30 m , t e i d
n cl
i i n o m r nc e . d. t 4.

Thebooki ofi ron dut obs r d t tBe r r e a las onc durng t ni tt vomi,but
ng fce
y e ve ha ry os t e t e i he gh o
t
ot r ie a a e t s e p t ough t ni t D e ofHor oc 24; e ofM il r 5 6.
he w s ppe r d o l e hr
he gh . p,
r ks D p.
le -

Thenextm or ng,on Augus 8,201 Bery viie t m e ca de rm e ,whe e LPN
ni
t
4, r st d he di l pa t nt
r
Chrsi Appl - ggi c ke hi via sg asPit ha die t d a de e m i d t theha a
ite
e Fi ns hec d s t l i ns
ts d r c e nd t r ne ha
d
pul e r t of 11 a bl pr s ur of 1 over 90. De of A p e- ggi 31 3 M e ca
s ae
6 nd ood e s e
32
p.
pl Fi ns , 4; di l

I a Fonn. Appl- ggi ha a c st t boo ng i a f m a Pit 'nots buts di
ntke
e Fi ns d c es o he ki nt ke or nd ts e ,
he d
notl a t m whie e ua i Be r De ofAppl Fi gi 47- 58. She as Be r
ook t he
l val tng ry. p.
e- g ns 48,
ked ry

why s ne de t c k hi via sg ,a Ber rs ded t heus heoi J .a 3
he e d o hec s tl ins nd ry epon hat
ed r n. #= t 6.
Appl- ggi t sii d t ts doe notr c lBe r m e toni aco .I Appl- ggi ha
e Fi ns e tfe ha he s
e al ry n i ng l hol d.
e Fi ns d

be n s
e hownt me ca depa t ntspolciswhe s sa tdwor nga t CVRJ Jza 1
he di l rme ' i e
n he tre
ki t he
. #.t 4.
Be r r t ne t hi ce l whe e ofi e s a rve t e c tBe r t t Or nge Coun y
ry e ur d o s l, r fc r r i d o s or ry o he a
t
courhous f a s hedul a pe r nce. Dep. of M i ha l Fr i r 1 Doc t N o. 97. Be r
t e or c
ed p a a
c e az e 5,
ke
ry

a a ed del i la had l tta k oftme. I Ofie sdr Be r t t c t e,but
ppe r
usona nd
os r c
i
d. fc r ove ry o he ourhous
upon obs r ng Be r t be l sbl il'a l r l a e t hol hi hea up, t co ts nt
e vi
ry o
k i y l' nd t e y bl o d s d ' he ur e
vi
ba
'
Be r ba k t t CVRJuntlhe be a ewele
ry c o he
i
cm
l nough f a he rng. Vigi a Stt Polc Not s
or a i
r ni a e ie e ,
Aug t11 201 Doc tNo.1 8. Be r r t ned t t booki a e oft CVRJ whe e he
us , 4, ke
25ry eur
o he
ng r a he
, r
r f e t e t br a a t l h,or di r J i tviy Log, Doc No. 1 1 Se urt
e us d o a e kf s, unc
nne . alAc i t
ket
24- 2. c iy
ofi r wo d notf t m e ca pa t e i a i t r f ed muli e m e l . De of
tce s ul
iy he di lde rm nt f n nma e eus
tpl
as
p.
Appl - ggi 1
e Fi ns 43.

Tha ni ,Be r c pli d t t booki ofi r a
t ght ry om a ne o he
ng fce bout difculy br t ng. VSP
fi t eahi
l s i ton N ot s Docke N o. 1 7. The of i e no i d t Ber y w a s atng,but a s
nve tga i
e,
t
24fc r tce hat r
s we i
lo
t t he w a m ovi a ound e s l a t t hi br a hi was i pr vi
ha
s
ng r
a iy nd ha s e t ng
m o ng. I Ben- l t r
d.
y ae

confnne t thefl fne.J a
i d ha et i k

Thene mor ng,on Aug t9, 4,hene booki ofi e on dut r ulry c c
xt ni
us 201 t
w
ng fc r
y eg a l he ked
on Be r D e ofErn La nt 36- D oc tN o.1
r y. p.
i pa a 39, ke
07. Appl - gg ns l r d t tBe r ha
e Fi i ea ne ha r y d

r us d t go t t me c lde rm e f a vialsgns c k a unde sood t the wa i
ef e o
o he dia pa t nt or t i
hec nd
rt
ha
sn
booki bec us her quied moniorng.De ofAppl- ggi 96ng a e e r
t i
p.
e Fi ns 97.
Shorl be or 9:0 am . Be r r quese a s we bec us he ha vomie a
ty f e 3 . , ry e t d
ho r
a e
d
t d nd
de ec t d on hi s l. De ofLapa a56- The bo ng ofi e c le f as itnc ,a t
f ae
m ef p.
nt
60.
oki
fc r a ld or s sa e nd wo

ofs er arve t ta por Ber on awhe c i t t s
tc s ri d o rns t ry
elhar o he hower L. The plc ac i i t
. ds y a ed har n he
a
s wersalf Be r t sto and lf Bery a o i t salt i one oft ofi e s he r
ho
t l or ry o i n,
e t r l ne n he t l mtl
he tc r a d
wae hitng t toor i ea i t tBe r wasno sa ng die y be t t s
tr ti he l , ndi tng ha ry
t t ndi
r dl neah he howe he d.
r a
Boson l de Re tAug.8,201 Doc tNo.1 3;De ofJ r m y Boson 25,Doc tNo.
t nci nt por
4, ke
24p. e e
t
ke
99. Theofi e en e edt sal a f
fc r t r he t l nd ound Be r l ng on t toor hafdr s d.De ofBoson
ry yi
he l , l es e
p.
t

26.Beryha vomiedont to a wasdr he vi Jz
r d
t
he l or nd
y a ng. #.
J lpe s
ai r onnelae td Appl- gg nst Be r sf l,a s r s
lre
e Fi i o ry' a l nd he e ponde t t s
d o he howe t
ro
pr vi mediala ssa e. De ofAppl- ggi 78. Appl- ggi lt rt tte t s
o de
c s it nc
p.
e Fi ns
e Fi ns a e esis d hat he
ne s w t vom i. I a 85. W he Appl Fi ns as e s Be r he r po td t the had
ver a he
t d. t
n
e- ggi
s s ed ry, e re ha

be
come di z a f le 1 a 80. Ap e Fi ns lf r y t r ti ve m e c tons a
z y nd a ln. d. t
pl- ggi e tBe r o e re
di a i
nd

e pme t c ckBe svia sgnsa or r Gaordet bedelve e t Be y.Jl a 90qui nt o he
ny' tl i nd deed t a o
i r d o n- -s t
t
91.

W hens rt ne t t boo ngae Appl Fi nsf
he eur d o he ki ra, e- ggi oundBer l ngi hi bunk.Jry yi n s
#s
a 11 Afe a ofi ras itd Be r wih sti up,Appl- ggi c ke Bery' via sg ,
t 0. tr n fce sse ry t itng
e Fi ns hec d r s t l i ns
no i hi pul e a 1 a hi bl pr s e a 1 over62. 1 a 111 CV RJ N ur e' N ot s
tng s s s 08 nd s ood es ur s 04
d. t ;
s s e
A ug.9,201 D oèketN o.124- Ber y s at t he onl w ant t r ,and Appl Fi ns
4,
6.
r t ed hat
y
ed o est
e- ggi

gave hi Phene ga a I of bef e l avi hi i hi c l. CVRJ N ur e' N ot Aug.9,
m
r n nd bupr en or e ng m n s e l
s s es

201
4.
Ar
ound t tm e of t s i de ,Appl Fi ns a s s
he i
hi nci nt
e- ggi l o poke w ih t bo ng of i er on
t he oki
fc

d y. De ofLa n a 60. The boo ng ofi e cai t ts i or d Appl Fi nst t
ut
p.
pa t
ki
fc r l ms ha he nf me
e- ggi ha

Bery' vom i t
r s
t ' lke c f e gr
was i ofe ounds' whi h Appl Fi ns i ntfe as dr bl i t
,' c
e- ggi de iid
y ood n he
vom i. I a 60- . The booki ofi e t si t tAppl- ggns is eme t t nk i wa
t d. t 61
ng fc r e tfed ha
e Fi i se d o hi t s
oka ' 1 Ap e- ggi doe notr ca le r s i vom i wih a c f e- r
y. d. pl Fi ns s
'
e l ve eeng
t t
ofe g ound txt e but
e ur ,
r al s ei ç tl d lke s body s to t to ' a t tt boo ng ofi e as d
ec ls e ng t
wha ooke i ome
pi n he l or' nd ha he ki
fc r ke
he t de c i t a a a eofvom i wih bl i i.De ofAppl- ggi 1
r o s rbe he ppe r nc
t t ood n t p.
e Fi ns 23,
Appl- gg ns a s rs t t s r ue t d t t t ofi e i o m he i Be r vomie
e Fi i s e t ha he eq se ha he fc r nf r
r f ry
td
a n a t notf media pe s
gai nd o iy
c l ronneli Be r di note thi l nc o d i hi Gaor de. 1 ;
f ry d
a s u h r rnk s t a
d.
CVRJNur e' Not Aug.9,201 Ap e Fi nsha pr vi l gi n Be r a bi a d ba
s s es
4. pl- ggi
d e ousy ve
ry
ohaz r g

t c lc hi vomi f e m i ton. De of Appl- ggi 1 24. Appl - ggi di no
o ole t s
t or xa na i
p.
e Fi ns 23e Fi ns d t

r c vea f t rrpo t a Ber J.
e ei ny urhe e rs bout ry. /S
Be or s l ta t e of he s f a 4: p. . s i o m e t i om i on- y
f e he ef t he nd
r hi t t 00 m , he nf r d he nc ng dut
nur e,N ur i A s i t n J s i Buc r l nes t t Be r w a w ihdr w i f om he oi t t
s
s ng s s a t a m ne
kne - o , ha r y s t a ng r
r n, ha

he ha r c ve Ga or de,a t t t booki de rme ha bee a s d t c a t t
d e ei d t a
nd ha he
ng pa t nt d
n dvie o ontc he
m e ca de r m e s d Be r ne a hi
di l pa t nt houl r y ed nyt ng. D e of J m i Buc r l s 50,D oc t
p. as ne
kne - one
ke

No.l
00. Buc -one ha s e t CVRJ' me c lm a l whi i ude t polc e on
knerl s d e n he
S di a nua , ch ncl d he ii s
dr a al ohol w ihdr w a . I a 1 She l t r t s ii d t t t s pt s of al ohol
ug nd c
t a l d. t 9.
a e e tf e ha he ym om
c
w ihd a i ude t e o s e e t d bl pr s ur e e t d pul e, w e tng,a haluci tons
t r wal ncl
r m r , l va e ood e s e, l va e
s s a i nd l na i

a t tt s
nd ha he ympt s of he oi wihdr l r e bl t s
om
r n t awa es m e he ympt
oms of t tu a i ude
he l nd ncl

na e vo ii a di rhe J=a 5
us a, m tng, nd a r a. l . t 4.
M eanwhie,t booki ofi checked on Ber y atl tt ent tm es. D ep.ofLapant
l he
ng tcer
r
eas w y i
a

8

71 72. l he i i r por,s not t tBe r contnue t bec
n r ncdent e t he ed ha ry
i d o ome sc t oughoutt day,
ik hr
he
a hi s ool a vom i c i d t ha t a
nd s t
nd
t ontnue o ve he ppea a e ofcof e gr
r nc
f e ounds La nt I i nt
. pa a nc de
Re r A ug.9,201 D oc tN o.1 2. The booki of i ral o r pored t tBe r dr nk one
po t
4, ke
24ng fce s e t ha r y a

lr pic r of Gaor de but no t s c pic r s ha or r
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t a
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e
ntr e

Lapana,Doc tNo.1 - Ber di no e tl h ordimer J=;De ofLa nt 7172.As
t
ke
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om
og e s n fc r
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f li De ofChad Lee 1 22,Doc tNo.1 De ofRobe tCount 28- Do tNo.98.
a lng. p.
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01; p.
r
s 29, cke
Atar
ound 5: p. . i r s ns t Be r sr ques f ras it ncewih usngt t lt a
20 m , n e po e o ry' e t o ssa
t i he oie ,
m ae of e ari d a Be r sc la f und Be r c us d a diore ed. De ofCo s
l fc r rve t ry' el nd o
ry onf e nd s i nt
p.
unt

28- The ofie ' at mptt as itBe r wih wal ng t t t l tf t rdiore e Be r
29.
fc r s te
o ss ry t
ki o he oie urhe s int d ry,

wh patal cosdhi e e , d j r n mo in , n b c meu r s o ief raf w miue
o rily l e s y s ma e ekig to s a d e a n e p nsv o e n ts
i a i i'ork pa ms' I a 29- *La nt I i ntRe tAug.9,201
n i t' ' s .' d. t 30, pa a ncde
f
s
por
4.
At a oxi a el 5: p. . t of i erca l d Buc r l
ppr m t y 29 m , he fc
le
kne - ones t Be r s ce l Buckne o r y' l.
r

J
ones I de Repor,Doc tNo.1 1 W he Buc rl s a rve a t c l s f
nci nt
t
ke
23- 2.
n
kne - one ri d t he el, he ound

Bery l ng o t toor a ai we a c ani t thene d t us t t lt JL
r yi n he l , ppe rng ak nd ompli ng ha
ede o e he oie. I
.
Buck rl s c c
ne - one he ked Bery' via sg a f
r s t l ins nd ound t t he ha a pule of 89 a bl
ha
d
s
nd ood

pr s e of1 ove 7 L. Buck rl nest n lf t c lPit a tt rquie nt f
esur
30 r 4. ds
,
ne-o he e t o al ts bou he e rme s or
s ndi a i t t t hos t . L- Pl ntf not t t befr Buc rl slf t rtive
e ng n nmae o he pial d ai if es ha, o e kne-one et o ere
a
t pa r k,s E t i y i t boo ng de rm e tf r ne ry t m i es .... P1'
he pewor he d ood dl n he ki
s
pa t n o a l wo nut
' ,s
'
Op Br l Sur ilncevi o s
p. . 3. ve la
de howsBuc rl ne ne rBe r sc lfom a
kne - o s a ry' el r
bout5: 17untl
35:
i
a
bout5: 1 bef e s l f t r ti ve pa r or
37: 7 or he e t o e r e
pe w k.

Durng Buc rl ne abs e t o fc r at mpt d t lf Be r i o a sandi
i
kne - o s' enc , wo f ie s te e o it ry nt
t ng
posii D ep.of Count 36. They pl
ton.
s
aced Bery on t t l ,and he i m edi el l
r
he oiet
m
at y eaned agai t
ns

t wal J. Theofiest npl e Ber ba k ont mate sa plc d as c mate s
he l. .s
1
fc r he ac d ry c
he trs nd a e e ond trs
ne t hi L. Bery co
xt o m. ds r ughed u a s l a
u
p mal mountofbl
ood. Jl a 37. The ofie smove
-s t
d
fc r
d
Be r ont hi sde a i o t é e
r y o s i nd nt he i eove y' posto a whe Be r s c
r
r ' ii n, nd
n ry' oughi s e e t
ng e m d o

c as ,t move hi ba k ono t mates J . W ihi a mi t ort Ber e te a
e e hey
d m c t he tr s. #z t n
nue wo, ry mitd
lr s
age poutofbl fom hi mout J- The ofies a i pl e Bery i o t rcovey
ood r
s
h. #.
fc r gan ac d r nt he e r
poston,a Ber a rdt sopbr t ng.J=
ii nd ry ppeae o t eahi /.
At5: p. . one oft ofi r c le Buc rl st t l he Be r wa t r wi up
36 m ,
he tce s a ld
kne - one o el r ry s h o ng
ç a svea o t ofbl ' Buc rl
é s i m un s
m
ood.
'
kne -onesI i en Re ' At5: p. .t ofi r c l a
nc d t pol.
t
38 m , he fce s aled

c bl f acadi monayar t Ja
ode ue or r opul r res. #.
Buc rl
kne - onesr t ne t booki a s Be r l ng on hi ba k,bl e ng fo hi
eur d o
ng nd aw ry yi
s c
e di r m s

m out e r ,a nos L. She a one oft ofi r at mpt d t l a e a pule butf
h, a s nd e. ds
,
nd
he fce s te e o oc t
s,
ound

none. J . The ofi r a Buc rl s rpore t t t y us d a omai e enal
Jfces nd
kne-one e td ha he e ut tc xtr
defbrlaorequi nta pe f m e CPR o Be r i a at mptt r vi hi . 1 ;De of
i ilt
pme nd ror d
n ry n n te
o e ve m d. p.
Buc - one 79. At5: p. . a ofie ca ld 911 Dods I i ntRe t Aug.9,201
knerl s
45 m , n fc r le
.
on ncde
por,
4,
Doc tNo.1 - 911CalLog,Doc tNo.1 3. Or nge Count EM S r ponded i l st n
ke
28 8;
l
ke
25a
y
es
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fvemi e .EM SRe tDoc tNo.1 1 At6:7p. ,Ber wasde lrdde J.
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28- 0.
1 m. ry
cae ad. Js
11
1.

Exper O pi ons on Ber y' D e h
t ni
r s at

Pl ntf o f st opi on ofLPN Ki
ai if fer he ni
mbery Ha ve on t sa r ofc r a i a e t
l r y he t nda d
a e pplc bl o
t de e
he f ndan sa t o ni ofDr Rus elSur ky on bot t sanda d ofc r a t ca e
t nd he pi on
. s l as
h he t r
a e nd he us
ofBe r s de t Def nda sofert opi o o Dr Ti ot A le on bo h t s a r ofca e
r y' a h.
e nt f he ni n f . m hy l n
t he t nda d
r
a t c us ofdea h.
nd he a e
t
A. LPN H arvey

H a ve w ho pr ous y pr d nur i ca e i a pr s f iiy,de c i s t s a r
r y,
evi l ovi ed s ng r n
i on ac lt
s rbe he t nda d

10

ofca e f lc ns d pr c ialnur e . Re tofKi ry Hawe 2,Doc tNo.1 11 She
r or i e e a tc
ss
por
mbe l l y
ke
25- .
a s rst tsa r pr c i f lc edpr c ialn s i l
s e t ha t nda d a tce or iens
a tc ur es ncudesdoc ntng c r c
ume i a e omplt l
e ey
a ac ur t l m onio i vial s gns co m uni a i a pa i nt s com pl nt t a nur e or
nd c a e y,
t r ng t i , m
c tng
te '
ai s o
s

physcan t as itwih f ur team e t a e urng c i t o ca e.1 a 3i i o ss t ut e r t n , nd ns i ontnuiy f r d. t 5,
Ha ey opi t tt M e c Def nda s c
n'
nes ha he dial e nt ' onduc f l bel t sa r ofc r i t
t el ow he t nda d a e n he
f l wi wa . She a s t t t Pit s d ha i r d a
olo ng ys
s ers ha ts houl ve nquie bout Be r s ac
r y' lohol us a
e nd
wihdr wals
t a
ympt sdurng t i ta a s s e i lghtoft a r si a i a ofi e s
om
i he niil s esm nt n i
he r e tng nd nt ke fc r '
r pors 1 at4- Ast Appl - ggi ,Ha ve a s rst tbasc nur i c r r quie Appl e t. d.
5.
o
e Fi ns r y s e t ha
i
sng a e e r d
e
Fi i t evaua e t booki ofie ' r por of c fe- ou l ng vom i,r por t t
gg ns o
l t he
ng fc r s e t
ofe gr nd ooki
t e t ha
s pt t a phys c a a r f a n f om a i s e i I pr e t Be r whe s h vom i
ym om o
i i n, nd e r i r
dm nit rng bu of n o r y
n uc
t

i c t d pos i e ga toi e tna bl e ng,f whi h I of n i c r i c t d. I a 7,1
ndia e
sbl sr nt si l e di or c bupr e s ontandi a e d. t 2-

A c or ng t Har y, ba i nur i c r a s r uie t M e c l Def nt t
c di o
ve
sc
s ng a e l o eq r d he
di a
enda s o

c i t a s sBe r a r a tt hi wo s ni c ton r t rt n t delga e s h t s t
ontnue o s es r y nd e c o s r e ng ondii ahe ha o e t uc a ks o

t n n me ia j i saf 1 a 8 1 ,1 .l p riua , r e a srst t ra o a elc nsd
he o - d c lal tf. d. t - 2 4 n atc lr Hav y se t ha a e s n bl ie e
pr c i lnur e w oul have notfe a phys ci n of Be r s wor e ng c ton afe obs r ng
a tca
s
d
iid
ia
r y'
s ni ondii
t r e vi
hi c i d vom ii a di r , pe s s e r us l t e t or t ke m edi a i i e s d
s ontnue
tng nd arhea r it nt ef a o a
a
c ton, ncr a e

wea s ,f l i t s
kne s al n he howe ,c f e gr
r ofe - ound vomi,lt r i ntne ofbowes di i s
t e ha gy, nco i nce
l, zznes ,
i biiyt sti pende l ora
na lt o i nde
nty mbult ,a l bl pr s ur a trf li i t s we . 1
a e nd ow ood e s e fe a lng n he ho r d.
at11-12.

B. D r Sur ky
. as
D r Russ l Sur ky, a boar ceri ed neur ogi , opi t t CV RJ s af f l t
.
el
as
d- tfi
ol st nes hat he
t f aied o

r cogni e a t e tBe r s a c
e
z nd r a r y' l oholw ihdr l r uli i Be r sdea h. Repor ofD r Rus e l
t awa , es tng n r y'
t
t
. sl

11

Sur ky 3,Doc tNo.1 1 He e anst tBery had t rs f c or f DTs i udi a
as
ke
25- 0.
xpli ha
r
he ik a t s or
, ncl ng
hit y ofpe sse d i ng a pr ousDTs a a ofove 30,a aconc r ntil s. l
sor
r itnt rnki nd evi
, n ge
r
nd
ure lnes d.
He f t r not t t t CV RJ w a a a e of Be r s hi t y of a c
ur he
es ha he
s w r
r y' s or
l ohol us a lkel
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wihdr w a be us Be r i or ed t a r s i of i e s t he w a e r e i DTs a
t a l ca e r y nf m
he r e tng f c r hat
s xpe i nc ng
nd

doc nttonc ime t tBer drnkhea l e r da J=a 2ume ai ontr d ha ry a
viy vey y. # .t 3.
Dr Sur s expl nst te ry ma ge nto t s
. a ky
ai ha a l na me f he ympt sofacoholwihdr wa ca
om
l
t a l n

prve de t fo DTs J sa 3.Ac r i y,Dr Surs c l st tt CVRJc dha
e nt ah rm
. J- t
co dngl . a ky oncude ha he
oul ve
a de Be r s de t ha t de e nt r cognie a a opra ey teae Be r s acohol
voi d ry' a h d he f nda s e
z d nd ppr it l r td ry' l
wihdr wa s
t a l ympt sr t rt n c m plce l ati i s s m pt st Bery' c ure
om ahe ha o a nty trbutng uch y om o r s onc r nt
he oi wihdr
r n t awal I I s ,Dr Su a ky co l s t tha t def nda sr cogni d t t
. d. n um
. rs
ncude ha d he e nt e
ze ha

Be r ' hso ya d s mptmsr q rdl ne ryta s o toa a u ec r h s ia s tigg . .
ry s itr n y o e uie d al r n p r t n c t ae o ptl etn , .
a
)
(e wo dh v b e a c rtl da n e a dte tda dh wo l n t a de . J.
h j ul a e e n c u aey ig osd n rae n e ud o h ve id' -S
'I
J
.
C . D r.A len
l

De e
f ndant ofe t e r r por ofDr Alen,a ph i in c rii i ps hity a
s f r he xpe t e t
. l
ysca e tfed n yc a r nd
ne ol
ur ogy. Dr Ale c ude t tt CVRJsa fa t d wihi t a i bl sa r ofca e
. ln oncl s ha he
tf c e t n he pplca e t nda d
r
a di no c us Ber y' de t
nd d t a e r s a h.Re ' ofD r Ti ot A le D oc tN o.1 1
pol
t
. m hy l n, ke
28- 2.
I opi ng on t a i a e s a r of ca e D r A le r ut s s r l s c f c
n
ni
he pplc bl t nda d
r , . l n ef e eve a pe i i
a l ga i ofbel - t nda d c r m ade i t c pl i . He not t tm uli e s a fm e be s
le tons
ow s a r a e
n he om a nt
es ha
tpl t f m r

a t d pr l i r ogni ng t tBe r a e d ugsa i at ndi t t e ry s
c e opery n ec zi ha ry bus d r
nd n te ng o he a l ympt sof
om

dug wihdrwal i l ng na e a vomii J- a 1, He c tndst ta nitrng
r
t a , ncudi
us a nd
tng. -s t
p
one
ha dmi sei
m e ca i ns t Be r or l w a noti pr
di to o r y aly s
m operbe us Be r e pe i e l pe i i w hi h
ca e r y x renc d ong r ods n
c

he wa notvomii a c d c ume me c ton a fui or l Ll a 12. Morove ,
s
tng nd oul ons
diai nd l ds aly. ts t e r
adm i s erng I of was pr
ni t i bupr en
oper because Ber y di not have any cl sym pt s of
r
d
ear
om

g toi esi l bledi a c i d b t lck of sgniia ga toi e tnal bl di
asr nt tna e ng, s onfnne y he a
i fc nt sr nt si
ee ng
i c t d i t au ops r por.I a 2.
ndia e n he t y e t d. t
Dr Ale f t as e t t tt sa r ofc r di no r quie t CVRJm e ca sa f
. ln urher s rs ha he tnda d
a e d t e r he
di l t f
t know Be r s bas i bl pr s e w hi h was hi her t nor al bec us of Be r s
o
r y'
elne ood es ur , c
g
han
m
a e
r y'
hi t r of hypere i a t r ac t de r as fom t t bas lne t l vel w ihi a nor a
so y
t nson, nd o e t o c e es r
ha
ei o e s t n
m l

r . 1 Nor ac or ng t Dr Ale di t CVRJ saf f i t r ognie t sg a
ange d.
, c di o . ln, d he
t f al o ec z he i ns nd

s
ympt
oms of de i i n fui volm e a hy volmi s k. l Alhough Be r s bl d
fc e t l d u
nd po e c hoc
d. t
ry' oo
pr s e dr ppe 20 poi sfom Augus 8 t Augus 9,Dr Ale co e t t dr di not
es ur o d
nt r
t o
t
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it n pi on r
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Angeo. n r e t Angeo tt ha tin
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ur i
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No. 1 1 She i ntfe ni de ai fom t sa a d of ca e i l i f ii t
43- .
de ii d ne vi tons r
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r , ncudng alng o
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Bery' via sgns sa lt a s
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t a l d. t 3.
ne ha he ympt m s of
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t c d ha s ved M r Be r slf .' I a 3.
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On Augus 27,2015,Thor l fl d a a nde c a sa ton c pl nt The de enda s
t
nhil ie n me d l s c i om ai .
f nt

flds paaemoi t dimist a nd c antplrua t Rul 1 b)6 oft Fe rl
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es
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a s ri acai f da sunde 42U. C.j1 a Co 11 al i wr ulde t i
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r
S.
983, nd unt 1, legng ongf ah n
vi ai ofVigi a Code j8. - rman pe ng a i tt Aut iy,Aylr a t
olton
r ni
0150, e i ndi gans he hort
o , nd he
M ed c lD e e nt .
i a f nda s
D urng di c r t de e nt r que t d a l doc e s t t Thom hilr ce ved f om
i
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obe

7, 4,a D'
201 nd Angel sr por,da e J 1 201 Thea ops r por wa sgne by am e ca
o' e t t d une , 5.
ut y e t s i d
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docor J el Poshumus a lsedBer sca eofd t a 'll reefcsofheoi a
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eh n l' n r fre t t emame o d ah a a kac i e t'Au o y Re o t t8 ECF No.
t a o 'a d eer d o h l r f e t s n k lcd n . tps p r a ,
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1422.

O n Fe ua y 1 201 t de e nt m o d f l ve t fl a a e d a w e ,whi h
br r 7, 7, he f nda s ve or ea o ie n m nde ns r
c
pr
opos d t a a s xt a f nna i def ns t t Thonz l ha f ie t c pl wih t
e o dd
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pr dur lr quie t f m e c lmal a tc c am si Vigi a i l ng bu notlm ie t
oce a e r men s or di a
pr c ie l i n r ni, nc udi
t
i td o
t r quie e ofo a ni a ce tf ng e
he e r m nt bt i ng
riyi xper w ines . The co tg a ed t m o i
t t s
ur r nt he ton.
The pa tes t n f l d s ve a di c r m otons a t r m a ni def nda s fl d a
r i he ie e r l s ove y
i , nd he e i ng e nt ie

mo in frs mmayj d me ta t Co n l. l rs o d n t te s mmayj d me tmo in
to o u r u g n s o u t l n ep n i g o h u r u g n to ,
t pl ntf a t c d a r por f o D r Rus e l Su as D . . da e J ne l 201 and a r por
he ai i f ta he
e t r m . s l r ky, O , t d u 4, 7,
e t

fom Ki be l Ha vey,LPN,da e J 23,201 The pa tesa
r
m ry r
t d une
7.
ri ppea e be or t c tf a
r d f e he our or

h aig o t e s mmay j g n moin a ds o ey is e o Au u t 1 ,2 7. S o t
e rn n h u r ud me t to nd ic v r su s n g s 0 01 h rl
y
t r afe ,t c t s ue a o de r s vi t dicove y diput s
he e tr he our i s d n r r e ol ng he s r s e .
O n A ugus 3, 20 1 t de e ant t l d a m o i t dim i s Count 1 1 The pa tes
t
7, he f nd s i e
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ri
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j dg n a dt emo int ds s aen w rpef r e iw.
u me t n h to o imis r o i o r ve
D ef
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i or
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ew
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nt howst tt r i no ge nediput a t a maeilfc a t
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mova i e il t j me asamatroflw. Fed.R.Ci P.56() I decdi whehe t
nt s ntted o udg nt
te a '
'
v.
a. n i ng t r o

g a ts mma yj d me t t c u tmus ve te rc r i t lg tmo tfvoa e t t e
rn u r u g n , he o r
t iw h e o d n he ih s a rbl o h
nonm ovi pa t a dr a1 r as bl i e e e i hi f vor Ande s 477 U . a 255.
ng r y nd aw 1 e ona e nf r nc s n s a .
r on,
S. t
D i si
scus on

Se ton 1
ci 983 i
mpos cvi labiiy on a pe s aci under c o of sae l t
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prve not r r o
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t Unied Stts 42U. C.j 1
he t ae .
S.
983.Plitf ag t tt dee nt vi ae Ber srghs
anif rues ha he fnda s oltd ry' i t
unde t Due Pr es Cl us o t Fo t e h Am e e by a tng wih de i a e
r he
oc s a e f he ur e nt
ndm nt
ci
t
lber t

i fe e et hi s i me c lne ds
ndif r nc o s erous dia e .
The de e nt a s r t t no ge ne di put of m a e i l f c r m a n r ga di t
f nda s s e t ha
nui
s es
t r a a t e i e r ng he

M edia Def nda s la lt munii iy la lt ors pe vior la lt a t ,t tt
c l e nt ' ibiiy,
cpalt ibiiy, u r s y i biiy, nd hus ha hey

ae e tte t s mmay j d me t Th idviu ld fn a t f rh ra s r te a fr tv
r n i d o u r u g n . e n i d a ee d n s u te se t h fimaie
l
def ns ofqua ii i uniy.
e e
lfed mm t
1.

M edi D efendants'Li lt
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Pr til deai es ha a kce l e t bls d' rght ' o med c l a t nton, and pr s
era t ne
ve slary sa ihe ' i ç
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fci l ol t t i es i s o
oc s
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medialnee .'Gor v. dd,971F. 1 ,1 4( h Ci.1 92) l lbeaei fee
c
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2d 087 09 4t r 9 . i i rt ndifrnce
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M ou Ra e,238F. 567,575( hCi.2001 (ntma quottonmaksomit .
nt nir
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ted)

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l rt n fee c s oh n be v n u jcie o o e t e be v
b
c pone r r s a s w i ofa : uf i i nty s rous'm e ca ne d. Far e v.Br nna 511
om
nt equie ho ng
l fc e l e i ' di l e
s
m r
e n,

U. 825,834 ( 994)(ntr lq ai mar omitd) Thes j ci c
S.
1
i ena uotton ks te .
ube tve ompone r quiesa
nt e r
pl n if t s
aitf o how t t t ofi i lknew of a dir ga de a e es i rs t a de anee'
ha he tc a
nd se r d n xc sve ik o
ti s
healh. 1 at837.
t d.

Un e te o j cie c mp ne t te c u' p e i u l r c g ie t a te s mp o o
d r h b e tv o o n, h o l rv o sy e o nz d h t h y t ms f
t
ac
l ohol a dr wihdr w a m a a ount t a s r ous m e ca ne d. Tho n l v.A yl ,N o.
nd ug t a l y m
o ei
di l e
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or

3:5- 00024,201 W L 8
1 CV6
737358,a *9 ( . Va Fe 1 201 (ole tngca e ) Att s
t W D. . b. 9, 6) c lci s s. hi
sage oft pr ee ngs t c t
t
he oc di , he our conc udest tt pl i ifhasm ade a s fc en s
l
ha he a ntf
ufi i t howi ofa
ng

s rousm e ca nee ba e on t pr es i ofBe r ss
ei
di l d s d he ogr son
ry' ympt .
oms

Ast t e s be t e c mp n n,a o fca mu th v b e l wa eo fcsfo whc
o h u jci o o e t n fiil s a e e n s r f a t rm ih
v
a
te if rn e c u d b d a ta a s b tn ilrs o s ro h r e sgd 'a d t eo fca
h n e e c o l e rwn h t u sa ta ik f eius a m xite l' n h fiil
m us ha al o dr w n t i e e e Fa m e , 511 U . a 8
t ve s a
he nf r nc . r r
S. t 37. A pl ntf m a s ts y t s
ai i f y a i f hi

sa d r wih e i e c t a a o fca l u j cieyr c g ie as bsa ta rs o h nn'a d
tn ad t v d n e h t n fiilt be tv l e o nz d u tnil ik f a ' n
s
k u j ci ey r c g z d ta hs a to swee ia p o rae i lg to ta rs . Pars v.
s be tv l e o nie h t i cin r n p r p it n ih f h t ik' rih
s
'
Cl lnd,372 F.d 294,303 ( h Ci.20 (ntnzlquoai maks o te . W hie a
evea
3
4t r 04) i e a tton r mitd)
l n
ofiilc nnotbela ei hek w t unde l ng f t butbeive (l tuns
fca a
ibl f '
kne he
ryi acs
le d abei oundl t tt
y) ha he
r s t w hi h t f c s ga rs w a i ubs a i l o none s e ,'Fa
ik o
c he a t ve i e s ns t nta r
xi t nt' nner 511 U . a 844,a
,
S. t

fcf e ma ifrt a a o fca s be t eya p e itdas ro srs t a imaeb s do
a ti r y n e h t n fiil u j ci l p rcae eiu ik o n n t a e n
nd
v
çcr
licumsa ile de e' ha t ofi a kne t ers ofha orby t o o nes oft rs
tnta vi nc 't t he fcil w h ik
nu
he bvius s he ik
is l,i a 8
t ef d. t 42.
M e c l pr e s ona s r c i def r nc how e r i d t r i ng a pr pe co s of
di a of s i l e e ve e e e,
ve , n e e m ni
o r ur e
t e t e . M e e di a e m e wih a m e ca pr es i l s s l c e co s of te t e does
r a m nt
r s gr e nt t
di l of s ona ' e e t d ur e
r a m nt
not s tce t s
ufi o how a i ppr i e r s
n na oprat e pons t a s rous m e ca r s Se W r gh v.Coli ,
e o ei
di l i k. e i t
lns

766F. 8 ,8 ( hCi.1 .'mplcti t sdefrnc t prs me ca auhorte i t
2d 41 49 4t r 985) t ii n hi ee e o ion di l t iis s he
l

a s i t t...a i or dj
s umpton ha
n nf me udgme has i f t be n mad ' I t ofAle ny Ct
nt , n ac, e
e. nmaes
'
lghe
y,
J i v. e c 61 F. 754,762( Ci.1 ;seas Coli v.M iwa
al Pir e, 2 2d
3d r 979) e lo lcnon
l ukeeCt ,1 F.
v. 63 3d
982,989( h Ci.1 )(' pli ifc n s t tt pr e sona dir r dt ne onl i
7t r 998 kA antf a how ha he ofsi l segade he ed y f

t e p o e so ls s be t r s o s wa s i d q ae ta i de n tae a a e e o
h r f sina' u j ci e p n e s o na e u t h t t mo srtd n bsnc f
ve
p of so a j d me t ta i, t a no mii ly c mp tn p o e so l wo l h v s
r ksin l u g n , h t s h t
nmal o ee t r fsina u d a e o
rs
epondedunde t ecic tnc s' .
r hos rumsa e .'
)

Th c u tspaaey a p ist e sa d r f rte s be tv c mp n n t e c o te
e o r e rtl p le h tn ad o h u j cie o o e t o a h f h
t e M e ia Dee da t : ( )LP Pts ( )LPN Ap l- g i ,a d ( )Nt sn Asitn
hre de l fn ns 1 N it, 2
peFi gns n 3 l i g ssa t
r
Buc r l s
kne - one .
A . LPN Pit
ts

On t sr cor t c tfndst tt pl i ifha pr duce s fcente de e t s tsy
hi e d, he our i ha he antf s o
d ufi i vi nc o a if

b t p o g o t e s b e tv c mp n n o d l eae id fe e c , Frt t r c r c n an
oh r n s f h u jcie o o e t f ei rt n if rn e is, he e o d o tis
b
s fcint e denc t t Pit wa a r of f c s fom whi h s c d i er t t Be r was
ufi e vi e ha ts s wa e
at r
c he oul nf ha ry
i i nty lkey t wihdr w fom drl a acohola t tPit dr t i e enc Be r
mm ne l i l o t a r
t nd l
gs
nd ha ts ew he nf r e. ry
r pore t he t the dr nk a ffh of lquor a us d he oi e r day. Pit ad it d s
e td o r ha
a
it
i
nd e r n ve y
ts m te he
r c ve t booki o e vai n r por,whi h i c t d t Be y woul bewihdr wi fom
e ei d he
ng bs r to e t c ndia e hat n'
d
t a ng r
dr a a c . Be r a s a a ed it cae and unwel t t a r si ofi e a t
ugs nd l ohol
ry lo ppe r n oxi td
l o he r e tng fc r nd he

bo ng ofieri t mome sbe o e Pit e l td Bery. Pit a l as obs r ed t Be r
oki
fc n he
nt f r ts va uae
r
ts t e t e v hat ry
ha difc t br a hi whi s de c i d aswhe zi Asalc ns d pr ci a nure f miir
d fi uly e t ng, ch he s rbe
e ng.
ie e a tc l s a la
w ih t CV RJ' polc m a l on dr a al ohol w ihdr w a , Pit knew t t unte t d
t he
S i y nua
ug nd c
t a l ts
ha
rae

wihdr wa coul p og e s i o s rous s
t a l
d r r s nt e i
ympt . Thes f c s i c t t t Pit obs r d
oms
e a t ndi ae ha ts e ve
s pt s of dr a a c
ym om
ug nd l ohol wihdr w a f om w hi h s coul i e t t Be r f ce a
t a l r
c he
d nf r ha
ry a d
s t nta rs of s rous ha m . A r a ona e f c t nde c d c l t t Pit dr w t
ubs a i l i k
ei
r
e s bl a ti r oul onc ude ha ts e he
r quie i e enc whe s or r d c cks ofBe r s via s gns f t pum os ofm oniorng
e r d nf r e
n he de e he
r y' t l i
or he
e
t i
hi f t s gnsand sym pt s ofw ihdrawal
m or he i
om
t
.
W hie Pi's now cl m s t t s beleved Ber y was at a r s f onl her n, and not
l t
t
ai ha he i
r
i k or y oi

20

aco , wihdr wa , De of Pit 36,t cic tnta evi nc pr de a ba i f a
l hol t a l p.
ts
he r umsa il de e ovi s
ss or
r a ona e f c fndert conc ude o he w ie. Se M . .v.Ct ofA l m e 62 F.Supp.3c 1 49,
e s bl a t i
o
l
t r s
e H
y.
a da,
1 0

1 7 - 8( D. l 2 4 (idn s fiin cru tnil vie c f rafcfn e t c n ld
0 7 7 N. Ca, 01 ) fn ig u fce t ic msa ta e d n e o a tid r o o cu e
t ta nur e dr w t i e e e t ta i t f c a s rousrs ofal holwihdr wa whe
ha
s e he nf r nc ha n nma e a ed e i
ik
co
t a l n

t i t ha i or t nuret the drrk daiy a a ae i oxi td upon i a )
he nmae d nf med he s ha
al l nd ppe rd nt cae
ntke .
Ther or s
ec d howst tPit wasataned lc ns d pr c ialnur ewih knowl dgeoft CVRJ'
ha ts
r i i e e a tc
s t
e
he
S
m e ca polc e a t sgnsa s
di l ii s nd he i
nd ympt sofac
om
lohola her n wihdr wa . She kne t t
nd oi t a l
w ha
Be r had a hit y of alohola e a t tt sgns of aco wihdr wa woul de l
ry
sor
c
bus nd ha he i
l hol t a l
d veop
l t ,bu s di not ng t a ountf Be r ss tnta rs ofaloholw ihdr wa .
aer t he d hi o cc
or ry' ubsa il ik
c
t a l
A t t ve y l a t Pit has a m it d t a e
he r e s , t s
d te o ppr hendi Be r s lke y w ihdr w al f om
ng r y' i l
t a
r

her n. Pr di m i m a te t e t an i t t ta nur e knows i lke y t s f r he oi
oi
ovi ng ni l r am nt o
nma e ha
s
s i l o ufe r n
wihd a alo s ve asaba i f rade i r t i fe e e cai . SeeGonz l zv.Ce i Ct ,
t r wal s er s
ss o
lbe a e ndif r nc l m
ae
c l y.

2 F. u p. d61 , 6( M d 2 0 )
21 S p 2 1 6l D. . 0 2 .

Se o d,t rc r c n anss fiin e ie c t pemi a j r t c n ld ta P ts
c n he e o d o ti u fce t vd n e o r t u y o o cu e h t it
dir a de t known s i rs of bo h acohola he oi wihdr . Alhough Be r
seg r d he
erous iks
t l
nd r n t awal t
ry
i notye ma f sed t mos pr
i
had
t nie t he
t onounc d sgnsofwihdr wa , Pit wasnotr ived fo
e i
t a l' ts
'
ele
rm

t ot ti hi fom known s tnta rs .' Stfn v.Olon,497 F.App' 568,579 (t
s ecgngj m r
pr
ubsa il iks' ea
s
x
6h
Ci. 2) A ras bl f ti e c ddee net tPit'a da eoft veyi o ton
r 201 . e ona e acfnd r oul tnui ha ts voi nc he r nfnnai
t twoul ha a l d he t a opra ey r c ni e a te tBe r f i i ntalohol a
ha
d ve lowe r o ppr it l e og z nd r a ry or mm ne c , s
wel a he oi wihdr w a a o e t d i r t i f e enc Sçç M . . 6 F. Su 3d a
l s r n, t a l m unt d o elbe a e ndi f r e.
H, 2
pp.
t

1077 ( ai ng t tt lal e t me cal sr n ne i t ma consiue delbeae
expl ni ha he s iur o di ly cee w nmaes y
f
ttt i rt
i f e e e t m edi alne ' whe t m e ca pr es i lk w s t ta i t has a hi t y
ndif r nc o
c
eds' n he di l of s ona no ha n mua e
sor

ofaco a e ;c.Fame,511U. a 842 (ee tngt arume t tt t tfrdelbeae
l hol bus) f r r
S. t
rj ci he g nt ha he es o i rt

i ifrnc i rs n glp io o fcaswi a y s ro smo iain t tk rf ei te z n
ndfee e s e e ts rs n fiil t n eiu tv to o a e eug n h o e
p
h
bewe n i a e ofobvi rs a a t lknowldge ofrs ' (ntr quoai ma ks
t e gnornc
ous iks nd cua
e
iks' i enal tton r
omitdl.
te )
Pit di no obt n t t i o ton bec us s di no f l t CVRJ S polc
ts d t ai ha nf nnai
a e he d t olow he
'
iy
m a l r r ng acoholwihdr wa . Alho h t CVRJ polcy m a l ad s t m e c
nua s egadi l
t a l t ug he
i
nua s vie he dial
s a f t pe f m t CI A s l whe a i m a e a ar i oxi a ed or des r be a hit y of
t f o r or he W
ca e
n n n t ppe s nt c t
ci s
s or
al ohola e,Pit di notpe f m t t t The f iur t i tat CI A pr t olf a i a e
c
bus ts d
r or he es .
a l e o nii e W
o oc or n nm t

who des i a hit y of ac
crbes
sor
lohol a us and a
b e
ppea s i oxi t d may consiut dei r t
r nt cae
tt e lbe a e
i fe e . M . ,62 F.Supp.3 a 1 78. Pit as di notob an a muc i or ton
ndif r nce
H.
d t 077ts lo d
ti s
h nf ma i
a
boutBe r s me c lhit y a s c d,s h a t tme ofBe r sl s a c i be r
ry' di a sor s he oul uc s he i
r y' a t l oholc ve age
a hi hit y ofwihdr wa .N o di s or rt tBe r be monio ed i a co da e wih t
nd s sor
t a l r d he de ha ry
t r n c r nc t he
polcy ma ,whi h i tuc smedia saf t pe f nn via sgns c c e r 15 m iut f
i
nual
c nsr t
c l t f o ro
tl i
he ks ve y
n es or
c e of her n wihdr wala eve y 2 hour durng t frt 24 hour f c es of ac
as s
oi t a
nd
r
s i he is
s or as
lohol
wihdr wa . CVRJ M e c lPolc M a
t a l
di a
iy nuala 93, l . Pit onl c c Be r s via sgns
t
41 ts y he ked ry' t l i
onc a o y or e c cks o e pe s f s Com pla e w ih t CV RJ S pr t ol w o d
e nd nl der d he
nc r hit .
i nc
t he
' o oc s ul
ha i c t a opra e c r M o com e y v.Comne l ,N o.CV ELH-1 ve ndi a ed ppr i t a e.
nt
r
d. nc.
3 00930,201
6

W L 241 a #1 ( M d. a 1 201 , fd,678F.App' 95( hCi.201 .
738, t 2 D. J n. 9, 6)af'
x 4t r 7)
I a ton t Pit 'f iu e t a r t CVRJ' polc manua ,t r cor c anso he
n ddii o ts al r o dhe e o
S iy
l he e d ont i t r
e de e t t c d i c t t t Pit di not c
vi nc ha oul ndia e ha ts d
ompl w ih t basc sa d of ca e.
y t he
i tndar
r
D e e nt 'ex r ,D r A len,conc de t ta i s e i t CI A s l i s a r pr ocol
f nda s pe t . l
e s ha dm ni t r ng he W
ca e s t nda d ot
f pa i nt a rs f a c lw ihdr wal Re tofD r A len 2. A s D r Sur ky opi s e r y
or te s t i k or l oho t a . por
. l
. as
ne , a l
t eat ent of t s gns of al
r m
he i
cohol w ihdr
t awal can pr
event t pr essi t m or s i
he ogr on o
e erous
s pt s and even deat Repor of Dr.Sur ky 3. Thus,const i t r d i t lght
ym om
h.
t
as
nlng he ecor n he i

22

mos fv rbe t t pli tf, a te c u t mus, te c u t fn s mmay j d me t
t a o a l o he anif s h o r
t h o r ids u r u g n
i ppr it o t j1 3cl m a i tPit.
na oprae n he 98 ai gans ts
B. LPN A ppl Fi ns
e- ggi

Th c u tas fnd s fiin e d n e t p e ld s mmay j d me t o Co n
e o r lo i s u fce t vie c o rcu e u r u g n n u t
a an t Ap l- i gn . Un e te frt p o g o t e s b e tv c mpo n f r d l rt
g i s p eF g is
d r h is r n f h u j cie o ne t o ei ae
be
i fe e e,t cou tobs r t tBe r i o m e Appl Fi ns a
ndifr nc he r
e ves ha ry nf r d
e- ggi bouthi wihd a fom
s t r wal r
he oi
r n.
Addii l t c ttnds s fci nt e de t t Appl - ggi w as a r of f c s
tonaly, he our s
uf i e vi nce ha
e Fi ns
wa e
at
fom w hi h s c d dr w t i e e e t tBe r w asal o w ihd awi f om al ohol A f c
r
c he oul a he nf r nc ha r y
s t r ng r
c
. at

is e ss overwhehert ni t be or Appl- ggi me Be y he e re e s ke or
s ue xit
t he gh f e
e Fi ns t n'
xpe i nc d ha s
temor . Thes sgns ma ha pe sse when Appl Fi nsobs r d hi ove t co s of
r
s
e i
y ve r it d
e- ggi
e ve m
r he ure
t ne t da . Be r ha a s be n r f i m e l t a , a f c t t s c iy woul ha
he xt wo ys
r y d l o e e us ng a r ys
a t ha e ur t
d ve
r po t d t t m e ca de r m e . Sho ty a t Appl - ggi m e Ber y, non- e c
e r e o he
di l pa t nt
r l fer
e Fi ns t
r
m di al

peronne r pored t the a a e c us a diore e t sbl il' a t r y a e t
s l e t ha
ppe r d onf ed nd s int d, t i y 1,' nd ç el bl o
vi
ba
hol hi he up. De ofFr z e 1 Vigni St t Polc Not s Aug t 11 201 The ne
d s ad ' p.
'
a i r 5; r i a ae i e e , us , 4.
xt
tme Appl- ggi obs l d Be r he ha f le i t s
i
e Fi ns
ewe
ry,
d a ln n he howe . Alhough Appl- ggi
r
t
e Fi ns
t tted t ts di nots e a vom i ne r Be r a of i e t tfe t t Be r ha vom ie i
es i
s ha he d
e ny
t a r y, n fc r es ii d ha r y d
td n

t s
he hower sal Appl - ggi di obs l t tBe r a a e unabl t stu on hi own
t l.
e Fi ns d e' ha ry ppe r d
ve
e o i p
s
whe s as e s d hi via s gns Be r t n s a ed t the onl w a e t r s . M or over pr or
n he s s e s t l i . r y he t t ha
y nt d o e t
e
, i
t t s e , Be r ha b n obs r
o he how r r y d ee
e ved s tng a e pe i i difc t br a hi
wea i nd x renc ng f i uly e t ng. A
r a ona e f c fnde c d conc ude t tw he A ppl Fi nsobs r d Be r he w a e bii
e s bl a t i r oul
l
ha
n
e- ggi
e ve
r y,
s xhi tng
t f l i si ofal
he olow ng gns
coholorher n wihdr
oi t awal s
: hakesort em or conf on,an i lt t
r
s,
usi
nabiiy o
wal w ihout as sance, vom ii
k
t
si t
tng, sw eatng, dif culy breat ng, l hargy, and sem i
i
fi t
hi
et
-

c c ous s
ons i nes .
A di put of f c e s s ove whet r Appl - gg ns lne t tBe r w a e re i a
s e
a t xi t
r
he
e Fi i c w ha r y s xpe i nc ng

m or s ve e s
e e r ympt ofaco wihdr wa,ga toi e tna ble ng,orwa ha ng difc t
om
l hol t a l sr nt si l e di
s vi
fi uly
r ti ng tui orme c tonsa nit r d o aly.Oneoft booki ofi e st tfe t ts
ea ni l ds
di a i
dmi se e r l
he
ng fc r esiid ha he
r po td t Appl Fi nst tBe r wasr ulry vo ii a e ti c f - r
e re o
e- ggi ha ry
eg a l m tng nd mitng ofee g ound l ng
ooki
vom i,but Appl - ggi t tfe t t t ofi e me ey as d f a de c i i of vo i
t
e Fi ns esii d ha he fc r r l ke or
s rpton
m t
co ani bl
nt i ng ood.
l lgh of t s cic sa i e d e a t a r nt obvi ne s of t rs t
n i t
hi r um t ntal vi enc nd he ppa e
ous s
he ik o
i vi l wihoutm e ca tai ng s h as t ofi r a t c t e,a f c fnde coul
ndi dua s t
di l r ni uc
he fce s t he ourhous
a ti r
d
c ude t tAppl - ggi acua l dr w t i e e e t tBe r f e a s t talrs of
oncl
ha
e Fi ns t ly e he nf r nc ha ry ac d ubsan i ik
s rous ha
ei
nn. Se Fa m e ,511 U. a 8
e r r
S. t 42. Ad tona l as wih Pit,Appl Fi gi kne
dii ly,
t ts
e- g ns w
Be r wa wihdr wi fom he oi a t thi wihdr wa s
ry s t a ng r
r n nd ha s t a l ympt swe ewor e ng.
om
r
s ni

Un e te s c n p o g t c u tc n ld st a h s mmay j g n rc r as
d r h e o d r n , he o r o cu e h tte u r ud me t e o d lo
c nan e o g e i n et alw ar a o a l j l t c n ld t a Ap e Fg i sdse ad d
o tis n u h vde c o lo e s n be u' o o cu e h t pl- ig n irg r e
y
t known s t tal rs t Bery. W he e nur e or ot r m e c l saf ha c aced
he
ubsan i iks o
r
r
ss
he
di a t f ve ont t
physcins a f l d t physca ' i tu tons ou t ha bee r tee t hol t
i a nd olowe he
i ins nsr c i ,c rs ve
n e i nt o d he
m e ca saf la e. Com pa ePa a v. u
di l t f ibl
r dul Tr mbul Ct , 4: 0CV2876,201 W L 3 231,a
l y.No. 1
2
260
t

* - ( D. i Au 8 2 2 ( rn igs mmayj d me tt me ia a ssa t wh f lwe
7 9 N. Oho g. , 01 ) g a tn u r u g n o d c l s itn s o ol d
o
doco ' or r) wih Redv.Ro nsi ,No.3: CV- 26RM ,20 W L 952007,a * ( D.
trs des, t i
ve tne
05- 1
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t 4 N.

l d Ma .2 ,2 0 )( e yn s mmayj d me tt anu s wh dd n trf ra imae f r
n . r 6 0 7 d n ig u r u g n o re o i o e e n n t o
me c lte t nta appe rd t ha dir r d t docors or r) Howe r whe a
dia rame nd
ae o ve segade he t ' des.
ve, n
nurs f l t seek f her m edi atenton f an i at w ho w as def i on hi sel and
e aied o
urt
cal t i or nm e
ecatng
m f

a aed c usd,a c tf
ppe r onf e
our ound fc is s prcl ng s
a t sue e udi ummay j
r udgmenton a delbeat
ire

24

i ifrnc cam. F ek rv.Oua a e Ct. 3 4 F.d 51 ,51 - 4 ( t Ci. 05 . l ti
ndfee e li o le
tg mi y, 9 3 0 2 1 7h r 20 ) n h s
ca e Appl Fi ns ne r s
s,
e- ggi
ve oughtt a ee of a p i i n des t r ogni ng t t Be r was
he dvi
hysc a
pie ec zi ha r y

unde g ng wihdr
r oi
t awaland t thi s
ha s ympt swe e pr r s i t i ude pe sse vomii
om
r og e sng o ncl
r itnt
tng
a def ca i w e
nd e tng, akne s a di zi s .
s , nd z ne s

De e nt a gue t tc a tng aphysca wasunne s ar be us a loft M e c
f nda s r
ha ont c i
i in
ce s y ca e l he dial
Def nda s a Appl Fi ns i pa tculr pr ded a quat te t ntby c c ng Be r s
e nt , nd
e- ggi n ri a , ovi
de e r a me
he ki
ry'
via sg ,ad i se i m e cai t te thi s mpt ,a pr vi ng hi wih Gaor de.
t l i ns m nit rng di ton o r a s y oms nd o di
m t t a
How e r Appl - ggi di noti tga e t c us of Be r s f l i t s
ve ,
e Fi ns d
nves i t he a e
r y' a l n he hower t ale
, he l ged
r por of c f - ot d l ng vom i, or w he he Be r w a i pr ng i r s
e t
ofee gr m ooki
t
t r ry
s m ovi n e pons t
e o

m e c ton a fui he ha be r c i ng. The pli if ha t r or pr e e e de e
di ai nd l ds
d en e e vi
antf s he ef e es nt d vi nc
upo whih a r as
n
c
e onabl f c fnde c d co ude t tAppl- ggi di no te tBery bas
e at
r oul ncl ha
e Fi ns d t r a
r
ed
on a i or d m e c o ni
n nf me
dial pi on. Se l aes of Aleg ny Ct J i, 61 F. a 762;
e nm t
l he
y. a l 2 2d t
Coli non, l F. a 98 Addiinal smpl be us t M edialDe e nt pr de
lc
63 3d t 9.
to ly, i y ca e he
c
f nda s ovi d

Ber i t s te t tco itntwiht Lalspolcis,i doe notf l t tt y ha
ry ' h ome ramen nsse t he ii' i e l t s olow ha he ve
wi

n c sa i p o ie ( i wi c n ttto al a e u t te t n . De' o t v. o ns n 7
e e s rl r vd d hmj t o si in ly d q ae rame t' l na J h o , 08
y
h
u
' w
5 5 ( h Ci.201 . çA ttld prvai ofcae i nota nec s r c ton f
20, 26 4t r 3) i oa e i ton
r s
esay ondii or
fndi a c tt i l vi a i n' Gr s y i om pe e or i de t c r c a s co tt e
i ng onsiutona ol to . os l nc
t nt na qua e a e an l o ns iut

dei rt i fernc .... I (leai a i ena quotton maks omitd) On t s
lbeae ndif e e
' d. atrtons nd ntr l ai
'
r
te .
hi

rc r t e c u tfn s ta a ra o a l j r r c u d c n lde t a Ap eFigns p o ie
e o d, h o r id h t e s n b e u o o l o cu h t pl- g i r vd d
g os l i om pe e ca e i f ii t m or t o hl a s s Be r s c ton orc m uni t
r s y nc
t nt r n a lng o
e hor ug y s e s r y' ondii
om
ca e

wih aphysc a a hi s pt spe sse a wore d f at r day.
t
ii n s s ym om
r itd nd
s ne or hid
C . N ursi A ssi antBucl
ng
st
tnerlones

Alhough acos cal t cour fndss tce e de t pr cud s
t
l e l, he t i ufi int vi nce o e l e ummayj
r udgme
nt

on t Fouree h Am e
he
t nt
ndme cli a i tBuc ne - o s Appl Fi nst d Buc rlo
nt am ga ns
k rl ne .
e- ggi ol
kne - nes
t tBe r w a s f rng f om he oi w ihdr w a ,a Buc r l
ha r y s uf e i r
r n t a l nd
kne - onesw a a a e t the had be n
s w r ha
e

vom ii f a pr onge pe i ha bec
tng or ol d rod, d ome unr s i a a
e ponsve, nd ppea e t e e i o a ftor
r d o nt r nt i
s s t i c t as i e.A r s
pa ms hat ndi aed ezur
ea onabl f ti rcou d c udet Buc rl
e acfnde
l oncl hat kne - onesdr w
e
t i e e e t Be r ha a s rous m e ca ne bec us s s
he nf r nc hat r y d e i
di l ed
a e he ought t s nd Be r t t
o e
r y o he

hos t l Thers mi hta s ha be ome o o a t ttm e Se Fa mer 511U. a 8
pia .
ik g lo ve c
bvius t ha i . e r ,
S. t 42.
H ow e r Buc r l s di not c l a phys c a o 911 i m edi t l a t r l a ni of
ve ,
kne - one d
al
ii n r
m
a e y f e e r ng
Be r s s m s a w e knes . A s veil nc vi o s s he s a ng ne r Be r s c l f
r y' pas
nd a
s
ur la e de how
r t ndi
a
r y' e l or

abo t m i es bef e s l f t s k die i on ho t s nd Be r t t hos t l
ut wo nut
or he e t o ee r cton
w o e
ry o he
pia .
Evi nc t ta medialpr es i
de e ha
c
of sonalf ie t r por t a doc o whe t ne f team e
al d o e t o
tr
n he ed or r t nt
be me obvi , Pad a 201 W L 3260 1 a *9- 0,or t t t pr es i
ca
ous
ul, 2
23 , t 1
ha he of sonal i e i ly
ntntona l
de a d t a nita i ofme c lca e t a i t m a a ou t delbe a e i fe e ,
l ye he dmi sr ton
dia r o n nma e y m nt o i r t ndif r nce

s e Esel v.Ga e 429 U. 97, 1 4- ( 97 . Thus a ra onabl f ti r co d
e tle
mbl,
S.
0 05 1 6)
, es
e acfnde ul
de e m i t Buc r l s di r a de a s t nta r s ofs rous ha m ori ed a s rous
t r ne hat kne - one s eg r d ubs a i l i k
ei
r
gnor
ei

ne d f addii lm e c te t e t
e or
tona dial r am n .
I M uni palLi lt
1.
ci
abiiy

A panifma d rcl s ealc lg v r i gb d ,l eteAuh rt , n e j1 8 fr
lit
f y ie ty u o a o en n o y i h t o iy u d r 9 3 o
k

mo eay d caao y o ij n tv r l f M o el . p' o S c S r . fN. , 3 U. 6 8
n tr , e lrt r , r nu cie ei . n l v De t f o . evs o Y.4 6 S. 5 ,
e
690 ( 978) I t sca e t pli ifi s ng t Auho iy a Ayl unde t t re of
1 . n hi s , he antf s ui he t rt nd or
r wo heo is
muni pa la lt ( ) a polc or c t of dei rt i fee e and ( a fiu e t
ci l ibiiy: 1
iy
usom
lbeae ndifrnc ,
2) alr o
ade ua el tai e pl es
q t y r n m oye .
A . Polcy or Cust of Delberat lndif
i
om
i
e
f erence

To e t i h m uni pa la lt ba e on a polc o c t m ofdelbe a e i f e e ,a
s abls
ci l i biiy s d
i y r us o
i r t ndif r nce

26

pl i ifmus s
antf
t how t exit nc ofa ofii lpolc orc t t ti f il ali t bl t t
he se e
n fc a i y
usom ha s ary trbu a e o he
m u c pa e iy a t tpr m a e y ca e t unde l ng co tt i lvi a i
ni i l ntt nd ha oxi t l us d he
ryi
nsiutona ol ton. J da e
or n x

r .J da v.J c on,1 F.d 33 338( hCi.1 .
el or n a ks 5 3 3, 4t r 994)
A pli ifm a e t bls a ofi i polc t ti f ry ati abl t am uni pa e iy
antf y sa ih n fcal iy ha s ail trbut e o
ci l ntt
by i ntf ng c r a n a fr a i de s ons orom i sonson t pa tofa polc a . Ca t r v.
de iyi e t i f im tve ci i
si
he r
i ym ker
re

M ori, 1 F.d 21 21 ( h Ci.1 . Unde s h cic t es t polc ke '
rs 64 3 5, 8 4t r 999)
r uc rumsanc , he iyma rs
de sonsoromisonst ta
cii
s i ha mountt dei r t i fe e eS a r nde la ebot t ofii l
o lbe ae ndif r nc i y e r ibl h he fc a,
m
i hi i vi lc pa iy,a t muni pa e iy. Newbr
n s ndi dua a ct nd he
ci l ntt '
'
ouah v.Pi dmontReg' J lAut ,
e
l ai
h.

822 F.Supp.2d 558 585 ( D.Va 201l, A polc
,
E.
.
)
iymake r e st a i vi lwih t
r efr o n ndi dua t he
t ut rt t s t a i e t ge r l goal a pr a s of muni i l gove nm e , a
ç ho iy o e nd mpl men ne a
a
s nd ogr m
cpa
r nt s
o
ppos t di c e i na y a ho iy i pur l ope a i
ed o s r to r ut r t n
ey
r tonal as c s of gove nm ent' Spel v.
pe t
r
.
'
l

M c nil 8 F. 1 138 ( h Ci.1 ) i mos ciia fcori no t pr tca
Da e, 24 2d 380, 6 4t r 987 . '
The t rtc l a t s t he aci l
tnaiyofa ofii ' icsa e cs'butt i k iy'naur ' #.(uoi Pe urv.Ciy
s lt
n fcals a t nd dit,
her polc t e.
'J q tng mba
t

ofCicn ai47 U. 4 9 4 0(98 ).
n in t, 5 S. 6 , 8 1 6 )
Ho v r iiti no e o g t ie tf ap lc o c so o deie ae i dfee c ;
we e , i l s t n u h o d n iy o iy r u t m f l rt n ifrn e
l
b
Pl ntf m us al o a l ge t tt polcy or c t pr m a e y c e t i t ntc tt i na
ai i f
t s le ha he i
us om oxi t l aus d he ns a ons iuto l

ij r . Ne r u h 8 2F.S p .2 a 5 4 ep lc o c so mu tb th mo ig fr e
n u y' wb o g , 2
'
u p d t 8 .Th oiy r u t m s e d e vn o c
t
of t c tt i l vi a i s cii aly c ge ' M ilg n v.Civ of N e por N e s 743
he ons iutona ol ton pe tc l har d.' li a
t
w t w ,

F. 227,230 ( h Ci.1
2d
4t r 984)(ntl lq ain maks omitd) Thi rltons p ma be
i ema uotto r
te . s eai hi y
s ts i d by e de e of d l ca a na ur l c
aife
vi nc
i ogi l nd t a onne ton be w e n a polc or c t of
a
ci
t e
iy
usom
defc e t m e ca ca e a a i t nce of i de t m e c c e ' Ne ouch,8 F.Supp.
iin
di l r nd n ns a
na qua e di al ar .' wbr
22
2d.at585.

l t s ca e,t pl i if has f e s e de e of a ofk i polc t dir ga d t
n hi s he antf
or ca t vi nc
n t al iy o s e r he

27

CVRJ' wrte me c l pr ocol a t c
S it n di a ot s nd o ondone i onna pr c ies of de ng ad uae
nf
l a tc
nyi
eq t
m e c l c r Pl i i f a l ge t t t s polc r ule f om A yl ' a i as a polcy a r
di a a e. a ntf le s ha hi
i y es t d r
or s ctons
i m ke .
Pl i if s e de e ofA yl ' polc a ng a ho iy i l
a ntf ' vi nc
or s i ym ki ut r t nc udest tAyl r s r e a t hi t
ha
o e v d s he ghes -

r nki ofi r a t CVRJ a wa t peron who u tmat y r ceve a addr s ed
a ng fce t he
nd s he s
li el e i d nd
es
co pl i s a
m ant boutt CVRJ' m e c saf fom t EM TS M a son a Le s Fr t e
he
S dial t f r
wO
, r t nd wi. om hes

fcs ara o a l j r c udc n ld t t lrh dt ea t rt t drc teg asO CVRJS
a t, e s n be u y o l o cu e ha Ayo a h uho i o ie th o l f
y
'
me c lde rm e . De e nt ha nots tf t e de e t t Ay or lc polcy a ng
di a pa t nt
f nda s ve
e orh vi nc ha
l a ked i m ki
aut iy.
hort

As um i Ayl he d s h a ho iy,t pli ifha i ntfe e de t s
s ng
or l uc ut rt he antf s de iid vi nce o uppor he
t r
cli t tAyl ' i c i c e t a ofii lpolc of dei r t i fe e t twa f il
am ha
ors na ton r aed n fc a
iy
lbe a e ndif r nce ha s a ry
a ti a e t t Aut iy. M a son a Le s c
trbut bl o he hort
r t nd wi ' ompl nt a
ai s boutt te t ntofi t s a
he r a me
nma e t
t CVRJwer m a kno t Ayl r a a r a ona e f c fnde co d fnd t tAyl f l t
he
e de wn o o , nd e s bl a ti r ul i ha
or aied o
r ut M a son a Le s al gai ort a ton t r m e t pr e st y i ntfe
ef e r t nd wi' le tons ake c i o e dy he obl m he de iid.
Fi l i a
naly, t ppea s t t cour a t stme t tt pli ifm a be a e t e t bls at
r o he
t t hi i ha he antf y
bl o sa ih
ti la l ca a naur c
ra ogi l nd t al onne ton bet e M a son a Le s'sa e e s and t alege
ci
we n r t nd wi tt m nt
he l d
vi ai ofBe r sc tt i lrg s M a son a Le sat t d t CVRJ Sm e c lsaf:
olton
ry' onsiutona iht . rt nd wi tese hat
' di a t f

dirgaded t wrte CVRJ polcesf pr di media c r t i t ;( di not
se r he itn
ii or ovi ng
c l ae o mnaes 2) d
f l w i pr c i a pr ed es f te tng i a e und goi dnz or a c
olo n a tce ny oc ur or r a i nm t s er ng
g
l oholw ihdr w a ;
t a l

( a de sndi imae t t hos tlbe aus oft cos ofs h ti ;a ( de i t
3) voi d e ng n ts o he pia c e he t uc rps nd 4) clned o

p o d ad t i mae f rij re o ile s sie tte a p e xsi c n iin . I Be r '
r vie i o n ts o n u is r l se d n i d s re it o dto s n ry s
n
s
ng
ca e t pl ntf ha f ec s e de e t tt M edi alDef nda s di notf l t CVRJ S
s , he ai if s or a t vi nc ha he
c
e nt d
olow he
'
wr ten polei for teatng i at undergoi drug or al
it
i es
r i nm es
ng
coholw ihdra alorcons der s ng
t w
i
endi
Ber y t t hos t untlBer y' deat becam e i m i . A ccor ngl t courtfnds t a
r o he pial i
r s
h
m nent
di y, he
i
hat

r a o a l j r c ud fn t a Ber s d ah fo i d q aey te td d u a d ac h l
e s n b c u y o l id h t ry' e t r m na e u tl r ae r g n lo o
w ihdr w a w a a Sna ur and f es ea e c e nc ' of A yl ' i ton i r s
t a l s k t al
or e bl ons que e'
or s nac i n e pons t
e o

c
ompli sofdefcen m e c c e a t CVRJ.Ne ough,822 F.Supp. a 587.
ant
ii t dial ar t he
wbr
2d t
Def nda s do nOt c es t sae e s of M a son o Le s but r t as e tt t
e nt
ont t he t tm nt
r t r wi,
aher s r ha
Ayl coul no havecr a e apolc o cuso wih r s c t i aes me c ca e ba e on
or
d t
e td
iy r t m t e pe t o nm t ' dial r s d
media cossbe us heha no c r ove t Au hort s e ndiur s f ri aes me c l
c l t ca e
d
ontol r he t iy' xpe t e o nm t ' di a
c r Defnda sr y on t Auho iy' budge i ag e me wih t fve l altest tho e
a e. e nt el
he t rt s
tng r e nt t he i oc ii ha us
i t att CVRJ Thi a gume pr
nma es he
. s r
nt ovesunavalng whe et pli ifha elc td e de e
ii
r he antf s iie vi nc
t tA yl kne t thi m e ca saf ha a di f r i pr s i n oft c t as oc a e w ih c r
ha
or w ha s di l t f d f e ent m e s o
he os s s i t d t a e

a h d cie t c re tt a i rsi n Th ,te s mmay j d me t rc r d e n t
nd e e l d o o rc h t mp e so . us h u r u g n e o d o s o
n
elm i t a lgen ne diputs of m ae i l f c o i c t t tt de e
i na e l
ui
s e
tra a t r ndia e ha he f ndan s a e e il t
t r ntted o

s mma y j d me ta a matro lw u d rte te r o a p lc o c so o d lb rt
u r ug n s
te f a n e h h o y f o iy r u t m f eieae
i fe e
ndif r nce.
B. Polcy ofFaiure t Trai
i
l
o
n

A munii le iy ma 'bela eunde j1 f i quaetani ofise oye s
cpa ntt y i ibl
r 983 or nade t r i ng t mpl e
. . .

onl w he e t f iu e t t a n a ount t d i r t i f e e
y
r he a l r o r i m
s o elbe a e ndif r nce ....' Civ of Ca on v.
' t
nt

Ha rs 489U. 3 388( 989 .Unde s heie tnee ,hefiur t tane nc sapole
ri,
S. 78,
1 )
r uc rumsa s t al e o r i vi e
iy
orc t ofdei rt i fee acina eunderj 1
usom
lbeae ndifrnce to bl
983.1 a 38 Munii la lt c n
d. t 9.
cpal ibiiy a
be esa ihe i a s r s y powe ha r eeve notc ofa pat r ofde i r t i fe e e,
t bls d f upe vior
r s e i d ie
te n
lbe a e ndif r nc
buthasc e nott x pond wih ade uae tani Br
hos n
o es
t
q t r i ng. own v.M ic l,308 F.Supp.2d 68
t hel
2,

703 ( D.Va.2004) A pl ntf may as s kha i lg oft d i a sgne t s ii
E.
.
ai if
lo how k t n iht he utes s i d o pecfc
t
ofi orem pl
fcers
oyeest need f m or ordif
he
or e
f erenttai ng i s obvi and t i
r ni s o
ous,
he nadequacy so
lkel t res t i t vi aton of cons iutonalrght t t polcym akers ...can r onabl
i y o ul n he ol i
tt i
i s, hat he i
eas
y

29

be s i t ha be dei r t l i fe e t t nee ' Ciy of Ca on,489 U . a 390.
a d o ve en lbe a ey ndif r nt o he d.' t
nt
S. t
ç or over f la lt t atac i t scr m smz e t i ntte defc e y i a ...ta ni
t e , or ibiiy o t h n hi icu t c he de ii d ii nc n
M
r i ng

p o rm mu t eco eyr ltdt teulmaeij r . l . t3 .
rga
s b ls l eae o h t t nu y' d a 91
i
'
I t i c s ,t c t tc n l d sta ara o bej l c ud fn te Auh rt l be
n hs a e he ot o cu e h t e s na l u' o l id h to i i l
r
y
y a
unde a t or off iur t tan. As s tf t above t pl ntf haspr
r he y
al e o ri
e orh
, he ai if
oduce e de e upon
d vi nc

whc a ra o a l j l c u d fn ta Ayo a td a a s p r io y p we a t e CVRJ a d
ih e s n be u' o l id h t lr ce s u e vs r o r t h
y
n
r ceved notc of a pate n i c tng dei er t i fe e e. Ne t r M a son nor Le s
e i
ie
tr ndia i
lb ae ndif r nc
ihe
rt
wi
as e t t tAyl r s
s red ha
or e ponde t t i com pl n sby s
d o he r
ai t
ugge tng t a ni a t de e nt have
s i r i ngs nd he f nda s
notco e d ot r i e. Be us t M e c l De e nt c r l d t da t day p o s on
nt nde he w s
ca e he di a f nda s ontole he y-or vi i

o me ia c r t i mae , r a o a l j r ma fn ta ten e fra dto a tann wa
f d c l ae o n ts a e s n be u y y i d h t h e d o d iin l riig s
o iu a d tel eio dt a tefiu et s n asro l ij r dimaet t eh s ia o t
bvo s n h i l o h t h alr o e d eiusy nu e n t o h o ptl r o
k h
pr de ot rte t e coul r s ti a c tt tona vi a i washi See Ciy ofCa on,
ovi he r am nt
d e ul n onsiu i l olton
gh.
t
nt

4 9U. a 3 0 Thepanifh stee o ep oe td e ie c o acos r lto s p b t e
8 S. t 9 .
litf a h rf r rj ce vd n e f l e eain hi ewe n
evi nc of a f iur t t a n a t CVRJ a t m e c c e t t Be r r c ve Thus
de e
a l e o r i t he
nd he di al ar ha
r y e ei d.
,

s
ummayj gme i nota opraeunde t fiur t tant or
r ud nt s ppr it
r he al e-o-ri he y.
111. Supervi
sory L i lt
abiiy

I a ton t s ki la lt agans Ayl r as t Aut rt s polcy a r pli if
n ddii o ee ng i biiy i t o
he
ho iy'
i m ke , a ntfs

ase tt Ayl i la eunde jl i hi i vi lc pa iy a a s r ior A s r s
s r hat or s ibl
r 983 n s ndi dua a ct s upe vs . upevior

ma b l b e fr i o si to a ij re ititd b (il s od n ts' i c ran
y e i l o ' n tt in l nu is nlce y h s ub r i ae ' n eti
a
c u
crtmsa s Slka v.Pore,737F. 368 37 ( h Ci.1 .tg ontnue i toni t
icl tnce . a n
tr
2d , 2 4t r 984) icj i d naci n he
fc ofwi s e d a es...pr de a i pe n ba i f tndi t t( s r io)wa
ae
depr a bus
ovi s n nde nde t ss or i ng ha a upe vs r s
de i r t l i f e e or a ui s e i t c ns iutona l of e i c
lbe a e y ndi f r nt
cq e c d n he o tt i ly f ns ve onduc of hi
t
s

s di ts' l a 373.A pli ifesa ihe s r ior la lt by s ng:i( )t tt
ubor nae . d. t
'
antf tbls s upe vs y ibiiy howi k1 ha he

30

s r s ha acualo consr tve knowldge t t hi s di t was e age i c
upe vior d t
r
tuci
e
ha s ubor na e
ng d n onduc
t

t tpos apevasvea un e s bl rs ofc tt i lij yt cii nsIket pli if
ha ed r i nd r a ona e ik onsiutona nur o tze i he antf;
()t tt s peviorsrs ewa s i de east s dei rt i fee et o t i
2 ha he u r s ' e pons s o na quat o how lbeae ndifrnc o r act
aut i tonoft algedofe i prcies a ( t t r wasa afr i c a lnk
horzai
he le
fnsve a tc ; nd 3) hathee
n fimatve aus l i

b t e t e spev s rs ia t n a d t e p riu a c n ttto a ij r s fee b t e
ewe n h u r io ' n ci n h a t lr o si in l nu y u fr d y h
o
c
u
pli if' Sha v.Shr 1 F. 79l 799( hCi.1 (ntl quotto makso te .
antf. w
'
oud, 3 3d , 4t r 994) i emal ain r mitd)
He e,t co t frt fnds t t t pl ntf has i ntfe s fcint evi nc a t
r he ur is i
ha he ai if
de iid ufi e
de e t he

sl r j d me tsa eo Ayo ' k o e g t a h ss b r iae weee a ig i c n u t
t
mma y u g n tg f lrs n wld e h t i u o dn ts r ng gn n o d c
posng a per a i and unr as bl rs of c tt i lvi a i t de anee lke Be r
i
v sve
e ona e ik
onsiutona oltons o t i s i
ry.
M a son a Le s a re t tAyl r c ve c m pl nt a
rt nd wi ve r d ha
or e ei d o ai s boutde i e medialc r a t
fcint
c a e t he
CV RJ i l ng co pl nt t tt m e ca s a ff ie t f l CV RJ S wr te polc e ort
, nc udi
m ai s ha he di l t f a l d o olow
' it n i i s o

s i aest t hos t whe a oprae. Se ond,ast whe he Ayl t il a horz a
end nm t o he pial n ppr it
c
o
t r or acty ut ied
pa t r of de i r t i f e e e, t pl i tf has s i d M a s on a Lewi ' s a e e t
te n
lbe a e ndi f r nc he a n if
upple
rt
nd
s ttm ns

i e rng t tAyl di notr pond t t rc
nf ri ha
or d
es
o hei ompl i sa
ant boutdefc e medi lc ea t CVRJ
ii nt
ca ar t he
,
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r
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l Qualfedl
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The i vi l def nda s i t s c e,Ayl r a t M e ca D ef nt ,c i t
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t r he nsiutona iht oltd
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s lal t ihe t he i
he ncd , d 3) vauae t r e onabl tca
w oul have unde s ood t t t co
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rt
ha he nduc a i s vi at t c ea l e t bls d rght'
t t s ue ol ed he l ry s a ihe i .'

He ronv.Si , F. 267,271( h Ci.2000 .
ndes
mms 223 3d
4t r
)
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n hi a e he ur s e og z d ha e ra t ne s ve e r y t bls d ue

pr e srg t medialat nton u rt Foure nt Ame e . Gor
oc s i ht o
c te i nde he
te h
ndm nt
don,971F. a 1
2d t 094.
Thc i vi lde e
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t he e or e k
iid mmuniy by a gui t tt y di no vi ae
t
r ng ha he d t olt
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nui iput s
of ma e i l f c r ga di whe he t M e ca De e n s or Ayl vi a e Be r s
t ra a t e r ng
t r he
di l f nda t
or olt d
ry'
c tt i
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i s he our ni s he r e
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t

l s , t c t fnds t t t r m ani de e nt a e not e ild t s
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j dg n o Co n I. Ac od n l,te c u twild n t e d fn a t'mo in f rs mmay
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nt
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qualfe as a e r on t a i a e sa r of c e i t wine s de o taes e r
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ar f he t s m nsr t xpe t
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clnia prcie i t dee ntss cily orar aedme c lfed. Va.Code Ann.j8. i c l a tc n he fnda ' pe at
elt
dia il
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c u e s be tt a e c p in n ta l a l h r,S nl a me ia d co i q ai e t gv
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i
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x e t e tmo y b u he a s f u n hy ia nu y.
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Co.689 S. 2d651 653( .201 )
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E.
, Va 0 .
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t

n g ie c ce ry le wihn tern eo tej r sc mmo k o e g a e pein e' Va
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0150..
e
r
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a iso yi iaecr tnc . Be ryEntr .va v. c s 441S, 2d 1 3( 1 4)
pple nl n t r icumsa es' vel e s- . Nihol,
r
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E. , Va. 99
(i ng e r t tmony unnec sar r gadi whehe t dee nts e oye wee
fndi xpe t esi
e s y e r ng
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neglgenti l vi a ta of f wih a pa int who was una e t f d he s l a who
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pr vi l hadsrousc ngi de s.
e ousy
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D icussi
s
on

De e nt a g t tt pli iff ie t o an t r quie c riyi e r o ni
f nda s r ue ha he antf al d o bt i he e r d e tf ng xpe t pi on
be or s r i pr e son t d e nt. I pa tc a ,de e nt a g t tpl i iff ied t
f e e v ng oc s
he ef nda s n riul r f nda s r ue ha antf al o
s c e a doc o ' opi on on t a i a e s an r of ca e or on whe he t de e nt
e ur
t r s ni
he pplc bl t da d
r
t r he f nda s'
de a i f om t ts a r ofe r c us d Be r sdea h.
vi tons r ha t nda d
ae a e
r y'
t
The c t fr t obs r t t t def nda s di not r i e t s a g e i t i fr t
our i s
e ves ha he e nt d
a s hi r um nt n he r is
m oto t di m i s Count 1 1 l e t de e nt f ie t m ove t dim i s Count1 1 on t
in o s s
1 . nde ds he f nda s a l d o
o s s
I
he
bas s of t c r ii a i r qui e e untl t ee ye s a t r t pl i i f tl t orgi l
i
he e tf c ton e r m nt i hr
ar fe he a ntf ied he i na
com pl ntand afert pl ntf s it t addii
ai
t he ai if ubm ted wo
tonalexpertopi ons.
ni

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ha he e nt ve aedl aied hi s ue n
i o s s , he our
fndst t pl i ifco d ha r a ona y bei ve s s tsi d t c tfc ton r quie e
i hat he antf ul ve e s bl le d he a ite he erii a i e r m nt
t ough t o r por s s had obt i d by t tm e of s r c D ' nge o' r pol ad es e t
hr
w e t he
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t

a i bl sa d ofc r a Dr Poshumus a o y r po tpr de an opi on o ca e of
pplca e t ndar
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' ut ps e r ovi d
ni n us
de t The de e nt c t no c s l w r quii a doc or t o ne on t s a r of c r
a h.
f nda s ie
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t o pi
he t nda d
ae

a ia e t nur i de e nt . Addii ly,D '
pplc bl o sng f nda s
tona l
Angeo o ne t tt de e n s de a i
l pi d ha he f nda t ' viton
fo t a iabl sa r ofc r i pa tc a t rf iur t s nd Be r t t hos t li
r m he pplc e t nda d
a e, n riul r hei a l e o e
r y o he pia n
tm e ca ed Be r s de t Dr Pos h us r por a s s tsi d t r quie entt t a doc o
i , us
r y' a h. . t um ' e t l o a i te he e r m
ha
tr

o n o t c u eo h ma ij r i t sc s .T ec u ti dsta t e et rp rsc ae c
pie n he a s f u n n u y n hi a e h o r tn h t h s wo e o t o ls e
t s ts y t c r iyi e r r qui e e . To t e e t pl i if no r le on t s or
o a i f he e tf ng xpe t e r m nt
he xt nt he a ntf w e i s
he e

ot r e rs t pr he c am f r wr ulde t t c twilen e ti s pa a e motons
he xpe t o ove r l i o ongf
ah, he our l t ran e r t
i
r a di t s t c enc oft e pe t o ni .
eg r ng he ufi i y he x rs' pi ons
Conc us on
l i

For t f e ng r s ,t c r wil de t def nda s moton f s
he or goi ea ons he ou t l ny he e nt ' i or umm a y
r

j d me t st Co n 1 a dted fn a t' to t ds s Co n 11
u g n a o u t 1 n h ee d n s moin o imis u t 1.
The Cl k i die t d t s nd ce tfe c es of t s m e a um o ni a t
er s r c e o e
rii d opi
hi
mor nd
pi on nd he
a co pa ng o de t al c
c m nyi r r o l ouns lofr or
e
ec d.

DATED: i f d y ofOct r 2017.
Ths q# a
obe ,
rc
r

*

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t d a es s rc udg