Molly Sobel v. Institute for Shipboard Education et al

Filing 82

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 1/26/17. (hnw)

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Def nda s
e nt .

Th sp ro a ij l a to aie fo asx la s utt to c re wh l te panif
i es n l nu' cin rs s r m e ua s a l ha c u r d ie h litf,
y
M oly Sobel wa sudyi a oa t ough a pr r m ofe ed by t l tt e f Shi r
l
, s t ng br d hr
og a
fr
he nsiut or pboa d

Educai (iSE'. Thec ei prs ntybefr t cou t I Srne dmotonf s mmay
ton tl '
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as s e e l o e he r on SE' e we
i or u r

j d me ta dS b lsmo infrla et fl a a n e e mplit F rtera o t a f lo
u g n n o e ' to o e v o ie n me d d o an . o h e s ns h t olw,
I S m o i n wilbe g a ed a So ' m oton w ilbe de e A ddii l Sobe ' c a m s
SE' t o
l
r nt nd bels
i
l
ni d.
tonaly,
ls l i
a i tSha l s Tr pa hi t a l g pe peta or oft s xua as a t w ilbe di m i s d wihout
ga ns
ie h i t , he le cd r r t
he e l s ul, l
s se
t

Prj die.
eu c
Backzround

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ubs que l a
ls nias nd or ed r o ronu e
c
m
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r eased Sobelf om hi hot r
el
r
s el oom around l: a. .on M ar 10,2013.
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ProceduralH i t
s orv
N eary t o year l er,on M ar 6, 2015, Sobel fl t i t acton agai I
l w
s at
ch
ied he ns ant i
nst SE,

Aber r bi & K e U SA LLC,Abe cr bi & K e Des i ton M a
c om e
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emotona dites . Sobe vol t rl dimis d he cli s a i t t Abe c ombi & Ke
i l sr s
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rr
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e nt
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ii o SE'
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r ns e r d o he
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ho
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r q etn ta t ec u t ueo isr n we mo infrs mmayj d me t
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c mbe 201
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ks ce r

Aktengeels af v.Schl 48 U. 694,698(1 ) Ser c t oug ac r sc nta
i s lch t
unk, 6 S.
988 . vie hr h ounty' e rl
a hor t i t prnci m e nsofs r c un rt H a Conve i n. 1 A lhough Ar i l 1
ut iy s hc i pal a
e vi e de he gue
nto
d. t
tc e 0
oft H a Conve i pr desf a t na i e m e hodsofs r c s h a d pos a c nne s
he gue
nton ovi or ler tv
t
e vi e, uc s l
by t l ha l ,
die ty t pe s a oa ' t A r i l pe m is a tst t ofdesi ton' t de de whe heri w il
r c l o r ons br d, he tc e r t t a e
'
tna i ' o ci
t t l

o jc t temeh sd s rb d Ha u Co v n inat 1 , 0U. T. 61 3 3 I i ce rfo
b e to h tod e cie . g e n e to r. 0 2 S. 3 , 6 . t s la rm
e itn c s 1w ta I d ah so jce t t eatr tv me n o sni eie tfe i Aril l .
x sig a e a h t n i a be td o h l naie a s f e c d n iid n t e 0
e
c
S e ez,M eilLt . 68 F.d a 1 6 (i ( c mi a sg ao y t teHa ueCo v n in ,
e . .. ra d, 1 3 t 29 ûn be o ng in tr o h g
l
n e to )
l a pr hi t d s r c t ough c nne si l ng mai a prvae pr es s r r a i t d
ndi o bie e vie hr
ha l ncudi
l nd i t oc s e ve s nd nsea

rquiedf ei pl ntfst efcts viet oug t Centa Aut iyofl a' ; kebr
e r or gn ai if o fe er c hr h he
rl hort ndi.' Tuc r ook
)
Alenai l . LP v.Ba re ,75 F.Supp.2d 1 181 ( Mas.201 (s ca e l a
tr tve nvs,
neie 4
77,
D. s 0) û us ndi
Be
op est m et
pos he hodsofs r cepr c i ed i A ri e 1 c r i e m ai wasnota s fc e m e hod
e vi os r b n tcl 0, e tt d
i
l
uf i i nt t

of sr c i t s c s ') Acc di l Sobelsus ofc riid malt c et s vie of
evie n hi a e. .
'
or ngy,
' e
e tfe
i o ompl e er c

pr es onTrpahii i f tv unde t Hag Conv i a Rul 4( 1.
oc s
i t s nefecie
r he ue
enton nd e 9( )

Or ia i , ii a to aes be tt d s sa wi o tp eu ieu ls s r iei ma e
dn rl cv l cins r u j c o imis l t u rj dc ne s e vc s d
y
h
w ihi 90 da a t ra c pl i i tl . Se Fe R. v P. m)l Alh u hRue4m)' o s
tn
ys f e om a nt s i ed
e d. Ci . 4( . t o g l ( û e
d

n ta p yt sr ie i af rin c u tyu d rRu e4 9, 1 .t i d e no me nt a t et
o p l o e vc n o eg o nr n e l 4 ' d, hs o s t a h t h i
'
me
alwe f r f eg s r ie i u l td. l ta ,' l 4 t a t o ie a wi o tp eu ie
lo d o orin evc s ni e nse d t e ( uh rz s
mi
Ru
)
t u -rj dc
h

lRu e 4 m)wa a nd d on De e e l 2 5 t r qu r s l c wi n 9 d ys o t e fln o a
l (
s me e
c mb r , 0l o e ie ewie t 0 a f h ii g f
hi
c pli r t t l da .
om ant aher han 20 ys

dimis l wh t cou tde e m ies i is dic eton t t t pli if ha not d
s sa
en he
r t r n n t s r i ha he a ntf s
emonsr t d
ta e
r
easonabl dii
e lgence i atem ptng s vi ' Lozano
n t
i er ce.'
- -

-

v

- -.

Bos ,693 F. 485 489 (t Ci.
det
3d ,
5h r

201 ,s eas Nyl Cor v.Fatne W ordl ,396F. 805,807( h Ci.2005)(C ca e
2) e lo ok p. se r l nc.
.
3d
7t r
' us
Be
dit i tc t ne d t be a e t c r t rdoc t ,we ha s a ed t tt a o oftm e f
s rc our s e o
bl o ont ol hei
ke s
ve t t ha he m unt i or
f ei s r ce i notunlm ie I ,f e pl a pl i ifm ade no al m ptt be n t pr es
or gn e vi s
i t d. f or xam e, a ntf
te
o gi he oc s

off ei s vi wihi 1 da ,tmihtbepr rf ac todimist cai .)
or gn er ce t n 20 ys i g
ope or our t s s he 1 m ' .
'
H e e, a m os t o y r ha el ps d s nc Sobe fl d he c pl i , a t r i no
r l t w ea s ve a e i e
l ie
r om a nt nd he e s

i dc t n ta s e h satmpe t s r eTrp tii te ma n rrq rd b Ru e4 t. An
n iai h t h a te td o e v iah n h n e e uie y l 4)
o
y
pereve iditculy i pefci sr c on a f egn defnda i no e us f pli it s
c i d i fs t n re tng evie
or i
e nt s xc e or antfl'q
f l e t m a a pr ra t m ptt do s ' V e i y J i x Contssl , 1 6339,201 U .
aiur o ke
ope te
o
o.
' lz . tma
r . nc.No. 56 S.
-

Dit LEXI 5
s.
S 6630,a *8( D.La.Apr 28,201 . Bec us t pli ifha notde
t E.
.
6)
a e he antf s
monsrtd
tae
r as
e onabl dii nc i obt ni pr r s vi e on Tr pa hi t c a m s a i t hi w il be
e lge e n
ai ng ope er c
i t , he l i
ga ns m
l

dimis wihoutprj ce2
s sed t
eudi .
ll.

ISE' M oton f Sum m arv Judzm ent
S
i or

l hasrne ismoi f s mmayj
SE
e wed t ton or u r udgme o t basst tt a i wasnot
nt n he i ha he cton
tmel fl d. Reyi ont lm ia i pr son i t Ti ke Contac,l a gue t tSobe was
i y ie
l ng he i tton ovii n he c t
r t SE r s ha
l

rq ie t fl s iwi i o ey a o ted t o h ralg dij re a dta he fiu et d s i
e ur d o ie ut t n n e r fh ae f e le e nu is n h t r alr o o o s
h
dipostveoft cl m sa s re a ns I
s ii
he ai s e td gai t SE. Fort f l ngr s , hec ta e .
he olowi ea ons t our gr es

Yallj. oft One Ye Li iaton Pr vii
-ilt
y he
- ar m t i
o son
A tc tc r ctf a oce n voya i a m a ii e conta tgove ne by f r lm a ii e
i ke onta or n a
ge s
rtm
rc
r d
ede a rtm

l Se Peteyv. r Li No.93 1 1 U. App.
aw. e r Cunad ne,
- 640, 993 S.
LEXI 29 a * ( hCi.
S 733, t 4 4t rNov.
2The c tnot t even i Trpat had be pr ry s ved wih pr s t cai agai thi
our es hat
f i hi
en ope l er
t oces , he l ms
ns m

wo dbes be tt dimis lf fiuet pr e ue sn eSo ln v rmo e fre tyo d f uto t o a y
ul u j c o s sa or alr o osc t, ic be e e v d o n r f ea l r o k n
oh rafr tv se st a d eshsfi et a we . Se Ch mhesv.
te fimaie tp o d rs i al o ns r e a r NASCO,Ic, 01U. 3 44( 9 )
ur
n .5
S. 2, 1 91
(e o iigt tfd rlc rsl ya ts as onet ds s as if rf i r t p o e ue'.
rc gnzn ha e ea out ç c u n t o imis ut o al e o r s c t'
ma
u
)
8

1 1 (ii Hode v.S. C.Ac leLa o elAlr- si 858 F. 905,909 ( Ci,
6, 993) ctng
s N. hil ur f tiGe tone,
2d
3d r
1 ) s eas W alse r .W alsv.Prnc s Cr s .nc.306F.d 827,834( h Ci.2002)
988), e lo li x el li
.
i e s uies I ,
3
9t r
(ii M ia c v.CosaCr irsS. A.954 F. 763,766 ( C.Ci.1 2). By saut
ctng lnovih
t ocee p. ,
2d
D. r 99 )
tt e,

tc e c nrcsma c nanatmel tto f rfln s i f rp ro a ij r o d ah, r v d d
ik t o ta t y o ti i i ain o iig ut o es n l nu y r e t p o i e
mi
t a telmiain p ro i n tûe sta o ey a atrted t o teij r o d ah. S e4
h t h i tt eid s o k s h n n e r fe h ae f h n u y r e t ' e 6
o
l
'
U. C.j30508( ( . Unde f rlmartmelw, lmiai pr soni vai a e orea e
S.
b)2)
r edea ii a a i tton ovii s ld nd nf c bl

as l a ( ) t pr son wa r a o y c
ong s l he ovii
s e s nabl ommu c td t t pli if a ( i i
niae o he antf, nd 2) t s
f me aly f r See Per 1 U. App.LEXI 29733,a *5 (ii De e v.
unda nt l ai.
tey, 993 S.
S
t
ctng mpsy

Nor a Cr s Li 97 F. 998,999 ( h Ci.1 92),s e as Olma v.Hola Am.
wegin uie ne, 2 2d
9t r 9 ) e lo t n
.
lnd
Li neusAsJ ,538F. 1 ,1 (t Ci.2008)(ppl ngt if me a f r s' ts
nç.
3d 271 277 9h r
a yi he sunda ntl aine s' e t
utlz d by t Supr e Cou ti Ca ni Cr s ti s nc. Shut 499U. 585, ( 991)
ii e
he
em
r n r val ui e snç .l v. e,
S. 595 1 ).
-

-

R e onabl Com m uni atve s Tes
as
e
c i ne s t
Cour s em pl a t o- ong C e s bl c m uni a i ne s 't tt i t m i unde
t
oy w pr ed k a ona e om
r
c tve s ' es o s er ne
de
r
t a c m on l w a m a ii e l whe t pas e r ofa c m on c r i i c r c u l
kder l om
a nd rtm aw
n he s nge
om
a rer s ont a t aly
bound by t tne prntofa pa s
he i
i
s enge tck . W ali ,306 F. a 8
r i et'
'
ls
3d t 35. The fr tpr if es
i s ong kocus
on t phys c c r t r s i oft tck ,' hie t e s cond pr r quiesa ev ua i ofk he
he
i al ha ac e itcs he i et' w l h e
ong e r n al ton i
t
c r s a s s noundi t pas e r s pur ha e a
icum t nce u
ng he
s nge '
c s nd s e
ubs quent r t ton of t
e en i
he

tcke/ontac. 1 a 8 - ( t i and itma quot i ma ksomit . The is of
i tc r t' d. t 3536 ciatons
'
ne l aton r
ted)
sue
whe he apr son i atc tcon r c wasr as bl c
t r ovii n ike
ta t
e ona y omm uni t d t apas e e i aquesi
cae o
s ng r s
ton

of l f t cour. 1 a 83 Acc di y,i i i uia e f diposton by s
aw or he
t 4. t 6.
or ngl t s d t bl or s ii
s
umma y
r

j me . Maekv. a n Two,l ,81 F. 242,244( Ci.1 ( ttonandi ena
udg nt' r
'
M pa
nc. 7 2d
3d r 987) ciai
ntr l
quottonmaksomitd)
ai
r
te .

Ha ng r viwe t Ti tCc r c a is ,t c tc ude t ti s fcenty aers
vi e e d he cke mta t t s ue he our oncl s ha t ufii l l t
passenger t t exi t
s o he sence of i porant t m s afectng t r l
m t
er
f i hei egal r ght The tte of t
i s.
il
he

doc e ,C CKET CON TRACT TERM AN D CON DI ON S, i t d i bol ca t ll t s
um nt '
TI
TI
' s ype n d, pia eter ,
'
a l i i ii d i t t r g c ne of t d
nd SE s dentf e n he op i ht or r he ocum e . Ti ke Contac a 1 The tr t
nt
c t
r t t .
qs

p r ga sae ta ûthi d c me t i a c nr c, a d ta ka l o is p o iins a e
aa rph tts h t t l s o u n s o ta t' n h t s ll f t r v so r
l
'
g
i o tn . l l dr csp se g r t kp la ep yp riua atnin't c ranlmiains
mp ra t' d. t ie t a sn es o s le s a a t lr te to 'o eti i tto ,
'
g
c
i udi t Ci lmiai t gie noie ofcli ,fl a s es t( ci 1 )' The
ncl ng he kme i ttons o v tc
t
ams ie nd en' ui Se ton 5 .
'
Ti tContac t defnes a n be oft r s i l di t t r s û n-e ' and 'se e t r a
cke
r t hen i
um r e m , nc u ng he e m s i r'
ca
k m se t

Thedetnii m a cea t tI i en ild t a l t rg sandbe isoft Ca er
- tons ke l r ha SE s tte o 1 of he iht
i
nett he ni

as cefne t en. Se i (û' tr û mese a Sea rfr t t s t p og a
l i d heri
e d. kl em se tr t ' ees o he emeser r r ms
-he

s ord by t l tt e f Shi r Educ ton,l (ûSE'5 a non- oft Dea r
pons e
he nsiut or pboad
ai nc. k '
1 )
pr i lwa e
cof a i whih s l be de med t ha alt rght an be ft oft ' ri r asde i
por ton, c hal
e
o ve 1 he i s d ne is he Ca re '
fned
her i unde t sTi ke Conta torot r ie by l w ,i e natona conv i ortea y,a t
en
r hi c t
rc
he w s
a nt r i l
enton r t nd he
t r d r i 'asus d her i s lbe de m e whe e appr i t t i l Se es e a Se a
e m ca rer
e
e n hal
e d, r
opr a e, o nc ude m t r t a nd

t l tt ef Shi r Educ ton.
he nsiut or pboa d
ai '
).
Se i 1 of TiketContac,t whih pa s nge s a e pa tc a l die t d, i tte
cton 5
c
r t o
c
s e r r riul ry r c e s il d
'TI E LI I
V M
M TATI N ;N O TI BY YO U O F CLA I S A N D SU I PLA CE O F SU1 ' Tha
O
CE
M
TS;
T.
'
t

s ci ceal saest til o lws ts lbemanti bl a i t(he Ca e,t M atr
e ton l ry tt ha ûnl a ui hal
i ana e gans t
ni r he se ,
Ofi er, r me s a a nt oft Shi f bodiyij yorde t unls ...al uion
tc s cew mber, nd ge s he pl or l n ur
ah e s
aws t

s c cam i tld w'hi l y a fo te d t o teb di ij r o d ah. I .a j 1 ()
u h li s ie i n e r r m h ae f h o l nu y r e t ' d t 5 a.
t
y
'
Seci 1 f t pr de t tûnol ui s lbemanti eag ns (heCare ,heMase,
ton 5 urher ovi s ha k aws t hal
i anabl ai t t rir t
tr
Of- r, e me r,a ag soft Shi 'f camsk he t nf de t orbo l ij y'
fccs crw mbe s nd ent he pl'or li t r ha or ah
i
ot
diy nur '
u e st lws ti ûie wihi 6mo hsfom t daet voyagetr nae ' l a j 1 b)
nls he a ui s ç ld t n
f
nt r he t he
emi td. d. t 5( .
'

10

Bas d en t physc c a t rsi soft TiketCc r t t c tbeleve t tt lm iai n
e
he
ial har c e itc
he c
mtac , he our i s ha he i t to
pr s on i s fci nty c ea a c pi uous t s ts y t fr t pr
ovi i s uf i e l l r nd ons c
o a i f he is ong of t t ea c a e
he ç s m bl
r

c muni a i nes 't t Se W a ls 306 F. a 835;Olma 538F. a 1
om
c tve s'es. e li,
3d t
t n,
3d t 276.
W ihr pec t Sobelst c s a s e ntr e i oft tcke/ onta t'W ali,
t es t o
' t ha e nd ubs quc etnton he i tc r c ,
pur
' ls
306 F. a 836, t r c d r ea s t Sobe ,upc a yi t atend t Sem e t r a Se
3d t
he e or ev l hat
l m ppl ng o t
he
se t a
pr a ,a e d t k c a bi ng a and al c tonst tnor aly a y t unde gr dua e
ogr m gr e o t ept s ndi ny
ac
1 ondii ha
m l ppl o
r a t
a i s on t Se e t ra Se i l ng t e s f t i t V oyage ' Ha boo a t tc t
dm s i o m s e t a, nc udi hos et orh n he
r s nd k nd he i ke

c r t(vaiabl f rviw t ough yourMyvoya page . Zol De .a ! 4. Sobe was
ontac a l e or e e hr
ge
l'
' l cl t
l
gi n a pa s or t a l e he t l i a ac es p og a m a e i l on I S w e ie
ve
s w d hat low d r o Og n nd c s r r m
t ra s
SE' bst ,
i udi t Ti ke Cont a t Sobe a c s d t we ie c a ni t Ti ke Cont a tf t
ncl ng he c t
rc.
l c es e he bst ont i ng he c t
r c or he
fr ttm e on J nua y 1 201 She t n a c s d t w e ie m or t 1 tm e over t
is i
a r 9, 2.
he c es e he bs t
e han 00 i s
he

cour eoft nextyea . Ea h tmet ts l d i Sobe wasr quie t c k a box sa i
s
he
r
c i ha he ogge n,
l
e r d o hec
t tng
t ts a e d t a e el c r ni delve y ofc r a n decum e s i l ng t Ti ke Contac .
ha he gr e o cc pt e t o c i r
eti
nt , nc udi he c t
r t
Addii l be or e ba ki Sobel a a s i wr tng on m uli e oc asonst tû he m os
tonaly, f e m r ng,
w s dvi ed n ii
tpl c i ha l
t
t

i
mpora t ng's c d do t pr pa c f he voya wa t i ea t Voya r Hand ok a
tnt hi ' he oul
o e r or r
ge s o û d he
r
ge s
bo nd

t Ti tConta ,' c C onti e r l i tnti or ton.' 1 at 7,9. Thec r
he cke
rct'whih ' an xtemey mpora nf mai ' d. !!
c
ou t
i convi ed t tt s m ehodsofcommuni ton s fcenty die t Sobe ' a tnton t t
s
nc ha he e t
cai ufii l r ced
ls te i o he
t r s and c
em
ondii oft Ti ke Co r c . Se e. ,St r y v.G A dve ur s l ,7 F. d
tons he e t nt a t
e. g. a ke
nt e , nc. 96 3

1 1 ( Ci.201 ( di t tc rct ltr wer ras bl c
93, 97 2d r 5) hol ng ha onta ua ems e e ena y ommu c e whe a
niatd n
t compa s t pl i ift e e l dieci herat nton t t tr sby me ofa
our
ny ent he antf hr e mais r tng
te i o he e m
ans

hypelnk a lngua a sng he t clck on t hy lnk) Re r e sofwhehe Sobel
ri nd a ge dvii
ro i
he peri . gadls
t r
a t aly r a t t r s a c tons be o e de r i s cl a l ha t C biiy t be om e
c u l e d he e m nd ondii
f r pa tng, he e r y d he i lt o c
a
m eani uly i or edr' w hi i s fci t s i y t s
ngf l nf m '
ch s uf i ent o atsf he econd pr
ong of t ûreasonabl
he k
e

11

communia i nes 't s. W a ls 306 F. a 836,s a s Ra av. e iy Cr s s I ,376
c tve s' e t
li,
3d t . ee lo cc Celbrt uie s nc.

F.App' 929,93l (11h Ci.201 (% pase rs fiur t a ualy r d t c rct l
x
t r 0) k
A s nge ' al e o ct l ea he onta ua
pr s on a i s does not pr c ude hi bei bound. The que ton i w he he Ra ca r ce ved
ovii t s ue
el
s ng
si s
t r c e i

ad t notc of t lmiai pr son.) Ac or ngl t cour concudes t t t
equae ie
he i ttons ovii ' . c di y, he
'
t
l
ha he
lm ia i pr son i t Tike Conta twasr as bl communi a e t Sobe .
i tton ovii n he c t
rc
e ona y
c td o
l
2.

Fundam ent Fai
al rness

Cr ie tc e c nr csae as C u j c t j diils rtn f rf n a na fin s .
u s ik t o ta t r lo k be t o u ca cuiy o u d me tl ar e s'
s
'
Shut 499 U . a 5
e,
S. t 95. k
i 'sf uson w he hert cl us wasi l
coul oc
t
t he a e
nc uded be us of k d- aih
ca e ba f t
m otve'and whet r t cl us w a ç m ea of di c a ng cr s pas e r f om pur ui
i
he he a e s a
ns
s our gi
uie s nge s r
s ng

l tmae cai .' Olma 538 F. a 277( i Shut 499U. a 595) l t sc e,
egii t l ms'' t n,
3d t1 quotng
e,
S. t . n hi as
t e i no e den t l i l d t lm ia i pr s on ou ofba f ih ort tt pr son
her s
vi ce hat SE nc ude he i t ton ovi i
t
d at
ha he ovi i

wasi e dt dicou a lgii t cl ms I e bye ctng46U. C. 30508,k ng e s
ntnde o s r ge e tmae ai . nde d, na i
S. j
t rs
co

ha ...i cae t t(ikeqc rcsma lgaly s re t lmiai pei t oneyea.'
s
ndi td ha tc t onta t y e l ho tn he i ttons rod o
r'

De s v, 7 F.da 99 (i n 4 U. C. 1 3 , c wa r c d fe a 4 U. C. 3 5 )
mp e 9 2 2 t 9 ct g 6 S. j 8 b whih s e o iid s 6 S. j 0 08 .
i
l de e m i ng whet rt one- rlm ia i pr son i f m e a l f i,t co t
n t r ni
he he
yea i tton ovii s unda ntly ar he ur
mus a s consde whe he l obt ne Sobe ' C c s i t t .. .c a e by fa or
t lo
i r
t r SE
ai d
ls i ce son o he
a
l us
r ud
overe chi ' Shu e 499 U, a 595. W hieSobelsc pli ti l sca msf ri e i l
r a ng.
'
t,
S. t
l
' om a n nc ude li o ntntona
and neglge m ir pr s nt ton a i tI t e i no alegai offa i t i e
i nt s e e e ai ga ns SE, her s
l ton r ud n he nduc mentof
t lm ia i pr s on is l . See Lie v.G i la W es End,I . 631 F. d 1
he i t ton ovi i t e f
ls
nn- w
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pr son.) l t a e eOfa e de t tt i l i oft lmiai pr so i t
ovii ' . n he bs nc
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ny vi nce ha he ncuson he i tton oviin n he
Ti tCont a tw ast pr
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f m e aly f ra e or ea e.
unda nt l ai nd nf c bl
B.

A pplcaton t t Pl ntf s C l m s
i i o he ai if' ai

Havi c ude t tt one ye rlm ia i pr son i va i and e or e e t c t
ng oncl d ha he - a i t ton ovi i s ld
nf c abl , he our

mus now deer ne whet rt pr son a i t t cai as e t i Sobe ' c pl nt
t
t mi
he he ovii pples o he l ms s red n
ls om ai .
Des t Sobe ' a gum e st t c r r t c t oncl st tt pr s on i a i abl ,a
pie
ls r
nt o he onta y, he our c ude ha he ovi i s pplc e nd

t t1 i entte t s
ha SE s ild o ummayj dg nt
r u me .

l r s o et I E' o i ia moin f rs mmayj d me t So e o f rd an mb ro
n e p ns o S S rgn l to o u r u g n, b l fe e u e f
a gum e s bot i he brefi oppos to a i ope c t So fr ta gue t tt lm ia i
r
nt , h n r i n
ii n nd n n our . bel is r d ha he i t ton

p o so d e n ta p yt teij re ta s e s tie o tefed ti,sn e s ewa n ta
r vii n o s o p l o h nu is h t h usan d n h il rp ic h s o

' se e 'o tes i a tetmeo teij re . To s p o th sag me t S b ldr ce te
e sng r' f h hp t h i f h n u is
pa
u p r ti r u n , o e ie td h
cour' atentont Ramsv.
ts t i o
RoyalCa rbe nCr s Li s I ,1 F. 11 1 3( s Ci.1 ,
ri a uie ne ,nc. 7 3d , 2-1 1t r 994)
i whih t Unie Stt Cour ofAppe l f t Fis Cicui hel t tatc tc r c , ch
n c he td a es
t
a s or he r t r t d ha ike onta t whi

d fn d S a s n e' a k l p ro s ta eln u d r ti t k t'dd n ta pl t ij re a
e ie t se g r' s t l e s n r v lig n e hs i e, i o p y o n u is
p
a
c '
pas e
s ngers t ne on s e a ar or. Thec ttndsSebe ' r la e on Ra unpe s sve.
usai d
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our i
ls e inc
ms
r ua i
U nlke t c r c i Ra s t Ti ke Conta ' detnii of i s nge ' i not s lm ie
i he ont a t n m , he c t
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pas
o i t d.
l t ad, he t m i s enge ' i de i ed t i l tt pe s pur ha i ora ce i t sTi ke
ns e t er ' s
pa
r' s f n o nc ude ûhe r ons c s ng c ptng hi c t

Contac,orany who us i t bo d t Shi o ot r s ' Ti tConta ta 1 Be us
r t
one
es t o ar he p r he wie.' cke
r c t . ca e
Sobel(
i
does not di put t t s pur has d o us d' t Ti ke Con r c ,ç he i a t s e er '
s e ha he c e r e ' he c t
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s

s j c t t t msoft ... nta t' Koni fv. i es Cr s s l ,No.1 224,2001
ub e t o he er
he co rc.
'
kof Prnc s uie .nc.
999U. DitLEXI 1 4,a * ( V..Aug.1 2001 (ee i t pli ifsagumentt ther
S. s.
S 403 t 4 D. I
3, ) rj ctng he antf' r
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o s eij ywasnots j tt almiai pr son snc s wa notat s nge 'a t
n-hor nur
ubec o i tton ovii i e he s
k e r' t he
pas
13

t o teij r l s eas La ov Canv l r , 21F. p' 3 3 3 4( t Ci. 01 )(k e
i f h nu y ; e lo n . r ia Cop.6
me
Ap x 7 , 7 9h r 2 5 s n
Ev
i we f
f
ound t r s ng i Ra s v.RoyalCa r b n Cr s Li al t be pe s s ve,t
he ea oni n m
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ontac t s ue n ha s pple l o per ons r veli
r hi i ket' c us he

Pasag Conta does no co an s h lngua Ra i not a i bl hee.) (iai
s e
rct
t nti uc a ge, ms s
pplca e r ' ctton
'
omitd)
te .

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e r ny
ha he i tton oviim pple o s e n ures s es ved
by r er nc t Se ton 1 oft TiketConta t W hie t t s c i at mpt t lmi I S
ef e e o c i 7
he c
rc.
l ha e ton te s o i t SE'
la lt f on- hor a i te ,i doesnotlm i t s ope oft one ye lm iai pr vii
ibiiy or s e ctviis t
i t he c
he - ar i t ton o son.
l t d,i pr des t C he r m a ni t m s of t sTi ke Cc r c s l gov n t rght and
nsea t ovi hat i e i ng er
t
hi c t mt a t ha l er he i s

la ltesoft Carira t Pasenge wih rs ec t gelng tckes(ncl ng c
ibiii
he re nd he s r t e p t o s li i t i udi ouponso
r
vouch s orot wiema ngarng me sf s ee uri ,i ldi Prci a orFil
er) her s ki ra e nt or hor xc sons ncu ng a tca nd/ ed

Pr a ,ous lnd,ar orl alwae ta porai ors esdea co
ogrms t r,a i, oc tr rns tton hor i c mmodai a me ll'
tons nd as.
'
Bas d on t pl i l ngu
e
he a n a age of t Ti ke Conta , t c t c ude t t t lm ia i
he c t
r ct he our oncl s ha he i t ton

p ovso a p ist ij re s fee d rn t ec u s o afed ti o s o ee u so ,t te
r iin p le o nu is u fr d ui g h o re f il rp r h r xc rin o h
on
e tn ta t ij r d pa sng rs e t h l I l bl f rs c ij re . Se Benni v
xe t h t he nu e se e e ks o od SE i e o u h nu is3 e
a

.

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- 08 996 S.
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ge
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3 To t e ext t tSohels
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car
ovii
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ent ha
uggesst tl i nota ç rer'f pur os oft lm iaton pr son,
t ha SE s
sl ar
tch gumenti wihoutme i, Asdicus ed above,t trtpa oft Ti Contac expr sy pr des
s t
rt
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Ca re
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e
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ton.
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ni

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eu
li t
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eay evs, 6 . 5 6 5h r 0 8 . e diay a ig hs
pr son i t l i entte t t rght a beneft s tf t i t Tike Contac ,s ast lmia i
ovii s hat SE s ild o he i s nd
is e orh n he c t
r t uch he i tton
pr son and t f um s e i cl e. W hie t i uson of l i t t m çcari ' ma not be
ovii
he or
elcton aus
l he ncl i
SE n he er i rer' y
appr i e i a1 oft pr sonsoft Ti tCon rct suc a t e t r ert t Ca re and I i t
oprat n l he ovii
he cke
ta , h s hos hat ef o he r ir
SE n he
sa se e e,not ng i t Tike Contac s sst tI i notentte t e or t one ye lmiai
me nt nc
hi n he c t
r t ugge t ha SE.s
ild o nf ce he - ar i tton
pr son i Sec i l
ovii n ton 5.

14

Ra . l c v r ij re s fee byCl p rsp se e swhl e g g d i o -h r a tvte
ms t o e s nu is u fr d
i e ' a sng r ie n a e n n s o e ciiis
p
wih Clppe ' s r iepr des t t e e t tClppe i s df t ' .
t i rs e vc ovi r,o he xtnt ha i r s ue or hem.)
'

Aln t smeln s t ec u t lo rj csS b lsa g me t h ttetr o t eTik t
o g he a ie , h o r as ee t o e' r u n t a h e ms f h c e
Co ta tae ia pl a l t h ro -h r ij re ,sn e t e fed ti wa p rh s d u e a
nr c r n p i be o e n s o e nu is ic h il rp s u c a e nd r
c
i e r e c r c .' A s bs quen con r c i onl r l an t t e e t t i was i ende t
t pa at ont a t'
s
u e
t t a t s y e ev t e he xt nt ha t
nt d o
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F.d355 367- ( hCi. 2)( s usi t elme sofaconta ua novai . Hee t r
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s
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pr sonsoft Tike Conta t To t co r r t TiketContac explcil a i i t st t
ovii
he c t
rc .
he nta y, he c
r t i ty ntcpa e ha
pas e e s wilpur ha e i el Pr am s ' nd ot rs e e ur i ,w hi h a e noti ude i
s ng r l c s i d ogr ' a
Fi
he hor xc sons
c r
ncl d n
t t ton f t Se es e atSeapr a . Ti ke Contac a 1 M or ove , sdi c s d a
he uii or he m t r
ogr m
c t
r tt.
e r a s us e bove,

Se i l7 oft Tike Conta expr s l pr vi st tt t nnsoft Tike Conta s l
cton
he c t
r ct
e sy o de ha he e
he c t
r ct hal
g n t rg sa la ltesof1 wih r pe tt isi ve nti ma ngara m e sf
over he i ht nd ibiii
SE t es c o t nvol me n ki r nge nt or
t Fil Pr a s and ot r s e e ur i . Ac or ngl t r i n m e i t Sobels
he e d ogr m
he hor xc sons
c di y, he e s o rt o
'
ar
gume t the ag ee e t purha et fed ti t Agr a Va a s s r e d t t ms
nt ha r r m nt o c s hc il rp o
a nd r na i upe s de he er
of t Ti ke Cont a tor ot r i e m odii d i s as t ne t t applca lt oft lm ia i
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rc
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pr son. l ;s ealo Koni f 2001U. DitLEXI 1 4, t*5(: apat c e a al
ovii
d. e s
kof,
S. s.
S 403 a ûAs ry overd t l
r e nttm e by t pas a c r ct t pl i ifi bound by is t
el va i s he s ge onta , he a ntf s
t enus one ofw hi h be ng t t
,
c i ha
s m us f l he cl m w ihi t va i lm ia i perod. Thepl i if sar e t thercl i
he
t ie r ai
t n he ld i t tons i
a ntf ' gum nt ha
am

d e n ti fc çrs ' r m tep sa ec nr c b tise daie o to (n t elc n rc d e
o s o n a t a ie fo h a sg o ta t u n ta rs s u f a o h r o ta t o s
n r nde t pas a c r ti pplc bl t he cl i f t to he conta ' br ac a cl i
ot e r he s ge ontac na i a e o r a m or ha t r
r cts e h, a m

br htne esaiyi he ca iyasapa snge .)
oug c s rl n r pact
se r' .
'

15

Fi ly,t c r m us a es t i s of w he he t one- ea lm ia i pr s on
na l he ou t
t ddr s he s ue
t r he
y r i t ton ovi i
apple t c ai s t t a e ba e on r pr e atons m a by 1 bef e Sobelde re on t
i s o l m ha r s d
e es nt i
de
SE
or
pa t d
he
cr s , s h a Sobe ' cl i t t I f l e y r pr s nt d i t V oya r s Ha boo t t s
ui e uc s
ls a m ha SE a s l e e e e n he
ge ' nd k ha he
woul be s f on t fe d t i or s e exc s ons t t 1 pe s ly s l t d a s
d
ae
he i l rps hor
ur i ha SE r ona l e ec e nd pons r
o ed.

Upon r vi w oft t r oft Tike Co r c a a ia ec el w, he c r c l st t
e e
he e ms he c t nta t nd pplc bl as a t ou t onc ude ha

i d e . l e c o h rcams S b lse rd e sfrp y ia a de to ln uiss fe e a
t o s n a h f e li , o e e ks e rs o h sc l n moina ij re u fr d s
a r s t of t s xual as a t o M a c 9- 0, 201
e ul
he e
s ul n
rh 1
3. Se ton 1 of t Ti ke Cont a t
ci
5
he c t
rc

u e uio al rq ie t a s eb iga ycam frb d l ij r wihno ey a o tedaeo t e
n q v c l e ur s h t h rn n li o o i n u y t i n e r f h t f h
y
y
ij y. The Tike Conta doesnotdifrntae bewe n vai c us ofacin frbodiy
nur
c t rct
fee it t e rous a es
to o
l

ij r 'i se d i ditn u s e camsfrb d l ij r o d ah fo ohe cams te lt ro
nu y n ta , t sig ih s li o o iy nu y r e t r m t r li , h at f
,
e
whc aes be t oas o trl tto p o iin. Mo e v r teTik tCo ta t e n tl t
ih r u j c t h re i ain r v so
mi
ro e ,h c e nr c do s o i
mi
t one-ea lmiai pr son t ij re c e by a t oromisons t toc rd afe
he
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cs
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r ton. nse d,he a uag s oa s sbl e e ng o dany l m
toe r
f rbodiyij r o deah. Tike Co rc a j15()
o
l n u y r t ' c t nta t t a .
'
Bas d o t pl i l ngua oft Ti ke Co r c ,a c i t ntw ih e s i c s l ,
e n he a n a
ge he c t nt a t nd ons se
t xi tng a e aw
t c tco l s t tt o - a lm ia i pr vi i n a i s t a lof Sobels c a m saga ns
he our nc ude ha he ne ye r i t ton o s o pple o l
' li
i t
I i l i t e bas d on r pr s nt tons t tw e e m a be or s de r e on t c ui e.
SE, nc ud ng hos
e
e e e ai
ha r
de f e he pa t d
he r s
Se Li e ed Pr c i lNur es Tec ci ns & Hea t Ca e W or r ofN e Y or I v. ys e
e c ns
a tca
s . hni a
lh r
ke s
w
k. nc. Ul s s

Cr s s l ,1 1 F.Su 2d 393,41l ( D. Y.2000)( di t tt one y rlmiai
uie s nc. 3
pp.
S. N.
hol ng ha he - ea i tton
pr s on i a tc t conta a i t t pl n if s cl m t t t c ui e lne b ea he is
ovi i n i ke
r ct ppled o he ai tf
ai ha he r s i r c d t
agr e e a war a y t pr de a s f a r as bl envionm e ,a e pha i i t tt
e m nt nd
r nt o ovi
a e nd e ona e
r
nt nd m
s z ng ha he

pr sondi no lmi isapplcain baedont naur oft lws t;Bnyl v.Cunar Li .
ovii d t i t t
i to s
he t e he a uil
es
d ne

Lt ,No.93Ci 5472,1 U. Dit LEXI 21 a *1 ( D. Y.J n.1 1 ( dng
d.
v.
994 S. s.
S 449, t 4 S. N. a 2, 994) holi
16

t tt lm ia i pe i i a pa s ng r tc t c r d a i d t c ai s f f a w hi h w e e
ha he i t ton rod n
s e e i ke ont a pple o l m or r ud, c
r

bas donrpr s nttonsma i t d e ntspr tona br hur a ne ltes;Fa n
e
e e e ai
de n he efnda ' omoi l oc es nd wsetrl ga

v. r i Prn e l c,1 9 A. . 2 5 , 5 2 ( N..1 9 )(ee t tepanitsa g me t
No d c ic . n . 9 2 M C. 5 3 2 6 D. J 9 2 rjci h li t ' r u n
ng
f
t t t c r cual lmiai n pr son di not a y t her m ir pr s ntton c am a
ha he onta t
i t to
ovii
d
ppl o
s e e e a i l i nd

e pli n t t'h cam i sila a to frp ro l nu y o l t a alg dy c usngt e
x anig ha ç e li s tl n cin o es na ij r , n y he d le e l a i h
t
ij r i n w p a e p iri tme'; rav. ln Ame iaLie 7 A.d 1 8 1 9 4 ( J
nu y s o lc d ro n i ' Mir Hol d
l
a
rc n , 51 2 3 , 3 - 0 N..
Supe .Ct App.Di 2000)(ppl ngt lmiain pr soni atc tc rctt fa cai
r .
v.
a yi he i tto ovii n ike onta o rud l ms

b s d o p ev y g mirp e e tto s rg r ig a cu s s i s a c mmo ain ) Be a s
a e n r- o a e se rs n ain e adn
r ie hp' c o d to s. c u e
Sobe flds tmo et noneyea afe he ij i oc ured, rcai a ns 1 aebar by
l ie ui r ha
r tr r nures c r he l ms gai t SE r red
t lmiainpr son. Ac or ngl t c t lgrntI Smotonf s
he i tto ovii
c di y,he our wil a SE' i or ummayj
r udgme .
nt
11
1.

Sobels M oton f Le t Fie an A m e d C o pl i
'
i or ave o l
nde
m a nt

On J nua y 2,20l Sobelfl a moton f l a t fl a a nded c
a r
7,
ied
i or e ve o ie n me
ompl i a ns
ant gai t
Trpahia I
i t nd SE. W hieRul 1 oft Fe r lRulsofCi lPr ed e pr dest tt c r
l
e 5 he de a
e
vi oc ur ovi ha he ou t

s ul kr ey gv la L a n l wh n j sie s r q ie , d R.Ci P. 1 ()2 ,
ho d t e l i e e ve t me d e u tc o e urs' .
f
o
'Fe
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a e e st t c pl i ts d no be pe m it d w he t y w oul be f ie. Ba as 711F.
m ndm nt o he om a n houl t
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l ,
3d

a 4 9 çlqa e t a n s o l be d n e o t e go n s o ftlt wh n te prpo e
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nt s e r y ns fci
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o dur l ons de a i .'

v. tdStt , F.
Unie aes 886 Supp.1 1 ( S. 1 (ii Da sv. pe Aic atCor ,61
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n he me d
c ai ') Ac or ngl t motont a
ompl nt'. c di y,he i o mendwil de e a f iewihr pe t t cams
lbe nid s utl t es cto he li
a ns Tr pa hi
gai t i t .
B.

C l m s aaai t1SE
ai
ns

The c tal o c l
our s onc udes t tt pr ed am e
ha he opos
ndm e s w o d be f ie wih r s c t
nt ul
utl t e pe t o
I bec us t y do not c e t f c t t he cl i s ar ba r by t one ye lm iaton
SE, a e he
ur he a t ha r a m
e r ed
he
- ar i t i
pr s o i t Ti tCont a t See AC & R l ul ton Co. l v. M f s A s ' l . ,
ovi i n n he cke
r c.
ns a i
, nc. Pa. r . s n ns Co. 993

F.Supp.2d 539,55l( M d.201 ( nyi pli ifsmoton t a nd asf ie sncet
D,
4) de ng antf
i o me
utl i he
pr e a
opos d mende c ant di û atr t a iabiiy oft saut oflmiai '.
d ompli d s le he pplc lt
not
he tt e i ttons'
)
Sobels pr pos d am e
' o e
nded com pl nt lke he orgi c pl i ,S e ks r dr s f physca and
ai , i
r i nal om a nt k e e es or
s
i l

e to a ij re . .e u t gfo as x a b tey'h t c u -dwhl So e wa p riiaig
mo in l nu is . r s li r m e u l atr 'ta o c ne ie b l s a t p tn
n
c
i I SSe se a Se pr a Prposd Am.Co . 1 Asdic sd a
n SE' me tr t a ogrm. o e
mpl! .
suse bove,t Tike
he c t

Co ta tu e uv al rq ie t a s eb igç n cam wh to ve f rbo iyij r o d ah'
n rc n q ioc ly e ur s h t h rn i y li as e r o d l nu y r e t '
a
wihi one y rfom t dae Oft ij y. Be aus alofSobels cai s e r drs f
tn
ea r he t
he nur
c e l
' l ms e k e e s 0r

18

p ysc la d e to a ij re , h y tts u r l wi i teo e y a l tt n p o iin i te
h ia n moin l n uis t e i q a ey t n h n - e r i ai r v so n h
h
mi o
Ti ketCont a a a e ba r d by t tpr vii n.4
c
r d nd r r e
ha o s o

AlhoughSobe a g t tI Sal ge m ir pr s ntto di notbe om ecla untls
t
l r ues ha SE' le d s e e e a i ns d
c
e r i he

conducedt Rul 30( ( de ii t sa g nti wihoutmert l bot t orgi a
t he e b)6) poston,hi r ume s t
i. n h he i nal nd
pr e a e d c
opos d m nde ompli s Sob al st l c
ant , el lege hat SE omm it dfa byf ley r pr e i t t
te r ud
as l e es ntng ha

s ewo l b s f o t fedti t a 1 s o s rda s lce S e ec.Co . 5 (iS
h u d e ae n he il rp h t SE p n o e nd ee td. e . . , mpl! 7 C E
I
m a a f s r pr s nt i n ofa m a c i f c t Pl n ifby r pr s ntng t ts w o d b s f o
de al e e e e ato
t ral a t o ai tf
e e e i ha he ul e a e n

t e I E s lce a d s o s r d fed ti t Ag aa d Vaa a i';Prp e Am.Co .! 3
h S ee td n p n oe il rp o r n r n s.l o os d
'
mpl 8
(' e ntI Srpr e ai ,wara i a a s a esofr s bl s ey durng s e
'Defnda SE' e es nttons r ntes nd surnc
eaona e aft i hor

exc sonsoferd by i we e fle....) Asu ng t tt sxua asa toc rd a s
uri
fe
t r as
' . s mi ha he e l s ul cure s he
'
alege ,So lknew by M a c 1 201 t ts wasnots eon t tel ti a t ,t ta
l s be
r h 0, 3 ha he
af
he i d rp, nd, hus ha ny
e r s ori id a s a e ofs ey wer f le. Ac di y,e n i So lc da lhe s l
xp e s mple s ur nc s af t
e as
cor ngl ve f be oul vai r ef

oft dic r r e t tnor ly a i t c esofac i t s
he s ove y ul ha
ma l pples o aus
ton hat ound i fa ,5her cl m f
n r ud
ai or
f a a i tl woul be un i e y.6
r ud ga ns SE
d
tm l

4Ha So el se tdcamst t rta f rd aho b dl ij y's ewo dh veb e rq r dt Gl
d b a s re li l he h n o e t r o iy nurr h ul a e n e uie o e
o
'
s iwihnsx monh fo tedaehe v a tr n td. Tik tCo ta t tj 1 ( .
ut t i i
ts r m h t r oy ge emiae
c e nrc a 5b)
5S e s e i c l ci st VignaCo ej8012 ,whihprvd sta ac u eo a to f rfa d
ob l p ct al t o rii d . -49 c o ie h t a s f cin 0 ru
i y e
acc ueskwhe s faud ...i dicove ed orby t exer s ofdue dii nce r s
r ç n uch r
s s r
he
cie
lge
ea onabl s d ha be
y houl ve en
dicoveed.'
s r '
6 W hie Sobelm a ha l r addii
l
y ve ea ned
tonalf t durng dico r t lw doe notr quie t ta
acs i
s ve y he a
s
e r ha
,
pl ntf ha a ualknowldge ofeac a e y s
ai if ve ct
e
h nd ver uppori f c bef e acaus ofa ton ac ues See.e. ,
tng a t or
e ci
cr .
g.

Ha lo Mae il lc v. w Ch m. r a4 4F.d 1 0 1 0 - ( t Ci. 0 )(ç p la t r u st tt
mi n tras n , Do e Co p, 9 3 2 3, 2 607 9h r20 7 t eln ag e ha is
t
Ap
fau cl m di notac ueuntlade ii i 2003,whe i l r d ofAppel 'spe fc i enton t dec ve
r d ai d
cr
i
poston n
n t ea ne
lees cii nt i o ei

terc so r rgadn teh at h z r so Caira . ..Ho v r,ii n tne e sr ta Ha l n h d
h i u tmes e r ig h e l a ad f ldi. . ( we e ) t s o c say h t mio a
h
t
notceofAppele 's cii i e i t de vebef et fatd ac i a ued. A1 t ti r l nti t a
i
les pe fc nt nton o cei
or he r l ton ccr
l ha s eeva s hat

raon bep ro . . ul h v benonnoieo ap tnil se ee tto ';Epti v. R. r.lc,
e s a l esn . wo d a e e
tc f oe ta miryrsnain.l sen C. Bad n x
'
46 F.d1 3 1 8(sCi. 0 )($ edic v r r ed e no rqur t tapanifk w tes cfcdeal
0 3 8 , 8 1t r20 6 k
Th so ey ul o s t e le ha litf no h peii tis
perai ng t an aleged ha m,buti tad i i
t ni o
l
r
nse t mpos a dut t I tgae on a pl ntf who has caus f
es
y o nvesi t
ai if
e or
conc n. Crtcaly,knowl ofe y f tne s yt pr vai ont cl m i notr r t putt pl ntf
er
ii l
edge ver ac ces ar o e l he ai s
equied o
he ai if

o ij r n tc a tige tea cu l rodD ( i to a ditra q oainmak o te )
n n uiy oie nd rg r h c r a pei .) ct ins n nen l u tto r s mi d .
' a
t

l s m , chofSobe ' ca esofa ton a c ue onM a c 1 201 a s wa r quie
n u ea
ls us
ci c r d
r h 0, 3, nd he s e r d
by t Ti tConta t fl s twihi one ye r fo t tdae. Ha ng f ie t do s he
he cke
r ct o ie ui t n
a r m ha t
vi a ld o
o, r
c a m saga ns I bot i t or gi lc pl i a t pr pos d a e
li
i t SE, h n he i na om a nt nd he o e m nded c pl i ,a e
om a nt r
tm e bared. Bec us Sobelspr pos d a endm e sdo notc e t f t the c ai s a ns
i - r
a e
' o e m
nt
ur he ad ha r l m gai t
I a e untm e y,her m oton f l a t a e w ilbe de e as f ie w ih r s c t t s
SE r
i l
i or e ve o m nd l
ni d
utl t e pe t o hi
de e nt7
f nda .
Concl on
usi

F rtera o ssae , S Sr n we mo inf rs mmayj d me twi b g a tda
o h e s n ttd I E' e e d to o u r u g n l e rn e nd
l
Sob ' m oton f l a t fl a a e d co pl i w ilbe de e
els i or e ve o 5 e n m nde m a nt l
ni d.

The Clr i die t d t s nd co e oft sm e a
ek s r ce o e
pi s hi mor ndum opi o a t a o pa ng
ni n nd he cc m nyi
or rt al c
de o l ouns ofr c d.
el e or

D

ATED: i X *Y d yo. a u r, 01 .
Ths
a t n ay 2 7
J
#'

Chi f nied St t s Di ti tJ
e
t
a e sr c udge

1Havi r
ng eache t sdecson, Sobelsm o i f anext i oftmewihi whi t fl hermoton
d hi ii
' ton or
enson i
t n ch o ie
i
t am end w jlbe dim is asm oot
o
l
s s ed
.