Burruss v. Riley et al
Filing
15
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 6/14/16. (hnw)
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t d a e s rc udge
De e nt .
f nda s
Plitf Be j mi Bu sfldt sa to a ans d fn a t Al mal Comt ,
an if n n n nus ie hi cin g i t ee d n s be re t y
Vigna(h G u t ' a svea poieo fc r wihteAl ma l Co n yPoie
r i i t e t n y' nd e rl l fies t h be re u t l
co )
c
c
De a t n (W CPD', le i v oain o 4 U. C. 1 8 a dsaelw. c s i
p rme t &
' algng i lto s f 2 S. j 9 3 n tt a The a e s
)
pr en l be o et c to de e nt 'm oto t dimi s Fo t f l ng r as ,hec t
es ty f r he our n f nda s
i n o s s . r he olowi e ons t our
w ilgr nti pa ta de i pa t he m o i t dim i s
l a n r nd ny n r t
ton o s s .
Fact Backeround
ual
Thef l ng f c s t ke fom pl ntf ' co pl nt a ea e e ast ef pur e of
olowi a t , a n r
ai ifs m ai , r cc pt d nl or pos s
t emoint ds s.Se Erc s nv. rus 5 U.. 9 9 ( 0 7 .
h to o imis e ik o Pad , 51 S 8 , 4 2 0 )
Be jmi Bu r s i a5 - e rodr sd n o t Co ny. temo nn o No e e
na n ru s s 8 y a - 1 e i e t f he u t On h r ig f v mb r
21 201 , m zswa sa iga teCo o t11(h Gn ' ,o ae wi nt Co ny. t
, 3 Bu s s tyn t h mf r 11 t e $ n' lc td t he u t Athe
.
1
1 )
hi
tm e Bur s w a pr pa i t e ba k on a c m pi a huntng ti i M ont na Thi t i w a
i , nl s s e r ng o m r
a ng nd
i rp n
a . s rp s
itnd dt t eiv sr s h h dbe ne omtrn d et dfkul e a hij ba d i hs
ne e o t le e te s e a e nc t e ig u o it t s t s o n n i
r
i
marage'Compl!1 Tha mor ng,Bum zs e o rc a tdt ACPD a r uetda
ri .'
. 4. t ni
s ' mplye ontce he
nd eq se
we fr c k on hi .The e oye t dt ACPD t tBur s wa a t I a t tBur u s
la e hec
m
mpl r ol he
ha
nls s t he nn, nd ha
rs
i e d t go huntng a m i ha a fr nn, t the had no m ade a s a e e st the
nt nde o
i nd ght ve iea but ha
t
ny t t m nt ha
w a e t hur hi s l or o he s
nt d o t m e f t r .
At1 40 a. . Ofi e J t nnaRi by a ved a t 1 Ofi rRi by s
0: m , fc r an
gs ni
t he nn. fce gs poket s e
o om
e oye a t 1m a l m e t tBur s ha s
mpl es t he 1 nd ea d ha
nls d poke wih ama ge a 9: am . nd ha
n t
na r t 00 . a
d
i or
nf med t f o de k t thewa c ki out Att spoi ,Ofi e Ri by ae td ot r
he r nt s ha
s hec ng . hi nt fc r gs lre he
ACPD ofi r t tBurus wa la ng t Im .At1 50 a. . Ofi e Ro r W a f la ved.
fce s ha
r s s e vi he 1
0: m , fc r be t re ni
Burus t n lf t 1 a wake t r hi tu k,whi w a l a e i t I spa l
r s he e t he % nd l d owa ds s r c
ch s oc t d n he nn' rdng
l .Ofi e sRi by a W a f la oac d Burus - who wa wea i àts r,c m o l
ot fc r gs nd re ppr he
r s
s rng - hit a ufage
pa s a a or ngehuntngca
nt , nd n a
i
p-a as t s a wih hi ;howe r Bum zst d t
nd ked o pe k t m
ve ,
s ol he
ofi r t thedi notw a tt t l a a ke i t y ha aw ar nt Ats epoi t r fe ,
fce s ha
d
n o ak nd s d f he d
r a . om
nt he ea tr
Of ie sGa n t Gchi ' ly and Ken Riha ds ari d a t lm .Ofi erlie a tmpt d t
fc r r e t t p'Rie
c r on rve t he l
fc kl y te e o
s a wih Bur us ,who r ie a e t the di notwa t t k.Ofi e Pe e M a nz rt n
pe k t
r s
et r t d ha
d
nt o al fc r t r i e he
a rve Bunus sa td hi t c a puti i r ve s t la ,butOfi e Iie or r d hi t
ri d.
s tre s nlk nd
t n e r e o e ve
fc r tly de e m o
sop a putt c ri par Bum z sc
t nd
he a n k.
s omple wih t o de s
i d t he r r .
I or rt pr ve Bur s fom la ng,Ofi e sRie a Ri ha ds i tuced
n de o e nt nz s r e vi
fc r l y nd c r on nsr t
Ofie sW afla orRi byt de oy aStng 'de c be ndBum zs t c J !24.A
fc r re nd/ gs o pl K i er' vie hi
s
s ' nzk.Z
si e i aporabl srp wih upwa d-acng s kest tc puncur a fa tn ave c e' tr s
tng r s
t e ti t
r f i pi ha an
t e nd l te
hil s ie
i ape s n a tmpt t drve o ri. lr swa t d t thi tr swo d be dn
f r o te s o i ve t Btr us s ol ha s ie ul
mage i he
df
a t m pt d t l a .I a to t t s i r t c pl i a l gest tBur us w a pr nt d
te e o e ve n ddii n o he tnge , he om a nt le
ha
r s s eve e
f om l a ng t pa ki 1 tdue t t pl c m e off urA CPD ve cl s a t pr e e of
r e vi he r ng o
o he a e nt o
hi e nd he es nc
Ofi e sW a f l Riey,Ri by,a Ri ha ds Bum zs tuc ba tr alo di be a e Of e
fc r
ze, l
gs
nd c r on.
s ' r k te y s ed c us sc r
Ri ha ds ke t pa s nge ' dooroft t c o n dtrng t s e ount r
c r on pt he s e r s
he nz k pe li hi nc
e.
Bur us t n i or e O f i r Rie t the had a gun i t ba ks to hi t uc but
r s he nf m d fce l y ha
n he c ea f s r k,
i c t d t the had be n huntng. r s f r he r a e t tt g m wasno l d,a t t
ndi a e ha
e
i Bur u s u t r el t d ha he t
t oade nd ha
hewa t wa e ofa a munii i t tuc The c m pl i al ge t t durngt s
s ma r
ny m
ton n he r k.
o ant le s ha, i hi
2
c
onve s ton,t g wasi pl n sgh . r sas t d Ofi e Rie t tt gun wa f hi
r ai he un
n ai i t Burus lo ol fc r ly ha he
s or s
upc nght i ti i M ont I r pons ,Ofke Riey o de e Bum z snott r a h i o
omi
mtng rp n
ana. n es e t r l r r d
s
o e c nt
t bac s a o t tuc Bur u sc
he k e t f he r k; r s omple wiht eor s Ne t l s ,Burus silr f e
id t hes der . verhe e s
r s tl e us d
t lavehi tuc a s i t thewa no goi t ha m a ne butt thesmpl wa e t
oe
s r k nd a d ha
s t ng o r nyo ,
ha
i y nt d he
osc r t la s t a hec u dGhrkfrhi ef'l . 31 Bu r sdd, we e ,nbr
f e s o e ve o h t o l ç il o ms l. d ! . rus i ho v r it m
t
'
Ofi e Rie t theha r ce ty c ngedhi m e c tonsf rde e son,a t thewa ups t
fc r ly ha
d e n l ha
s di a i o pr s i nd ha
s e
tkt i wietl hi t a s enoln e lve hm.
l hs f od m h t h
a
o gro d i
Ats epoi ,Ofi e Ri by co ace Bur u s wie Kel Burus ,who c im e
om
nt fc r gs
nt t d r s ' f , ly r s
onfr d
t tBtm zsha notm a a t east hn m hi s forot r . r .Bur s alo i caedt t
ha l s d
de ny hr t o r m el
he s M s
nz s s ndi t ha
Bt s ha s nthe at xt s yi t thewa goi outwe tt ht .The c
uru s d e r e , a ng ha
s ng
s o mt
ompl i a lges
ant le
t t upo r c i ng t si or ton fom M r .Bum z s Ofi rlie s i t t o he ox c r ,
ha , n e e vi hi nf ma i '
r
s
s , fce kl y ad o he t r
es
$ eg tn t i y a dtl Bu s t tt yweeg i t lthm la . d. 3 . p cfc ly
ç o ohn'' n od mzs ha he r ong o e i e ve I ! 2 S e iial,
W
'
Ofie lie if r dBu r s t a heçus ne dld t c e kt i s'oç k s z e eyti g
fc r tly n o me ru s h t j t e e q o h c hng 't t e u e v r h n
ma
g s g o ,'a dt e Bu swo l b ( o dt g . JJ Ofie Iie as t l t eohe
wa ) o dl ' n h n nus u d e G o o o' I fc r tly lo od h t r
p
g
'.
.
ofiest thehadç ras t hol l sj'e ani t tBum zsha no madea
fc r ha
ç e on o d Bu= s, xpli ng ha
no
'
s d t
ny
t e t t hn m hi s l oro he s a t thi de e so wasno dif r ntfo a ot r
hr a s o r m ef t r , nd ha s pr s i n
f e e r m ny he
per s
son'
Ac odigt t c mpli tteo fc r t ne plrdoh rg o n st j tf h li
c r n o he o an,h fie s he x o e te r u d o usiy odng
Bur us .Of i e Rie t d t ot rof i e st c l Bum z s doc ora a t m ptt ge a
r s f c r l y ol he he f c r o a l
s ' t nd te
o tn
Eme g nc Cu t d Or e CC 'f rBumzs J.!3 Ofie Ri s yas a v s dM r.
r e y so y d r ECO' o
)
s.. 4. fc r g b lo d ie s
I
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Bur u st go t t M a s r t s O fi e i or rt obt i a ECO . W he Bur u sr ie a e t t
rs o
o he gi ta e' tc n de o a n n
n
r s e t r t d ha
hewa e t l a a di no ne a hep,Ofi e Rie s i t thi bos woul no a l
nt d o e ve nd d t ed ny l
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d t low
hi t 1 tBum zsla .Shorl t r afe ,Ofi rRi by t dt o he ofi e st tM r .
m oe
s e ve
ty he e tr tce gs ol he t r fc r ha s
3
Bur s w a o he wa t obt i a ECO.
nls s n r y o an n
At1145 a. . M ag sr t Rove l Br
: m , ita e
le own is d a ECO, ut i i t ofi r t s i .
sue n
a horzng he fce s o eze
Burus purua t Vigni Codej37. 808.TheECO i c t t tiwasis dupon:a
r s s nt o r i a
2ndiaed ha t
sue
ç
s r p tto ' n f csfo M r. ru s JL!43 On et eECO wa o ti d t eot r
wo n ei n'a d a t r m s Bu r s .i
I
. . c h
s b ane ,h f s
ke
o de e a SW AT t a t e r c Bur s fom hi t u k,alhough t y kne t tM r .
r rd
e m o xta t nz s r
s rc t
he
w ha s Bunus
s
wason he wa wih ake The SW AT t a us afas gr na ,br t drve ' sde
r y t
y.
e m ed l h e de oke he i rs i
wi w oft tu k,a dr d Bu z sfom t ve ceby hi a ms The pr ee d t
ndo
he r c nd agge m s r he hi l
s r . y oc de o
ha uf a s a c Burus .Ther m ova c us d damag t Bur u s ha ,whi h r uie onndc f nd e r h r s
e
la e
e o r s ' nds
c eq r d
st m e ca t e t e . r sw a t n t a po t t t U ni s t ofV igi a H os t f a
ie di l r a m nt Bur us s he r ns r ed o he ver iy
r ni
pial or
ps hi t i e l ton.
yc a r c va ua i
On Nove r1 201 Burus fld at e c
mbe 8, 5, r s ip hr e- ountco pli a i tt Col y;
m a nt gans he mt
OfiesRie , g b , aflM anz r a dKa i D. c ad o (h G fc rDe e d n s';
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of
)
a dJ l Do d fn a t. alg sta d fnd nsv oae 4 U. C. 1 3a saelw.
n om e ee d n s He le e h t ee a t i ltd 2 S. j 98 nd tt a
Spe i a l Btr s cl i st thi rght unde t Fo rt a Fouree h A m e
c sc ly, tnz s a m ha s i s
r he t h nd
t nt
ndm e t wer
ns e
voae b h su lwf s iu ea dd tn int t I. as a srscamsf rf le
iltd y i n a ul ez r n ee to comt ) He lo se t li o as
i rs n n ( u tI)a db tey( u t11 u e Vign alw. lr s s e n mi l
mp io me t Co n I n atr Co n 1) nd r r ii a Bt u s e ks o na,
r
c pe a o y,ml punii dn age i a n ountt be de e m i d a t i ,asw e lasa t ne s
om ns t r
d
tve m s n n m
o
t r ne t ral
l
tor y'
f s a cos s a any o he a opr a e r i .On J nua' 26,201 de e
ee nd t , nd
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e au to . Ra bv. we 9 0F. u p. d6 2 6 9( D. . 01 ) At mi mu poie
v lain' u Bo n, 6 S p 2 0 , 0 E. Va 2 3 . a ni m, lc
'
ta re aG i -i 'when e c i am e a heat s z ewihoutGG oba ec us t
r ve s ç ghtlne'
br
xe utng
nt l lh eiur t
ipr bl a e o
b le et a t ei iiu l o es ad ng rt gi s l o oh r .'Baly 3 F.da 7
eiv h t h ndvd a p s l) a e o hmlef r te s' ie , 49 3 t 41
'
( u t S. v Ci o Ta maPak Md,1 4F.d26 , 6(t Ci. 9 ); e as
q oi P. . t f ko
ng
y
r s . à 3 0 26 4h r 1 98) s e lo
Cla n e e r lEsaeo Cla i g rv. c vt, 5 F.d3 4 3 4( t Ci. 0 9
o nig r x e. tt f o n n e M De it5 5 3 2 , 3 4h r 2 0 )
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(ç r b b ec us t s ieap ro f raps hoo ia e lain (xit)whe tef csa d
tpqo a l a e o ez e s n o
l
yc lgc l vau to e ss n h a t n
cr lmsa swihi t i kno e a ofwhi h t y ha r as bl t sworhy i br ton
icl tnce t n her wl dge nd
c he d e ona y nzt t nt ma i
wer s tc e t wara apr de m a t bei vet tt pe s n pos ada rt hi s l or
e ufi i nt o r nt u nt n o le ha he r o
es nge o m ef
oh r . (n en l u tto mak o te l.
te s' itr a q oain r s mitd)
'
On t lmie f c spr s nt d i t c
he i t d a t e e e n he ompl i , hecour be ive t tBurus has
ant t
t le s ha
r s
s fce l pl d aco tt i vi ai n ba e on hi de e to a s i ze The c t is
ufi inty e
nsiutonal ol to s d
s t n i n nd ezl .
r
our frt
no e t t( he i s ofqua ii d i m uniy tznshe viy o e si bi ng pr c nt . .
t s ha t s ue
t
lf e m
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'
Bo n,96 F.Supp.2d a 61 Thef csi t sc ear ditng s bl fom t e i Goode
we
0
t 0.
a t n hi as e s i uiha e r hos n
n,
i whih t polc ofi e spe s ly obs r d t pl i ifssr ngebe vi ra he r
n c he i e fc r r ona l
e ve he antf ta
ha o nd a d
muli es r n sc m i f o t pli ifsa rme ,c imi aneghbor spr vi
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i
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c mp an sa u tepli tf. 5 F.da 9 6 I Goo e t eFo rh Cic i f u dt tl a
o lit bo t h anif 9 4 2 t 6 . n d n,h u t rut o n ha Ihld
g
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r f s d t ac untlt y s w bl bnzs sa s i e e f r t e i m i htha bee t l t
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ve n oo ae
f (hepli iq orhe nei s'I-Eve t
or t antf
r ghbor.'d- n hought ofie sweeuli tl mit na t
.
he fc r r tmaey sake s o
w he he t pl i ifw asm e aly il t Cour s ilf md t tt y w e e e il d t qua ii d
t r he a ntf
nt l l, he
t tl ot ha he
r ntte o lf e
i
mmuniyi de a ni t pl ntf be us t y a t d r as bl ba e on t i i o ma i a
t n t i ng he ai if ca e he c e e ona y s d
her nf r ton nd
pe s na obs r a i I a 966- I a ton,t sc s i alo d si s bl fom S. , n
r o l e v tons. d. t
67. n ddii hi a e s s itnguiha e r
P.i
whi h t polceofi r r c ve a c l fom t pl ntf hus ndand we e c nfo e wih
c he i fce s e ei d a l r he ai ifs ba
r o r nt d t
a S ousy dita hta c y ng i vi l'whowasG mc pe a i hosie ve y ups t
nç
obvi l sr ug nd r i ndi dua ,
'
i oo r tve, tl , r
t
e,
a ir tonal' 1 F. a 267.Thepli ifi S. t dt o fc r t ts ha ha apa nf
nd ra i . 34 3d t
'
antf n P. ol he fi e s ha he d d
i ul
a gume wih he hus
r
nt t r band,a t td fno f he chidr n,s woul ha c i r
nd ha ç t or r l e he
i
d ve onsde ed
c
omm itng s c de'I TheFou t Cic tagan f t dt tt ofi e swe ee ild t
ti uii .' d.
rh r ui i om ha he fc r r ntte o
quai d i miy be us t rde e i oft pli iff am e a heat e l to wa
lse mmt t ca e hei t nton he antf or
nt l lh va uai n s
r a o a l. d (: poieo c r d dn td cd t d ti rh p an i i hat . t e, h y
es n be I.s
The lc v e s i o e i e o ean t e litm n se Rah r t e
ha a l o p ru iyt o sr ea ditr iw ( r b f r madngad lb rt d cso s.
d mp e p o tnt o b e v n n e ve hej eo e l
eieae e iin.)
'
Fi l i i notal ge i t i t ntca et ta oft Ofi e De enda sha pror
naly,t s
le d n he nsa
s ha ny he fc r f nt d i
e ount swih Bu r s aswa t st ton i Cl ni e . n t tc s ,one oft ofi e sa
nc er t r us ,
s he iua i n oa nc r l ha a e
he fc r t
t s e lne t tt pl i ifhad m a pr ors c de t ea s a pr vi l had f r a m s a hi
he c ne c w ha he a ntf
de i ui i hr t nd e ous y
ie r
t s
r s de .555 F. d a 334.
e i nce
3 t
The Cour hel t t ba e on t si or a i a t i ta 911 c l,
t d ha , s d
hi nf m ton nd he nii l
al
t polc of e swe e e il t qua i d i uniy bec us t y a t d r a ona y i de ani
he i e sc r r ntted o lûe mm t
a e he c e e s bl n t i ng
t pl i i ff r a ps hi ti e ua i I
he a ntf o
yc a r c val ton. d.
He e,Burus a l st the li e oye ,a hi wiea 1i or e t Ofi e
r
r s lege ha , ls mpl r nd s f l nf m d he fc r
De e nt t tBur u sha notm a a sae e st thewa e t hur hi s l orot r .
f nda s ha
rs d
de ny t tm nt ha
nt d o t m ef
he s
I t d,t O fi e D e e nt w e t t 1 be a e Bum z s e pl r sm pl as t
ns ea he f c r f nda s nt o he %
c us
s ' m oye i y ked he
A CPD t pe f a w ela e c c o hi . t m or Bur us e a ned t t O fk e
o r onn
f r he k n m Furher e, r s xpl i
o he t r
D e e n st the ha a unl de gun i hi ve c e f a ht tng ti a t c pl i
f nda t ha
d n oa d
n s hi l or m i rp, nd he om a nt
i c t st the w a dr s e c i t n w ih s e ne w ho w a goi hun i Alhough Bur s ,
ndi a e ha
s e s d ons s e t t om o
s ng tng. t
nz s
i or e t Ofi e De e nt t thedi notwih t s ak wih t m a wa e t la ,
nf m d he fc r f nda s ha
d
s o pe
t he nd nt d o e ve
8
Bunus c
s omple wih a 1oft i or r a wa notvii y dita
i d t l her de s nd s
sbl sr ught Ne t l s ,Bum ls
. verhe e s
s
di ad i t thewa ha ngdifc teswih hi wie a t theha r ce l s t hedhi
d m t ha
s vi
fi uli
t s f , nd ha
d e nty wic
s
media i f de es i Des t t s a iso ,t c tdoe no be ivet tt Ofi e
c tons or pr son. pie he e dm s i ns he our
s t le ha he fc r
De e nt we er s
f nda s r e pondi t a e e ge st ton,i whi ht y we e f c t ma a
ng o n m r ncy iua i n
c he
r or ed o ke
quik de ii n.I f c ,a co di t t co ant Ofi erRie a kno e d t theha no
c c so n a t c r ng o he mpli , fc
l y c wl dge ha
d
r as t hol Burus ,a t tBunus de e so wasno dif e f o t ts f r d by m a
e on o d r s nd ha
s' pr s i n
fer nt r m ha ufe e
ny
ot
hers.
Tac n t e he , hef c si t sc s a emor adn t t ef
le og t r t a t n hi a e r
e l o hos ound i Baiey,i whih t
n l n c he
Fourh Cicui f
t r t ound t tt ofi e swe enote tted quaii d i miy whe t y de aned
ha he fc r r
n il
lfe mmt t
n he t i
t pli iff am e a he lh e ua i 349 F. a 742. n t tca e t Cou the dt tt
he a ntf or
nt l at val ton.
3d t
l ha s , he
r l ha he
ne g r scal pr vi ngt tt pl i ifwa de e s d,s c da,a i o c t d was
i hbo ' l
o di ha he antf s pr s e uii l nd nt xia e
i ufi i ntt e t bls pr bl ca et tpl i ifw a lke y t ha m hi s l .349 F. d a 739ns t c e o s a i h oba e us ha a ntf s i l o r m e f
3 t
41. he t polceofier a vedatt pl ntf ' hom e t y c im e t t pl ntf was
W n he i fù s ni
he ai ifs
, he onfr d hat he ai if
i oxia e I a 739.
nt c t d. d. t
Howe r t pl ntf de edbeng s ci l a t r we enowea
ve , he ai if ni
i ui da , nd he e r
pons
i t home o G ny ot rpr pa ai f ras cde a tmpte de . 1
n he
ri
a
he e r tons o ui i te
vi nt' d.
'
Furhe r ,t scour deci d t gr ntquaii i miy t t polc ofi r
t nno e hi
t lne o a
lfed mmt t o he ie fce
de e nt i ar ce c e,e n t
f nda s n e nt as ve hought pli ifha t d he hus nd d u ng a a g z e
he antf d ol r ba t i n r tm nt
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W D. . r 2 , 01 ) J n s J)Th o r n td h t h r r o le ains ha t
pl ntf ha pr vi us y t e e d s c de w a unde t i l nc ofa c r l s t nc ,
ai i f d e o l hr at ne ui i , s
r he nfue e ny ont oled ubs a e
ha vi i e w e po i t ho e, a be ng t e t d f a m e a il s orr ve l d a ot r
d s bl a ns n he m w s i r a e or
nt l lnes , e a e ny he
e de ofs c de pr pa a i ns 1 A lho h,i t i t ntc s ,Bum z s di ha a t l de
vi nce ui i
e r t o . d. t ug n he ns a a e
s d ve n m oa d
w e n a wasbei t e t d f de es i t s c ti t a e t c l t tt e f t
apo nd
ng r a e or pr s on, hi our s m bl o onc ude ha hos ac s
a o a e s fce t esa ih pr ba e c us t deai hi f rame a he t e ua i
l ne r ufi int o t bls o bl a e o t n m o
nt l alh val ton.
Bunus t d t Ofi e De enda st thewasgoi o ahun i ti a bo h hi wie a
s ol he fc r f nt ha
ng n
tng rp, nd t s f nd
hi e pl r c nfnnè t si or a i Fur he m o e t Of i e D e e nt w e e nota tng
s m oye o i d hi nf m ton. t r r , he f c r f nda s r
ci
on a i or a i t tBur u si e d t hn m hi s l orot s butsmpl upo ar que t
ny nf m ton ha
r s nt nde o r m ef
her,
i y n e s
fo Bu r ' mply rf rawefr c e k Se Bo n 9 0F. u p. da 61 ( e yn
r m rus e o e o
la e h c . e we , 6 S p 2 t 2 d n ig
qualfe i uniy be a et ofk e sia t o am os no i or to a e pe i ly none
ii d mm t c us he t r tced n l t nf ma i n, nd s c a l
c nc r i v oe e' e h ssi o iial. sdo t efcu lalg to si t c mplit
o enng i lnc '(mp a i n rgn l) Ba e n h a t a l ain n he o an ,
e
t c t
he our doesnotbe ivet tt Ofi rDe e
le ha he fce f ndan sha s fc e tr as n t doubtt ve a iy
t d ufi i n e o o
he r ct
ofBur u s e a to f rt pr e eofa wea i li tuc The ema bea to l
r s ' xplnai n o he es nc
pon n ls r k. r y
ddii na
e de ,t ove ed t ough dico r t tc rbut t t Ofi e De enda s bele t t
vi nce mc r hr
s ve y, ha onti ed o he fc r f nt ' if ha
Bum lswasada rt hi s l oro he s Ho ve ,a t ssa i t ltga i wiho m o e
s
nge o m e f t r . we r t hi t ge n he ii ton, t ut r
f c sa t wha t Ofi rDef nda sobs r d du i t re o t rwih Burus ,heco t
at s o
t he fce
e nt
e ve rng hei nc un e t
r st
ur
c nno c udet tt y hadpr ba e c us t deai hi f rame a he lh e ua i
a t oncl ha he
o bl a e o t n m o
nt l at val ton.
The e or ,Bmru sha s fc e l saed ac tt i na vi a i i o d rt s ts yt fr t
rf e
s s ufi i nty t t
onsiuto l olton n r e o a if he is
pr oft quai d i muniy i uiy.
ong he lse m
t nq r
Ast t s condpr ng,a e i Burus 'f c ualal ga i a t e, hecour be ive
o he e
o
cc ptng r s a t le tons s nl t
t le s
ta ara o beo /c rwo dh v k o ta h o s ed dno h v pr b b ec us t d ti
h t e s na l f e ul a e n wn h t e r h i t a e o a l a e o ean
Bur us pr o t t i s nc oft ECO . de e tqua ii i m uniy i t m e alhe t
r s i r o he s ua e he
To f a
lfed m
t n he nt alh
s i lec e , pli ifm us s w t tt ç i htal gedy vi a e wasi e ry esabls
eztr ont xt a antf
t ho ha he ç g le l olt d
r
cla l t ihed'
i mo et nj tage rlsns 'I Spe iialy,ttheconotr oft rgh mus be
n r ha us nea e e. d. cfc l Ggq
'
t ls he i t t
s f c e l c e t ta r as na e ofi i lw oul unde s a t twha he i doi vi a e t t
ufi i nty l ar ha e o bl tc a
d
r t nd ha
t s ng ol t s ha
rght'Andes 48 U. 635,640( 98 . r t c tc l st tt c ant
i .
'
ron, 3 S.
1 7) Hee,he our oncude ha he ompli
i a i yal sf t t tnoras na eofie woul ha f s fcintt j tf a
i usbl lege acs ha e o bl fc r
pl
d ve ound ufi e o usiy n
10
e r nc me alhe lh de e i .. Goi v. le Com m . r s Bd. --F. -- 201
me ge y nt - at t nton..' nes Va ly
'
Se v . , - 3d -, 6
W L 2 21 6 , t* (t Ci. y 9 201 ) Th f csalg di tec mp an s w t t ru s
6 2 2 a 8 4h r Ma , 6 . e a t le e n h o lit ho ha Bu r s
wass f rng fo de es i n a ha r e l c nge hi m ed c ton,buto he wiedono
ufe i r m pr so nd d ec nty ha d s
iai
t r s
t
rv a ta h wa ad n e t hi efo ohes Se Bo n 9 0F. u p. da 61 ( g l e e
e e lh t e s a g r o ms l r t r. e we , 6 S p 2 t 3 lW h r
i
t eCo an alg sa ars wi u a yk o e g o ars o h r ( plitf h s
h mplit le e n re t t t n n wld e f ik f a m, t anit a
ho
he
l
s fiin l ab i mi mal alg dt tte( ee a tq rn g e s ds c adrg tln .'
u fce iy let ni l le e ha h d fnd n s ta s r se u h b ih-ie'
y
).
Alhough t Ofi e De e nt di a tmptt i tga eBur u s rs ofha m ,hec '
t
he fc r f nda s d te
o nvesi t
r s ' ik
r t out
t
c nno c l t tt i or a i n t y obt i wass tc e f r a r as
n t onc ude ha he nf m to he
a ned
ufi i nt o e onabl ofi e t
e fc r o
be i ve t tt r w a pr bl ca e t de a n Bur s ,e pe i ly gi n t tbot M r .Bur s
le ha he e s oba e us o t i
nz s s c a l ve ha
h s
nz s
a hi e oye c im e t thehad ma no sae e st the i e d t hn m li s l or
nd s mpl r onfr d ha
de
t tm nt ha
ntnde o r zm ef
oh r . t Fo t Cic ir c n l n td Eft t riq iyi usf li t s rso stain
t e s As he urh r ut e e ty o e ,t jl he n ur s e u n he o t f iu to s
g r
whe eofi r a enotpr s nt wih e e ge cr lm sa sora Cubsa illkelhood'o
r fce s r
e e ed t m r ncy ic l t nce
s t nta i i
f
hnmf l ha ir'Gon s 2 6W L 26 26 , t* (u tn Va Co eAl . 3 . 8 8 .
r ' be v o . ie , 01
u
'
21 2 a 8 q o ig . d m j 72- 0 )
The e o e t c tco l
r f r , he our ncudest tt Ofi e Def nda sa enote ttedt qua ii i t t
ha he fc r e nt r
n il o lfed mm miy
f rt i a tonsprort t is nc oft ECO .lThem os a opra e c s a t spoi i t
o her c i
i o he s ua e he
t ppr it our e t hi nt s o
pe mi lm ie f us d dicove y ast wha t Ofi e De e nt kne a t tm et y
r t i t d, oc e s r
o
t he fc r f nda s w t he i he
deai d Bur s a t 1 pro t t rr ceptoft ECO. eBowe 960 F.Supp. a 61
t ne
nzs t he % i r o hei e i
he
Se
n,
2d t 3
( e yn moint ds s b s do q aiidi liymz pemi iga dto l ic veya
d n ig to o imis a e n u lfe mml t d r t n d iina d s o r s
n
l
t wha t dee nt kne a t tmeoft pli ifsar t.
o t he fnda s w t he i
he antf res)
How e r t c tbeleve t tt O f i rD e e nt a e e il d t qua ii d
ve , he our i s ha he fce f nda s r ntte o lfe
i m t iy f t i c nd ta t rt i s nce oft ECO , a r a ona e of i e w oul bele
m m t or he r o uc fe he s ua
he
as e s bl f c r
d i ve
t theors ha pr bl c us a t spoi t de an Bur us f am e alhe t e l to I
ha
he d oba e a e t hi nt o t i
r s or
nt alh vauai n. n
1
Th c u t oe ta ma yo t cs srle u o byd fnd nsweed cd da t s mmayj d me t
e o r n ts h t n fhe ae eid p n ee a t r e ie the u r u g n
sa Ass h,t ec t ha mo ede lpe f t lr co dst r vi He e t co tmus co t et
tge. uc hos ours d r veo d acua e r o e ew. r , he ur
t nsnl he
ale tonsi Burus 'f rba e ont lmie f t i t compl nt
lgai n r s avo s d he i td acs n he
ai .
11
hi r s ns t t m oto t dimi s Bunus ar st tt ECO aone di note t bls
s e po e o he i n o s s ,
s gue ha he
l
d
sa ih
pr ba eca e. r s r i o M ale v.Brccs i whih t Su e eCour oft Unied
o bl us Bur u s eles n
ly
i , n c he pr m
t he t
St t sf
a e ound t tt is nc ofa a r tw a r ntal di no e il t ofie st q lfed
ha he s ua e n res r a one d t ntte he fc r o ua ii
i
mmunt fo t ep an ifsj 1 8 cams 4 5U. 3 5 3 ( 9 6 . eCo r rj ce te
i r m h litf' 9 3 li . 7 S. 3 , 45 1 8 ) Th u t ee td h
y
de e nt s a gum e t tt he ac ofa yi f a w a r ntw a pe z o j cieyr a o a l,
f nda ' r
nt ha t
t
t ppl ng or
ra
s r q b e tv l e s n b e
.
pr de t tt ofi rbei vest tt f c sal ge i hi a fda ta et e.' d.l tad, he
ovi d ha he fce le ha he a t le d n s fi vi r nl 'I nse t
Co r n tdt a t ea p o raeiq iywa ( eh rar a o byweltane o fc ri (
u t oe h t h p r p it n ur s t t e e s na l l ri d fie n t
wh
he
dee nts postonwoul ha knownt thi afda tfie t e tbls pr bl c us a
fnda 'q ii
d ve
ha s fi vi ald o sa ih oba e a e nd
t thes ul no ha a idf rt warnt'J s eas Gone ,201 W L 2621 a *9
ha ho d t ve pple o he ra . Z; e lo i s 6
'
262, t
n. (o igta te ei aç r sl to o ter a o a lne so t o fc rsrla c o te
2 n tn h t h r s G e l in f h e s n be s f he fie ' ein e n h
p mp
ar s warn '(mp ssi o ii al; rh n k v. i ns i9 2F.d25 26 (t Ci.
ret ra t e ha i n rg n ll To c i s y Swi k, 4 2 7, 2 4h r
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1 9 )(i igta, a e o M aly t r i ad rs mp ino ra o be e satc e t
9 1 fndn h t b sd n le ,hee s t e u to f e s na ln s ta h d o
p
o tii awarn '.
b anng ra f)
He e,a sl i t i r e t bls d i M al v f a r tw ar nt a i i t c t xt
r s lm ng he nquiy sa ihe n le or res r a s pples n he on e
ofECOs t c tbele st tt Ofk e De e a sa ee ild t q lfe i
, he our ive ha he t r f nd nt r ntte o uaiid mmuniy f
t or
t i aci nsafe t is nc oft ECO bec us i wa r as bl f t m t r l on i t
her to
tr he s ua e he
a e t s e ona e or he o ey t o
es a i h pr bl ca e t de a n Bur us I t i t ntc s i i i pora t no e t t
t bls oba e us o t i
r s. n he ns a a e, t s m t nt o t hat he
Of i rD e e nt di nota y f t ECO t m s l s. ns e M r Bur s w e t t
fce f nda s d
ppl or he
he e ve l t ad, s. nz s nt o he
M a sr t a pe ii ne f t ECO on he ow n.Upo ape ii w ih f c s s i d by M r .
gi t a e nd tt o d or he
r
n
tton t a t upple
s
Bur uss,t M agi r e i ued t ECO .Because t O fi D efendant w ere noti ved i
r
he
stat ss
he
he f cer
s
nvol
n
t shea i i w a r as bl f t m t be i ve t tM r .Bur s pr de t M agit a ew ih
hi
rng, t s e ona e or he o le ha s
nz s ovi d he
sr t t
s lc e i o m a i t e t bls pr ba e c us t de ai Bur s f a ps hi t i eva ua i n.
uf i nt nf r ton o s a ih o bl a e o t n
nz s or yc a rc l to
Thi i de piet f c t tt i or i n t tt Ofie De e nt ha fôm t i o
s s s t he a t ha he nf mato ha he fc r f nda s d r her wn
12
i tgai wo d lkey bei ufi i nt I ot rwo dj i i pos i e,a pe ha pr bl,
nvesi ton ul i l
ns fc e . n he r , t s sbl nd r ps oba e
t tM r .
ha s Bunus pr vi d t M a sr t wih a tona i onna i n r ga di Burus me a
s o de he gita e t ddii l nf
to e r ng r s' nt l
he t a t lke i
alh nd he i lhood t thewoul ha m hi s foro he s whih s di nots r wih t
ha
d r m el
t r , c he d
ha e t he
Ofi e De e nt . s h, heOfi e De e nt a t d r as bl i r yi on t ECO t
fc r f nda s As uc t
fc r f nda s c e e ona y n el ng he
o
e tbls pr bl c us The ef t ,t c t ncude t tt Ofi e Def nda sa ee ild
sa ih oba e a e. r ö e he our co l s ha he fc r e nt r ntte
t qualfe i t t f rt ra tonsa trt ECO wasis d.Ac or i y,t moton t
o
ii d mm miy o hei c i fe he
sue
c d ngl he i o
dimisi grntdi pa'a de e i patast t j 1 cli a ns t Ofie
s s s a e n ! nd nid n r o he 983 am gai t he fc r
t
D e e nt .
f nda s
I t i rpl bre,defnda sa g t tt j 1 cai agans t Cot ys dbe
n her e y if e nt r ue ha he 983 l m i t he mt houl
dim is d bec us t c
s se
a e he ompl ntf l t aleg aco tt i lvi a i agans t Ofie
ai ais o l e
nsiutona olton i t he fc r
Dee d n s Ho v r (a mu iiai ma beh l la l t r..j 1 8 f rc n t ui n l
fn a t. we e ,& 1 ncp lt y ed ibe mde . 9 3 o o si to a
(
y
t
vi a i nsr uli f om isf l e t t a n m uni i le pl e .'S. ,1 F. a 271.
ol to es tng r t aiur o r i
c pa m oye s i P. 34 3d t
The
Fo t Cic thasprvi l hedt tGgj o si ofi tucinr gadi t pr r
urh rui
e ousy l ha gthe mison nsr to e r ng he ope
c tm to ls a r t deai a i i duali t me a he lh c e i cla l i qua e
ons i ina t nda d o t n n nd vi
n he nt l at ontxt s e ry nade t
tani ' 1 l t co pl nt Burus al ge t thi il als i ea dee i r ule f o
r i ng. d. n he m ai , r s le s ha s leg ezur nd tnton es t d r m
'
t Coun y' i deq t tani ofispolceofi er . e i Bur us 'aleg to astuea
he
t s na uae r i ng t i fc s Acc ptng r s l a i ns r nd
fndi t tt c pl ntplusbl al sac tmtona vi a i t c tc l st t
i ng ha he om ai a i y lege onsi i l olton,he our onc ude ha
Burus hassa e apl usbl cli t thi c tt to lvi ai r s t d fom t Cot y'
r s
tt d a i e am ha s onsiu i na ol ton e ule r he mt s
f iur t a qua ey tan t Of rDe e n sa t t pr pe ba i f s i ng ape s f a
a l e o de t l r i he fce f nda t s o he o r s s or ezi
r on or
me a he lhe uai Ac or ngl t motont dimiswilbede e wih rs c t t 5
ntl at val ton. c di y,he i o s s l
nid t epe t o he
1983 cl m agai tt Count
ai
ns he
y.
13
I.
l
Faiure To St e a C l m U nde St e Law
l
at
ai
r at
De e nt a s a guet tBur u sha f ie t sa ecli soff le i i o e a
f nda s l o r ha
r s s al d o tt am
a s mprs nm nt nd
ba t r t de V igi a l w .As t t c a m off l e i pr s e t de Count1 oft
te y m r r ni a
o he l i
a s m i onm nt m r
1 he
c
ompl i , heco tfndst tBur u sha sa ed aplusbl c am f r le f t tmepe i
ant t
ur i ha
r s s tt
a i e l i or e if or he i
rod
prort t M a sr t sis nc oft ECO. n Vigni t i e i lt t f le
i o he gita e' s ua e he
l r i a,he nt ntona or of as
i pr s nm e i de i d a ç he r s r i ofone' lbe t w iho a s fci ntl le us .'
m i o nt s fne s s e t a nt
t
s i ry t ut ny uf i e ega xc e '
Le sv. i 7 8S. 2d8 4, 9 ( . 01 ) Ho v r 'ift panif ars wa lwf l
wi Ke, 0 E. 8 8 0 Va 2 1. we e ,s l he litf s re t s a u,
g
t pli ifc nno pr valo ac am o f s i ionme . l Thec tnotst ts h cli
he antf n t e i n l i f ale mprs
nt' d.
'
our e ha uc am
'tr lr l oni s mea yssa e s dwihr pe tt q lfe i
tlns agey he a nal i ddrs e t es c o uai d mmuniy. Bo n,960
t
t ' we
'
F.Supp. a 61
2d t 6.
He e t c
r , he ompl i al gest tt M a sr t is d a ECO t tt Of e
ant le ha he gita e s ue n
ha he sc r
Def nda sbe ive ga t m t a hort t de an Bur u sf raps hi ti e l ton.
e nt le d ve he he ut iy o t i
rs o
yc arc vaua i
Bur s doe notco es t tt ECO wa is d,butsmpl a gu t ti di no e t ih
nls s
nt t ha he
s s ue
i y r es ha t d t sabls
pr bl c us t deai hi . t c .hol t tt Ofi rDe e nt a eenttedt
oba e a e o t n m As he oul ds ha he tce f nda s z il o
t
q lfe i
uaii d mmuniy f t i aci al rt is nc oft ECO,t c tas fndst tt y
t or her tons fe he s ua e he
he our lo i ha he
ha as fcintl ale us t de an hi a t spoi .I ot rwor ,t c t le st t
d ufi e eg xc e o t i m t hi nt n he
ds he our bei ve ha
Bur us ha notpl us bl a l ge t thi de e i w a unl w f lonce t O fi e Def nda s
r s s
a i y le d ha s t nton s a '
u
he f c r e nt
o a ne t ECO.Howe r a t c talohol t tt OfierDe e
bt i d he
ve , s he our s
ds ha he fc
f ndan sa eno e il d
t r t ntte
t qua ii d i t t f t tmeprort t is nc oft ECO,i f l t tBur u sha
o lfe mm miy or he i
i o he j ua e he
t olows ha
rs s
s a e a pl us bl c a m f f l e i pr s nm e f rt tm e he w a pr ve e f om l a ng t
ttd
a i e l i or a s m i o nt o he i
s e nt d r e vi he
111prort t i s nc oft ECO . cc di y, he m o i t di m i s w ilbe gr nt d i pa t
11 i o he s ua e he
A or ngl t
ton o s s l
a e n r
a de e i pa tast Co 1 oft c pl i .
nd ni d n r
o unt 1 he om a nt
14
Ast t cli ofba tr unde CountIIoft c
o he am
te y
r
I he ompl i ,t c tfndst tBunus
ant he our i ha
s
hassa e apl usbl cai f rr i .Ba tr i C lunwantd t uc ngwhi h i net r
t t d a i e l m o elef te y s t
al
e o hi
c s ihe
c nsn e t e u e , o j tfe . Ko f nv. r et5 4S. 2 25 , 1( . 0 )
o e td o, xc s d n r usiid' fma Ga n t, 7 E.d 8 26 Va 20 3 .
'
C t mor ,çn a r s utlzng e es i f i ei aba tr be a et tt hi i not
ç her e a re t iii xc sve o c s te y c us ha ouc ng s
Fur
j siido e u e a dt eeo ei u lwf l' Vae tn v. a k Ct Po ieDe tNo
u tfe r xc s d n h rf r s na u .' ln ie Ro no e y. lc p', .
'
7:0 CV- 0 2 , 01 W L 3 7 8 , t* ( . Va J l 29 20 1 ( sr J)( u tn Gn d v.
1- 0 4 9 2 1
2 3 71 a 5 W D. . uy , 1 ) Kie , . q oig a t
Co n at 4 7S. 2 8 7 8 8( . p. . 9 8 )
mmo we 1 9 E.d 8 , 8 Va Ap Ct 1 9 ).
h,
I t c pl i ,Bur s alege t t o e t ECO w a o a ne t Of i e
n he om a nt
nz s l s ha , nc he
s bt i d, he f c r
De e nt o de e a SW AT t m t e r thi fom t tuc a t r movalc us d da
f nda s r r d
ea o xtac m r he r k, nd he e
a e mage
t hi hands Bur us a s c e t thi wi e had a ke t t t u a w a on he w a t t
o s
. r s l o ont nds ha s f
y o he r ck nd s
r y o he
1 a t etmehewa r mo dfo tetu k. fnd nsa g et a t e we ej siidi
m1 t h i
s e ve r m h r c Dee a t r u h t h y r u tfe n
r m ovi Bur s fom t t c aswela ha ufi a s a chi hi ,be us t ha a
e
ng nls r he nz k,
l s ndc fng nd e r ng m ca e hey d n
ECO fom aM agita ea Bur u sr f e t l a hi t c Alhought c t i t tt
r
sr t nd r s e us d o e ve s nzk. t
he our fnds ha he
Ofi e De e nt a ee il d t q lfe i mt t whe t y dea ne Bur u sf rame al
fc r f nda s r ntte o uaii d m miy
n he ti d r s o
nt
he t e l ton afe t ECO wa is t r a es fcintf c ua ale tonst tt
alh vaua i
tr he
s s ued, he e r ufi e a t l l ga i ha he
r m o lw a e es i f t c r um s a s As s h,t c t nc ude t tt co pl i
e va s xc sve or he ic t nce .
uc he our co l s ha he m a nt
sae apa i ecam o b tey a an t h Ofie bee d n s Ac o dn l ,h moint
tts lusbl li f atr g is t e fc r fn a t. c r ig y t e to o
di m i sw ilbe de e ast Co I Ioft co pl i .
s s l
ni d o unt I
he m a nt
1
11.
St e Law Cl m sA zai tt C ount
at
ai
ns he
v
Fi ly,de e nt a gue t ts ve e g i m uniy ba s Bur u s s a e l w c a m s a i t
na l f nda s r
ha o r i n m
t r
r s ' t t a l i ga ns
t Co t Thec ti co tanedt a e ,a Bum lsdoe notco e ot r s :E
he uny.
our s nsri o gr e nd
s s
ntnd he wie.CA)
m uni i iy i i m une f om la lt f t neglge ac s o i e i nq t r s ofpo i ofi r
c palt s m
r i biiy or he
i nt t r nt nto l o t
lce tce s
unde is e pl y t ta e com m i t d d ti t pe f m a e ofa gove nm ent fm c i '
r t m o ha r
t e trng he r or nc
r
al t ton.'
15
Ha s nv P ic W il m Ct PoieDe t 6 0F. u p. d 6 8 71 ( D. . 0 )(iig
nio . rn e li
a y. lc p', 4 S p 2 8 , 2 E. Va 20 9 ctn
Nis v. t o Alx nd i,5 4 S. 2 1 , 3 3 ( . 0 ); re v M o i ,1 4F.d21 ,
e e Ciy f e a ra 6 E.d 27 1 2- 3 Va 20 2 ) Ca tr . n s 6 3 5
2 ( t Ci.1 9 )( imisn p an ifssae1w camso a s ut b tey, t fle
21 4h r 9 9 ds sig litf' tt a li f sa l, atr al as
d
i ion e a i tt ciy, e o s ve e g i
mprs m nt gans he t bas d n o r i n mmuniy,bec us Gi i pl i t tt s
'
t
a e G s an ha hi
t
pr t t o ext ndst m uni i ii s i t e r s oft rgove n e a f tons . .one o
o ec i n e
o
c palte n he xe ci e hei
r m nt l unc i
.
f
whihi c ranyt eman e a c o ap lc f r e'itr l iain o te l. r ,hea t
c s etil h itn n e f o ie oc '( ena ctto s mitd ) He e t cs
n
a l ged i t c pl i oc ur e whie t A CPD of i e s w e e r pondi t a r
le
n he om a nt c r d
l he
f c r r es
ng o eque tf a
s or
wef r c k o Burus , c i w elwihi t C ror nceo polcedute 'I The e or
la e hec n
r s whi h s l t n he t f ma
pe
f i
is. d. r f e,
'
s ve e g i uniybar Bt nls c am sagans t Cot y. co di y, hem o i n t dimis
o r i n mm t
s u s' li
i t he mt Ac r ngl t
to o s s
wilbegr t d wih r pe tt Count 1 a IIag ns t Cot y.
l
mle t es c o
s 1 nd 1 ai t he mt
Concl on
usi
Fo t f egoi r as ,defnda s moton t d s iswilbegr nt d i pa ta
i he or ng e ons e nt ' i o im s l
a e n r nd
de e i pa t Ast Co sIa 1 a ns t Ofi e De e nt,t moton wilbegr nt d
ni d n r. o unt nd 1 gai t he fc r f nda s he i
l
a e
wih r pe tt t i a tonsa trt i s nc oft ECO,butde e wih r s c t t i
t es c o he r c i
fe he s ua e he
nid t e pe t o her
a tonsprort t i s nc oft ECO.Ast Coun 1Ia ns t Ofi e Def nda s t
ci
i o he s ua e he
o
t 1 gai t he fc r e nt, he
m oton w ilbe de e W ih r pec t t cl i saga ns t Cot t t m oton w ilbe de ed
i
l
ni d. t es t o he a m
i t he m y, he
i
l
ni
ast Co mt1 butgr nt d ast Count 1 a IIon t ba i ofs r i i uniy.
o t ,
a e
o
s 1 nd I
he ss ove egn mm t
TheClr i die t d t s nd c esoft sm e o a
e k s r c e o e opi
hi m r ndum o ni a t ac ompa ng
pi on nd he c
nyi
or rt a 1c
de o 1 ouns lofr or
e
ec d.
D ATED :Thi
s
lV d yo J n , 2016.
a fue
Chi fU nied St t s Di t i tJ e
e
t
a e sr c udg
16
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