Whitacre v. Thiele

Filing 62

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 3/20/17. (hnw)

S
CE S. ST
I THE UN I
N
TED STATES D I
STRI COU RT GLERK' OFFI U. DI .COURT
CT
ATK ANOKE,
VA
FOR TH E W ESTERN D I
STRI OF V I GI I
CT
R NA
FIED
l
CH ARLOTTESV I
LLE D I I ON
V SI

MA2 2 2 2 1
27
L C. UD
W
6 -

M I I LA A .W H I
K A
TACR E,Exe ut of
c or
t Es a e ofJ y A nne Thom a ,de a e
he t t
o
s ce s d,

.
.

,c RK
U
ERK

Ci lA c i N o.3: 5CV 00030
vi ton
1
Pl i i f
a ntf ,

M EM OM NDUM OPI ON
NI
Hon. e E.Co a
Gln
nr d
ChifUnie Stt DititJ
e
td a es src udge

ROBERT H.THI
ELE,M . .
D,
Def nda .
e nt

Joy Anne Thom as,a W es V igi a r dent under entaortcval r acem ents
t r ni esi ,
w
i ve epl
urgery at

t Uni riyofVigi aM e ca Ce e (k c Ce e ' i J nuayof201 Folowi t
he ve st
r ni di l ntr l
Medial ntr' n a r
)
3. l ng he
pr e e, Thomas wa ta f r d t t M edial Ce e ' Thor ci Car ovas ul
oc dur
s r nsere o he
c
ntr s
a c
di c ar

Pos- rtve(; PO')Uni. A fw ho satrhera va,Tho undewe e r ncy
topeai $
TCV- ' t
e ur fe
ni l mas
r nt mege
s r er She di d s ve alda l t rduet ne zol gi a c plc tons
u g y.
e e r
ys a e
o lr o c l om i a i .

M i a a A .W hia r t e c o ofThom a 'e t t ,br
kil
t c e, he xe ut r
s sa e oughtt sm e c lmal a tc
hi di a
pr c ie
a tc a ns Robe tH.Thil ,M . .t ate ng physca r s nsbl f i uba i Thom a
c im gai t
r
e e D , he ' ndi
t
i in e po i e or nt tng
s
prort t e e ge y s ge y. W hia r c am st tDr Thil a t d neglg l i pe f mi
i o he m r nc ur r
t c e l i ha . e e c e
i enty n ror ng
t i uba i a t tDr Thi e' ne i nc w a t pr m a e ca e of Thom as d t
he nt ton, nd ha . el s glge e s he oxi t us
' ea h.

Theeh smo dfrs mmayj d me t nt eb sso s v r ini nt Fo t era o ss t
il a ve o u r u g n o h a i f o e eg mmu i
y, r h e s n e
f 'h bel ,t cour w ildeny Dr.Thi e' m oton.
ol
t
ow he
t l
el s i
Backaround

The f l i f t a e eihe undi put or pr e ed i t lghtm os f vo a e t t
olow ng ac s r t r
s ed
es nt n he i
t a r bl o he
pl ntf . See A nders v.Li ry Lobbv.l ,477U. 242,
ai if
on
be t
nc.
S.
255 ( 986) Li ra in Pa t of
1 ; be tra rv
-- -

Va v.J 71 F. 308, 3( hCi. 3)
. udd, 8 3d
31 4t r 201 .

Dr Thil i boa d c tfe i a she i ogy,c ii lca e a a nc pe i r tve
. e e s r erii d n ne t sol
rtca r , nd dva ed rope ai
ta es ge ec
r ns opha al hoca di a .1 He i e oye bybot t Uni r iy ofVigi aSc
r ogr phy
s mpl d
h he ve st
r ni hoolof

Medii (k dialSc ' a t Uni riy of Vigni Physca Gr p (k iins
cne tMe c hool' nd he ve st
)
ri a
iins ou C
physca
Gr ),anonpr i c poai or ni dt c di t a dei rpai tcaea t M e c l
oup'
oft or rton ga ze o oor nae nd lve ten r t he dia
Cent r A sa m e be oft f culy oft M e ca School D r Thi l st i a' r s
e.
m r he a t
he di l
, . e e' l m l e pons biiy i
pr y
i lt s
t e ge i t a de i pur uis of t ac ng, r s a c a o he s hol ry a tvii .
o nga
n he ca m c
s t
e hi
e e r h, nd t r c a l c i tes'
'
Em pl ym e A gr em e a 1 Docke N os 26- & 58- A s a e pl e of t Phys c a
o nt
e nt t ,
t
. 1
7.
n m oye
he
i i ns
Gr
oup,D r Thi l as it t c or ton i éisf ni hi ofpr e s o lhe lh c e s r c s t
. e e s s s he op a i n kt ur s ng
of s i na a t ar e vi e o

pa int i t ... e c lCe e a i a flaed hos t l a clni s' 1 C wihsa ng
te s n he M di a ntr nd n fiit
pia s nd i c . d. '
'
Not t t ndi

s c e l y n , Dr Th eerman fe t e e cs hi o j d me ta t te ipp o rae
u h mp o me t' . il e is r e o x rie s wn u g n s o h s r p it
'
a
h at aet bern ee (oa p te t' I .s eas Tro 1 / 92 6De o Dr Th eea 1 ,
e l r o e d r d t l ain . d ; e lo . f 12 / 01 p. f . il t 4
hc
'
Do k t 5 - (Cp o iec r wo kn a aUPG ( y iinsGr u ci iinb s do wha I
c e No. 8 2 $ r vd ae r ig s
1
Ph sca o pl lnca a e n t
bele i i t beti ee t oft paint'.
ive s n he s ntrss he te .)
'
The Phys c a G r up hol is l o a a s
i i ns o
ds t e f ut s uppori or ni ton di tnc f om t
tng ga za i
si t r
he
U ni r iy ofVi gi a a t M e ca Ce e .2 The bus nes a a f r oft Phys c a Gr
ve s t
r ni nd he di l nt r
i s nd f ais he
i i ns oup
a e m a ged b a boa d ofdi e t r . The Phys ci ns Gr a s ha is own c e of i er ,a i
r
na
y
r
rcos
ia
oup l o s t
hi f fc s nd t
m ai ai a s pa a e hum a r s ce de r m e . The Phys c a Gr p bil pa i nt die ty
nt ns e r t
n e our s pa t nt
i i ns ou ls te s r c l
f t e t e pr ded by is phys ci ns The physi ans's ar es cons s oft com ponent a
or r a m nt ovi
t
ia .
ci
al i
i t wo
s:
ba e s l r pa d by t M edi a Sc l a an a to l va i bl s a y pa d f om r ve
s aa y i
he
c l hoo nd
ddii na r a e al r
i r
e nue

1Th c r tke j diiln tc o i o main pu lcy a albl o t we iemanane byt
e ou t a s u ca o ie f nfr to bil v ia e n he bst iti d he
U ni st ofVigi aH e t Syse .
ver iy
r ni alh t m
2 Se hlp:/ ww .up vr nae ua o t (a t stdMac 2 , 7 .
e
/w
g.igii.d /b uus ls vii
e rh 0 201 )

ge aed by t Physca Gr .3 The phys c a a e a s pr de pr es i
ner t
he
i ins oup
i i ns r l o ovi d of s onal la lt
i biiy
cover t ough t Pi ontLi lt Tr t.
age hr
he edm
abiiy us

The Phys c a Gr up w a pr vi l known a t Uni r iy ofV i g ni H e 1h Se v c s
i i ns o
s e ousy
s he ve s t
r i a at r i e

Foundai (Tou to '. TheFoundain wa ce tdi 1
ton ' ndain'
)
to s rae n 979. On De e
c mber31 1 l t
, 98 ,he
Founda i e e e i t t s o pha eofa a fla i a e ntwih t Re t rand Viior
ton nt r d n o he ec nd s
n fiiton gr eme
t he c o
st s

o t Uni riy of Vigi a (i vest ),whi dei ae t rs i lte of t
f he vest
r ni d
uni riy'
ch lne td he e ponsbiiis
he
Founda i a t Uni r iy. The co r c i pa te a e d,among ot rt ngs t t t
ton nd he
ve st
nta tng ri s gr e
he hi , ha he
Founda i wo d ( ovi prm a y a c uli pa int ca e s r ce t M edial Ce e
ton ul i
pr de i r nd ons tng te
r e vi s o
c
ntr
patent,...a t pa i sa s h ot rl tonsasm a be ag e t fom tm et tm ebyt
i s
nd o tent t uc he ocai
y
r ed o r i o i
he
Founda i a t U ni r iy, a t tt U ni r iy woul i a t t Founda i t rghtt
ton nd he ve st ' nd ha he ve s t
'
d û nt o he
gr
ton he i o
us c t i Uni er iy pr m i e ...a t e pm e l a e t r i 'a a ag e de era n
v st e s s
nd he qui nt oc t d he e n' t n r e upon c t
os .
A f ii to A gr e e a 5- Doc t N o. 26- Th co r c i pa tes a s a e t t
fla i n
e m nt t 7,
ke
2.
e nt a tng ri l o gr ed ha

physc a woul be e pl d by bot t Uni r iy a t Fot ton,a t t pa tof a
ii ns
d
m oye
h he ve st nd he mdai
nd ha r
physc a s c
ii n' ompe aton woul be de i d fom hi e oym e by t Founda i
ns i
d
rve r
s mpl
nt
he
ton. The
y
f t r a e t t t Uni r iy wo d ha l la lt or r s i lt wha s ve wih
urhe gr ed ha he
ve st
ul ve k ibiiy
no
e ponsbiiy
toe r t
r pe tt t cond ta o r ton oft a tvii st be c
es c o he
uc nd pe a i
he ci te o
onduc e by t Founda i i t
td
he
ton n he
as i d s e, a t tt Foundai n wo d 'i mniy a hol t Uni r iy ha m l s
sgne pac ' nd ha he
'
to
ul ûnde f nd d he ve st r es

a ans ..,a y ij r t o d ah o a y p ro ,ta ma b c u e b o aieo to .. t
gi t
n nu y o r e t f n es n h t y e a s d y r rs u f . he
c
onduc oroperto oft Foundaton' a tviisgr anyac ofa age .. oft Foundai
t
ain he
i s ci te o j
t ny nt . he
ton
i ora t asi d s cegj' I a 11 1
n bout he sgne pa .' d. t - 2.

3Ac o d n t t epli tf t r e ffh o Dr Th e ess lr i p i fo r v n g n r t d b t e
c r i g o h a n it h e -it s f . i l ' a a y s a d r m e e ue e e a e y h
PhyscansGr
ii
oup.

Efe tve Augus l 2011 t Fo
fci
t ,
, he unda i c nged is na e t t Physcins Gr
ton ha
t m o he
ia
oup.
Pur ua t t A m e
s nt o he
nded a Res a e Byl w s oft Clni lSt f oft U ni r iy ofV igi a
nd
t td
a
he i ca a f he ve st
r ni
M e c lCen e , hi h w er r vi e on M a 21 201 Dr Thi l a o he phys ci ns e pl d
di a
tr w c
e e sd
y , 2, . e e nd t r
i a m oye

by t Physc a Gr a e gr nt d prvie s asmembe s oft ci c lsa foft M e c l
he
ii ns oup r a e i l ge
r
he lnia t f
he di a
Ce e . Clnia sa f me r a e r quied t s r s r i nt pa tci tng i t
nt r
i c l tf
mbe s r e r o upe vie esde s ri pa i n he
Uni r iy' Gr duae M e c l Educai p ogr m . They a e alo r quie t a de by t
ve st s a t
di a
ton r a
r s e r d o bi
he
C lni a St f Byl w s t M e ca Ce e Polc M a l a al o he M e ca Ce erpolc es
i c l a f a , he di l nt r i y nua , nd 1 t r di l nt
ii ,
r l ,a r ul tons a i a e t c i c s a f m e be s H ow e r a e m e s be wee t
u es nd eg a i
pplc bl o lni al t f
m r.
ve , gr e nt t n he
Physci ns G r p a t M edi a Ce e ex e sy pr de t t ' he Phys ci ns Gr and is
ia
ou nd he
c l nt r pr s l ovi ha t
t
ia
oup
t
phys c a e pl esa e inde nde c r t s w ih r pec t t M e ca Ce e ,' ha t e
i i n m oye r i pe nt ontac or ' t es t o he di l nt r' t t her
i no 'e pl rem pl
s
t m oye /
oyee r l tons p,' a t t ç he M edi l Ce e doe not con r t
e a i hi ' nd ha d
t
ca
nt r
s
t ol he
l
p o e so a j d me t f h Ph sca sGr u o isp y iine ly e . P1' Supp' Ex.D at
r fsi n lu g n o t e y iin o p rt h sca mpo e s' .s
'
3,D oc tN o. 4.
ke
58J A nne Thom a w a r er e t t U ni r iy o V igi a H e r a V a cul r Ce e
oy
s s ef r d o he
ve st f r ni a t nd s a nt r

(kla'a Va c a Ce e' by a physca i W i hese,Vigi a. She wasa c ptd asa
i-e l nd s ulr ntr'
l t
)
iin n nc tr r ni
ce e
prvat l i ur d pa i nt b J
i e y ns e
te y ohn A . Ke n, M . . n e pl
r
D ,a m oyee of t Phys c a Gr
he
i i ns oup w ho
pr i att H eartand Vas arCent Thom a unde w e tao tc va ve r pl ce e ts ge y
actces he
cul
er.
s
r n r i l e a m n ur r
on J
anuar 25,2013.
y

Folow i t s ge y,Thom a wast a f r e t t TCV - Uni. Att tm e ofhe
l ng he ur r
s
r ns e r d o he
PO
t
he i
r
ta f r D r Thi l was w or ng i t TCV - Uni as t a t ndi i e i s ,4 H e
r ns e , . e e
ki n he
PO
t
he te ng nt ns vi t

w as

a s g d t w or i t tuni by J. i ha lJ e r M . . a t rm e be oft Phys c a Gr up.
s i ne o k n ha t
M c e a ge , D , no he m r he
i i ns o

4 An i ensviti alo known a a û ii lcar docor'' Bha v.B a te Cr H ealh Sys,579 F.
nt i s s s
s ç tca- e t .
cr
n
tl eek
t
.

Ap x4 , 4 ( t Ci. 4 .
p' 38 4 0 6h r 201 )
4

A s t a t ng i t ns vi t Dr Thi e di no ha t di cr t o t dec i t as i t Thom as
he tendi n e i s , . el d t ve he s e i n o
lne o s s
w he he c ton de lne a s r qui e e e ge y t e t e . Dr Thi l utlz d t
n r ondii
c i d nd he e r d m r nc r a m nt
. e e ii e he
e pm e pr d by t M e c lCe e t i uba e Thom as a m oniort i uba i
qui nt ovi ed
he di a nt r o nt t
nd
t he nt ton. H e
w a no as it d by a r s de s
s t sse
ny e i nt .

Thom a di d on Fe u r 1 201 He de t ce ttc t i ntfe t c us ofdeah as
s e
br a y , 3. r a h rii a e de ii s he a e
t

t no cb anij r 'd t S s p a e l nu ain. Co . t 2 , c e No. .
c xi ri nu y' ue o k o h g a it b to ' mpla ! 0 Do k t 1
a
e
'
ProceduralH i oa
st

On J y 3 201 O l n Thom as t orgi le u orof Thom as esa e,fl a m edi a
ul 0, 3, a
, he i na xec t
' t t ied
cl
m a pr c i e a ton a i t D r Thi l i t Cic t Co ' f t Ciy of Cha l t s le.
l a tc c i
ga ns
. e e n he r ui
ul or he t
t
r ote vil
The ea t r M i a a W hia r wa s bs iut d a pe s lr pr s nt tve o t es a e. The ac i n
r fe , ki l
t c e s u tt e s r ona e e e a i f he t t
to
wasuli a el nons t pr ort ti l
tm t y
uied i o r a .
W hia r c m e e t i t nta ton on J 26,201 Thr e wee bef e t c os
t c e om nc d he ns a c i
une
5.
e
ks or he l e
of di co r de e e c
s ve y, f ns ouns l a s pl i if s c
e dvied a ntf ' ouns l t Dr Thi l i e d t r i e t
e hat . e e nt nde o a s he
de e e ofs r gn i m uniy, e o t Supr m e Cour ofV igi a' r ce dec s on i Pi
f ns
ove ei m
t bas d n he
e
t
r ni s e nt i i n ke

v Ha a n, 7SE.d 8 ( . 01 ) Pro t t t i ,hed fns h dn tb e r ie
. c ma 78 . 2 9 Va 2 6 . ir o ha tme t ee e a o e n as d.
Dr T ees b e u n l mo e f rs mmayj d me t nteb ss fs v rini nt
. hil u s q e ty v d o u r u g n o h a i o o eeg mmu i
y.
l oppos ng t m oto W hia r a g t ts ha notha a
n
i he
i n, t c e r ued ha he d
d dequa e tm e t co
t i o nduc di c y
t s over

r e ntt t dee e. Thec t l ahe rngo t motonfrs
elva o he fns
our hed a i n he i o umma yj me onAugus
r udg nt
t
22,201 I a s eque or r e e ed o Se e be 1,201 t co tt t m oto unde
6. n ubs
nt de nt r n pt m r
6, he ur ook he
in
r
ad s e ,and ga t pa te untlDe m be 1,201 t c
viem nt
ve he ri s i ce r
6 o onduc addii ldi c r on t
t
tona s ove y
he
i
ssue of sover gn i m uniy. Folow i t conduct of addii
ei m
t
l ng he
tonal di
scover t pm i t ed
y, he
es il
suppl ent brefsi supportoft rr pectve posii
em al i n
hei es i
tons, The m ateri now ri f r ew .
t s
pe or evi

St
andar ofRe e
d
vi w
Rul 56 of t Fe r Rul s of Ci lPr e e pe m is a pa t t m ove f s m a y
e
he de al e
vi oc dur r t
ry o
or um r

j d me t $ c u t hal rn s mmayj d me t fhemo a t ho ta teei n g nun
u g n . ; o r s lg a t u r u g n i t
The
v n s ws h th r s o e ie
d s uea t a mae ilfc a dtemo a ti e tte t j d me t samatr lm ' Fe R.
ip t s o ny tra a t n h v n s n i d o u g n a
l
t of a ' d.
e
Ci P. 6 a , I de ii gwh t e t g a t s mmayj d me t to , h c u t t iw t e
v. 5 () n cd n eh r o rn a u r u g n moin t e o r mus v e h
r co d i t lghtm os f vor bl t t no m ovi pa t a dr alr as bl i e e esi
e r n he i
t a a e o he nng ry, nd aw 1 e ona e nf r nc n
he f vor A nde s 477 U . a 255,Li na i n P/ t ofV a. 718 F. a 31
ra .
r on,
S. t . be ra ry
,
3d t 2,
Di
scussi
on

l mo i g f r s mma y j d me t Dr Thee man ans t a Vigna s d crn o
n v n o u r u g n , . il iti h t r ii' o tie f
s ve e g i m uniy pr ec s hi f om la lt f t a l d a t o neg i nc 5 I r pons ,
o rin m
t ot t m r i biiy or he lege c s f lge e. n es e

t pli ifa gue t tDr Thi l wa not tngasa e oye oft Comm onwe 1ha t tm e
he a ntf r s ha . ee s aci
n mpl e he
at t he i
hete t d Thom a ,a t ,ha hei e l
rae
s nd, hus t t s xcudedfom t pr e ton ofs r gn i uniy. For
r he ot c i
ove ei mm t
t f l w i r s , he co tc ude t tge ne i s sof m a e i lf c e s r ar ng t
he olo ng ea ons t
ur oncl s ha nui s ue
t ra a t xit eg di he
na ur a s pe ofDr Thi l se pl m e , t tt e f t ldipu espr c ude t e r of
t e nd co
. e e' m oy nt and ha hes ac ua s t
el
he nt y

s mmayj g n i Dr Thil' fvo .
u r ud me t n . ees a r
I V i gi a, he doc r ne ofs ve e g i m uniy r m a ns(ç lve a w e l'' Gr v.Va.
n r ni t
ti
o rin m
t e i ia i nd l.'
ay

Sec' ofTrns ,662 S. 2d66,70( 2008 (uoi Mesi v.Bur n,321S. 2d657,660
y
a p.
E.
Va. ) q tng sna
de
E.
( 1 4). ThedocrneSsk r eo s ilpolc whihpr e t t saefom bur ns
Va. 98 )
ti k a ul f oca iy, c otcs he tt r
i
de ome
i e f r nc w ih t pe f m a of is gove m e alf tons a pr er s is c r ove
nt r e e e t he r or nce
t
nl nt unc i
nd es ve t ont ol r

saef ,prpe t a i tume aii .' 1 ( tngHi he v.Ocde 3 S. 2 8 ,
tt unds o ry, nd nsr ntltes'' d. quoi nc v
n, 07 E.d 91

5 Bec et sf alac i i ba edupondi r iy ofctze hi , t cour mus a yt s tntve
aus hi eder ton s s
ve st
ii ns p he
t t ppl he ubsa i
l oft f um sa e i udi isc c ofl r e Li bac Co. LLC v.Zurc Am .I .Co. 396 F.
aw
he or tt , ncl ng t hoie aw uls. m h ,
ih
ns ,
3d

35 ,361(t Ci.2 0 ) Th p risa re t tVigna lw go en te n gi nc cam a sre b t
8
4h r 0 5 . e a t g e ha r ii a v r s h e l e li setd y he
e
ge
pl ntf.
ai if

89 ( .1 ). I o de f t p pos oft docrnet bef ly r aied,t i
4 Va 983) n r r or he ur es he ti o
ul e lz he mmuniy
t
afor d by t docti i notlmied s el t t e sa e At ns v.Sac
f de
he
rne s
i t ol y o h tt . ki on
hno,5 S. 2d 90
41 E.
2,

904 ( 2001) Thedocrneas ap i t ts mepe ewhohel r t govenme ...f
Va.
.
ti lo ples o io
opl
p un he
r nt or
t s a e c n onl a tt ough i vi l .' M es i 3 S. 2d a 661
he t t a
y c hr
ndi dua s '
s na, 21 E. t .

ûfhe de e m i ton t ta pariulri vi li e il t t pr eci n ofs egn
û'
t r na i ha
tc a ndi dua s ntted o he ot to
over i
i m uniy f e nty i ve uni ue f c ua co i r i whe t ti vi li a phys c a '
m
t r que l nvol s q a t l ns de atons
n ha ndi dua s
i i n.
'

At ns 541S. 2da 904(iatonso te . l J me v. a 282S. 2d864( 1 ,he
ki on,
E. t ct i mitd) n a s J ne,
E.
Va. 980)t
Su e e Cour ofV igi a k t bls d a f - r t s t de e m i w he he aphys c a w ho w a
pr m
t
r ni t a i he our pa t e t o t r ne
es
t r
i in
s
a e pl e oft Com m o e t w a e tted t t pr t c i of s r i n i m uniy.' 1
n m oye
he
nw alh s n il o he o e ton
ove e g m
t ' d.

(ii J mes 541S. 2da 869) Si eJmeswa decde t Su e Co tha a ple t t
ctng a ,
E. t . nc a
s i d,he prme ur s p id ha
t ti a num be ofm e ca m al r c i e c es i l ng Pi v. a m a t prm a y dec son on
es n
r
di l p a tc as , nc udi
ke H ga n, he i r
ii
whi h Dr Thi l r le . I Pi ,t Supr m e Cour conc ude bas on is as e s e of t
c
. e e e i s n ke he
e
t
l d, ed
t s s m nt he
f J e f c o s t t a r gi t r nur e e pl yed by t V igi a Com m onwea t U ni r iy
our am s a t r , ha e s e ed s m o
he r ni
lh
ve st
Hea t Sys e A ut iy, a i t u e a iy of t s a e,w a e il d t s r i n i m uniy.
1h
tm
hort n ns r m nt lt
he t t
s ntte o ove e g m
t

Pi 787S. 2da 9 s eas i a 91 94( i t tt saehos tlpada1ofHa ma s
ke,
E. t 4; e lo d. t , notng ha he tt pia i l
ga n'

wa e , ndd tr n dhe s h d l a dwh t rs ec udtk la ) Va Co ej2312 01A)
g s a eemie r c e ue n ehe h o l a e e ve; . d
.- 4 (
(i he Vigi a Co
ir
r ni mmonwe t Uni riy Heat Syse Auhort i e tbls d a a publc
a1h vest
1h tm t iy s sa ihe s
i

b d c po ae p bl isr me tl y a dp l ia s b viino teCo n at . .'.
o y o r t, u i n tu n ai , n oi c l u di so f h mmo we 1h . .)
c
t
t
'
l ea h oft br e s tl d i s
n c
he i f i e n uppor oft pe ng m oton,D r Thi l pr e dsunde t
t he ndi
i
. e e oc e
r he
as um pton t tt J m es t s g r hi pl a of s ve e gn i m uniy. H ow e r be us D r
s
i ha he a
e t ove ns s e
o ri m
t
ve , ca e .
Thi e m ai ai dualem pl entw ih t M edi Schooland t Phys ci Gr
el
nt ns
oym
t he
cal
he
i ans oup,t cour
he
t
m us fr t addr t i ue of w het he was an em pl
t is
ess he ss
her
oyee of t Com m onw ealh w ho was
he
t

oper tng wihi t s
ai
t n he cope ofhi sae e oyme i pe f m i t a t c
s t t mpl
nt n ror ng he c s ompl ne ofby t
ai d
he

pli if TheSuprmeCou tofVigi ahasmadece rt tt tgq iai oft J me t t
antf.
e
r
r ni
la ha he tapplc ton he a s es
.. .

pr uppos st tt physcin s e ngt pr e ton ofs r i i
es
e ha he
i a e ki he otc i
ove e gn mmuniy i a e pl eor
t s n m oye

ag toft Com monweat ' At ns 541 S. 2d a 90 05. St t dif r nty,t t s d s
en
he
lh.' ki on,
E. t 4aed fe e l he e t d
i
nota i bl i t i vi ua i a i pe ntco r c o a t ,nota e pl e ora ntof
pplca e f he ndi d l s n nde nde
nt a t r nd, hus
n m oye
ge

t Co
he mmonwe lh. Js s e as M c os y v.Ka 604 S, 2d 59,62 & n. ( 2004)
at ' - * e lo cl ke
' (,
ne,
E.
2 Va.
( s ng,wihoutde i ng,hathedee ntphyscinwa a e oye oft CO
asumi
t
cdi t t fnda - i a s n mpl e he mmonwe 1h
at
butnonehel shol ng t the wasno enild t s rin i
t es di ha
t tte o oveeg mmuniy unde t J
t
r he amests)
e t.
Thi i be us ta l i pe nt c t a t s a e e l d' f om t pr e ton of s r i
s s ca e ' l nde nde on r c or r xc ude ' r
he ot c i
ove e gn

i uniy,At ns 541 S. 2d a 905,as i co uc unde tke outi t s ope of sa e
mm t
ki on,
E. t
s nd t
ra n sde he c
tt

e oy nt Tomln v.M c nze 468 S. 2d 88 88 ( .1 ;s e as M e sna 321
mpl me .
i
Ke i,
E. 2, 5 Va 996) e lo si ,
S. 2d a 660 (t1n a yi t Jme ts,t frtquesi i whehe J ms wor fra
E. t
kL1 ppl ng he a s e t he is
ton s t r ol on ks o n
i
mmunebody.)
'.
'
Ac or ngy,t fr ti s t tmus be de i d i whe he Dr Thi e wa a tng a an
c di l he is s ue ha
t
c de s
t r . el s c i s
e pl e oft s a e a t tm e het e t d Thom as Ther ol i oft s q s i i ge a l a
m oye
he t t t he i
rae
.
es uton hi ue ton s ner ly

q e t no f c f r u y. At n o 5 S. 2 a 9 5 lc nb d cd da amatr f1w o y
u si f a t o aj r
o
kis n, 41 E.d t 0 . t a e e ie s te o a nl
û nkheevi nceadmisofbutonec ncusona' 1 ( i Hade dv. e c- Lt ,377
k
whe t
de
t
o l i '' d.quotng
e M di 24, d.

S. 2d58 594- ( 1 ). Ba e o t c rntrcod,hec tsuna et c l t t
E. 9, 95 Va. 989) s d n he ure e r t our i bl o oncude ha
t sca epr en ss h a que ton ofl , uc l sone t tca b de ded i D r Thi l sf vora
hi s es t uc
si
aw m h es
ha n e ci n . e e' a
t
t s s a oft pr ee ngs
hi t ge he oc di .
A ss m a i d a
um rze bove,Dr Thi e i ,a was a al r l va tm e ,e pl d by bo h t
. el s nd
t l e e nt i s m oye
t he
M edi Schooland t Phys ci G r
cal
he
i ans oup,t l t of whi pr des patentcar ser ces t
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ch ovi
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M e c l Ce t r pa i n s l i undi put t t t M e c l Sc
di a n e te t . t s
s ed ha he di a hool a t M e c Ce e a e
nd he di al nt r r

8

a nci oft Comm o
ge es he
nweat Sç Re t & Viio soft Uni ofVa. Ca tr 591 S. 2d
lh. e c or
st r
he v.
v. re ,
E.

76,78( .2004)(û a a nc oft Commo at UVA i e ildt s veeg i
Va
C n ge y he
As
nwe 1h,
s ntte o o rin mmuniy
t
unde t c
r he ommon lw a e a expes c tt i lorsaut ypr sont t c rr ')
a bsnt n r s onsiutona tt or ovii o he ontay. ;
'

Va.
Codej23.- 1 B)( sgnai t M e ca Ce e a da age yoft Commonwe t ),
122 2( de i tng he di l ntr s dn nc he
alh'
W hie Dr Thi l s m a iy a g t tt Phys c ansGr up i a s e il d t s r i t s a e'
l . e e um z l r ues ha he
ii
o s l o ntte o ha e n he t t s

i nt 6 a ra o a 1 j r c ud fn t a t e P y iin Gr u a d is e o e ae
mmu i
y, e s n b e uy o l i d h t h h sca s o p n t mplye s r
i pende c r t sf rwhiht do ti ofs r i n i muniy i unaval bl Li wie a
nde
nt ontacor o
c he c rne ove e g m
t s
ia e. ke s ,

ra o a l j r c ud tn ta Dr Theesalg da t o n g ie c weep ro me o tiete
e s n b e u y o l i d h t . il' le e cs f e lg n e r ef r d usd h
s pe ofhi e oyme wih t M e ca Sc . Untlt s unde l ng f t diput a e
co
s mpl
nt t he di l hool
i he e
ryi acual s es r
r ol d,t c ti una e t dee m i whehe Dr Thi e i e ild t s r gn i muniy
es ve he our s bl o tr ne
t r . el s ntte o ove ei m
t
unde J m esv. a 7
r a
J ne.
Tur ng fr t o t r a i hi be wee t Phys c a Gr a t Com m o a1h, he
ni is t he el tons p t n he
i i ns oup nd he
nwe t t
Supr m e Cour ofV i g ni hasi ntfe f f t sr e ntt t de e m i ton ofwhe he t
e
t
ri a
de ii d our ac or el va o he t r na i
t r he

r ai hi i o ofa a ntora i pe ntco rco , Thos fcor a e: 1 Cel to a
eltons p s ne n ge
n nde nde nta tr
e a t s r ( )' ecin nd
s

enga me ' ()S me ofcompe ai '()C rofdimis l'a ( é rt contol
ge nt' 2 t
>
' pay nt
ns ton''3 t
7 powe
s sa'' nd 4) t
,
powe o r
t wor ' At ns 541S. 2da 905. ûl i wel esa ihe t tt f t f c or t powe
he k.
' ki on,
E. t
dt s l tbls d ha he ourh a t , he
r
ofco r , sde e mi tve. 1
ntol i t r nai ' d.
'

6 See Def' Br i Repo s t PlsS p lBr 2 Do ke No. (;T1 eUVA Me ia Ce trUVA
. s
.n s n e o . u p' . , c t 61 d h
'
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dc l ne,

is l a d UPG (h P y i a sGr u jaeali n a e ce ,s Plitf e frst c f s De e a ts
tef n
te h scin o p r l mmu e g n is o anifs fo t o on u e fnd n '
empl e ar ir evantt hi enttementt s ei i
oym nt e rel
o s il
o over gn mmuniy. UVA i t Commonweat The UVA
t
s he
1h.

M e c l ne i t Co
dia Ce tr s he mmon at UPG i t eCo n at ' (mp a i o te .
we l
h.
s h mmo we lh.) e h ss mitd)
'
1Th c u tn tsta wh te ad fn a ti p oe tdb s eegn i ni i aû etono lw.
e o r oe h t eh r ee d n s r tce y ov ri mmu t s ku si f a '
y
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Com m onw eat e rlFarHo s Bd. . i s rPlz Co o As ', 8S. 2 79 8 ( . 01 ) Ho v r
lh x e. i u . v W nd o a a nd . sn 76 E.d , 9 Va 2 4 . we e ,
t def epr ent û si is off t'whih mus bepr n byt palyas eri t def e. Pi 787
he ens es s t tnct s ues ac ' c
di
t
ove
he ' s tng he ens
t
ke,
-

-

S. 2da 9 (iaina ditr lq oai mak o te )
E. t 2 ctto n nena u tton r s mi d .
t
9

Vi ngt r or i t lghtm os f a et t pl ntf, hec tc l st tt
ewi he ec d n he i
t avorbl o he ai if t our onc ude ha he
e de er iesatibl i s off c ast whehe t PhyscinsGr i a age ore oye of
vi nc a s
ra e s ue a t o
t r he
ia
oup s n nt mpl e
t Com m onw e lh, o
he
a t as ppos d t a i pe ntc r t . The Physci nsGr i a s pa a e
e o n nde nde ontac or
ia
oup s e r t

a ditnc c por ton, whi h e oys t physca who wo k a t M ed c l Ce e .
nd si t or a i
c mpl
he
i ins
r t he
ia
nt r
A lhoug t ch ca l a nonp o i o ga z ton, ti undi put d t tt Phys c a Gr up ge r t
t
h e ni ly
r f t r ni a i i s
s e ha he
i i ns o
ne a es
e e i r nue t ti us d,a l a ti pa t t com pe at is e pl s. Se Uni ofV a.
xt ns ve eve
ha s e t e s n r, o
ns e t m oyee
e
v.

He 1h Sevs Found.v.Mori,657 S. 2d 51 5 ( 2008)( di t tt Foundai
at r .
rs
E.
2, 22 Va.
hol ng ha he
ton
i r t lke apr iabl c
t a es i
ope
oft e omm e c a busne swih e e i r ve a as e s'a t ,i
r i l i s t xtnsve e nue nd s t' nd, hus s

t i
i mmunefom t tla lt unde t docrneofc rtbl i
not
r or ibiiy r he ti
haia e mmuniy' . M orove,lkea
t'
)
e r i ny
ot r c por ton,t bus ne s a a f i s of t Physci ns Gr up a e m a ed by a bo r of
he or a i he i s nd f a r
he
ia
o
r
nag
ad
die t s a t or ni a i hasisow n c efo f c r .
r c or , nd he ga z ton
t
hi f i e s

I hi va i bre s Dr Thil m a smuc oft f c t tphyscinse o d by t
n s rous i f , . ee ke
h he a t ha
i a mplye
he
Physcins Gr a e r quie t f l polc e a pr ed es e t bls d by t M edia
ia
oup r e r d o olow
ii s nd oc ur sa ihe
he
cl
Ce e . Exitngpr c ntm a sc e r howe r t tt sf c i notdipostve pa tc a l i
nt r
si
e ede
ke l a ,
ve , ha hi a t s
s ii , riulry n

tec s o p y iin wh mus e ecs t ero p oe so a j d me twh nte t pains
h a e f h sca s o t x rie h i wn r fsin l u g n e r ai te t.
ng
Fori t e, n A t ns t Supr m e Cour ofVigi a c i r d w he he a lce e phys c a
nsanc i ki on, he
e
t
r ni ons de e
t r i ns d
iin
who c r c ed w ih a s a e age y t s r a ac ula phys c a w asa e pl e ora tof
ont a t
t tt
nc o e ve s ons t nt
ii n
n m oye
gen
t Co m onw e lh. A t ns 5 S. 2d a 902. A lho h t phys ci n was r ui e t
he m
at
ki on, 41 E. t
t ug he
ia
eq r d o
a rt û
dhe e o k e ous r gul to ,pr ocol ,a pr e es'i pe f ng t e m i t o a
num r
e a i ns ot s nd oc dur ' n r onni he xa na i ns nd
t sss
e t oughtby t a nc t Cour f und t tt y di notcons iut c r by t s a e a nc
he ge y, he
to
ha he d
tt e ontol he t t ge y
of t m e ns a m e hods b w hi h t phys c an pe f m e t e m i tons a t t . l a
he a nd t
y
c he
ii
r or d he xa na i
nd es s d. t

906. l ta t rc de tbls dt tt physca execsdhi ownç of sonaludgment
nse d,he e or sa ihe ha he iin rie s
' esi j
pr
i m aki t m edi as m ent of a partcul cl m ant s condii i or t accur el
n
ng he
cal sess
s
i ar ai
'
ton n der o
at y

10

pr
oducet r por rquese byghea ncy . L TheCou tuli tl hed, amatroflw,
he e t e td t ge j' i
'
r tmaey l as te a
t t t phys c a w as a i pe nt con r c or a no a e pl
ha he
iin
n nde nde
t a t , nd t n m oyee or a nt of t
ge
he

Comm onweat L.
1h. d
s

Si lry,i Og
mial n unde v.Prs He 1h Ser c .l ,645 S. 2d 520 ( 2007) t
ion at vies nc.
E.
Va.
, he
Supr
eme Cour of Vigi a he d,a a mat r of lw,t ta c
t
r ni l s
te
a ha
ompa t t c r ctd wih t
ny ha onta e
t he

Vigi a De rme ofCoreci ($
r ni pa t nt
r tons $
VDOC' t pr d medialsr ie t i tsa sae
' o ovie
)
c e vc s o nmae t tt
c rci
or e tonalce t r w as a i pe ntc r t ,r t rt n V DO C ' ag nt a t r o e not
ne s
n nde nde ontac or a he ha
S e , nd he ef r
e il d t s r g i m uniy. O c
ntte o ove ei n m
t
unde,645 S. 2d a 525. l r c ng isde i i t Cour
E. t
n ea hi t c s on, he
t
em phasze t t alhough t c por ton and is e pl ye s w e e r qui e t r nde m e c l
i d ha t
he or a i
t m o e
r e r d o e r di a
s r i esi ac or nce wih polc e f
e v c n c da
t
i i s onuul t d b V DO C, i a ual or t be pe f
ae y
( he ct w k o
t
r onned unde
r

t ec n rc - tern e igo me ia sr ie t imae -r man e qu d rt ec nr lo g e
h o ta t h e d rn f dc l evc s o n ts e i gd n e h o to f t
h
c
ompa .' I a 52
nyl' d. t 4.

l t i c s ,a i Ati o a d Og nd ,a r a o a ej y c ud e sl fn ta te
n hs a e s n kns n n u e e s n bl ur o l a i i d h t h
y
pr vii n ofpate ca e s r c a t M edi a Ce e r m a nsundert c r oft Phys c ans
o so
i nt r e vi es t he
c l nt r e i
he ont ol he
ii

Gr u ,a d ta isp y iin e ecs t ero p o e so a j d me ti te tn t eM e ia
o p n h t t h sca s x rie h i wn r f sin l u g n n r ai g h dc l
Ce e ' pai nt. I ee a e m e s bewe n t Physcins Gr a t M e c lCe e
nt rs te s nd d, gr e nt t e he
ia
oup nd he di a nt r
e e sy pr de t t'he Physc a Gr up a is physc a e pl s a e çnde nde
xpr s l ovi ha t
t
ii ns o
nd t
ii n m oyee r i pe nt
c r c o s wih r s c t t M e c lCe e , andt tkheM e c lCe e do notc r lt
onta t r ' t e pe t o he di a nt r'
'
ha k
t
di a ntr es
onto he

p o e so a j dg n o t ePh sca sGr u o i p y iine ly e . Pl' S p l D a
r fs in lu me t f h y iin o p rt h sca mpo e s' .s u p'Ex. t
s
'
3,se alo Tr of 1129/ 6 De ofDr Thil a 1 (k pr de c r woki a a UPG
'e s .
/ 201 p.
. ee t 4 iI ovi ae r ng s
( i a Gr
Physcins ouplclni a ba e on wha Ibeive i i t bes itr t oft paint'.
i cin s d
t le s n he t neess he te .)
'
A l t sam e lnes,t af ii i agr entbet een t Uni siy and t Physi an Gr s
ong he
i
he flaton eem
w
he ver t
he
ci
oup'
predecess expr l pr des t t cor aton i r ponsi e f provi ng patent car
or
ess y ovi
hat he por i s es
bl or
di
i
e

11

s r c s t pa int of t M e ca Ce e ,a t t t Uni r iy k ha lha no la lt or
e vi e o te s he di l nt r nd ha he
ve st ' l ve
s
ibiiy
r ponsbiiy whas eve wih r s t t t co
es i lt
t o r t e pec o he nduc a ope ai n of t aci te t be
t nd
r to
he tvii s o

co ucedbyt gor r to i t asi ds ce' AfiitonAg e me a 1l 1 Ont s
nd t
he c po ainl n he sgne pa . flai
'
r e nt t - 2.
hi

rc r , j r c udr a o a l f dt a t ePh sca Gr u a dise ly e aeid p nd n
e o d a u y o l e s n by i h t h y iins o p n t mpo e s r n e e e t
n
c r c or , nd nota nt oft M e c lCe e ort Uni r iy. Ac or ngl a t ssa of
onta t s a
ge s he di a nt r he ve st
c di y, t hi t ge
t pr ee ngs t co ti una e t a ce D r Thi e' a gu e t tt Phys c a G r ( s
he oc di , he ur s bl o c pt . el s r m nt ha he
i i ns oup d
i
t Com m on e t '
he
w alh.
'

Thecou tmus as rjctDr Thil sar me t thi e oyme wih t Medial
r
t lo ee . ee' gu nt ha s mpl nt t he
c
Sc
hool e il s hi t s r gn i m uniy a a m a t r of l w . The m e e f t t t one of D r
ntte m o ove ei m
t s
te
a
r ac ha
.
Thi e' e pl r i a s a e age y i notdi pos tve. The r or m us al o esabls t thew a
el s m oye s s t t
nc s
s ii
ec d
t s t i h ha
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ope a i wihi t s ope ofhi sa e e oymen i pe f mi t a scompl ne ofby t
r tng t n he c
s t t mpl
t n ror ng he ct
ai d
he

pli if 5e Tomln,468 S. 2d at 885 ( i t t c
antf. e
i
E.
notng ha onduc outi t s ope of sae
t sde he c
tt
e oyme i no pr ecedbys ri i
mpl nt s t ot t
oveegn mmuniy)
t.
The c ' tnds t Supr me Cour of Vigi a' de ii n i Be a i v.Uni r iy
oul i
t
he
e
t
r ni s c so n nim n
ve st

I enal e cneFoundai 49 S. 2d651( 1 i tuci c t spoi . l t tcae,
ntr M dii
ton, 2 E.
Va. 997)nsr tve m hi nt n ha s a
fmal paintdidafe r evi te t n a M e ca Cole ofVigi a(1 CV' Hos t '
e e te e tr ec i ng r ame t t di l lge
r ni û
M
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)
Epiodi Ca eClni (k '. Be a n, 2 S. 2da 651. Thead nitaoroft paints
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esae fld s ta i tJ i Ann Sa u s M . ,t me c ldie t oft S
t t ie ui gans ule
m el, D. he dia r cor he '
ECC, a t
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Uni riy ltr Medii Foundai (i M F',a nonpr i c
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ott oporto oga z f t
ain r nied or he
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i t ac i e
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S n e na
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. m s ied
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t ou
ha he ec r uppor e t
t d he
de e m i ton t t Dr Sa ue s w a a tng f t s a e i a i s e i t ECC,a t tt
t r na i ha . m l s c i or he t t n dm ni t r ng he
nd ha he

clni was a s a e r he t f ciiy. l a 653. Alhoug D r Sa ue s w a alo a m e be of
i c
t t - un alh a lt d. t
t
h . m l s s
m r
U I F a w a pai f he s r ce t prva e pa i nt by t c por ton,t pl ntf f ie t
M nd s d or r e vi s o i t te s
he or a i he ai i f a l d o
pr ents fci evi
es
uf i ent dence t es abls t t cor aton had a connecton or cont actw ih t
o t i h hat he por i
i
r
t he

ECC,ort tDr Sa
ha . muel wa a tng asa a ntf UI F i he c pa iy ast ECC' m e ca
s s ci
n ge or M n r a ct
he
S di l
di e t r I a 653r c o . d. t
54. A cc r ngl t Sup e e Cour a tr e t ti lc tsde e m i ton
o di y, he r m
t fi m d he r a our ' t r na i
t t k r Sa uel w a a a i s r tve a nt f a s a e i tt ton, e r i i s t nta
ha t . m s s n dm nit a i ge or t t ns iu i
D
xe c s ng ubs a i l

dic e i i ca r ng out he admi sr tve du i ,a was t r f e,e il d t s r i
s r ton n ryi
r
nita i
tes nd
, he e or ntte o ove egn
i m uniy.,,8 jj a 65 .
m
t
t. t 3

UnlkeBe a i t r co di t sca econ ansa ee de efom whih ar as bl
i
nim n, he e r n hi s
t i mpl vi nc r
c e ona e

j r c u d fn t tDr Thil wa a tn o b h l o te Ph sca sGr u ,rt e ta t
u y o l i d ha . ee s cig n e af f h y iin o p ah r h n he
M e ca School whe he pe f m e t i uba i on Tho a . A sa m e be oft f culy oft
di l
, n
r or d he nt ton
m s
m r he a t
he
M e c l Sc , Dr Thi l s i i a y r s
di a hool . e e' t m r e pons biiy i t e
pr
i lt s o ngage i t a ade i pur uis of
n he c m c s t
t a hi r s a c a ot r s ho a l a tvii s ' Em pl e A gr em e a 1. The c r nt
e c ng, e e r h, nd he c l ry c i te .
'
oym nt
e nt t
ur e
r d i devoi of any i caton t t Dr.Thi e w as engaged i s purs t dur ng t tm e
ecor s
d
ndi i ha
el
n uch
uis i he i

pe i i que ton. N or i t r any e d e t t Dr Thi l w as r s nsbl f r s pe vi i
r od n
si
s he e
vi enc ha . e e
e po i e o u r s ng

me ia r sd n sa t t i . I se d, r a o a l j r c ud tn ta Dr Thil wa a ssig
dc l e ie t tha tme n ta a e s n b e u y o l i d h t . ee s s itn
t Physca Gr i Gt f nihi ofpr es i heat c r s r i st pa int i t ...
he
i ins oup n E s ur s ng
i
of sonal lh a e e vce o te s n he
M edi al Ce e .'
c
nt r '

Dr Thil was a sg
. ee
s i ned t wor a t a tndi i e i s i t
o
k s he te ng nt nsvit n he

TCV - Uni by a t r m e be of t Physci nsG r
PO
t
no he
m r he
ia
oup,and hi c pe a i w a bas a
s om ns ton s ed, t
l as i pa t on t r ve t tt Phys c a G r p ge r t d f om s r c r r d by is
e t n r , he e nue ha he
i i ns ou
ne a e r
e vi es ende e
t

physca . l s tt e de ei t s mmayj
iins n hor,he vi nc n he u r udgme r c di s fcintt ce t atibl
nt e or s ufi e o rae ra e
8Th S rmeCou t lo afr dt tilc r' ga to s mmayj d me tt UI
e up e
r as fime he ra ou t rn f u r u g n o MF. Thetil
s
ra
e ta eedw ih U I F t Dr Sa uel wasnota i a a agent s va ,orem pl
our gr
t M hat . m s
ctng s n
, er nt
oyeeofUI F a t tm e
M t he i

of h p te tste t n i teECC,nd tu ,h t MFwa n s be t oviaiusl blt. Be imi, 9
t e ain' rame tn h
a ,h s ta UI
s ot u j c t c ro i iiy na n 4 2
a
S. 2d a 652,654. Not y,t Supr me Cou-' decii i de d of a s s i t t nonpr i
E. t
abl he
e
ls
t
son s voi
ny ugge ton hat he
oft
cor a i wasentte t s r i i m uniy.
por ton
ild o ove egn m
t

is ast whehe Dr Thi ewa ope a i wihi t s opeofhi sa ee pl
s ue o
t r . el s r tng t n he c
s tt m oymenta t tm e
t he i
he pe f m e t a t co pl ne ofby t pl i i f
r or d he c s m ai d
he a ntf .
C oncl i
us on

For t r as s a e g ne i s s o m a e i l f ct pr cl t e r of s m a y
he e ons t t d, enui s ue f t r a a
e ude he nty
um r

j d me ti fv ro Dr Th eeo teb sso s v rin i n t. Ac o dn l t ec u t l
u g n n a o f . il n h a i f o eeg mmu iy
c r igy,h o r wi
l
de Dr Thi e' motonf s
ny . el s i or ummayj
r udgme .
nt
The Cl r i diec e t s nd co e oft s m em or ndum opi o a t a com pa ng
ek s r td o e
pi s hi
a
ni n nd he c
nyi
or t a 1c ns lofr or
der o 1 ou e
ec d.

a f rh 01 .
oAzso:r i o,N d yo Ma c , 2 7
'hs t

t
Chif nied St esDiti J
e
t at
srct udge