Molly Sobel v. Institute for Shipboard Education et al

Filing 82

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 1/26/17. (hnw)

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I THE UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FO R TH E W ESTERN D I I OF VI I I STR CT RG N A CH ARLO TTESV I LLE D I I ON V SI CLERK' OFFI U. DI COURT S CE S. ST. ATG NOG , VA FI LED J 2s 21 AN 27 J :y: M O LLY SO BEL, L u ciiAcinNo 3:5 0 z vl to . 1 cvO 0@ Pl i i f a ntf M EM O M ND U M O PIN IO N I STI N TUTE FOR SHI PBOARD ED U CA TI d/ a SEM ESTER A T SEA, ON b/ eta1, . Hon. l n E.Conr d Ge a ChifUnied St t DititJ e t aes src udge Def nda s e nt . Th sp ro a ij l a to aie fo asx la s utt to c re wh l te panif i es n l nu' cin rs s r m e ua s a l ha c u r d ie h litf, y M oly Sobel wa sudyi a oa t ough a pr r m ofe ed by t l tt e f Shi r l , s t ng br d hr og a fr he nsiut or pboa d Educai (iSE'. Thec ei prs ntybefr t cou t I Srne dmotonf s mmay ton tl ' ) as s e e l o e he r on SE' e we i or u r j d me ta dS b lsmo infrla et fl a a n e e mplit F rtera o t a f lo u g n n o e ' to o e v o ie n me d d o an . o h e s ns h t olw, I S m o i n wilbe g a ed a So ' m oton w ilbe de e A ddii l Sobe ' c a m s SE' t o l r nt nd bels i l ni d. tonaly, ls l i a i tSha l s Tr pa hi t a l g pe peta or oft s xua as a t w ilbe di m i s d wihout ga ns ie h i t , he le cd r r t he e l s ul, l s se t Prj die. eu c Backzround Th f lo ngfcsfo tes mmayj d me t e o daeete u d s u e o prs ne e ol wi a t rm h u r u g n r c r r ih r n ip td r e e td i t lghtm os f vor e t t pli if Se Ande s n v.Li ry Lobby,l ,477 U. 242, n he i t a abl o he antf . e ro be t nc. S. 255( 98 ;Li rainPa t ofVa. J 71 F.d308 31 (t Ci.201 ) 1 6) be tra rv v. udd, 8 3 , 3 4h r 3 . l i a non ottco po a i bas d i D e awa e, hi ha ispr nc pa pl ce ofb i s SE s pr i r r ton e n l r w ch s t i i l a us ne s i Cha l t s le V igi a l a i s e s t Se es e a Se sudy a oa pr r m ,w hi h n r ote vil , r ni . SE dm ni t r he m t r t a t br d og a c of er st f s udent t opporuniy t t colege cours aboard a pass s he t t o ake l es engercruie shi t t avel s p hat r s i er i l nt natonaly. Sobel a Calf ni r s de ,pa tc pa e i t Se es e a Se Sprng 201 Voya , ior a e i nt r i i t d n he m t r t a i 3 ge. l n or rt g n adm i s on t t pr r m ,Sobe c pl t d a onlnea i ton i whi h s ag ee de o ai s i o he og a l om e e n i pplca i n c he r d t S cc t a bi ng any a a 1c tons t tnor a l a y t unde gr dua e a i s on t o i ep s ndi a nd 1 ondii ha m ly ppl o r a t dm s i o Se e t atSea i l ng t es tf rhi t Voyag r sHand k a t tcke c r c .. . m ser , nc udi hos e o t n he e' boo nd he i t onta t . ' ' 2 S p lDe l o M ih e Zol($ l De l' ! 4,Do k tNo 6 - . Ther fr n e tc e d u p' c. f c a l l i l c.) Zo ' ce . 81 eee c d ik t conta t(heçlike Contac' andt Voya rsHa rc t :-c t r t' ) he ge ' ndbookwe ea lbl f rrviw onI S r vaia e o e e SE' w e iet ough SobelsM yvoya pag Upo a yi t a t nd t pr a , bst hr ' ge e. n ppl ng o te he ogr m Sobe w a gi n l s ve a pa s d t alowe he t a ce st edoc e sa ot rpr r m m ae il . Eve ytm e s wor hat l d r o c s hos um nt nd he og a tra s r i t ts l d i t he M yvoya page Sobe c c d a box sa i t ts a e d t t ke ha he ogge n o r ge , l he ke ttng ha he gr e o a elc r c delve y of t Voyage ' Ha e toni i r he rs ndbook,t e Tike Conta t a ot er do h c t r c , nd h cume ai nt ton c a n t en. Sobe ogge i t t webst mor t n 1 tmes a had a es t t onti ed her i ll d n o he ie e ha 00 i nd cc s o he Ti ke Conta t ough t webs t f m o e t n one yea . c t r ct hr he ie or r ha r Bef e SobelsSem esera Se pr a be n,s w a pr de a S oyagePr pa a i ns' or ' t t a ogr m ga he s ovi d i v e r to ' p c a e a d é akain l fr to ' J aa TI7 9, Th f s p g o b t d c me t a k g n ' r to n omain. #. t ! , Emb ' e i t a e f oh o u n s r i i a e t tt d os i por a t ng' t ta s ude ca do t pr pa e f rhe voya i t r a nd c t s ha he k t m t nt hi ' ha t nt n m o e r o r ge s o e d t Voyage ' H a he rs ndbook a t Ti ke Co r t w hi h ç ont i e r m e y i pora nd he c t ntac , c k a n xte l m c tnt i or a i ' l nf m ton. d. ' As i r l ant i t i t nt a i t V oya r s H a s e ev n he nsa cton, he ge ' ndbook em phas z t l i i es hat SE s c ommit t t i alh a s et 'ofissude s Voyage ' Ha ted o he û t nd af y' t t nt. he rs ndbook a jl Do tNo. t X, cke l as c i pera ni t l i d ti ,'heVoya r sHa n e ton ti ng o k el rps't f ge ' ndbook saest i sE-po or t t hat t s ns ed l fel ti a e pr vi d by r i bt oper t ' w ho m e t s l ton ert ra, pa tc pa e i i d rps r o de ela e a ot s e e ec i ie i ri i t n pe f m a r or nce e ua i s a ha l s a ng pr e s ona te t t i tt t ' a t val tons nd ve ong- t ndi of s i l i s o he ns iu er nd hat ' ilq s t ropeaor arng f sf a r la eta porai s e thotl t tprvi a ûthe e ou rt s ra e or ae nd eibl rns tton, elc es ha o de s c r e vio me t, a dp o i ek o e g a l g ie . .. J. Th Vo g rsHa bo k e u e n r n n g) n r v d n wld e be ud s . ' # ' e ya e ' nd o s r y di c age s ude sf om pa tc pa i i fe d t i t tar nots tongl s our s t nt r r i i tng n i l rps ha e pons r d by I snc oe SE, i e t ma notadheet I Slti nts eysa r .' I atjXl hey y r o SE' t rnge aft tndads' d. s . The Ti ketCont a ti udesa num berofpr sonst ta f c t pl i if s l lr g s c r c ncl ovi i ha f e t he a ntf ' ega i ht , i udi almiai pr sona i bl t lws t f bodiyij yordeah. Thefrtlneof ncl ng i tton ovii pplca c o a uis or l n ur t is i t Tike Conta temphasz st tt i cu nti ac rct't tilllofispr sonsm' he c t rc ie ha he i me s onta ,'ha kal t ovii do e i por a , a t tpari ul r a t nton s d be gi n t c t i s c i ,i udi t t i e m t nt' nd ha ' tc a te i houl ve o era n e tons ncl ng he ' m t lmiainst gi notceofcams fl a s r es t( ci 1 . TiketConrc a l Doc t i tto o ve i li ,ie nd e v ui Se ton 5)' c ' ta t t , ke No.26- Se ton 1 co anst lmia i pr sons one a i a e t c am s f C iy 2. c i 5 nt i wo i t ton ovii , pplc bl o l i or t l bod ij r o d ah' n a t e a pia l t t te cams' l . tj1 . Se to 1 () r vd sta nu y r e t 'a d noh r p lc be o i h r li . d a 5 cin 5a p o ie h t o ' a to srs lig fo b di ij r o d ah mu tb fld C t i 1y a fo te d t o te cin e utn r m o l n uy r e t s e ie k hn e r r m h ae f h y wi b di ij r o d ah. l a j l () Se to l ( )sae ta lws isrs li fo i n o l nu y r e t ' d. t 5a . cin 5 b tts h t a ut e u t r m k y y ' ng a da ag del y,or ot l s of a na u e or c us wha s er ot r t n f de t or bod l m e, a her os ny t r a e t oev he ha or a h iy ij y'mus be'fl wihi 6mont fom t daet voya tr naed.' l a j1 b) nur ' t kied t n hs r he t he ge emi t ' d. t 5( . Sobela ot s ude spa tc pa i i t 201 Spr ng Voyage de r e on a pa s nge nd her t nt r i i tng n he 3 i pa t d se r s p fom Sa Di go,Calf r a o J nua y 9,201 On M a e 6,201 t s p doe i hi r n e io ni n a r 3. rh 3, he hi ked n Coc n,l a. Prort do ng,Sobelpur ha e atc tf a l s or d fe dti t Agr hi ndi i o cki c s d ike or n sE- pons e i l rp o a a Va a i whih wa or a z d a pr de by Abe c ombi & Kent l a. Shaies nd r nas, c s g nie nd ovi d rr e ndi l h Trpa hi a e pl e ofA be c om bi & K e , e ve a t t gui f Sobe ' gr i t , n m oye rr e nt s r d s he our de or l s oup. O n t he ni of M a c 9, 201 Sobe wen t Tr pa hi s hot l r ght rh 3, l t o i t ' e oom f a pal r a ng. Trpa hi or m e di i t s e nty gr bbed Sobe ' ge t l a f c he t pe f as xuala ton hi . He fnal ubs que l a ls nias nd or ed r o ronu e c m i ly r eased Sobelf om hi hot r el r s el oom around l: a. .on M ar 10,2013. 00 m ch ProceduralH i t s orv N eary t o year l er,on M ar 6, 2015, Sobel fl t i t acton agai I l w s at ch ied he ns ant i nst SE, Aber r bi & K e U SA LLC,Abe cr bi & K e Des i ton M a c om e nt r om e nt tna i nage e ,an Trpa hii m nt d i t n t Unied St t Ditit Cour f r t Norhe' Ditit of Calf ni , a s ri cai s of he t aes src t o he t l n src ior a s e tng l m ne i enc ne i nt hii a s r ii n, s l ba tr i e i l mir pr en a i glg e, glge rng nd upe v so exua te y, ntntona se es t ton, neglgen mir pr e t ton,i e i li lc i ofe o i dite s a ne i nti lc i of i t se es n a i ntntona ntiton m tonal sr s , nd glge nfiton emotona dites . Sobe vol t rl dimis d he cli s a i t t Abe c ombi & Ke i l sr s l un a iy s s e r am ga ns he rr e nt def nda son Jme 5, 5. On J 8 201 1 move t ta f rt ca et af de a ditit e nt t 20l une , 5, SE d o r ns e he s o e r l src cour i Vigi a, s d on a f um s e i clus i t Tike Con r c . W ihou c lng ng t n r ni ba e or elcton a e n he c t ta t t t hale i t va i t oft Ti ke Cont a tor is a i a i t t c pl i ,Sobelf l d a s a e entof he ldiy he c t rc t pplc ton o he om a nt ie tt m nonoppos ton t I S m oton,a r que t t tt c e be ta f r e t t W eser Di t i t ii o SE' i nd e s ed ha he as r ns e r d o he t n sr c ofV i g ni The ca e w a ta f r e t t s c ton A ug t4, r i a. s s r ns e r d o hi our us 2015. On Au u t1 , 5 l E mo e frs mma yj d me to t eb sst ttepli t fs g s 7 201 , S v d o u r u g n n h a i ha h ani f cli a e ba r d by t one- a lm ia i pr son i t Ti tConta t The cour hed a a ms r re he ye r i tton ovii n he cke r c. t l hea i o t m o i onDe mbe 2l 201 Folowi t he i t c t ni dt m o i n rng n he ton ce r , 5. l ng he arng, he our de e he to wi u p eu iea p e t r, n g v t p ris9 d y i wh c t c n u tds o eyo t e t t rj d c s rmau e a d a e he a te 0 a s n ih o o d c ic v r n h ho is oft e o ce biiy oft lm ia i pr son. Theco tnot d t t1 c d r ne is s ue he nf r a lt he i tton ovii ur e ha SE oul e w t mo inf rs mmayj d me tu o t c mp eino s c ds o e y to o u r u g n p n he o lt f u h ic v r . o I fld ar we moi f s SE ie ene d ton or ummar j y udgme onJ 1 201 On Se e nt une 3, 6. ptmber1 5, 201 t c t d a he i on t tm oton,a we la Sobelsm o i t c pe I t pr 6, he our hel arng ha i s l s ' ton o om l SE o oduce arprs nttvef aRul 3 b)6)de iin. l as e ntor re ee o Se e r20, e e e ai or e 0( ( posto n ubsque de ntrd n ptmbe 201 t c t r te Sobe t tkeaRul 30( ()de ii ofI a t I Srne d 6,he our pe mitd lo a e b)6 poston SE, nd ook SE' e we moi f s ton or ummayj r udgme unde a sme pe ng t c nt r dvie nt ndi he onduc oft de ii The t he poston. o d rp o ie t t çtolwigt ed p sto , litf s al v ( 0 d y i whc t fl a r e r vd d ha,tl l n h e o i n p anif h l ha e 3 ) a s n ih o ie g o i s e e al r s uppl m nt e pons t I ' m oton a i ne es a y, a m oton t a e t c pl i . e o SE S i nd, f c s r i o m nd he om a nt' ' D ocketN o.72. Sobe di notcompl wih t cou ts or . Be a e s t t Rul 30( ( l d y t he r' der c us he ook he e b)6) de ii on Oct r l 201 poston obe 2, 6,So ha untlNove be 11 201 t tl a s eme a bel d i m r , 6 o ie uppl nt l rs n et I E' mo inf rs epo s o S S to o ummayj g n o amoint a ndhe c mplit S b l i r ud me t r to o me r o an . o e dd no f l a t ng o o be or t tda e. Cons q nty o Dec m be 21 201 I f l d a notce t ie ny hi n r f e ha t e ue l n e r , 6, SE ie i r q etn ta t ec u t ueo isr n we mo infrs mmayj d me t e u sig h t h o r r l n t e e d to o u r u g n . OnDe e r22, 6,mor t n60da a trt Rul 30( ( de iin,Sobe flda c mbe 201 e ha ys fe he e b)6) posto l ie m oton f e e i oftm e i whi h t s k l a t fl a a e d co pl nt Se r lda i or xt ns on i n c o ee e ve o ie n m nde m ai . ve a ys lt sSobe fld a moto f la t a aer l ie i n or e ve o mend,aong wih a pr pos a l t o ed mende c pli t To d om a n . d t, h h sn tfldas p lme tlrs o et I E' rn we moinf rs mmayj d me t ae s e a o i e u pe na e p ns o S S e e d t o u r u g n . o St andar ofR e e ds vi w Rul 56 of t Fede a Rul s of Ci lPr ce e pe m is a pa t t m ove f s m a y e he rl e vi o dur r t ry o or um r j udgme . i-hec t hal a s nt d' our s lgrnt ummayj me i t mova s f r udg ntf he nt howst tt r i noge ne ha hee s nui d s u ea t a ymaeil a t n temo a tse t ldt j d me t samatro lw. Fe . ip t s o n tra fc a d h v n i ni e o u g n a t te f a ' d R. ' P.56() s e alo Ceotx Cop.v.Cart,477 U. 317,322 ( 986)(i ng s a; e s l e r tet S. 1 fndi ummay r j me a o it C trad t tmef dic r a upon moto agans apa t who udg nt pprprae i e equae i or s ovey nd af in, i t ry f ist m a a s al o ke howi s fcintt esa ih t e se eofa ee e e s ntalt t tpa t s ng ufi e o tbls he xit nc n lm nt s e i o ha ry' c s' , l d cdn wh te t g a t s mma yj g n mo in t ec u t s v e t rc r a e' n e iig eh r o rn a u r ud me t to ,h o r mu t iw he e o d ) i t lght m os f r e t t e non- ovi pa t a d a a lr as bl i e en s i her n he i t avo abl o h m ng ry, nd r w 1 e ona e nf r ce n f vor Ande s 477 U. a 255;Li tra P4 t ofVa 71 F. a 31 a . r on, S. t bera in ry , 8 3d t 2. Rul 1 of t Fe a Rul of C i l Pr dur pr de t t a pa t m a a e he e 5 he der l es vi oce e ovi s ha ry y m nd r pladi wihl veofcour, c s lbefe l gi nwhe usi s rquie . Fe R.Ci P. e ng t ea twhih hal rey ve nj tce o e rs d. v. 1 a( . Ne t e s acou tma de arques f l vet a 5()2) verhels , r y ny e t or ea o mend ' n t a ndme ç whe he me nt woudb p eu iiloteo p sn p ry te eh sb e b dfiho tep r O t mo igp ry l e rj dca t h p o ig a t,h r a e n a at n h a t fhe vn a t, o t a ndme woul bef ie. Baasv.Huntnctn I lsI .711F.d 401 409 ( h r he me nt d utl ' l ' i o ngal ndus, 3 , 4t Ci. 3)(iai a i enalquottonmaksomitd) r 201 ctton nd ntr ai r te . D icussi s on 1 . Cl m s azai tTri hi ai ns pat Bef e dicus i t pe ng m otons he cou twil trt a es t cl ms a ns or s sng he ndi i ,t r l i s ddr s he ai gai t Shaies Trpat ,heal dper taoroft sxual s ul, r i i l a SeeCompl! l h i hit lege pert he e asa twho esdes n ndi. . l Doc N o. 1 The r c d r ea s t Sobel f ie t pr r y e f ct s vi e on t s 9, ket . e or ev l hat a l d o ope l f e er c hi defnda . Sevi ofprce supona i vi ali af egnc r i govene byRul 4()of e nt r ce o s n ndi du n or i ounty s r d e t t Fe r Rul ofCi lPr e e. Purua t Rul 4( 1,a i vi lmay be sn'd he deal es vi oc dur s nt o e 9( ) n ndi dua e e out i of t U nie St t t a i e na i ly ag e d m e ns of s vi e ...,s h a t e s de he t d a es s ny nt r tona l r e by a er c uc s hos a to ie b te Ha u Co v ni n o t e S r ie Ab o d o J dca a d Exrj d ca uh rz d y h g e n e to n h evc r a f u iil n tau iil Doc nt'(d Hag Conve i '. Rul 4( 3 frhe pr vi sf s r c S a ot r ume s' ihe ue t nton' ) e 9( ) u t r o de or evie s ny he by m e ns ' dc ed by t c t p ovi d t tt a t r tve m e ns ofs r c a e C pr bie by a ' or r he our , r de ha he le na i a e vi e r ç not ohi t d i tr ain l g e me t' F d. Ci P. 9() k s n wav ro c nsn , fiu et o ti nen to a a re n . e R. v. 4( 3 . i e t ie r o e t a alr o b an ' Ab pr rs r c on t defnda de iest c tofpes lj iditon ove t dee nt' ope evie he e nt prv he our rona urs ci r he fnda . ' Koe e y.Dodwel 1 F.d 3 306( hCi.1 . hlr l, 52 3 04, 4t r 998) l t s cas Sobel t ed a pr of s vi on M ay 29,2015, whi i cat t her n hi e, il oof er ce ch ndi ed hat c ouns ls r Shaies Tr pa hivi t rii d m ai,r t n r e ptr ques e ' Docke N o.21 e e ved l h i t a i tfe ce l e ur ec i e t d.' t . The ac om pa ng s m ons ls e Trpa hisaddr s i l a, hi h i a s g t y t t H ag c nyi um it d i t ' e s n ndi w c s i na or o he ue 6 Co v n inr fr n e i Ru e4()1 . Se M eil d. Cil Lt .6 F.d 1 3 1 6( d. n e to ee e c d n l f( ) e ra Lt v. pa d, 81 3 28 , 29 Fe Ci.201 (indi be a a sgnaor t t Ha Conve i efci Augus 1 2007.) r 2) i a c me i t y o he gue l nton, fe tve t , '. ' The Ha Conventon r quie sg t y c ti t e tbls aû ntala ho iy'f r cevi gue i e r s i na or oun res e sa ih t r ut rt ' or e i ng ce a pr e s ng r nd oc s i eque t f s r c of doc ent f om ot r c r e . Vol w a nw e k s s or e vi e um s r he ounti s ks ce r Aktengeels af v.Schl 48 U. 694,698(1 ) Ser c t oug ac r sc nta i s lch t unk, 6 S. 988 . vie hr h ounty' e rl a hor t i t prnci m e nsofs r c un rt H a Conve i n. 1 A lhough Ar i l 1 ut iy s hc i pal a e vi e de he gue nto d. t tc e 0 oft H a Conve i pr desf a t na i e m e hodsofs r c s h a d pos a c nne s he gue nton ovi or ler tv t e vi e, uc s l by t l ha l , die ty t pe s a oa ' t A r i l pe m is a tst t ofdesi ton' t de de whe heri w il r c l o r ons br d, he tc e r t t a e ' tna i ' o ci t t l o jc t temeh sd s rb d Ha u Co v n inat 1 , 0U. T. 61 3 3 I i ce rfo b e to h tod e cie . g e n e to r. 0 2 S. 3 , 6 . t s la rm e itn c s 1w ta I d ah so jce t t eatr tv me n o sni eie tfe i Aril l . x sig a e a h t n i a be td o h l naie a s f e c d n iid n t e 0 e c S e ez,M eilLt . 68 F.d a 1 6 (i ( c mi a sg ao y t teHa ueCo v n in , e . .. ra d, 1 3 t 29 ûn be o ng in tr o h g l n e to ) l a pr hi t d s r c t ough c nne si l ng mai a prvae pr es s r r a i t d ndi o bie e vie hr ha l ncudi l nd i t oc s e ve s nd nsea rquiedf ei pl ntfst efcts viet oug t Centa Aut iyofl a' ; kebr e r or gn ai if o fe er c hr h he rl hort ndi.' Tuc r ook ) Alenai l . LP v.Ba re ,75 F.Supp.2d 1 181 ( Mas.201 (s ca e l a tr tve nvs, neie 4 77, D. s 0) û us ndi Be op est m et pos he hodsofs r cepr c i ed i A ri e 1 c r i e m ai wasnota s fc e m e hod e vi os r b n tcl 0, e tt d i l uf i i nt t of sr c i t s c s ') Acc di l Sobelsus ofc riid malt c et s vie of evie n hi a e. . ' or ngy, ' e e tfe i o ompl e er c pr es onTrpahii i f tv unde t Hag Conv i a Rul 4( 1. oc s i t s nefecie r he ue enton nd e 9( ) Or ia i , ii a to aes be tt d s sa wi o tp eu ieu ls s r iei ma e dn rl cv l cins r u j c o imis l t u rj dc ne s e vc s d y h w ihi 90 da a t ra c pl i i tl . Se Fe R. v P. m)l Alh u hRue4m)' o s tn ys f e om a nt s i ed e d. Ci . 4( . t o g l ( û e d n ta p yt sr ie i af rin c u tyu d rRu e4 9, 1 .t i d e no me nt a t et o p l o e vc n o eg o nr n e l 4 ' d, hs o s t a h t h i ' me alwe f r f eg s r ie i u l td. l ta ,' l 4 t a t o ie a wi o tp eu ie lo d o orin evc s ni e nse d t e ( uh rz s mi Ru ) t u -rj dc h lRu e 4 m)wa a nd d on De e e l 2 5 t r qu r s l c wi n 9 d ys o t e fln o a l ( s me e c mb r , 0l o e ie ewie t 0 a f h ii g f hi c pli r t t l da . om ant aher han 20 ys dimis l wh t cou tde e m ies i is dic eton t t t pli if ha not d s sa en he r t r n n t s r i ha he a ntf s emonsr t d ta e r easonabl dii e lgence i atem ptng s vi ' Lozano n t i er ce.' - - - v - -. Bos ,693 F. 485 489 (t Ci. det 3d , 5h r 201 ,s eas Nyl Cor v.Fatne W ordl ,396F. 805,807( h Ci.2005)(C ca e 2) e lo ok p. se r l nc. . 3d 7t r ' us Be dit i tc t ne d t be a e t c r t rdoc t ,we ha s a ed t tt a o oftm e f s rc our s e o bl o ont ol hei ke s ve t t ha he m unt i or f ei s r ce i notunlm ie I ,f e pl a pl i ifm ade no al m ptt be n t pr es or gn e vi s i t d. f or xam e, a ntf te o gi he oc s off ei s vi wihi 1 da ,tmihtbepr rf ac todimist cai .) or gn er ce t n 20 ys i g ope or our t s s he 1 m ' . ' H e e, a m os t o y r ha el ps d s nc Sobe fl d he c pl i , a t r i no r l t w ea s ve a e i e l ie r om a nt nd he e s i dc t n ta s e h satmpe t s r eTrp tii te ma n rrq rd b Ru e4 t. An n iai h t h a te td o e v iah n h n e e uie y l 4) o y pereve iditculy i pefci sr c on a f egn defnda i no e us f pli it s c i d i fs t n re tng evie or i e nt s xc e or antfl'q f l e t m a a pr ra t m ptt do s ' V e i y J i x Contssl , 1 6339,201 U . aiur o ke ope te o o. ' lz . tma r . nc.No. 56 S. - Dit LEXI 5 s. S 6630,a *8( D.La.Apr 28,201 . Bec us t pli ifha notde t E. . 6) a e he antf s monsrtd tae r as e onabl dii nc i obt ni pr r s vi e on Tr pa hi t c a m s a i t hi w il be e lge e n ai ng ope er c i t , he l i ga ns m l dimis wihoutprj ce2 s sed t eudi . ll. ISE' M oton f Sum m arv Judzm ent S i or l hasrne ismoi f s mmayj SE e wed t ton or u r udgme o t basst tt a i wasnot nt n he i ha he cton tmel fl d. Reyi ont lm ia i pr son i t Ti ke Contac,l a gue t tSobe was i y ie l ng he i tton ovii n he c t r t SE r s ha l rq ie t fl s iwi i o ey a o ted t o h ralg dij re a dta he fiu et d s i e ur d o ie ut t n n e r fh ae f e le e nu is n h t r alr o o o s h dipostveoft cl m sa s re a ns I s ii he ai s e td gai t SE. Fort f l ngr s , hec ta e . he olowi ea ons t our gr es Yallj. oft One Ye Li iaton Pr vii -ilt y he - ar m t i o son A tc tc r ctf a oce n voya i a m a ii e conta tgove ne by f r lm a ii e i ke onta or n a ge s rtm rc r d ede a rtm l Se Peteyv. r Li No.93 1 1 U. App. aw. e r Cunad ne, - 640, 993 S. LEXI 29 a * ( hCi. S 733, t 4 4t rNov. 2The c tnot t even i Trpat had be pr ry s ved wih pr s t cai agai thi our es hat f i hi en ope l er t oces , he l ms ns m wo dbes be tt dimis lf fiuet pr e ue sn eSo ln v rmo e fre tyo d f uto t o a y ul u j c o s sa or alr o osc t, ic be e e v d o n r f ea l r o k n oh rafr tv se st a d eshsfi et a we . Se Ch mhesv. te fimaie tp o d rs i al o ns r e a r NASCO,Ic, 01U. 3 44( 9 ) ur n .5 S. 2, 1 91 (e o iigt tfd rlc rsl ya ts as onet ds s as if rf i r t p o e ue'. rc gnzn ha e ea out ç c u n t o imis ut o al e o r s c t' ma u ) 8 1 1 (ii Hode v.S. C.Ac leLa o elAlr- si 858 F. 905,909 ( Ci, 6, 993) ctng s N. hil ur f tiGe tone, 2d 3d r 1 ) s eas W alse r .W alsv.Prnc s Cr s .nc.306F.d 827,834( h Ci.2002) 988), e lo li x el li . i e s uies I , 3 9t r (ii M ia c v.CosaCr irsS. A.954 F. 763,766 ( C.Ci.1 2). By saut ctng lnovih t ocee p. , 2d D. r 99 ) tt e, tc e c nrcsma c nanatmel tto f rfln s i f rp ro a ij r o d ah, r v d d ik t o ta t y o ti i i ain o iig ut o es n l nu y r e t p o i e mi t a telmiain p ro i n tûe sta o ey a atrted t o teij r o d ah. S e4 h t h i tt eid s o k s h n n e r fe h ae f h n u y r e t ' e 6 o l ' U. C.j30508( ( . Unde f rlmartmelw, lmiai pr soni vai a e orea e S. b)2) r edea ii a a i tton ovii s ld nd nf c bl as l a ( ) t pr son wa r a o y c ong s l he ovii s e s nabl ommu c td t t pli if a ( i i niae o he antf, nd 2) t s f me aly f r See Per 1 U. App.LEXI 29733,a *5 (ii De e v. unda nt l ai. tey, 993 S. S t ctng mpsy Nor a Cr s Li 97 F. 998,999 ( h Ci.1 92),s e as Olma v.Hola Am. wegin uie ne, 2 2d 9t r 9 ) e lo t n . lnd Li neusAsJ ,538F. 1 ,1 (t Ci.2008)(ppl ngt if me a f r s' ts nç. 3d 271 277 9h r a yi he sunda ntl aine s' e t utlz d by t Supr e Cou ti Ca ni Cr s ti s nc. Shut 499U. 585, ( 991) ii e he em r n r val ui e snç .l v. e, S. 595 1 ). - - R e onabl Com m uni atve s Tes as e c i ne s t Cour s em pl a t o- ong C e s bl c m uni a i ne s 't tt i t m i unde t oy w pr ed k a ona e om r c tve s ' es o s er ne de r t a c m on l w a m a ii e l whe t pas e r ofa c m on c r i i c r c u l kder l om a nd rtm aw n he s nge om a rer s ont a t aly bound by t tne prntofa pa s he i i s enge tck . W ali ,306 F. a 8 r i et' ' ls 3d t 35. The fr tpr if es i s ong kocus on t phys c c r t r s i oft tck ,' hie t e s cond pr r quiesa ev ua i ofk he he i al ha ac e itcs he i et' w l h e ong e r n al ton i t c r s a s s noundi t pas e r s pur ha e a icum t nce u ng he s nge ' c s nd s e ubs quent r t ton of t e en i he tcke/ontac. 1 a 8 - ( t i and itma quot i ma ksomit . The is of i tc r t' d. t 3536 ciatons ' ne l aton r ted) sue whe he apr son i atc tcon r c wasr as bl c t r ovii n ike ta t e ona y omm uni t d t apas e e i aquesi cae o s ng r s ton of l f t cour. 1 a 83 Acc di y,i i i uia e f diposton by s aw or he t 4. t 6. or ngl t s d t bl or s ii s umma y r j me . Maekv. a n Two,l ,81 F. 242,244( Ci.1 ( ttonandi ena udg nt' r ' M pa nc. 7 2d 3d r 987) ciai ntr l quottonmaksomitd) ai r te . Ha ng r viwe t Ti tCc r c a is ,t c tc ude t ti s fcenty aers vi e e d he cke mta t t s ue he our oncl s ha t ufii l l t passenger t t exi t s o he sence of i porant t m s afectng t r l m t er f i hei egal r ght The tte of t i s. il he doc e ,C CKET CON TRACT TERM AN D CON DI ON S, i t d i bol ca t ll t s um nt ' TI TI ' s ype n d, pia eter , ' a l i i ii d i t t r g c ne of t d nd SE s dentf e n he op i ht or r he ocum e . Ti ke Contac a 1 The tr t nt c t r t t . qs p r ga sae ta ûthi d c me t i a c nr c, a d ta ka l o is p o iins a e aa rph tts h t t l s o u n s o ta t' n h t s ll f t r v so r l ' g i o tn . l l dr csp se g r t kp la ep yp riua atnin't c ranlmiains mp ra t' d. t ie t a sn es o s le s a a t lr te to 'o eti i tto , ' g c i udi t Ci lmiai t gie noie ofcli ,fl a s es t( ci 1 )' The ncl ng he kme i ttons o v tc t ams ie nd en' ui Se ton 5 . ' Ti tContac t defnes a n be oft r s i l di t t r s û n-e ' and 'se e t r a cke r t hen i um r e m , nc u ng he e m s i r' ca k m se t Thedetnii m a cea t tI i en ild t a l t rg sandbe isoft Ca er - tons ke l r ha SE s tte o 1 of he iht i nett he ni as cefne t en. Se i (û' tr û mese a Sea rfr t t s t p og a l i d heri e d. kl em se tr t ' ees o he emeser r r ms -he s ord by t l tt e f Shi r Educ ton,l (ûSE'5 a non- oft Dea r pons e he nsiut or pboad ai nc. k ' 1 ) pr i lwa e cof a i whih s l be de med t ha alt rght an be ft oft ' ri r asde i por ton, c hal e o ve 1 he i s d ne is he Ca re ' fned her i unde t sTi ke Conta torot r ie by l w ,i e natona conv i ortea y,a t en r hi c t rc he w s a nt r i l enton r t nd he t r d r i 'asus d her i s lbe de m e whe e appr i t t i l Se es e a Se a e m ca rer e e n hal e d, r opr a e, o nc ude m t r t a nd t l tt ef Shi r Educ ton. he nsiut or pboa d ai ' ). Se i 1 of TiketContac,t whih pa s nge s a e pa tc a l die t d, i tte cton 5 c r t o c s e r r riul ry r c e s il d 'TI E LI I V M M TATI N ;N O TI BY YO U O F CLA I S A N D SU I PLA CE O F SU1 ' Tha O CE M TS; T. ' t s ci ceal saest til o lws ts lbemanti bl a i t(he Ca e,t M atr e ton l ry tt ha ûnl a ui hal i ana e gans t ni r he se , Ofi er, r me s a a nt oft Shi f bodiyij yorde t unls ...al uion tc s cew mber, nd ge s he pl or l n ur ah e s aws t s c cam i tld w'hi l y a fo te d t o teb di ij r o d ah. I .a j 1 () u h li s ie i n e r r m h ae f h o l nu y r e t ' d t 5 a. t y ' Seci 1 f t pr de t tûnol ui s lbemanti eag ns (heCare ,heMase, ton 5 urher ovi s ha k aws t hal i anabl ai t t rir t tr Of- r, e me r,a ag soft Shi 'f camsk he t nf de t orbo l ij y' fccs crw mbe s nd ent he pl'or li t r ha or ah i ot diy nur ' u e st lws ti ûie wihi 6mo hsfom t daet voyagetr nae ' l a j 1 b) nls he a ui s ç ld t n f nt r he t he emi td. d. t 5( . ' 10 Bas d en t physc c a t rsi soft TiketCc r t t c tbeleve t tt lm iai n e he ial har c e itc he c mtac , he our i s ha he i t to pr s on i s fci nty c ea a c pi uous t s ts y t fr t pr ovi i s uf i e l l r nd ons c o a i f he is ong of t t ea c a e he ç s m bl r c muni a i nes 't t Se W a ls 306 F. a 835;Olma 538F. a 1 om c tve s'es. e li, 3d t t n, 3d t 276. W ihr pec t Sobelst c s a s e ntr e i oft tcke/ onta t'W ali, t es t o ' t ha e nd ubs quc etnton he i tc r c , pur ' ls 306 F. a 836, t r c d r ea s t Sobe ,upc a yi t atend t Sem e t r a Se 3d t he e or ev l hat l m ppl ng o t he se t a pr a ,a e d t k c a bi ng a and al c tonst tnor aly a y t unde gr dua e ogr m gr e o t ept s ndi ny ac 1 ondii ha m l ppl o r a t a i s on t Se e t ra Se i l ng t e s f t i t V oyage ' Ha boo a t tc t dm s i o m s e t a, nc udi hos et orh n he r s nd k nd he i ke c r t(vaiabl f rviw t ough yourMyvoya page . Zol De .a ! 4. Sobe was ontac a l e or e e hr ge l' ' l cl t l gi n a pa s or t a l e he t l i a ac es p og a m a e i l on I S w e ie ve s w d hat low d r o Og n nd c s r r m t ra s SE' bst , i udi t Ti ke Cont a t Sobe a c s d t we ie c a ni t Ti ke Cont a tf t ncl ng he c t rc. l c es e he bst ont i ng he c t r c or he fr ttm e on J nua y 1 201 She t n a c s d t w e ie m or t 1 tm e over t is i a r 9, 2. he c es e he bs t e han 00 i s he cour eoft nextyea . Ea h tmet ts l d i Sobe wasr quie t c k a box sa i s he r c i ha he ogge n, l e r d o hec t tng t ts a e d t a e el c r ni delve y ofc r a n decum e s i l ng t Ti ke Contac . ha he gr e o cc pt e t o c i r eti nt , nc udi he c t r t Addii l be or e ba ki Sobel a a s i wr tng on m uli e oc asonst tû he m os tonaly, f e m r ng, w s dvi ed n ii tpl c i ha l t t i mpora t ng's c d do t pr pa c f he voya wa t i ea t Voya r Hand ok a tnt hi ' he oul o e r or r ge s o û d he r ge s bo nd t Ti tConta ,' c C onti e r l i tnti or ton.' 1 at 7,9. Thec r he cke rct'whih ' an xtemey mpora nf mai ' d. !! c ou t i convi ed t tt s m ehodsofcommuni ton s fcenty die t Sobe ' a tnton t t s nc ha he e t cai ufii l r ced ls te i o he t r s and c em ondii oft Ti ke Co r c . Se e. ,St r y v.G A dve ur s l ,7 F. d tons he e t nt a t e. g. a ke nt e , nc. 96 3 1 1 ( Ci.201 ( di t tc rct ltr wer ras bl c 93, 97 2d r 5) hol ng ha onta ua ems e e ena y ommu c e whe a niatd n t compa s t pl i ift e e l dieci herat nton t t tr sby me ofa our ny ent he antf hr e mais r tng te i o he e m ans hypelnk a lngua a sng he t clck on t hy lnk) Re r e sofwhehe Sobel ri nd a ge dvii ro i he peri . gadls t r a t aly r a t t r s a c tons be o e de r i s cl a l ha t C biiy t be om e c u l e d he e m nd ondii f r pa tng, he e r y d he i lt o c a m eani uly i or edr' w hi i s fci t s i y t s ngf l nf m ' ch s uf i ent o atsf he econd pr ong of t ûreasonabl he k e 11 communia i nes 't s. W a ls 306 F. a 836,s a s Ra av. e iy Cr s s I ,376 c tve s' e t li, 3d t . ee lo cc Celbrt uie s nc. F.App' 929,93l (11h Ci.201 (% pase rs fiur t a ualy r d t c rct l x t r 0) k A s nge ' al e o ct l ea he onta ua pr s on a i s does not pr c ude hi bei bound. The que ton i w he he Ra ca r ce ved ovii t s ue el s ng si s t r c e i ad t notc of t lmiai pr son.) Ac or ngl t cour concudes t t t equae ie he i ttons ovii ' . c di y, he ' t l ha he lm ia i pr son i t Tike Conta twasr as bl communi a e t Sobe . i tton ovii n he c t rc e ona y c td o l 2. Fundam ent Fai al rness Cr ie tc e c nr csae as C u j c t j diils rtn f rf n a na fin s . u s ik t o ta t r lo k be t o u ca cuiy o u d me tl ar e s' s ' Shut 499 U . a 5 e, S. t 95. k i 'sf uson w he hert cl us wasi l coul oc t t he a e nc uded be us of k d- aih ca e ba f t m otve'and whet r t cl us w a ç m ea of di c a ng cr s pas e r f om pur ui i he he a e s a ns s our gi uie s nge s r s ng l tmae cai .' Olma 538 F. a 277( i Shut 499U. a 595) l t sc e, egii t l ms'' t n, 3d t1 quotng e, S. t . n hi as t e i no e den t l i l d t lm ia i pr s on ou ofba f ih ort tt pr son her s vi ce hat SE nc ude he i t ton ovi i t d at ha he ovi i wasi e dt dicou a lgii t cl ms I e bye ctng46U. C. 30508,k ng e s ntnde o s r ge e tmae ai . nde d, na i S. j t rs co ha ...i cae t t(ikeqc rcsma lgaly s re t lmiai pei t oneyea.' s ndi td ha tc t onta t y e l ho tn he i ttons rod o r' De s v, 7 F.da 99 (i n 4 U. C. 1 3 , c wa r c d fe a 4 U. C. 3 5 ) mp e 9 2 2 t 9 ct g 6 S. j 8 b whih s e o iid s 6 S. j 0 08 . i l de e m i ng whet rt one- rlm ia i pr son i f m e a l f i,t co t n t r ni he he yea i tton ovii s unda ntly ar he ur mus a s consde whe he l obt ne Sobe ' C c s i t t .. .c a e by fa or t lo i r t r SE ai d ls i ce son o he a l us r ud overe chi ' Shu e 499 U, a 595. W hieSobelsc pli ti l sca msf ri e i l r a ng. ' t, S. t l ' om a n nc ude li o ntntona and neglge m ir pr s nt ton a i tI t e i no alegai offa i t i e i nt s e e e ai ga ns SE, her s l ton r ud n he nduc mentof t lm ia i pr s on is l . See Lie v.G i la W es End,I . 631 F. d 1 he i t ton ovi i t e f ls nn- w t nc , 3 242, 1 n. 1 248 1 (1lhCi. 1 (i' beune ore bl,t i l i oft .. clus is fmus bet pr tof t r20l ) klo ' nf c a e he ncuson he . a e tel t he oduc t-ud ....) Rte v.Ki jsey Under ii Axences Lt , F. 953,96 ( 0hCi.l ) i a ' ; ly ' n-l z wrtnc i . d.969 2d 0 l t r 992 - - - (i ly ne rpla t tt s ii ... ovii atis we eobt i by fau A pli if t e ve e ded ha he peçfc pr sons s ue r aned r d. Ri antf seeki t avoi a . ..pr s on on a f aud t ng o d ovi i r heory m us . ..pl f aud goi t t s f e t ead r ng o he pecii 12 pr son.) l t a e eOfa e de t tt i l i oft lmiai pr so i t ovii ' . n he bs nc ' ny vi nce ha he ncuson he i tton oviin n he Ti tCont a tw ast pr cke rc he oduc off a orove r a ng, he c t onc udest tt pr son i t r ud r e chi t our c l ha he ovi i s f m e aly f ra e or ea e. unda nt l ai nd nf c bl B. A pplcaton t t Pl ntf s C l m s i i o he ai if' ai Havi c ude t tt one ye rlm ia i pr son i va i and e or e e t c t ng oncl d ha he - a i t ton ovi i s ld nf c abl , he our mus now deer ne whet rt pr son a i t t cai as e t i Sobe ' c pl nt t t mi he he ovii pples o he l ms s red n ls om ai . Des t Sobe ' a gum e st t c r r t c t oncl st tt pr s on i a i abl ,a pie ls r nt o he onta y, he our c ude ha he ovi i s pplc e nd t t1 i entte t s ha SE s ild o ummayj dg nt r u me . l r s o et I E' o i ia moin f rs mmayj d me t So e o f rd an mb ro n e p ns o S S rgn l to o u r u g n, b l fe e u e f a gum e s bot i he brefi oppos to a i ope c t So fr ta gue t tt lm ia i r nt , h n r i n ii n nd n n our . bel is r d ha he i t ton p o so d e n ta p yt teij re ta s e s tie o tefed ti,sn e s ewa n ta r vii n o s o p l o h nu is h t h usan d n h il rp ic h s o ' se e 'o tes i a tetmeo teij re . To s p o th sag me t S b ldr ce te e sng r' f h hp t h i f h n u is pa u p r ti r u n , o e ie td h cour' atentont Ramsv. ts t i o RoyalCa rbe nCr s Li s I ,1 F. 11 1 3( s Ci.1 , ri a uie ne ,nc. 7 3d , 2-1 1t r 994) i whih t Unie Stt Cour ofAppe l f t Fis Cicui hel t tatc tc r c , ch n c he td a es t a s or he r t r t d ha ike onta t whi d fn d S a s n e' a k l p ro s ta eln u d r ti t k t'dd n ta pl t ij re a e ie t se g r' s t l e s n r v lig n e hs i e, i o p y o n u is p a c ' pas e s ngers t ne on s e a ar or. Thec ttndsSebe ' r la e on Ra unpe s sve. usai d hor t es t our i ls e inc ms r ua i U nlke t c r c i Ra s t Ti ke Conta ' detnii of i s nge ' i not s lm ie i he ont a t n m , he c t r cts i ton û e r' s pas o i t d. l t ad, he t m i s enge ' i de i ed t i l tt pe s pur ha i ora ce i t sTi ke ns e t er ' s pa r' s f n o nc ude ûhe r ons c s ng c ptng hi c t Contac,orany who us i t bo d t Shi o ot r s ' Ti tConta ta 1 Be us r t one es t o ar he p r he wie.' cke r c t . ca e Sobel( i does not di put t t s pur has d o us d' t Ti ke Con r c ,ç he i a t s e er ' s e ha he c e r e ' he c t t a t k s pa s ng , s s j c t t t msoft ... nta t' Koni fv. i es Cr s s l ,No.1 224,2001 ub e t o he er he co rc. ' kof Prnc s uie .nc. 999U. DitLEXI 1 4,a * ( V..Aug.1 2001 (ee i t pli ifsagumentt ther S. s. S 403 t 4 D. I 3, ) rj ctng he antf' r ha o s eij ywasnots j tt almiai pr son snc s wa notat s nge 'a t n-hor nur ubec o i tton ovii i e he s k e r' t he pas 13 t o teij r l s eas La ov Canv l r , 21F. p' 3 3 3 4( t Ci. 01 )(k e i f h nu y ; e lo n . r ia Cop.6 me Ap x 7 , 7 9h r 2 5 s n Ev i we f f ound t r s ng i Ra s v.RoyalCa r b n Cr s Li al t be pe s s ve,t he ea oni n m r i ea ui e nes nc. o r ua i he c r ta i s i t tca e a i d on y t l s ta lng unde t s tc . Be a e t ontac t s ue n ha s pple l o per ons r veli r hi i ket' c us he Pasag Conta does no co an s h lngua Ra i not a i bl hee.) (iai s e rct t nti uc a ge, ms s pplca e r ' ctton ' omitd) te . M orove,a doubtt tt lmiai pr sc a ist on-hor ij i i r ol e r ny ha he i tton oviim pple o s e n ures s es ved by r er nc t Se ton 1 oft TiketConta t W hie t t s c i at mpt t lmi I S ef e e o c i 7 he c rc. l ha e ton te s o i t SE' la lt f on- hor a i te ,i doesnotlm i t s ope oft one ye lm iai pr vii ibiiy or s e ctviis t i t he c he - ar i t ton o son. l t d,i pr des t C he r m a ni t m s of t sTi ke Cc r c s l gov n t rght and nsea t ovi hat i e i ng er t hi c t mt a t ha l er he i s la ltesoft Carira t Pasenge wih rs ec t gelng tckes(ncl ng c ibiii he re nd he s r t e p t o s li i t i udi ouponso r vouch s orot wiema ngarng me sf s ee uri ,i ldi Prci a orFil er) her s ki ra e nt or hor xc sons ncu ng a tca nd/ ed Pr a ,ous lnd,ar orl alwae ta porai ors esdea co ogrms t r,a i, oc tr rns tton hor i c mmodai a me ll' tons nd as. ' Bas d on t pl i l ngu e he a n a age of t Ti ke Conta , t c t c ude t t t lm ia i he c t r ct he our oncl s ha he i t ton p ovso a p ist ij re s fee d rn t ec u s o afed ti o s o ee u so ,t te r iin p le o nu is u fr d ui g h o re f il rp r h r xc rin o h on e tn ta t ij r d pa sng rs e t h l I l bl f rs c ij re . Se Benni v xe t h t he nu e se e e ks o od SE i e o u h nu is3 e a . Clppe Cr s Li No.9535 9,1 U. App.LEXI 11 ,a *7 ( h Ci.1 )($ e i r uie ne, - 08 996 S. S 401 t 9t r 996 k W c ude ... ha t conta tl oncl t t he r c angua on Clppe ' tc tc r ti m or i l i e t n t ti ge i r s i ke ontac s e nc us v ha ha n 3 To t e ext t tSohels b i ' or p es he i t i car ovii h ent ha uggesst tl i nota ç rer'f pur os oft lm iaton pr son, t ha SE s sl ar tch gumenti wihoutme i, Asdicus ed above,t trtpa oft Ti Contac expr sy pr des s t rt s s he is ge he cket r t es l ovi t tl C l de ha SE k be emedt ha a1 t rght andbeneft oft ç ri 'a defnedhe ei 'andt ttt t m shal o ve l he i s is he ca rer s i r n,' ha the er ' rir'...s lbe dee Ca re hal med,wher appr it t i l Se tr a Se a t l tt e f Shi e oprae, o ncude mese t a nd he nsiut or pboar d Educai ' Ti Conta at 1, Un r martme l conta t ms a e gi t r or na y mea ng. ton. ' cket r ct de ii aw, r ct er r ven hei di r ni Bra x v.Hal ron En r S r . 5 2 F3d 3 8,3 4 ( t Ci.2 0 ) Th or n r me nn ofti eu li t bu eay evs, 6 . 5 6 5h r 0 8 . e diay a ig hs pr son i t l i entte t t rght a beneft s tf t i t Tike Contac ,s ast lmia i ovii s hat SE s ild o he i s nd is e orh n he c t r t uch he i tton pr son and t f um s e i cl e. W hie t i uson of l i t t m çcari ' ma not be ovii he or elcton aus l he ncl i SE n he er i rer' y appr i e i a1 oft pr sonsoft Ti tCon rct suc a t e t r ert t Ca re and I i t oprat n l he ovii he cke ta , h s hos hat ef o he r ir SE n he sa se e e,not ng i t Tike Contac s sst tI i notentte t e or t one ye lmiai me nt nc hi n he c t r t ugge t ha SE.s ild o nf ce he - ar i tton pr son i Sec i l ovii n ton 5. 14 Ra . l c v r ij re s fee byCl p rsp se e swhl e g g d i o -h r a tvte ms t o e s nu is u fr d i e ' a sng r ie n a e n n s o e ciiis p wih Clppe ' s r iepr des t t e e t tClppe i s df t ' . t i rs e vc ovi r,o he xtnt ha i r s ue or hem.) ' Aln t smeln s t ec u t lo rj csS b lsa g me t h ttetr o t eTik t o g he a ie , h o r as ee t o e' r u n t a h e ms f h c e Co ta tae ia pl a l t h ro -h r ij re ,sn e t e fed ti wa p rh s d u e a nr c r n p i be o e n s o e nu is ic h il rp s u c a e nd r c i e r e c r c .' A s bs quen con r c i onl r l an t t e e t t i was i ende t t pa at ont a t' s u e t t a t s y e ev t e he xt nt ha t nt d o r pl e or extngui h t fr tc r t See e. ,A gga a v.M OL Shi M cm t Co. Lt ,675 e ac i s he is ontac . , c. ro p . . d. F.d355 367- ( hCi. 2)( s usi t elme sofaconta ua novai . Hee t r 3 , 68 4t r 201 dic sng he e nt rct l ton) r,hee i no e denc t t t pa te e er i o a ne , s a al con r c t t e i s d t s vi e ha he r i s nt ed nt w t nd- one t a t ha xtngui he he pr sonsoft Tike Conta t To t co r r t TiketContac explcil a i i t st t ovii he c t rc . he nta y, he c r t i ty ntcpa e ha pas e e s wilpur ha e i el Pr am s ' nd ot rs e e ur i ,w hi h a e noti ude i s ng r l c s i d ogr ' a Fi he hor xc sons c r ncl d n t t ton f t Se es e atSeapr a . Ti ke Contac a 1 M or ove , sdi c s d a he uii or he m t r ogr m c t r tt. e r a s us e bove, Se i l7 oft Tike Conta expr s l pr vi st tt t nnsoft Tike Conta s l cton he c t r ct e sy o de ha he e he c t r ct hal g n t rg sa la ltesof1 wih r pe tt isi ve nti ma ngara m e sf over he i ht nd ibiii SE t es c o t nvol me n ki r nge nt or t Fil Pr a s and ot r s e e ur i . Ac or ngl t r i n m e i t Sobels he e d ogr m he hor xc sons c di y, he e s o rt o ' ar gume t the ag ee e t purha et fed ti t Agr a Va a s s r e d t t ms nt ha r r m nt o c s hc il rp o a nd r na i upe s de he er of t Ti ke Cont a tor ot r i e m odii d i s as t ne t t applca lt oft lm ia i he c t rc he w s fe t o o ga e he i biiy he i t ton pr son. l ;s ealo Koni f 2001U. DitLEXI 1 4, t*5(: apat c e a al ovii d. e s kof, S. s. S 403 a ûAs ry overd t l r e nttm e by t pas a c r ct t pl i ifi bound by is t el va i s he s ge onta , he a ntf s t enus one ofw hi h be ng t t , c i ha s m us f l he cl m w ihi t va i lm ia i perod. Thepl i if sar e t thercl i he t ie r ai t n he ld i t tons i a ntf ' gum nt ha am d e n ti fc çrs ' r m tep sa ec nr c b tise daie o to (n t elc n rc d e o s o n a t a ie fo h a sg o ta t u n ta rs s u f a o h r o ta t o s n r nde t pas a c r ti pplc bl t he cl i f t to he conta ' br ac a cl i ot e r he s ge ontac na i a e o r a m or ha t r r cts e h, a m br htne esaiyi he ca iyasapa snge .) oug c s rl n r pact se r' . ' 15 Fi ly,t c r m us a es t i s of w he he t one- ea lm ia i pr s on na l he ou t t ddr s he s ue t r he y r i t ton ovi i apple t c ai s t t a e ba e on r pr e atons m a by 1 bef e Sobelde re on t i s o l m ha r s d e es nt i de SE or pa t d he cr s , s h a Sobe ' cl i t t I f l e y r pr s nt d i t V oya r s Ha boo t t s ui e uc s ls a m ha SE a s l e e e e n he ge ' nd k ha he woul be s f on t fe d t i or s e exc s ons t t 1 pe s ly s l t d a s d ae he i l rps hor ur i ha SE r ona l e ec e nd pons r o ed. Upon r vi w oft t r oft Tike Co r c a a ia ec el w, he c r c l st t e e he e ms he c t nta t nd pplc bl as a t ou t onc ude ha i d e . l e c o h rcams S b lse rd e sfrp y ia a de to ln uiss fe e a t o s n a h f e li , o e e ks e rs o h sc l n moina ij re u fr d s a r s t of t s xual as a t o M a c 9- 0, 201 e ul he e s ul n rh 1 3. Se ton 1 of t Ti ke Cont a t ci 5 he c t rc u e uio al rq ie t a s eb iga ycam frb d l ij r wihno ey a o tedaeo t e n q v c l e ur s h t h rn n li o o i n u y t i n e r f h t f h y y ij y. The Tike Conta doesnotdifrntae bewe n vai c us ofacin frbodiy nur c t rct fee it t e rous a es to o l ij r 'i se d i ditn u s e camsfrb d l ij r o d ah fo ohe cams te lt ro nu y n ta , t sig ih s li o o iy nu y r e t r m t r li , h at f , e whc aes be t oas o trl tto p o iin. Mo e v r teTik tCo ta t e n tl t ih r u j c t h re i ain r v so mi ro e ,h c e nr c do s o i mi t one-ea lmiai pr son t ij re c e by a t oromisons t toc rd afe he y r i tton ovii o n u is ausd cs s i ha cure tr embakai l ta t lng ei asbr da posi e, xtndi t kgl cai whas ve r ton. nse d,he a uag s oa s sbl e e ng o dany l m toe r f rbodiyij r o deah. Tike Co rc a j15() o l n u y r t ' c t nta t t a . ' Bas d o t pl i l ngua oft Ti ke Co r c ,a c i t ntw ih e s i c s l , e n he a n a ge he c t nt a t nd ons se t xi tng a e aw t c tco l s t tt o - a lm ia i pr vi i n a i s t a lof Sobels c a m saga ns he our nc ude ha he ne ye r i t ton o s o pple o l ' li i t I i l i t e bas d on r pr s nt tons t tw e e m a be or s de r e on t c ui e. SE, nc ud ng hos e e e e ai ha r de f e he pa t d he r s Se Li e ed Pr c i lNur es Tec ci ns & Hea t Ca e W or r ofN e Y or I v. ys e e c ns a tca s . hni a lh r ke s w k. nc. Ul s s Cr s s l ,1 1 F.Su 2d 393,41l ( D. Y.2000)( di t tt one y rlmiai uie s nc. 3 pp. S. N. hol ng ha he - ea i tton pr s on i a tc t conta a i t t pl n if s cl m t t t c ui e lne b ea he is ovi i n i ke r ct ppled o he ai tf ai ha he r s i r c d t agr e e a war a y t pr de a s f a r as bl envionm e ,a e pha i i t tt e m nt nd r nt o ovi a e nd e ona e r nt nd m s z ng ha he pr sondi no lmi isapplcain baedont naur oft lws t;Bnyl v.Cunar Li . ovii d t i t t i to s he t e he a uil es d ne Lt ,No.93Ci 5472,1 U. Dit LEXI 21 a *1 ( D. Y.J n.1 1 ( dng d. v. 994 S. s. S 449, t 4 S. N. a 2, 994) holi 16 t tt lm ia i pe i i a pa s ng r tc t c r d a i d t c ai s f f a w hi h w e e ha he i t ton rod n s e e i ke ont a pple o l m or r ud, c r bas donrpr s nttonsma i t d e ntspr tona br hur a ne ltes;Fa n e e e e ai de n he efnda ' omoi l oc es nd wsetrl ga v. r i Prn e l c,1 9 A. . 2 5 , 5 2 ( N..1 9 )(ee t tepanitsa g me t No d c ic . n . 9 2 M C. 5 3 2 6 D. J 9 2 rjci h li t ' r u n ng f t t t c r cual lmiai n pr son di not a y t her m ir pr s ntton c am a ha he onta t i t to ovii d ppl o s e e e a i l i nd e pli n t t'h cam i sila a to frp ro l nu y o l t a alg dy c usngt e x anig ha ç e li s tl n cin o es na ij r , n y he d le e l a i h t ij r i n w p a e p iri tme'; rav. ln Ame iaLie 7 A.d 1 8 1 9 4 ( J nu y s o lc d ro n i ' Mir Hol d l a rc n , 51 2 3 , 3 - 0 N.. Supe .Ct App.Di 2000)(ppl ngt lmiain pr soni atc tc rctt fa cai r . v. a yi he i tto ovii n ike onta o rud l ms b s d o p ev y g mirp e e tto s rg r ig a cu s s i s a c mmo ain ) Be a s a e n r- o a e se rs n ain e adn r ie hp' c o d to s. c u e Sobe flds tmo et noneyea afe he ij i oc ured, rcai a ns 1 aebar by l ie ui r ha r tr r nures c r he l ms gai t SE r red t lmiainpr son. Ac or ngl t c t lgrntI Smotonf s he i tto ovii c di y,he our wil a SE' i or ummayj r udgme . nt 11 1. Sobels M oton f Le t Fie an A m e d C o pl i ' i or ave o l nde m a nt On J nua y 2,20l Sobelfl a moton f l a t fl a a nded c a r 7, ied i or e ve o ie n me ompl i a ns ant gai t Trpahia I i t nd SE. W hieRul 1 oft Fe r lRulsofCi lPr ed e pr dest tt c r l e 5 he de a e vi oc ur ovi ha he ou t s ul kr ey gv la L a n l wh n j sie s r q ie , d R.Ci P. 1 ()2 , ho d t e l i e e ve t me d e u tc o e urs' . f o 'Fe v. 5 a( ) a e e st t c pl i ts d no be pe m it d w he t y w oul be f ie. Ba as 711F. m ndm nt o he om a n houl t r te n he d utl l , 3d a 4 9 çlqa e t a n s o l be d n e o t e go n s o ftlt wh n te prpo e t 0 . s se v o me d h ud l e id n h r u d f u ii y e h o sd a e m ndm e i cl a l i uf i entbe us ofs t ntve orpr ce a c i r tons ' Goewey nt s e r y ns fci ca e ubs a i o dur l ons de a i .' v. tdStt , F. Unie aes 886 Supp.1 1 ( S. 1 (ii Da sv. pe Aic atCor ,61 268, 284 D. C. 995) ctng vi Pi r rr f p. 5 F. 606,613(t Ci.1 ) Fort f lwi r a ons Sobelsmotonwilbede e o t 2d 4h r 980). he olo ng e s , ' i l nid n he bas soff iiy. i utlt A. C l m s aeai T ri hi ai nst pat Sobe ' m oto f l avet a e wilbe de ed asf ie wih r s ls i n or e o m nd l ni utl t e ped t Trpa hi bec us o i t , a e s ne rs ve ti dee nti t ma rr uie byRul 4()oft Fe r lRulsofCi l he ve ex d hs fnda n he nne eq r d e t he de a e vi Pr edu e. A pli if c nnot cu e def tve s r ce of he org na c oc r antf a r eci e vi r i i l ompli by tlng a ant ii n a e d c m nde ompli a ns t s me de e nt ove 650 da a t s fld he orgi l ant gai t he a f nda r ys fer he ie r i na c pl nt Ot r i e a pl i if woul be alow e t e de t r quie e s of Rul 4 a om ai . he w s , a ntf d l d o va he e r m nt e nd ext dt tmef s r cei efniey. gpl nv. j QfTopeka 441F. 11 11 (0t Ci. en he i or evi nd i tl de Ciy , 3d 29, 48 1 h r 2006) s ealoConve g eTe hs ( ;e s r enc c . USA) LLC v.M ir oopsCom.711F.Supp.2d626,631 . col , ( D. 201 ( i t twhiet Fourh Cic tha notdie ty a e s dt is ,ûohe E. Va. 0) notng ha l he t r ui s rcl ddrs e he sue it r c t ha r s na y co l ours ve ea o bl ncudedt tt flng ofa a e d c ha he ii n m nde ompli doesnotr sa t he ... ant etr t pe i Lor sr c of pr es) e ep a t t e d e nt wl a rod f evie oc s xc t s o hos efnda sne y dded i t a nde n he me d c ai ') Ac or ngl t motont a ompl nt'. c di y,he i o mendwil de e a f iewihr pe t t cams lbe nid s utl t es cto he li a ns Tr pa hi gai t i t . B. C l m s aaai t1SE ai ns The c tal o c l our s onc udes t tt pr ed am e ha he opos ndm e s w o d be f ie wih r s c t nt ul utl t e pe t o I bec us t y do not c e t f c t t he cl i s ar ba r by t one ye lm iaton SE, a e he ur he a t ha r a m e r ed he - ar i t i pr s o i t Ti tCont a t See AC & R l ul ton Co. l v. M f s A s ' l . , ovi i n n he cke r c. ns a i , nc. Pa. r . s n ns Co. 993 F.Supp.2d 539,55l( M d.201 ( nyi pli ifsmoton t a nd asf ie sncet D, 4) de ng antf i o me utl i he pr e a opos d mende c ant di û atr t a iabiiy oft saut oflmiai '. d ompli d s le he pplc lt not he tt e i ttons' ) Sobels pr pos d am e ' o e nded com pl nt lke he orgi c pl i ,S e ks r dr s f physca and ai , i r i nal om a nt k e e es or s i l e to a ij re . .e u t gfo as x a b tey'h t c u -dwhl So e wa p riiaig mo in l nu is . r s li r m e u l atr 'ta o c ne ie b l s a t p tn n c i I SSe se a Se pr a Prposd Am.Co . 1 Asdic sd a n SE' me tr t a ogrm. o e mpl! . suse bove,t Tike he c t Co ta tu e uv al rq ie t a s eb igç n cam wh to ve f rbo iyij r o d ah' n rc n q ioc ly e ur s h t h rn i y li as e r o d l nu y r e t ' a wihi one y rfom t dae Oft ij y. Be aus alofSobels cai s e r drs f tn ea r he t he nur c e l ' l ms e k e e s 0r 18 p ysc la d e to a ij re , h y tts u r l wi i teo e y a l tt n p o iin i te h ia n moin l n uis t e i q a ey t n h n - e r i ai r v so n h h mi o Ti ketCont a a a e ba r d by t tpr vii n.4 c r d nd r r e ha o s o AlhoughSobe a g t tI Sal ge m ir pr s ntto di notbe om ecla untls t l r ues ha SE' le d s e e e a i ns d c e r i he conducedt Rul 30( ( de ii t sa g nti wihoutmert l bot t orgi a t he e b)6) poston,hi r ume s t i. n h he i nal nd pr e a e d c opos d m nde ompli s Sob al st l c ant , el lege hat SE omm it dfa byf ley r pr e i t t te r ud as l e es ntng ha s ewo l b s f o t fedti t a 1 s o s rda s lce S e ec.Co . 5 (iS h u d e ae n he il rp h t SE p n o e nd ee td. e . . , mpl! 7 C E I m a a f s r pr s nt i n ofa m a c i f c t Pl n ifby r pr s ntng t ts w o d b s f o de al e e e e ato t ral a t o ai tf e e e i ha he ul e a e n t e I E s lce a d s o s r d fed ti t Ag aa d Vaa a i';Prp e Am.Co .! 3 h S ee td n p n oe il rp o r n r n s.l o os d ' mpl 8 (' e ntI Srpr e ai ,wara i a a s a esofr s bl s ey durng s e 'Defnda SE' e es nttons r ntes nd surnc eaona e aft i hor exc sonsoferd by i we e fle....) Asu ng t tt sxua asa toc rd a s uri fe t r as ' . s mi ha he e l s ul cure s he ' alege ,So lknew by M a c 1 201 t ts wasnots eon t tel ti a t ,t ta l s be r h 0, 3 ha he af he i d rp, nd, hus ha ny e r s ori id a s a e ofs ey wer f le. Ac di y,e n i So lc da lhe s l xp e s mple s ur nc s af t e as cor ngl ve f be oul vai r ef oft dic r r e t tnor ly a i t c esofac i t s he s ove y ul ha ma l pples o aus ton hat ound i fa ,5her cl m f n r ud ai or f a a i tl woul be un i e y.6 r ud ga ns SE d tm l 4Ha So el se tdcamst t rta f rd aho b dl ij y's ewo dh veb e rq r dt Gl d b a s re li l he h n o e t r o iy nurr h ul a e n e uie o e o ' s iwihnsx monh fo tedaehe v a tr n td. Tik tCo ta t tj 1 ( . ut t i i ts r m h t r oy ge emiae c e nrc a 5b) 5S e s e i c l ci st VignaCo ej8012 ,whihprvd sta ac u eo a to f rfa d ob l p ct al t o rii d . -49 c o ie h t a s f cin 0 ru i y e acc ueskwhe s faud ...i dicove ed orby t exer s ofdue dii nce r s r ç n uch r s s r he cie lge ea onabl s d ha be y houl ve en dicoveed.' s r ' 6 W hie Sobelm a ha l r addii l y ve ea ned tonalf t durng dico r t lw doe notr quie t ta acs i s ve y he a s e r ha , pl ntf ha a ualknowldge ofeac a e y s ai if ve ct e h nd ver uppori f c bef e acaus ofa ton ac ues See.e. , tng a t or e ci cr . g. Ha lo Mae il lc v. w Ch m. r a4 4F.d 1 0 1 0 - ( t Ci. 0 )(ç p la t r u st tt mi n tras n , Do e Co p, 9 3 2 3, 2 607 9h r20 7 t eln ag e ha is t Ap fau cl m di notac ueuntlade ii i 2003,whe i l r d ofAppel 'spe fc i enton t dec ve r d ai d cr i poston n n t ea ne lees cii nt i o ei terc so r rgadn teh at h z r so Caira . ..Ho v r,ii n tne e sr ta Ha l n h d h i u tmes e r ig h e l a ad f ldi. . ( we e ) t s o c say h t mio a h t notceofAppele 's cii i e i t de vebef et fatd ac i a ued. A1 t ti r l nti t a i les pe fc nt nton o cei or he r l ton ccr l ha s eeva s hat raon bep ro . . ul h v benonnoieo ap tnil se ee tto ';Epti v. R. r.lc, e s a l esn . wo d a e e tc f oe ta miryrsnain.l sen C. Bad n x ' 46 F.d1 3 1 8(sCi. 0 )($ edic v r r ed e no rqur t tapanifk w tes cfcdeal 0 3 8 , 8 1t r20 6 k Th so ey ul o s t e le ha litf no h peii tis perai ng t an aleged ha m,buti tad i i t ni o l r nse t mpos a dut t I tgae on a pl ntf who has caus f es y o nvesi t ai if e or conc n. Crtcaly,knowl ofe y f tne s yt pr vai ont cl m i notr r t putt pl ntf er ii l edge ver ac ces ar o e l he ai s equied o he ai if o ij r n tc a tige tea cu l rodD ( i to a ditra q oainmak o te ) n n uiy oie nd rg r h c r a pei .) ct ins n nen l u tto r s mi d . ' a t l s m , chofSobe ' ca esofa ton a c ue onM a c 1 201 a s wa r quie n u ea ls us ci c r d r h 0, 3, nd he s e r d by t Ti tConta t fl s twihi one ye r fo t tdae. Ha ng f ie t do s he he cke r ct o ie ui t n a r m ha t vi a ld o o, r c a m saga ns I bot i t or gi lc pl i a t pr pos d a e li i t SE, h n he i na om a nt nd he o e m nded c pl i ,a e om a nt r tm e bared. Bec us Sobelspr pos d a endm e sdo notc e t f t the c ai s a ns i - r a e ' o e m nt ur he ad ha r l m gai t I a e untm e y,her m oton f l a t a e w ilbe de e as f ie w ih r s c t t s SE r i l i or e ve o m nd l ni d utl t e pe t o hi de e nt7 f nda . Concl on usi F rtera o ssae , S Sr n we mo inf rs mmayj d me twi b g a tda o h e s n ttd I E' e e d to o u r u g n l e rn e nd l Sob ' m oton f l a t fl a a e d co pl i w ilbe de e els i or e ve o 5 e n m nde m a nt l ni d. The Clr i die t d t s nd co e oft sm e a ek s r ce o e pi s hi mor ndum opi o a t a o pa ng ni n nd he cc m nyi or rt al c de o l ouns ofr c d. el e or D ATED: i X *Y d yo. a u r, 01 . Ths a t n ay 2 7 J #' Chi f nied St t s Di ti tJ e t a e sr c udge 1Havi r ng eache t sdecson, Sobelsm o i f anext i oftmewihi whi t fl hermoton d hi ii ' ton or enson i t n ch o ie i t am end w jlbe dim is asm oot o l s s ed .

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