Thornhill v. Aylor et al

Filing 69

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 2/19/16. (hnw)

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SHERRY LYNN THORNHI
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or r e f nd
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Es a e ofhe s n,Sha n Chr s o rBe r
tt
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Pl i if
a ntf ,

Ci lA c i n N o. 1 CV- 24
vi to
3: 5- 000

M EM O M N D UM O PI I N
N O

By:
Hon.Gln E.Corr d
e
la
Chi fUnied Stt Diti tJ
e
t
aes src udge
F.
GLENN AYLOR,e a .
t l,
Def
endant
s.

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)
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ry s e v d r m h el lc n a e n i ge el n he o l g r a f he al
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led ts ol r ha r y
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p, nd s d f he houl l
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Supe i e ntF. e Ayl wr t a e i t Dr W iln W is i whi hhesa e t t
rnt nde
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Theco pl n a l est t a t tm eofBe sde t CVRJhadwrte po ii sa
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a h y t m f lo o wih rwa i a u e n sine e eiy c r .d. t 3 l h
i t ha as or ofl s t n 20, hepr ce e i tu t d CVRJsa ft m o t t
nma e d c e e s ha
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wihdrwa,CVRJpr dursi l dobt ni ad ghit y,doi aC tr c k'a
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a re t bei asaeofe r nc 'I a !38. r l ague ,ha dee nsdi not
ppea gdj o n tt mege y.'d. t
Thonhil r st t fnda t d
f l CVRJ' i e na pr t ol f alohola he oi wihdr wa whe t y te t Be r
olow
S nt r l o oc s or c
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n ih f h o e on , r h lal s h t ee d n s ald o: 1 e o nz ry s
e

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mmie t i l o f t rwa, 2 d n iy h ik f ry' mpard walwi u o
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i r
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ympt
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r c nz ie fcieb e ti p te , 7 rc g iea dte tsveewi rwa s mp o , 8
e og ie n fe tv r ahng atm () e o nz n r a e r t a l y tms ()
hd
a j s ters f rb e d n , n ( )te thes mp o o g sr it si l le i .
s e s h ik o le i g a d 9 ra t y t ms f a ton e t b e dng
na
I.
I

O t r I at s Expe i nc a C VR J
he nm e'
re e t
I a ton t t c r lm s a ess
n ddii o he ic l t nc unot di Be sdea h,t c pl i de c i s a
m ng ny'
t he om a nt s rbe

ç atl a dp a t eo d lb rt idifrnc t i mae ' d c l e s' tCVRJ J-a j7 .
i te' n r ci f eieae n fee e o n ts me ia ne d 'a
p n
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p
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Vi t raJ nki wasa i t a CVRJi Oc obe of201 Att tm eofhe de e i n,
c o i e ns
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n t r
4. he i
r t nto
J nki t s ve alme c tonst te the m e a il s es Howe r CVRJsa fr fze t
e ns ook e r
di a i o r a r ntl lne s .
ve ,
t f e ts d o
gi J nk nshe m e ca i a Bucc r l
ve e i
r di ton nd
lne - onest d J nki t ts S te ge us d t i'
ol e ns ha he ç t r t e o t'
be

b c u es wa S tg tigt me iain ge)d co p e cie . I . t!8 W he J n is
e a s he s ç etn he d c to h r o t r r s rb d' d a 3. n e kn '
no
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sse cal d CVRJ s s ket Buc rl ne a Pit who s d t tt y S dn' ha tm et
itr le
, he po o
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ai ha he G
ha t d i o

g tgh me iain t geli s y t'I a !8 He sse as c na tdJ n is d co , o
e t e dc to l o l r n ) e. d. t 6. r itr lo o tce e kn ' o tr wh
k
'
i tuce CVRJsa ft a i se J nki 'm e c i whih t y f l t do. e ns m e a
nsr td
t f o dm nitr e ns diaton, c he aied o J nki ' nt l
he t de e i a e t t poi whe es ha t behos tlze a W e tr St t Hos t .Afe
alh t ror t d o he nt r he d o
pia i d t se n ae pial tr
s wa dic r d fom t hos t lon De e be 3,201 J nki bega r c vi he
he s s ha ge r he pia
cm r
4, e ns
n e ei ng r
m e c ton,a he m e a co to s a lz d.
di a i nd r nt l ndii n t bii e
b. I at ,
nm e 4

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n e u ains ( ) e ti fi tve e iins f o iy kn fiil, r 3 e ti
omisonsont pa tofpolc ki o fc ast tmn f s de i r t i fe e et t rg s
si
he r
i yma ng fi i l ha nie t lbe ae ndif r nc o he i ht

ofctze .Ca trv.M oni,1 F. 21 21 ( h Ci.1 ig uti o f ma
ii ns re
s 64 3d 5, 8 4t r 999) coq sde f or l
de i i a ng c nne s a m uni i lc t m a a i e i apr c i i s pe s s e a
c s onm ki hn l ,
c pa us om y rs f a tce s o r i t nt nd

Alho h Thomhila r t al bot s r ior la lt a munii la lt a i tAyl ,
t ug
l ppea s o lege h upe vs y ibiiy nd
cpal ibiiy gans or
dif r lgal i i l gove nea h t or ofIa lt Dowdv v.Pa unke Rea' J lAut ,No. 1 cvfeent e prncpas
r c he y ibiiy.
m
v
l ai h.
3:4- 003,

2 4WL20 2 2 , t* ( D. . y 1 , 4. eeoe tec u t la rs Aylrsspevs r l blyi
01
0 2 7 a 8 E. Va Ma 5 201 )Th rfr,h o r wil ddes o ' u rioy i ii n
a t
t ne s to
he xt ecin.

wi s ea a s pe
de pr d nd o nnane a we ls tld ast c tt ea c t o us ge wih t f r eof
nt nd l ete
o onsiut usom r a
t he o c

lw. 1 .itr a q oainmak o te ) Th rlil o sn talg ta a y fr lwrte
a ' d ( en l u tto r s mitd . o r ld e o le e h t n oma, itn
' n
h
polc c us d Be r sc tt i lvi a i .I t d,s a guest tbot t Aut rt a
iy a e ry' onsiutona oltons nsea he r
ha h he ho iy nd

Ayl G ef e t e or c m pla e wih CVRJ Swrte polcesg m i i aem e ca
or d us d o nf ce o i nc t
r
' itn i i ove ng nm t di l
c r 'a i r a e orc
a e' nd t e t d ondoned we lknown i or a poloesdesg d t de a quaemedial
c
lnf m l i i
i ne o ny de t
c

c r g 'Am. mp . 1 6.
ae .' Co l! 4
q
The c tfndst tt c
our i ha he ompl i c ai s fcintf cualalegai t s
ant ont ns ufi e a t
l tons o uppor t
t he
c am t tt r wa a ofi ilpolc ofdei r t i f e e e a CVRJ s ii a l ba e on
l i ha he e s n fca iy
lbe a e ndif r nc t
, pecfc ly s d

Ayo ' ia to sa isp lc ma r çljl rt id fe e c o a(oiy ke ' yr n e
lrs n cin s t oiy ke. t q ei ae n if rn e f p lc ma r ma e d r
gl be
la ebo ht o tcal i hi i vi c pact a t m uni pa e iy.' wbr
ibl t he fi i , n s ndi dual a iy, nd he
ci l ntt 'Ne ough v.

Pid n Re 'J i Au h, 2 F. u p. d5 8 5 5( D. . 0 1.n o d rt atiu ea
e mo t gl al t .8 2 S p 2 5 , 8 E. Va 2 1 ) I r e o trb t n
of a ' aci nst t muni i iy, pli ifmus plusbl al get tt ofii lwa a
fcils to o he
cpalt a antf
t a i y le ha he fc a s

p lc ma rf r h p po e o j1 8 I o d rwo d ,hepanif s pe dfcsfo wh c
o iy ke o t e u s s f 9 3.n r e r s t litf mu t la a t r m ih
t c 'ca r as bl i e t tt ofi a ' (e c so a t may f il bes i t r pr s nt
he oul n e ona y nf r ha he fcils çdit r cs
t
ary
ad o e e e
o tc a polc 'M onel, U . a 69 t iym a ng a ho iy' me nsQa ho iy t s ta
fi i l i y.
'
l 436 S. t 4.l c ki ut rt ' a çut rt o e nd
pol
i pl m e ge r lgoa s a pr a s o m uni i lgove m e ,asoppos t di c e i r
m e nt ne a
l nd ogr m f
c pa
m nt
ed o s r tona y

aut iyi pu ey ope ato la pe t ofgov nme .' l v.M c nil 824 F. 1
hort n r l
r i na s c s
er nt'Spel
Da e ,
2d 380,1 6
38

(t Ci. 9 7 (iigPe a .v. t o Cicn ai4 5U. 4 9 48 - 4( 98 :. emo t
4 h r 1 8 ) ctn mb u Ciy f n in t, 7 S. 6 , 1 8 1 6 Th s
r
c ii a f t i notthepr ci alfnalt ofan ofi i ls( c sa e c s'butt i G iy'
rtc l acor s
s
t
a tc i iy
fc a ' a t nd dit ,
her polc

naur.'d.( i Pe ur 475U. a 48 .
t e'1 quotng mba ,
S. t 0)
I t sca e t co tfndst tt c pl i pl us bl alege t tAyl w a a
n hi s , he ur i ha he om a nt a i y l s ha
or s

polc a ra CVRJ a def nda t do notco e ot ie.The a nde c
iym ke t
, nd e n s
nt nd hem s
me d ompl i a s rs
ant s e t
t tAyl rhadt l tm aepo ra c r o rt m e ca c r a a tnton,i a
ha
o
he c i t we nd ontol ve he di l a e nd te i f ny,
ul

pr vi d t t i t sa CVRJ' ndt the t r t and f ciia e ac t e o dei r t
o de o he nma e t
'a ha
d eaed
c
a lt t d ulur f lbe ae

i dfee c t imae ' eiusme ia n e s.'Am. mp . !5 1 5.Th r hi '
n ifrn e o n ts s ro
dc l e d l ' Co l! , 4
l
on l s
l
c r c e i to o A yl ' a ho iy bor r on co us y a t ,ne d no be ac e e as
ha a t rza i n f or s ut r t
de s
ncl or nd, hus e t
c pt d

tu . eNe ruc 8 F. u p. da 5 6(i igta plitf sae apa i ecam t a
r e Se wb o h, 22 S p 2 t 8 fndn h t an if tt d lusbl li h t

t ej i' s peitn e t sispoiy ke b c u et es p rne d n o e sw tet r ain
h als u rne d n wa t lc ma r e a s h u eitn e t v ra h t e to
c
a di e n aino g ej i'qp lce , r c d rs a dc tmswihrg r t t ep o iin
n mplme tto f t als oiis p o e u e , n uso
h
t e ad o h r v so
ofme c c e).
dial ar' Howe r a t ssa i t lgai t c t nras bl i e t tas
ve, t hi tge n he i ton,he our ca e ona y nfr ha,
t hi s -a ng ofi ra CVRJ Ayl ' acsml e csc tt ed ofii lpolc I
he ghe tr nki
fce t
, ors t d di t onsiut
fc a iy. d.
Thec ta s bei st tAyl ' aleg i to c tt e de i r t i fe e
our l o leve ha
ors l ed naci ns onsiut d lbe a e ndif r nce
t t rg so de a ne s. rt t co pl ntal st tAyl prortz fna esove
o he iht f t i e Fis, he m ai lege ha
or i ii ed i nc
r
pr vi ng a uaem e ca ca et i t s Sec
o di deq t di l r o nma e . ond,Ayl t no aci n whe c t ctd by
or ook
to
n on a e
J l ns f miym e r r ga di herc ton.Thid, n t f
er ' a l mbe s e r ng
ki
ondii
r whe he onne EM T c r e
r
onfont d
Ayl r a tt i
o bou he nhum a tea m e tofi a es he sm pl s i t ts s d s a a w o d
ne r t n
nm t , i y a d ha he houl t y nd ul
s n a tlke t r s oft s a f Fo t A yl r d d note o ce c pla e w ih CVRJ' i e na
oo c i he e t he t f . urh, o i
nf r om i nc t
S nt r l
m i t polci s go m i i a e m e c c r .Fil CVR J Sm edi als a fr us d t tea
ten i e ve ng nm t di al a e fh,
'
c t f ef e o r t
i a eswho di notpe s ly r ques m e ca a s sa e, c di t c r a n i or alpolc e
nm t
d
r ona l e
t di l s i t nc ac or ng o e t i nf m
i is

t twe ea lgedl c e t by Ayl . naly,Ayl bl d Be r f rhi own deah and sae
ha r le y r a ed
or Fi l
or ame ry o s
t
tt d

t ttwa n t ny' tis r d o. Am. mpl!7 Al u ht ec mplitd e n t
ha i s o Be s t rt o e '
f
' Co . 0. t g h o an o s o
ho
e iil a lget tAyl rf ie t a uae ytan hi e o e ,a e iy ma ha a< iy
xplc ty le ha
o al d o deq tl r i s mplye s n ntt y ve s c
pol
ofnott ki r as bl se t t a n ise pl es' he t t d f m or o dif r nt
a ng e ona e t ps o r i t m oye ' w n he t
nee or e r f e e

tanngi s o viu gj' t o Ca t nv. ri, 8 U. 3 , 9 ( 9 9 . r , s do te
r ii s o b o s.'Ciy f no Hars 4 9 S. 78 3 0 1 8 ) Hee ba e n h
M e c lD e e nt 'i dequa e t e t e ofBe r s s r ousw ihdr w a s pt s t
di a f nda s na
t r a m nt
r y' e i
t a l ym om , he
co pl nta g bl a l ge t e senc ofa C ous ' ed f r i pr
m ai r ua y le s he xi t e n ç
obvi ' ne o m oved t a ni a CV RJ
r i ng t
.

1
4

Suc a aleg f iur a s sa e avi bl cli ofde i r t i fe enc on Ayl ' pa ta t
h n l ed al e lo tt s a e am
lbe a e ndif r e
ors r s he
polc a rf CVRJ The e o e t co 'be ivest taf rr adi oft c
iym ke or
. r f r , he uz le ha ai e ng he ompl i s
t
ant uppors
t
dam sofdei r t i fe e t i aes s ro m e ca nee boh t Ayl ,n hi
i
lbe a e ndif r nce o nm t ' e i us di l ds t o or i s
i i dua c pa t a t t Aut rt s h a t s vi t motonst dimi s
nd vi l a ciy, nd o he ho iy, uc s o ur ve he i o s s .
Eve i t c tc d fnd t tt c pl i tdoe nots fci nty a l ge a polc of
n f he our oul i ha he om a n
s
uf i e l le
iv

dei r t i fer nc a CVRJ t c t le t tt c
lbe a e ndif e e t
, he our bei ves ha he ompl i as ct ss fce f c si
ant lo ie ufi int a t n
s
uppo toft noton t tt r wasa c t ofde i r t i fe e t i t s's rous
r he i ha he e
usom
lbe a e ndif r nce o nma e e i
med c lnee a CVRJ A c t m ma be a ti a et amuni i iy whe t dd a i and
ia
ds t
. uso
y
trbutbl o
cpalt
n he tur ton
fe nc o t pr c i swa r nt afndi ofet ra t lo consnz tveknowldg byt
r que y f he a tce r a s i ng ihe c ua r
t ci
e e he
muni i go r ng body t tt pr ci esha be om ec t a y n
cpal ve ni
ha he a tc
ve c
usom r mong ise oye .
t mpl es'
'

Ne a dv. r e s 6 9F. u p. d4 , 46( . Va 2 0 ) Acua k o e g ma be
wh r Bo d r, 4 S p 2 40 4 W D. . 0 9 . t l n wld e y
s
hownbyEec de rporst ords usinsbyamunii lgoveni body.'Z a 446n.
ç or d e t o ic so
r
cpa
r ng
'J t
4.
Consr tveknowl dgem a bes
tuci
e
y
hown wih f c st tt pr c i sha bee s ç de pr a
t a t ha he a tce ve n o t s e d
wi
a fa a t ti t pr re r ie ofisof a r po i ltest gove ni bod s d
nd l gr nt ha n he ope xe c s
t ûcil es nsbiii he
r ng y houl

ha kno oft m . J.
ve wn he ' .
'I
Alhough a C age hit y ofiol e i i nt' doe notesa ih a c t , re ,
t
s
me r sor
s atd ncde s' s
t bls usom Ca tr
1 F. a 220,t c
64 3d t
he ompl i c nti anlmbe ofa l ed i tnce ofde i intm e c lc r
ant o ans i r leg nsa s
fce
di a a e
a CVRJ e de e by bot t e t s r
t
, vi nc d
h he ven s uroundi Be r sde t a t al ge mite t nt
ng r y' ah nd he le d sr a me
ofot i t s Theale to i t sc ea enot(s te s a cus tonsofunr a e
her nma e .
l gai ns n hi as r
tcal rhot c ai
elt d
c tt i na vi l tons'but i t ad,a 1r l t t de i i ntm e ca c r i vi a i oft
ons iuto l o a i ' , ns e
1 e a e o fc e
di l a e n ol ton he

Ei ht a Fo te h Am e e s Ca tr 1 4 F. a 21 Fis,Thor hilc t ndst tPit
g h nd ure nt
ndm nt. re , 6 3d t 8. rt
n l on e
ha ts
a ano he mediale oye t d I
nd t r
c mpl e ol nmat A t ti Be r di no a oa h t wi
e ha f r y d t ppr c he ndow t a k
o s
f m e c a s s a e,he w o d r c ve none.Thi a
or di al s i t nc
ul e ei
s ppea e t be t r e a CV RJeve t
r d o he ul t
n hough

15

Be r wa t sc t la hi bunk.Si lry,hec
r y s oo ik o e ve s
mia l t ompli a lgest ti a i aewa not
ant le ha f n nm t s

pr s nta t wi
e e t he ndow whe CVRJ saf diti e m e c ton a f ta , he hewa
n
t f srbut d di a i nd ood r ys t n
s
m ake a S e u i ' e c to a f
r d s t f sng'm di ai n nd ood.CVRJsa fr ie ae t spolc whe l t A
r
t f et r t d hi i y
n nma e
a ke i he c ul brnga f ta t Be r a hewa t s t o l d hi o n. n addii n,
s df o d i
ood r y o ry, s
s oo kk o ole s w I
to
I t A wasac us d ofr f sng hi m e c ton whe he a ke media sa ft ve iy M sove nma e
c e
eui
s dia i
n
s d
c l t f o rf
r
t c un e pai m e c tons M or o r a cor ng t t c pl i ,t A ut iy s
he- o t r n di a i .
e ve , c di o he om a nt he
hort oughtt
o

ke p o r tng c t 1 by de ng pr rmedi lte t e tt i t s.Spe i aly,t
e pe ai oss ow
nyi
ope
ca r am n o nma e
c fc l he
c
ompl i al ge t tPi' a orAppl - ggi r prm a d medi lsaf whe i t swe e
ant le s ha ts nd/
t
e Fi ns e i nde
ca t f n nma e r
s ntt of- iee e ge y r s a e n whe m e c sa fm e ey s ese of-iem e c l
e o fst m r nc oom , nd ve
n dial t f r l ugg t d fst di a
te t e t The c
r am n .
ompl i as sa e t tCVRJsa fwo d r gul l de te t ntt i aes
ant lo t t s ha
t f ul e ary ny r a me o nm t
s f rng f om opi t w ihdr w a s pt m s Fi l t EM T co e t ti w o d ofe t ke
uf e i r
a e t a l ym o . naly, he
nt nds ha t ul t n a

t ort e da f ri t st r ceve ba i m e cai ns lkeTyl nol Ba e ont alegai ns
wo hr e ys o nma e o e i
sc di to , i
e . s d he l to
it c
n he ompli , he e as a a e t be ac t a CVRJofde ng i a e a c st
ant t r lo ppe r d o
usom t
nyi nm t s c es o
m e c tons e n i t i a e ha a pr c i i n f t m edi a i pr o t a rvi a CV RJ
di a i , ve f he nm t s d
es rpt o or he
c ton i r o r i ng t
.

Thi c t wa r ie a e by J nl ,l a eA, nm a eB,a l t C. os i
s usom s et r t d
e dns nm t I t
nd nma e M t mpora l t
tnty, he
co pl ntciesi t nc s i w hi h A yl w a pe s ly a a e oft l c ofm e c ca e
m ai t ns a e n
c
or s r ona l w r
he a k
di al r

pr de t i aes c tt i a t lknowldg oft cusom . s h, hec tfndst t
ovi d o nm t , onsiutng c ua
e e he t As uc t our i ha
t c
he ompli as plusbl a lge a c t m ofde i r t i fe e a CVRJ.
ant lo a i y le s uso
lbe a e ndif r nce t

Ne t lit sn te o g t i e tf apoiy o c so o d l e aeidfe e c '
x ,t l i o n u h o d niy l r u t m f ei r t n ifr n e
g
c
b
,
g li ifmus aloaleget tt polc orcusom pr mael c us t i t c tmtona
pjantf t s l ha he iy
t
oxi t y a ed he nsant onsi i l
ij y.' wbr uc 8 F.
nur 'Ne o h, 22 Supp.2da 58 Thepolc o c t mus beEhemo ngf c o
t 4.
iy r usom
t s
t
vi ore f
t c tt i na vi ai s ii a l c r ed. M ilga v.Ciy ofN e
he onsiuto l ol ton pecfc ly ha g ' li n
'
t
wpor N e , F.
t ws 743 2d

2 7 2 0(t Ci.1 8 )(ne a q oainmak o te ) Th r i ac us l o n cin
2 , 3 4h r 9 4 itm l u tto r s mi d . ee s a a c n e to
l
16

bewe n apolcy o c t andt s cii c tt tona vi a i n i t vi a i wa m a
t e
i r usom
he pe fc onsiu i l olto f he olton s de

Ee s bl pr bl bype te c i tonoft cuso lq'Spel 8 F. a 1 .
s a ona y oba e
r
nnitd ontnuai
he tm .' l, 24 2d t 391
l t sca e t cour fndst tt c
n hi s , he
t i ha he ompl i al ge s fce f t t co l t ta
ant le s ufi int acs o ncude ha
polc orc t ofdei r t i fe e e a CVRJvi a e Be r soo tt i lrg s
iy usom
lbe a e ndif r nc t
olt d ry' nsiutona iht .
Spe fc l She ei al ca a naur lc
eiialy,t r s ogi l nd t a onne ton be we n apolc o c t ofdek int
t
ci
t e
iy r usom
t e
m e c lc e a a i t nce ofi deq t m e c lc r 'N e br h,8 F.
di a ar nd n ns a
na ua e di a a e. w ouc 22 Supp.2d.a 585.
'
t

Aga n,Thor hilha s fce l alege a ofi alpolcy o c t ofdefc e m e ca ca ea
i
n l s uf iinty l d n fci
i r usom
i i nt di l r t
CVRJ Theco tfndst tt r i al c a naur lc me ton be we n t s alegai
.
ur i ha he e s ogial nd t a or c i
t e he e l tons
a t i t nc si whih Be y r c ve alege y defc e medi lc r i vi a i oft
nd he nsa e n c n' e ei d l dl i int
ca a e n olton he
Foure nt Ame m e . pur e oft m o i t dimi s i i t r f r r as bl f t
te h
nd nt For pos s he tons o s s , t s he e o e e ona e or he
c tt co l t tt polc esorc t sofde i r t i f e e e w e e t m o ng f c
our o nc ude ha he i i
usom
lbe a e ndif r nc
r he vi or e

be nd t c tt i vi ai nsa l edi t co pl nt
hi he onsiutonal olto leg n he m ai .
V i w i t f t i a lghtf vo a e t t pl i if t c tf ndst tThor hilha
e ng he ac s n i a r bl o he a ntf , he our i
ha
n l s

saed aplusbl c am t tt r wasa ofi i polc o c t a CVRJofdei r t
tt
a i e l i ha he e
n fcal i y r usom t
lbe ae
i f e e et Be r ss rousm e ca nee i vi ai n oft Foure h Amendme .Th ,
ndif r nc o ry' e i
di l ds n olto
he
tent
nt us
a t ssa i t ltgai t c t
t hi t ge n he ii ton,he our concudest tTho n l ha saedplusbl c am sof
l
ha
r hil s t t a i e l i

dei rt i fe e eunde j 1 a i tboht Aut iy,unde t t or ofml ci l
lbeae ndifr nc
r 983 gans t he hort
r he he y
mi pa
la lt a aga ns A yl a polc ake ofCV RJ. c or ngl bot t Aut iy' a
i biiy, nd i t or s i ym r
A c di y, h he hort s nd
A yl ' m o i ns t di m i sa e de ed unde t t or ofm uni i la lt 3
or s t o o s s r ni
r he he y
c pal i biiy.

3
Howe ,f rt r s s tf t i t ca sc rii tons to belw ,t cour w ilgrntt
ver o he ea ons e orh n he ls e tfcai ecin o he
t l a he
Aut iy' m oto t den cl sc ttc ton. ss h,onl Tho n l' i vi cli f e tbl r i r m ans
hort s in o y as erii a i A uc
y
r hils ndi dual am or quia e elef e i

u d rCo n 1Ne etee steFo rhCic th sh l ta a imaescam frij n tv o d caaoyrl fs
n e u t . v rh ls,h u t rui a ed h t n n t' li o nu cie r e lrtr ei i
e
mo t e h i t ol g rs be totec le g dp lc , rcie o c n io .. v niacam fr n y
o wh n e st on e uj c t h haln e oiy pa tc , r o dt n .e e f li o mo e
n
i
d ma ssr ie . lc ma v Oz n, 0 F.d28 , 6 8 (t Ci. 00 ) Th rfr, u t wil eds se
a ge u vv s' n u a . mit5 7 3 1 28 - 7 4h r2 7 . eeoe Co n 1 lb imis d
'
a mo ta Ber i noln e s bett tec aln e p iiso c so .
s o s ry s o g r u jc o h h l g d ol e r u tms
e
c

Su r i or Li lt
pe v s y abii
y

l a tont la lt a t polc a rf t Aut iy,t c m pl ntas a a st
n ddii o i biiy s he iym ke or he hort he o ai lo ppe r o

a sr t tAylri la eunde j1 3i hi i viua c pa iya t s r iorofCVRJ Se
se tha o s ibl
r 98 n s ndi d l a ct s he upe vs
. e

Am. mp . 6 (g n e Ay o ' c mma do CVRJ iwa (n rmans a i emisbe
Co l! 5 çul d r lrs o n f
,t s a d e i ) n mp r si l
dr i on t budge ofCVRJal t CVRJc i t pr vi pr rm e c lc r t CVRJ
an he
t
td he
ountes o o de ope di a a e o

imae .) A s p r io i no a tmaial la l f rt emic n u to h se lye su d r
n ts' . u e vs r s t u o tc ly ibe o h s o d c f i mp o e n e
'
prncplsofr s nde ts ror M onel, U. a 6 butm a bela ef tc tt i l
i i e
e po a upe i ,
l 436 S. t 94,
y ibl or donsiutona

ij re ifitdb gijs b r iae 'i c ran crumsa c s S a a v. re , 3 F.d3 8
nu is n l e y h s u o dn ts'n eti ic tn e , lk n Po tr 7 7 2 6 ,
c
3 2(t Ci. 9 4 . pe iial,ço tn e ia to i t efc o wie p e da u e ..
7 4h r 1 8 ) S cfc ly ç niu d n cin n h a e f d s ra b s s .
c
pr vd sa id pe d n ba i frfn igta g eo fca)wa d l rtl i dfe e to
o ie n n e n e t ss o i dn h t t fiil s ei aey n ifrn r
h
be
a qui s d i t c tt i nal ofe i c
c e ce n he onsiuto ly f nsve onduc ofhi s di t . I To e t ih
t
s ubor naes' d. sabls
'

s p r ioyla iiy apanifmu ts w ( )ta (hes pevs rha a tllo c n tu tv
u e vs r ib l , li tf s ho 1 h t E u r io d ct r o sr cie
t
t
a
knowldget thi s di t wa e ge i c
e
ha s ubor na e s nga d n onduc t tpos d ape v i a unr as bl
t ha
e
r asve nd e ona e

rs o c n ttto a iju t ctz nslk teplitf '( )ta t es p l s rsr s o s wa
ik f o si in lnty o iie ie h anif ; 2 h t h u ewio ' e p n e s
u
s i deq t ast s
o na uae o how ç lbe a ei fe e et ort cta ho ia i oft a lge o f nsve
s i r t ndif r nc o a i ut rz ton he le d f e i
de

p a tc s'a d( )t theee itdC l afr tvec u a ll b t e t s pe vs rs
r cie ' n 3 ha t r x se ç . fimai a s l ik ewe n he u r io '
;
al
r

i cina dtep riu a cmsi to l nu ys fe e b tepli t 'S a v. h o d 1
na to n h a t lr c tt ina ij r u fr d y h ani ' h w S r u , 3
c
u
E
F.d7 , 9 (t Ci.1 9 )(ne n l i to sa dq o ainmak o te )
3 91 7 9 4h r 9 4 itr a ct in n u tto r s mitd .
a
I t sca e, hec tfr tfndst tTho n l hasade ua ey alege f c st t t ke as
n hi s t our is i ha
r hil
q t l l d a t ha , a n
t ue g ve rs t t i e e t tA yl rha a t lo c nsr tve know l dge oft i de t
r , i i e o he nf r nce ha
o d c ua r o t uc i
e
he na qua e
m e c lc r a CV RJ Thor l ne d nots
di a a e t
.
nhil e
how t tAyl rha a t lo c t u tve know l
ha
o d c ua r ons r c i
edge

oft cr lm sa ess r
he icl t nc uroundi Be r steam e ,butsm pl t rs ofhn m t i ae lke
ng ry' r t nt
i y he ik
r o nm t s i
Be r N e br uc 8 F.Su 2d a 587. n t c pl i t Thol l a l ge t t o atl s
r y. w o h, 22
pp. t
I he om a n ,
mhil le s ha , n ea t

18

t i tnc s Ayl rwaspe s ly a r ofd ii ntm e c lca et i aes Thus t c ut
wo nsa e , o
r ona l wa e efc e
di a r o nm t .
, he ot'
fndst tt fr tpr ng o t Sha t s i s tsi d.
i ha he s o f he w e t s a ife
Fort s c pr
he e ond ong,Thor l nee o y a l ge i c i by A yl t s
nhil d nl le na ton
or o uppor a
t

r as bl i e enc ofdelbe aei fe e e. r t c tma r s bl i e t tAyl
e ona e nf r e
i r t ndif r nc He e, he our y ea ona y nf r ha
or
w a de i r t l i f e e t i t nc s whe i a e r c ve i de t m e c lc e f t
s lbe a e y ndi f r nt o ns a e
n nm t s e ei d na qua e di a ar , or he
s m e r s nsa outi d i t pr vi s c i r ar ng A yl ' la lt aspolc a rof
a ea o s lne n he e ous e ton eg di
or s i biiy
i ym ke

CVRJ. c
The ompl i g be ndm e el ç ntng t asngl i de oriolt i i nt 't
ant oes yo
r yç
poi i o i e nci nt s aed ncde s' o
s w Ayl ' i deq t r s e.Slka 737 F. a 373. nse t compl i c a ns
ho
ors na uae e pons a n,
2d t
l t ad, he
ant onti
s ve ali t nce whe e Ayl f ie t t keaci n t r med t l c ofm e c lca epr d
e r nsa s r
or a ld o a
to o e y he a k
di a r ovi ed
t i a e , how i û ac ta hor z ton ofof e i pr ctce .' d.
o nm t s s
ng d i ut i a i
t
f ns ve a i s ' 1

Fi ly,f rt s m er as saed i t pr vi s ton r ga di m uni pa la lt
nal o he n e ons t t n he e ous eci e r ng
ci l ibiiy,
Thor hilha pl usbl s a ed a c us lne be w e n t alege pr c i s a CV RJ a Be r s
n l s a i y tt
a a xus t e he l d a tce t
nd r y'

de t Ass rnt nde o CVRJ Ayl rha uli t a hort a c tolove t m e c l
a h. upe i e nt f
, o d tma e ut iy nd on r
r he di a
c r pr de t i a e .I i r as na e t c l t tt de i ton ofBe r s
a e ovi d o nm t s t s e o bl o onc ude ha he prva i
r y'

c tt i lrg swa aG t ala f e ee bl c e ue 'ofAyl ' a ovalof or
onsiutona i ht s t ur nd or s a e ons q nce'
na
ors ppr
,
i ci t r ,d i ntm e ca ca epr d t i aes Ne ouch,822 F.Supp. a
na ton owa ds efc e
di l r ovi ed o nm t . wbr
2d t

58 The e or ,Ayl ' moton t dim isi de e wih r pe tt Co 1 oft co ai .
7. r f e
ors i o s s s ni d t es c o unt 1 he mpl nt

ii Stg De ndant
i. a fe
s
I Cot 1,Tho n l as a lge t i vi ualsa fm e
n mt l
r hil lo le s he ndi d
tf mber a CVRJwe e
st
r
de i r t l i f e e t Be r ss r o m e c ne t e i r t i f e e i a ve y hi
lbe a e y ndif r nt o r y' e i us di al ed. s lbe a e ndi f r nce s
D
r gh
s a r - a s i ofm e e neg i nc w ilno m ee i . Gr ys v. ed,1 F. 692,695
t nda d
how ng
r
lge e l t
t t' a on Pe
'
95 3d

(t Ci. 9 9 . s h ted fn a t' cinsmus be( sog o syi c mpee t ia e uae
4 h r 1 9 ) As uc ,h ee d n s a to
t ç q r sl n o tn ,n d q t,
g
o e e s ve ast s k t c c enc ort be i ol r bl t f ndn e a f ine s ' M ite v.
r xc s i
o hoc he ons i e o nt e a e o u m nt l a r s .' li r

19

Be r ,8 6F.d8 8 8 (t Ci. 9 0 . lb rt id fee c rq ie aS h wigt a te
on 9 2 4 , 51 4h r 1 9 ) Deieae n ifrn e e ur s & o n h t h
s
d fnd n sa tal l e o a ddse ad das bsa ta rs o s ro sij r t ted tie o
ee a t cu l t w f n ir g r e u tnil ik f eiu n u y o h ean e r
vn
t y a t l kne of a i r d ade ane ss i ne d f m e ca ca e. Pa s v.
he cualy w
nd cno e
t i e' erous e or di l r ' ni h
'

Clv ln , 7 F.d2 4 3 2( t Ci. 0 4 (nen l iaina dq oainmak o te ) .
e ea d 3 2 3 9 , 0 4h r 2 0 ) itr a ctto n u tto r s mitd
(mph ssi o ii l.
e a i n rgna)
A plu il d na- fme ia-aecam u d rj 1 8 ha boho j ci a ds be tv
a sb e e ilo - dc lc r li n e 9 3 s t be t n u jcie
ve
p o g . d rt eo j ciep o g ap anifmu talg a o j ci l ç e iu me ia n e '
r n s Un e h b e tv r n , litf s le e n be tvey d ro s d c l e d.
s
'
J h s nv. io e , 45F.d 1 4 1 7(t Ci. 9 ) A sro sme ia n e i o et a ha
o n o Oun n s 1 3 6 , 6 4 h r 1 98 . eiu d c l e d s n h t s
bee G a nos by a phys c a a m a tng t e t e o one t ti s o oust te n a 1 y
n s g ed
di
i i n s nda i r a m nt r
ha s o bvi
ha ve a
pe s w oul e iy r c ni e t nec s iy f a doc o ' a t nton. I v.Shr ve 535 F. d
r on
d as l e og z he e st or
t r s te i ' ko
'
e ,
3

2 , 41(t Ci. 0 8 (n ena ctto o t d .S v rlc u t h v f t t a s mp o o
25 2 4h r 2 0 ) itr l iain mit ) e e a o rs a e omd h t y t ms f
e
aco a dr wihdr walquaiy a as rousmedia ne d.Se ec.Bor n v.
l hol nd ug t a
lf s e i
cl e
es . , e Nw. c'
Re l

J iAuh.No 5:3 v0 3, 01 W L 5 2 4 1 a * ( . Va Se t 3 , 3 (lo o
al t , . 1 c 1 2 3
4 9 2 , t 9 W D. . p . 0 201 ) ac h l
wih rwa) Ma ov. '. fAla y 3 7F. p' 3 9 3 - 2( dCi. 0 )( r i a
t d a l; y Ct o b n , 5 Ap x 3 , 414 2 r 20 9 heon nd
y
ac ho wih rwa) S v se v. t o Ne r ,1 0F. p' 41 4 3( d Ci. 0 5 (nz
lo l td a l; yle tr Ci f wak 2 Ap x 9, 2 3 r 2 0 ) d g
v
wi d a l; o le v. tc mi Ct , 9 F.d51 , 3(t Ci. 0 )( ta o e
t rwa) F ek r Oua n e v.3 4 3 0 51 7h r 2 05 meh d n
h
wihdrwa) Ass h,heco tc l st tt c ai ade tl alege t tBer s
t a l. uc t ur oncude ha he ompl nt quaey l s ha ry'
ac
l ohola he on wihdr wa pr s n ed as rousme c lne d. r m ani q si i
nd r i t a l e e t
ei
di a e The e i ng ue ton s
whehe Thor l hasade t l sa e apl usbl ca m f de i r t i fe enc t Be r s
t r
nhil
qua ey tt d a i e li or lbe a e ndif r e o ry'

s ro sme ia ne du d rt es b e tv p o o t ea ay i.
eiu dc l e n e h u j cie r ng f h n lss
Th s be t p o grq ie t s o n s Fis,h d f n a tmu th v s b e tv l
e u j ci r n e ur s wo h wig . rtt e e e d n s a e u j ciey
ve
r c g ie as b tnil iko h r Cti n t no ht a t e(mply eqs o l h v
e o nz d u sa ta rs f am.s s o e ug h t h e o e s h u d a e
l
r c g ie i;h ya t al mu t a pec ie t ers . I a 3 3( u t Rihv. c ,1 9
e o nz d t t e cu ly s h ve rev d h ik' d. t 0 q oi c Bnle 2
'
ng
20

F.d3 6 3 n. (t Ci.1 9 ). c n ,hed fnd n mu t a es b e tveyrc g z dt t
3 3 , 40 2 4h r 9 7 ) Se o d t ee a t s h v u jci l e o nie ha
hi a tonswe e Ena o it i lg oft trs 'I Agan, i i note
s ci
r s ppr prae n i ht ha ik.' d. i t s
i
nough t tt de e nt
ha he f nda

s o l ha er c g z dt ei p r p itn s o h sa to s 1 (i n Br wnv. ni, 4
h u d v e o nie h na p o rae e s f i ci n .d.ct g o
i
Ha s 2 0
F.d3 3 3 0 91( t Ci. 0 $. rt t e s n, al mply ei n tla l i h C ne t e
3 8 , 9 - 4h r 2 01 Fo ha r a o aji e o e s o ib e f e t w h
k
un eli f csb tb l ve (letu s u dy t tters t whi, t ef dsg v rs wa
d ryng a t u ei d ab i n o n l) ha h ik o c h a a e ie s
e
h
i ubsa ilo none se . Fame v. ema 511U. 825,8 ( 994)
ns tnta r xitnt' r r Brr n,
'
S.
44 1 .
1 Of i rD e e nt
. fce f nda s

Thor l a lge t tt Ofi rDe e nt we ede i r t l i fe e t Be r s
nhil le s ha he tce f nda s r lbe a ey ndif r nt o r y'
s
ympt sofa c
om
l ohola he oi wihdr wal Asnonnd r n t a .
medialsa fm e r , heOfi e
c t f mbe s t
fc r
De e nt tc l be labl f t me c lsa fsdignossde sons'W a v. re , o.
f nda s camot i e or he di a t f ' a
i cii .
' de Ca tr N

2:3 v0 0 6, 01 WL 3 5 5 2 a * ( . Va J l2 2 4 (u tn Meo v. c mir
1c 02 2 4
0 8 6 , t 7 W D. .u. , 61 ) q oig ly Bah e,
3 2F.d 8 , 4 ( t Ci. 0 2) l ta ,he we ee tte t r l o tej d me ta d
0 3 45 8 9 8h r 2 0 ).nse d t y r n i d o ey n h u g n n
l
e r i e oft m e ca pr f sonal who pr ded c r t Be r Sha v.Sm ih,71 F. 1
xpe ts
he di l o es i s
ovi
a e o r y. kka
t
3d 62,

1 7( t Ci.9 5 (i n M i ir 8 6F.d 8 ,8 4( t Ci.9 0 ) s eas Ar e'v. e se,
6 4h r1 9 ) ct g l e, 9 2 48 5 4h r1 9 ); e lo n t W b tr
i
t
t
6 F.d7 2 7 5(t Ci.01 )(c n me ia d fn a t . c nr l o t ee e t eo
58 3 4 , 5 7h r2 1 ç - d c l ee d n s . a ey n h xp ri f
No
.
s
m e ca pe s
di l r onne .W eha pr ousy sa e t ti aprs ne i unde t c r ofmedi l
l
ve evi l t t d ha f io r s
r he a e
ca

e pet, n n me ia p io ofca wi g n r l b j si di b le i ta tep io e i
x rs a o - d c l rs n fiil l e eal e u tûe n eivng h t h rs n r s
l
y

i c p b eh n s' . we e, o - d c l io e l y e ma a t t d lb rt
n a a l a d .) Ho v r n n me ia prs n mp o e s y c wih eieae
'
i fe e i t y we e( r o ly i ve wih ame c lte t t delbe at y i e f r d
ndif r nce f he
r C s nal nvol d t
pe
di a r a men , i r el nt re e

wihprs me ca pes me ' te t ntortctyauhorze or( rqi fee t t
t ion di l ror ls rame , a il t i d wee ndifrnt o he
pr s m edi alpe s nne ' m i co uct' Bor n, 3 W L 5429421, t*1
i on
c
r o ls s nd .
' e 201
a 0.

l t sca e t co tc l st tThor l hasf ie t sa eapl i ecli t t
n hi s , he ur oncude ha
nhil
a ld o t t
ausbl am ha
t Ofi e De e n sw e ede i r t l i fe e tt Be ss rousm e c lne d. rt t
he fc r f nda t r lbe a e y ndif r n o ny' e i
di a e Fis, he

c
ompl ntdoesnotalegea f dsfom whih t o t ,n r s na y concudet tLa ta
ai
l
ny a r
c he our ca ea o bl
l ha s nd

Ho r c ss b e tv l r c g ie as b tnil ik o h r t Be Th c mp an o l sae
ro k u j ciey e o nz d u sa ta rs f n m o ny. e o lit n y tt s
t tLa twa empl
ha s s
oyed. CVRJa t tme o Beny' deah; heco pl ntdoesnotc t n a
by
t he i f
s t t
m ai
on ai
sngl ale ton t thekne o Be r sc to ltal a s tnta rs ofha t
i e lga i ha
w f r y' ondii n, e one ny ubsa i l ik
nn o
Be r W ih r pe tt Horoc ,t c
r y. t es c o r ks he ompl i o ypr vi t t a trBe r vom ie d i hi
ant nl o des ha , fe ry
t d urng s

frt g t tCVRJ Ho r c snoe i h si cd n rp r t a,$ wa t l ( ry wa b gn n
is nih a
, ro k td n i n ie t e o th tç s od Ber j s e inig
I
t g t r u hd'gwih rwas'Am. mpl!4 S a dn ao ,h s fcsd no idc t
o o h o g t t d a l.
u
' Co . 2. tn ig lne te e a t o t n iae
t tHoroc wasa r ofa s t n i lrs ofha m t Be r
ha
r ks
wa e ny ubsa ta ik
r o ry.
Se ond, hec
c
t ompli f ist s w t ta oft o he Ofi rDe e
ant a l o ho ha ny he t r fce f ndant,who
s

s b e tv l k e o tes b tn il iko ham t Ber d et h ss mp o o ac h l n
u j ci ey n w f h u sa ta rs f r o ry u o i y t ms f lo o a d
he oi wihdr wal kne t tt i a tonswe e i ppr it i lg oft ts t nta rs
r n t a , w ha her c i
r na opra e n i ht ha ubsa i l ik.
Pr s s a fw ho a t ly kne ofa s t ntalrs t a i a e' he t ors f t ç a be f
i on t f
c ua l
w
ubsa i i k o n nm t s alh
aey t y
m
ound

fe fo la ii i te r s o du r a o byt t ers , v n i teh l ulmaeywa no
r e r m ib ly f h y ep n e s na l o h ik e e f h a' t tl s t
t
m i
a r e ' Fa m e ,51 U . a 844.
ve t d.' r r 1 S. t

W ih r s c t La nt ,t c
t e pe t o pa a he ompl i sa est ts a sse Be whe hef l outof
ant tt ha he s it d ny
n el
hi bunk,c c d o hi d i t day,ga hi mor Ga o a whe he s d hewa t r t
s
he ke n m urng he
ve m
e t r de
n
ai
s hisy,
a c l t medialsa fwhe Be r sc to de e i r t Alhough La nt notc t t
nd aled he
c tf
n ry' ondii n t ro aed. t
pa a i ed ha
Be r ha pa tc e t tr s mbl d c f e gr undsi hi vomi,s wa entte t r l on Appl
ry d ril s ha e e e ofe o
n s
t he s ild o ey
eFi ns deenni ton t tBe r wa fne.W ih r s c t Coun s t c
ggi ' t na i ha ry s i
t e pe t o
t , he ompl i pr de t t
ant ovi s ha
he as i t d Be r w he he wasf
sse
ry
n
ound l ng o t f oorne rt s
yi n'he l
a he hower a he w aspr s nt
, nd
ee
whe Be r ha a s i ur A ga n,Co t w ase il d t r y on t m e c lo ni nsofAppl n r y d e z e. i
un s
ntte o el
he di a pi o
e
Fi ns a Buc r l ,w ho bo h s i t tBe r w asfne a t rc ki hi via s N o hi
ggi nd
kne - ones
t a d ha r y
i f e hec ng s t l . t ng

i t ec mplits g e t t tCo n swa s b e tv l a r t t i a to weei a pr p it
n h o an u g ss ha u t s u j ciey wae ha h s cins r n p o rae

i lghtoft s t ntalrs ofha' t Be y.Fi ly, t r pe tt Boso t co ant
n i
he ubsa i ik
l o n' na l wih es c o t n, he mpli
m

sae t a h a sse Ber b t a trBer s ie hsj mps i a da trBe yf l o to hs
tts h t e sitd ry oh fe ry old i u ut n fe n' el u f i
bunk.Boso wasa s pr e whe t M e c lDe enda sa rve t k Be r svia s a
tn
lo es nt n he di a f nt ri d, oo r y' t l , nd
sa e t thewa fne. e a i Boson wa e il dt r y o t M e c lDe e nt '
t t d ha
s i Onc gan, t
s ntte o el n he di a f nda s
di gnossasanon- e ca ofi r Fi ly, he ea eno a lgatonst tany o t Ofi r
a i
m di l fce . na l t r r
le i ha
f he fce
De e nt de e de a d, i e i ly i e f r d wih Be r sm e c lte t nt o we e
f nda s ni d, l ye or nt ntonal ntr e e t r y' di a r a me , r r
i if r n t m ic
nd fe e t o s onduc byt M e c lDe e nt . r l, hef t alege i t c
t he di a f nda s Ove a lt ac s l d n he ompl i
ant
s w t tt Of e De e an sa t d r as bl a docz e edt i o e vai ns e n
ho ha he ûc r f nd t c e e ona y nd lm nt her bs r to , ve
t ug t r s ofha m t B e r wasnotuli a e y a re The e or Thor hilhasf ie t
ho h he ik
r o ry
tm t l ve t d. r f e,
n l
a ld o

sae apl i ec am t tt Ofi erDe e nt we edelber t y i fe e t Be s
tt
ausbl l i ha he tc
f nda s r i ael ndif r nt o ny'

s rousmedc lnee i vi ai ofj1 Acc di y,hec t l g a t Ofi e
ei
ia d n olton
983. or ngl t our wil r nthe tc r
De e nt 'm o i t dim iswih r s tt Co 1.
f nda s tons o s s t e pec o unt I
2. M edi a Def nda s
c l e nt

Thor l alocli t tt M e c lDe e
nhil s a ms ha he di a f ndant we ede i r t l i f e e t Be r s
s r lbe ae y ndif r nt o ry'
s ro media ne ds. lbe a ei fer nc m a be(ma f se by prs n docor i t r
e i us
c l e Dei r t ndif e e y s nie t d
io
t s n hei

rso s t t pio e, n e s., tle 4 9U. a 1 40 . we e, jps i pok so l
ep n e o he rs n rs ed l,Esel, 2 S.t 0 -5 Ho v r a a e u rjstna
)
j d me td e n ta u t od lb rt id fee c . r r 5 1U. a 8 4; e as Esel,
u g n o s o mo n t eieae n if rn e Fa me , 1 S. t 4 s e lo tle
429U. a 1 (ttngt tphyscanne i nc çndignosngorte tngamedialc ton
S. t 06 sai ha
ii glge e t a i
i
rai
c ondii

d e no saeavai cam o me ia mite t n u e t eEihhAme d n l a dto ,
o s t tt ld li f dc l srame t nd r h g t
n me f).n d iin
m e e di a ee e wih m e ca pe s
r s gr m nt t
di l r onne w ih r s c t a co s o t e t e i i ufi e t
l t e pe t o
ur e f r a m nt s ns tci nt o

demonsrt dei rt i fee e.SeeW rc v.Coli ,766F. 8 8 ( h Ci.1
tae lbeae ndifr nc
iht
lns
2d 41, 49 4t r 985)

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3 vauae ehe e s na l fiil u d v md rt o h t h o d c t su
viltdt ce rye tbih drg t'He d ro v. i , 2 F.d2 7, 71( t Ci. 0 0 .
o ae he lal sa ls e ih . n e s n Smms 2 3 3 6 2 4h r 2 0 )
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l s t c tfndst tThor l ha sae plusbl camsunde j 1 a i tt
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nt nd

1 oft a nde c
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o g s ijzis'ElM e wai W ah. sLih Co.7 5F.d48 , (t Ci. 9 6 .
f hi) nl e . - s r v. s Ga c t , 8 2 3 491 4h r 1 8 ) A
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camsaieo to t es mec n u t Mite v. o n 6 6F. u p. 0 6 1 8 ( D. .1 9 )
li rs u f h a o d c. lir Be r , 9 S p 1 8 , 0 9 E. Va 9 8 .
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oncl s ha he om a n t t s a i e l i
r r ni s ong u a h t t e

agans t Aut rt Ayl ,a t M e ca De e
i t he ho iy, or nd he di l f ndan s wih t e pto ofVogt5
t , t he xce i n
.
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f nda s r ue ha he ompl i doe no s w t tawr ulac,neglc ,orde a tc us
ant s t ho ha
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et
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ve , c us lbe ae ndif r nc eq r s howi ofSs ehi m o e
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t tBe r s de t w a c us d by a w r ula t ne e t o de a tbe us i pl usbl sa esa
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r ii ' o g u de t ttt)
De e nt alo a guet t a ee ild t s r gn i mt t wih r s c t
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Tho n l' cai ofor na yne i nc i Co t116Ho ve , i i wel- t bls t tsae
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a t c tt i gr sneglg nc Se eg.Cop cev. a 906F. pp.1 1 ( D.
cs onsiutng os
ie e. e, . , pa M nn,
Su 025, 047 E.

Va 1 9 ) Bu n n v. e t 6 1F. u p.1 6 , 1 2 ( D. . 98 ) Na'R. v Calt
. 9 5 ; r h m W s, 8 S p 1 9 1 7 E. Va 1 8 ; t R. . tet
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ln e r r s n .40 E.d 6 21 2 Va 9 ) To i . Ke i, 6 E.d
8 2, 8 ( . 9 6 . an b pa i yalgngd l rt idfe e c , o n il a s o
8 8 4 Va 1 9 ) Ag i, y lusbl le i ei ae n ifr n e Th r hl h s h wn
be
5
Thecour alo fndst tThor l ha f ld t saeaplusbl cli ofwr ngf deah agans t Ofi r
t s i ha
nhil s aie o tt
a i e am
o ul t i t he tce
D eenda sbec us Tho n l ha notf ec s a e de t s w t tt Ofk e Defnda sne ece Be l
f nt a e r hil s
or a t ny vi nce o ho ha he t r e nt gl td ny. n
fc undert alegai oft compl nt t Ofie Defnda sa sse a c cke onBe r s ve a tme
at
he l tons he
ai , he fc r e nt s itd nd he d
ry e r l i s
d i hi dee i M or i tnty,t cr ofTho nhilswr ulde hcl m i bas on t i de t
urng s tnton. e mpora l he ux
r l' ongf at ai s ed he na quae
media te t nther ceve Thecompl ntdoe no plusbl alget tpr di me c teame i adut of
c l r ame
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ai
s t a i y le ha ovi ng dial r t nt s
y
t Ofie Defnda s Thec
he fc r e nt.
ompli smpl r iest ee nt ofne i nc agai tt Ofie De e nt
ant i y ect he lme s
glge e ns he fc r f nda s

wi o t n pa sbefcst s p o th cam. ss wigc n twi tn a1 b()moin. eeo e
t u a y lu il at o u p r te li Thi ho n a no t a d 2()6 t Th rfr,
h
hs
o
Thor l' wr ulde t cai fisagans t Ofi rDefnda s.
nhils ongf ah l m al i t he fce
e nt

Dee d nsn t t th r i dspe me tnt sCic ia t wh te aVignargo a jic nsi e a
fn a t oe ha tee s ia e n i hi rut s o eh r r ii e in lal o tmts
m unii c por tonf whih s r i i m u t i a l e Co pa eDowdv, 4 W L 2002227,at*
cpal or ai or c ove egn m niy s vaiabl. m r
201
4

( odn ta teP mu k yRe o a JiAuh rt i e uv ln t amu cpa c po aina ,h r fr ,t
h lig h t h a n e gin l al to i s q iae to nii l o rto nd teeoe i
y
s
e o e sma b e tt dt sveeg i ni )wihBo e , 3WL 5 2 4 1 a * (odn t a te
mply e y e nil o o rin mmu t , t rn 201
e
y
4 9 2 , t 5 h lig h th
Notwetr Re in l al toiyma n t ete tda amu iia c r oain . cus tec u tmd ta
rh sen go a J iAuh rt y o b rae s ncp l o p rto ) Be a e h o r f s h t
Thor lha s fce l ale d i e i la o gr sy ne i nta t bydefnda t , orwhih s ei
nhil s ufiinty lge ntntona nd/r os l glge cs
e nsf
c over gn
i
mmuniy doe nota y,hecour ne d no decdewhehe t Aut rt ma bete e a amunii c por ton
t
s
ppl t
t e t i
t r he ho iy y ratd s
cpal or ai
a t ss a
t hi t ge.

mor t n me ene i nc by t Aut iy, o ,a t M e c De e
e ha
r glge e he hort Ayl r nd he di al f ndan sThe ef r t
t
r o e, he
c ti una e t c nc ud t tt y a e e il d t s r i n i m uniy a tlss age i t
our s bl o o l e ha he r ntt e o ove e g m
t t li t n he
'
pr e ngs
oc edi .

Thus t c tc l st tThor l ha sa e aplusbl cli unde Vigi a'
, he our oncude ha
nhil s t t d a i e am
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o f l ah tt e gai t he ho iy, or nd he
ca f ndan s wih t
t , t he
e pto o V ogt A c r ngl t c ttw ilgr ntt O fi e Def nda s a V og ' m o i
xce i n f
. co di y, he otr l a he fc r e nt ' nd
t s tons

t d s iswih r s c t Coun lloft compl nt Ther m ani de e
o im s t e pe t o
t 1 he
ai .
e i ng f ndan s m oto t
t ' i ns o
dim iswilbede e wih r s c t t sco t
s s l
ni d t e pe t o hi un .

l s m,h f lo n camswil r c e i ti c s : 1 Comt1 a ans t eAuh rt ,
n u t e o lwig li
l p o e d n h s a e ( ) t 1 g i t h to iy
Ayl i hi i vi c pa iy,Appl- ggi ,Buc rl s a Pit;a ( Co II
or n s ndi dual a ct
eFi ns kne-one , nd ts nd 2) unt I
agans t Aut rt Ayl i hi i vi ua c pa iy,Appl - ggi ,Buc r l ne ,a Pit.
i t he ho iy, or n s ndi d l a ct
e Fi ns
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1 1.
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M ot on to D env C l C ert fcat on
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c mpan . rua tt Ru e2 o teFe ea Ru e o Cii P o e u e Tho n l s e st
o litPu s n o l 3 f h d rl ls f vl r c d r, r hi e k o
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(
i r cia l; 2 te eaeq sin o 1w o fc c mmo t t ca s ( ) h camso
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d fn e o t erp e e ttv pat sa etp c l ft ecamso d fn e o teca s a d( )
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v.
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hr e rme s itd n e b) - r or ,nc. Dtkes 3
. 41, 48
( 1 .nt sc e, nhils e c riiainunde Rul 23( ( , c i pr ronl whe
201 ) l hi as Thor l e ks e tfc to
r e b)2) whih s ope y n

28

ted ca ao ya dij n tv rle s u h p e o nae temo eayrle s u h . d R. v.
h e lrt r n n u cie eif o g t r d mi ts h n tr eif o g tFe . Ci
P. ()2 . epli t fb ast ebld no s o n te ep ee u sts M o o v Ci o
23b () Th ani e r h t e f h wig h s r rq iie , m'e . t f
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Ch rots il. .5 9F.d3 0 3 4 (t Ci. 0 9 , e td n e ,1 0S. . 7 0( 01 ) a d
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mus do m o et n pl a co pla ewih Rul 23 r quie nt ,
t
r ha e d m i nc t
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3 47 3 8 4h r 2 4 .
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