Johnson et al v. Holmes

Filing 38

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 9/6/2016. (mab)

CL S OFFI U. DI COURT
ERK'
CE S. ST.

A R NOK V
TR
E, A
FL D
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I THE UNI
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TED STATES DI
STM CT COURT

SEP 2s 2 1
25

FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI QF VI NI
CT
RGI A
CHARLOTTESVI
LLE DI SI
VI ON

B
t

'R
GEK
UERK

BI
ANCA J
OHN SON and DELM AR
CAN A D A ,

Pli if ,
antfs

Ci lAc i No. 16CV0001
vi ton
3:
6
M EM OR AND U M O PI O N
M

ANDREW HOLM ES,J
OHN DOES 1 3,
a ALBEM ARLE COUN TY,
nd

By:Hon.Gl n E.Co a
e
nr d
Chi Unie Stt sD ititJ
ef t d a e . src udge

Dee
f ndan s
t.

Bi aJ ona Dema Ca dafldt scvirg sa tonunde 42U. C.j 1
anc ohns nd l r na ie hi i l iht ci
r
S.
983
a i tAndr w Hol es apo i of e e o by t Al ma l Cot yPolc De rm e t
gans
e
m , lce fc r mpl yed he be re mt
ie pa t n ;

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h e n n wn l fies a d b mal t y çhe u t l l s n he uny
c
t
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v v d o s s h li tfs n n e o an u s n o l 2 b ( ) f h d r l
RulsofCi lPr e e. Fort f l wi r a ons Hol e moton wilbegr nt d i pa ta
e
vi oc dur
he olo ng e s , m s' i
l
a e n r nd
de ed i pa ta t Cot y' m o i wilbede e
ni n r, nd he mt s ton l
ni d.
Fact B ackzround
ual

The f l i f t , a n f om t pl i if a e d c pl i ,a e ac e e a t e f
olow ng ac s t ke r he a ntf s' m nde om a nt r c pt d s nl or

p r s so ted fn a t'mo in t ds s . S eErc o v. r u , 51U. 8 , 4 (0 7 .
upo e f h ee d n s to s o imis e iks n Pad s 5
S. 9 9 2 0 )
J
ohhs a Ca da a e Afi n- e i a The c e r sdes i a a ri nt i
on nd na r
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oupl e i
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A l arl Count V i ni
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a is d hi as
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ons o i ng
us nde i ns
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a o a ned a w a r n t s a c t pl i if 'a rm e f r t s pe i no ii a i n f m
nd bt i
r a t o e r h he a ntf s pa t nt o he us ns on tf c to or

is d b t eVignaDe rme to M oo Ve ils(DM V' . P i rt se n t warn ,
sue y h r i i pat n f tr h ce $
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ha us nso tc d n en
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Hol
mes i ude t s i o m a i i a a fda t s itd i s
ncl d hi nf r ton n n fi vi ubm te n uppor of t s a c
t
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.

wa r nt I t afi vi,Hol e sa e asf l :
ra . n he fda t
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D e m a Ge Ca
l r ne nada w a ope a i a m ot r ve cl on G r e i r D rve i
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r tng
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Al ma l Count o Aprl26, 4. Ca
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na nd s ued na
mmonsi vi ai n ofcode46. 301 d i ng whie
n olto
2- , rvi
l
s pe d. Ca da a kno e d hi add es t be 1 Gr e Turl La
us nde
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ie s l s o na t hi ddr s
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um nt ton nd us i n ii to or n he r s s i , esde es ur o ng
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or hil
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2

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20 4.
,

una e t l a e t D M V notfca i f r . W hie t s a c w asc
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ai i f r

p ohi t d fo l a ng t a rme orm o ng wili t a rme wiho pe mis o
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z
Thepli tfsal t tHol e ç ahit y a pr tc oft r tngAfi a Ame ia
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mp . 9 ir o h e rh t sue n hi a e û q me o o lit'ha e n
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i
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a lge t t no dicplna y o o hç c r ctve a ton was tke a a r s t of a of t e
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ai s

Proc dur Hi t y
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on nd na ie ui i t m s n he r ui ur
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j s ito u d r2 U. C. 1 31
midcin n e 8 S. j 3 .
On Aprl 8, 2016,t pli if fl d a n e d co pl i a i t Hol ,t e
i
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ni

4

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oms n n n d e ut g i s h ee d n s u s a t o 2 S.
9 3 wh c
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rg sandprvie ss c edbyt Consiuto and lwsoft Unie St t s Aspr vi usy
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saed,hepli if cai t tt rr sde ewa unl wf l s a c d,t tt yw e eunlwf ly
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a ul
s z d durngt c s oft s a c a t y we e de ed e lpr t c i n.
eie
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r ni qua o e to
1.

H ol es'M ot on t D i i
m
i o sm ss

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ant
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6

wees b e tdt a t e s n b es a c i v oai no t eFo rh Ame me t Al o g t e
r u j ce o n mr a o a l e rh n i lto f h u t
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oba e a e.
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ra
s
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r a o bl .
1.

Is
s uanc oft Se h W ar ant
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r

The Fou t Amendme pr bis unr as bl s a c s al s i le a pr vi s t t
rh
nt ohi t
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ç wa r nts l is , upon pr bl ca e' U . Co t a e l . Pr bl c us e ss
s
no ra hal s ue but
oba e us .
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oba e a e xit
whe ba e on t t aiy o t cr umsa s çhe e i a f i pr biiy t tc r nd or
n, s d
he ot lt f he ic t nce , s r s ar oba lt ha ontaba
t
e de e of a c i wilbe f
vi nc
rme l
ound i a pa tc a pl c ' llnoi v.Ga e ,462 U. 21 238
n
riul r a e. li s
'
ts
S. 3,

(9 3.
18)
Alhoug t rghtt be fe f o s a c s notf unde upon pr ba e c us waswe l
t h he i o
r e r m e r he
o
d
o bl a e
l
e tbls prort t s a c oft pl ntf s r i nc t fni t a i bl rghta t t
sa ihed i : he e r h he ai if ' esde e, s i ng he pplca e i
de
t ha

lve ofge rlt i notpr pe. Ta orv.W ae s 81 F. 429,434 (t Ci.1 . Fo
e l
neaiy s
o r' yl
'
tr,
3d
4h r 996) r
pu pos so q ii d i
r e f ualfe mmuniy,t c t us unde tke am o e pa tc a i d i uiy,f usng
t he our m t
ra
r riul rze nq r oc i

o wh t e 1 r a o beofc rc u dha eb l ve (h s ac o t eplitfs rsd nc qt b
n eh rG e s na l fie o l v ei d t e e rh f h anif ' e i e e o e
a
e
lwf li l h o ce ryetbl h d1w a dt if r to gl l s po s se ' An es nv.
a u ,n i t f la l sa i e a n he n o main lome j se s d.
g
s
' d ro
Crih o 48 U.. 3 , 41( 9 7 .
eg tn, 3 S 6 5 6 1 8 )

2Thepl ntf salo as e tan unl uls zur cl m bas on t f tt tt wer pr bied fom
ai if s s r
awf ei e ai
ed he ac ha hey e ohi t r
lavi t rr i nce,ormo ng wihi t r i
e ng hei esde
vi
t n he esdencewihoutper s on,whiet s r h wa r ntwa bei
t
misi
l he ea c r a
s ng
exec e l i wel-etld t tofier may S t n t oc nt oft pr m ieswhieapr rs ch i
ut d. t s ls te ha fc s
s ai he cupa s he e s
de
l
ope ear s

c n ce ' Mihc nv. mme s 4 2U. 6 2 70 5( 9 1;seas M u he v. e a 54 U. 9 9
o du td. c ia Su r, 5 S. 9 , 0 1 8 ) e lo e lr M n , 4 S. 3, 8
'
( 0 )($ ofc rsa t rt t deanicd n t asa c i c tg ia;td sn t e n o teq a tm o
2 05 $ fie ' qhoiy o ti n ie to e rh s ae orc li oe o d pe d n h u nu f
An
p o f usiyn d tnino tee tn o teituso t bei o e b tes iu e' . Co s q e ty i
r o j tf ig ee to r h xe t f h nr in o mp s d y h ez r .) n e u nl,f
'
Hol si e il t qualfe i
me s ntted o
iid mmuniy ont unlwf s ch cl m,he wilalo beentte t qualfed
t
he a ul ear ai
l s
ild o
ii
i
mmuniy f t s zur i de t t e
t or he ei e nci nt o he xecuton oft s ar h wa r .
i
he e c rant

7

W he e a alege Fourh Ame m e vi a i i vesa s a c c
r n l d
t
nd nt olton nvol
e r h onduc e ptr ua t a
t d ls nt o
wa r nt çhef tt ta ne r m ag sr t hasi s d aw ar nti t cea es i c ton t tt
r a , t ac ha
t
utal itae
s ue
ra s he l r t ndi a i ha he

o fc rqa tdi a o j cieyr a o bema n r. .' M e sr c mit M ilnd r 1 2 S Ct
fie g ce n n b e tv l e s na l n e . .
' s es h d v. l e, 3 . .
e

1 3 , 1 4 (01 ) No t ee s Gh fc ta a n u rlma itae h s is e a warn
2 5 2 5 2 2 . neh ls , ç e a t h t e ta g sr t a su d
t
ra t
a t rzng t e alg dy u c nsi to a sa c ...d e no e d t i uiy it o j cie
uho ii h le e l n o t u in l e rh
t
o s t n he nq r no b e tv
r as bl ne s' I I t d,t Supr
e ona e s . d. nsea he
'
eme Cour ha t e og z a e e i al wi s t
t s s c ni ed n xc pton lo ng ui
r
whe $ti obvi t tno r as bl c
n i s
ous ha
e ona y ompee of e woul ha c ude t ta wa r nt
tnt fc r
d ve oncl d ha
za

s ul is .' I .(uoi M alv v. ig , 5 U..3 5 3 ( 9 6) I tos isa c s
ho d sue' d q tng l
'
e Brg s 47 S 3 , 41 1 8 ). n h e n tn e ,
s h a ç r t wa r ntw a bas on a a sda ts l c ng i i ca ofpr bl c us ast
uc s s e he ra
whe
s ed
n f vi o a ki n ndi i
oba e a e o
r nde ofi i lbei fi is e se e e iey unr as na ey t ç hi d ofi
e r fc a le n t xit nc ntr l
e o bl ' he ç el
'
s
mmuniy ot wie
t her s

c n er db tewar n wi b l s. I (n en lctto sa d q tto makso te l se
o fre y h ra t l e o t' d. itr a iain n uoain r mitd ; e
l
'
as Grh m v. c o ,
lo a a Ga n n

F.d
3

,2 6U. Ap .LEXI 1 6 2 a * 3 ( t Ci. ul 2 ,
01 S. p
S 3 7 , t 1 4h r J y 7

2 6 (co itn wi M alya dM e s rc mit weha rpe tdyhedt a ar s war ns
01 ) t nsse t t le n s es h d,
t
h
ve e ae l l h t re t ra t
d n tc n e i ni i i wa o j ciey u ra o a l t c n ld t a te ewa p o a l
o o o fr mmu t f t s b e tv l n e s n b e o o cu e h t h r s r b b e
y
ca ef t ars.l TheSuprmeCour' E e de sma cea,howe r t tt t e hol
us or he ret' .
'
e
ts ç ce nt ke l r
pr
ve ,ha he hr s d

f re tbihngt se c p in i ahiho e .' M e s rc mit 1 2S. . t1 4 .
o sa ls i hi x e to s g n g ' s es h d, 3 Ct a 2 5
l
I t pr e c e, hepl ntf sc e t tt i ca e f ls wihi t sna r exc pton.
n he es nt as t
ai i f ont nd ha he r s a l t n hi r ow
e i

Ac r ng t t pl ntfs Hol 'a fda tpr de $ s wi t tt e de e s ug
co di o he ai if, mes fi vi ovi d t ho ng ha he vi nc o ht
no

woul ai i c c i M r Ca
d d n onvitng . nadaoft ta fcofe ea i s ' o t t( he ewa ... oba e
he r f i f ns t s uey r ha E r s pr bl
'
t

ca et beivet tt ie s htwoul bef
us o le ha he tm oug
d ound i t ge i e ,' ndt ta ra ona e
n he rsdenc j'a ha ny e s bl
of i e w o d ha know n t tt w a r ntw a i ld. Pl' Br i Op n t H ol es M o .t
f c r ul ve
ha he r a
s nva i
.s . n p' o
m ' t o
D i m i s 3- Fort f l i r s ns t c ttndst pl ntf s a gum e st r uasve
s s 4.
he olow ng ea o , he our i
he ai i f ' r
nt mpe s i .

8

W ih r pe t t wa r ntsa horzai n t s a c f t s pe i notf ton f r
t es ct o he r a ' ut i to o e r h or he us nson ika i o m
i s d byt DM V,hepli if frta g t tar as na eofi e wo dha known t tt r
s ue
he
t antfs is r ue ha e o bl fc r ul ve
ha he e
wa no pr ba e c us t be ive t tt f r wo d ad i c c i Ca da ofdrvi o a
s
o bl a e o le ha he o m
ul i n onvitng na
i ng n
.

s s n e lc n e Se W a d n M d Pe tn ir v. yd n, 8 U. 2 4 30 ( 9 7 (o dng
u pe d d ie s . e r e . . nie ta y Ha e 3 7 S. 9 , 7 1 6 ) h li
t tt Fourh Ame m e pe t a s a c f re de whe t r i çpr bl c us ...t
ha he
t
nd nt nuis e r h o vi nce
n he e s i oba e a e
o

b l v t a t e e i e e s u h wilad i apa t ua a prh n in o c n ito ' . Sn e
ei e h t h v d nc o g t l i n
e
ri lr p e e so r o vcin' ic
c
)
Hol e 'r vi w ofDM V r c dsi c t t ta s pe i notfc ton f ha be n m al dt
m s e e
e or ndia ed ha us nson iia i onn d e
ie o
Ca da' r i nc t pli if a gue t tHol s s d ha known t the di notne t
na s esde e, he antfs r
ha
me houl ve
ha
d
ed o
tndt acua f m t pr t tCa dawason notc t thi lce eha bee s pende
s he t l or o ove ha na
ie ha s i ns d n us
d.

To c c a drve ofdrvi on a s pe d lc ns i vi ai o Vigni Code j
onvit i r
i ng
us nde ie e n olton f r i a

462- 0 ,çh Co n at mus p o et a gh d ie)h d rc ie a t a n tc t a hs
. 3 1 ç e mmo we 1
t
h t r v h t t e rv r a e ev d cu l oie h t i
l e e h d be n s s n e . Ho g sv.Co n at 7 S. 2d 6 3 6 5 ( .Ct Ap .
i ns a e u pe d d' d e
c
'
mmo we 1 71 E. 9 , 9 Va . p
h,
201 )(iigBi bv. mmo we 1 ,1 3S. 2 7 2 7 3( . 9 ). Th panif aec re t
5 ctp b Co n at 8 E.d 3 , 3 Va 1 71) e litfs r o r c
h
t tace tfc t fom t DM V s wi t ta notc ofs pe i wass ntby c ri d ma li
ha
rii a e r he
ho ng ha
i e us nson
e
e tfe
i s

p i fce e i e c t a s c n tc wa p o i e t t e d i r S e Va Co e j 462 41
rma a i v d n e h t u h oie s r v d d o h rve. e . d
.- 6.
Ho ve ,hi prmaf ci s
we r t s i a e howi c nber bu tdwih e de et t hedrve di no r evet
ng a
e te t vi nc ha t
i r d t ec i he

noi . SeeBi 1 S. 2d a 733 ( di t tt Commo 1h co d notr y on t
tce
bb, 83 E. t
hol ng ha he
nweat ul
el
he
saut y pr s
t t or e umpton snc t e de s
i i e he vi nce howe t tt de e ntdi notr c ve t notc
d ha he f nda
d
e ei he i e

maldt hm b teDMV) s eas Pi hfr v Co n at ,3 4 S. 2 9 4 9 ( . .
ie o i y h
; e lo t o d . mmo we 1h 4 E.d 2 , 26 Va Ct
c
Ap 1 6 ( li t tGhejuyra o a yc u dh vedse ade a p la tstsi n t t e
p. 98 ) hodng ha s t. e s n bl o l a irg r d p eln ' etmo y o h
t
e e he s
xt nt
ough t r but t prm a f c e s i t t he r c ve notc of s pe i f om
to e
he i a i how ng ha
e ei d i e
us ns on r

DM V')
'.

9

Be us t Comm onwe lh mus uli t l pr t tadrve ha r cevedacual tce
ca e he
at
t tma ey ove ha
i r de i
t no i
t thi lc ns had be n s pe d,i woul notha be n unr s na ef a ofi rt be ive
ha s ie e
e us nde t
d
ve e
ea o bl or n fce o le
t tt s pe i n no ii ai f r t tHol s
ha he us nso tfc ton o m ha
mes oughtt fnd a t pl i if 'r sde ewo d
o i t he antfs e i nc ul
ad i pr e tng Ca
i n os cu i
nada f drvi on a s pe d lc ns . N o onl woul t pl ntfs
or i ng
us nde i e e
t y
d he ai if '
pos e son ofs h e de ehep t esa ih acualno ie oft s pe i i mi htalo pr ve
s si
uc vi nc l o t bls t
tc
he us nson, t g s o
hepf li i ac ngCa daorr buti a de e et thec dr s a til Ac di y,o
l u n mpe hi
na
e tng ny f ns ha
oul aie t ra . cor ngl t
t e e t tt pli if cli t tHol di notha pr bl c e t beive t tt
he xt nt ha he antfs am ha
mes d
ve oba e aus o le ha he
e de e s
vi nc oughtwo d ad i c c i Ca
ul i n onvitng nadaoft drvi ofe e,t c tc l st t
he i ng f ns he our oncude ha
Hol e i e ttedt q lfe i
m s s n il o uaii d mmuniy.
t
The pl i if 's co a gum e - t tHol e 'a fda tf ie t pr de a f c s or
antfs e nd r
nt ha
m s fi vi al d o ovi ny a t

cr msa esfom wlih amagsrt c d prpel co l t t s pe i notfc ton
icu tnc r
ic
itae oul o ry ncude hat he us nson iiai
f m woul bef
or
d ound a t tm eoft s r h- pr s n sa a gua y cl e q si n. TheUnie
t he i
he ea c
e e t n r bl os r ue to
td
St t sCour ofAppe l f t Fourh Cic thasr og ze t tSi e i a c caleeme of
ae
t
a s or he
t r ui
ec ni d ha & m s nli l nt
t

pr b be c u e' Unie S ae v. M c l, 7 0 F.d 1 31 1 3 - 6 (t Ci. 1 8 )
o al as.
'
td tts
cal 4 2 3 , 3 5 3 4 h r 9 4 .
Ac or ngy,ia vai s rhwarntma is o yupo alegainsofSacss cl eyrltd
c di l Sgq ld eac ra
y sue nl n l to
f t o os l eae

t t etmeo teis o tewarn a t j siy afn ig o p o b ec us a t ttme' 1
o h i f h sue f h ra t s o u tf idn f rba l a e t ha i .' d.
'
( u t Sg ov. ie Sae , 7U. 2 6 21 ( 9 2) Ho v r wheh rt fcsalg di
q oi r Un td tts 28 S. 0 , 0 1 3 ). we e, te he a t le e n
ng
s
uppor ofa wa r ntm e tt st s t sno r ol by r f r ncet pa f mul sorsm pl r l .
t
ra
e hi e t d t es ved
i
e ee
o t or a
i e ues'
'

1 . No c n Cthevtl yo p o a l c us . . eq a tfe b smpl c u tn tenl e o
d
r a ç q iai f r b b e a e . b u n i d y i y o n ig h t r f
l
t
mb
da bewee t oc ure eoft f ts pple andt is nc oft afda t' I (ntr l
ys t n he c r nc
he ac u id
he sua e he f vi. d. i ena
'
.

ctto a quottonmaksomit ) I t d,onemus çl t a1t fcsandcrumsa s
iain nd ai
r
ted . nsea
tsook o 1he a t
ic tnce
oft ca e i l ngt na u eoft t a ' a tviy al ge t lng h oft a tviy,a t
he s , ncudi he t r
he ml wf c i t le d, he e t
ul
he c i t nd he

10

naueoft pr t t bes i d. J. çns mecrumsa e t ve ynaur o t e de e
tr he opery o eze ' .. s o ic tnc s he r t e f he vi nc
' I l
J
s ug m a s
o ht y ugge tt tpr bl c us i no di nihe s el byt pa s geoftm e. 1
s ha oba e a e s t mi s d ol y he s a
i ' d.
'
l t s ca e t pli if e
n hi s , he antfs mphasze t t Ca
i ha nada s prviege t drve wa al dl
' i l
o i
s lege y
s pe d on M a c 28 201 ne ryt re n mont be or Hol e ob ai d awa r ntt s r h
us nde
r h , 3, a l hite
hs f e m s t ne
ra o ea c
t pl i if 'a t
he antfs parmentf t s pe i notfc ton f m . The pl i if a g t tCa da
or he us nson ii a i or
antf s r ue ha na

di notne dt r t nt docl ntt r mi hi t thi lce ewass pe d;t ti i ta ur
d
e o eai he tme o e nd m ha s i ns
us nde ha t s sbs d
t t r t tt polce a de ors e nttani woul ha pr vi d i o m ai a t
o hil ha he i ca my
k
ubs que r i ng
d ve o de nf r ton bou
whe e a f how l i vi l kee s or a m a nt i m ot r ve c e doc e t ton';a
r nd or
ong ndi dua s p, t e nd i a n
o hi l
um n a i ' nd

t t % amatrofco
ha,s
as te
mmon sns t r woul benor a onf ( d i r t kee anotc f m
e e,hee
d
e s or a rvel o p
ie w
D M V f rm o e t n a ye r' P1 . Res t H ol e 'M o . o D i m i s5.
o
r ha
a.
' s ' p. o m s
tt s s

Alhoug t pli if 'a gum e sa eno wiho f r e, heco tne rhe e sc l
t h he antfs r
nt r t t ut o c t
ur ve t l s oncudes
t tHol e i e il t q lfe i muniy. Eve i t ma sr t e r d i dee mi ng t t
ha
m s s ntted o uaii d m
t
n f he gitae re n tr ni ha

t r wa pr ba ec us t be ivet t hef m wo d silbel t a t pli if 'a rm e ,
he e s o bl a e o le ha t or
ul tl ocaed t he antf s pa t nt
t ç ti unabl t c l t tK hem a sr t s obvi l e e t ta r as bl ofi e
he our s
e o oncude ha s
t
gita e o
ousy n'd ha ny e ona e fc r
woul ha r c z d t e r r' M e s r c d ,1 2 S.Ct a 1
d ve e ogni e he r o .
'
s e s hmi t 3
. t 250. Thepl ntfsha not
ai if ve
die t t c 't a c s t twoul ha c e ry w n ne Hol e t tt r wasnopr ba e
r ced he oul o ny a e ha
t
d ve l a l r d m s ha he e
o bl
ca et bei v:t tt doc e fom t DM V woul bef
us o le ha he um nt r he
d ounda t pli if 'a rm e . On
t he antf s pa t nt
t c r
he ontly,t Cour of Appe l of Vigi a has hed t t a ç a sr t c d r a ona y
he
t
as
r ni
l ha
ç gitae oul e s bl
m
c udet tdoc e sr ltngt o r hi orus ofac re se a woul beke wih ot r
oncl ha
um nt ea i o wne s p
e
a xit d nd
d
pt t he

pes lpa r i one' rsde ' Gr cor v.Commonwe lh,621S. 2d 16 1 ( Ct
rona pe s n
s e i nce. e y
'
at
E. 2, 67 Va. .
App. ) Li wie fdç a a laec t ha hedt tohe pero ldocl nt,s has
2005 . ke s , e r l ppelt ours ve l ha t r s na tme s uc
i ntfc to pa sa ba r cor ,ça e t s twhi h wo d no m a l beke a one' ...
de ii ai n per nd nk e ds tr he or
c
ul r ly
pt t
s
r sde ,'a ça e alo t s twhih c d be r a ona y e t d t be ke t r f l ng
e i nce' nd Er s he or
c oul
e s bl xpece o
pt he e or o

p ro so tme' UntdS ae v. e ma , 8 F.d9 2 9 - 2( t Ci. 9 2 ; e as Untd
e id f i .
' ie tts Fre n 6 5 2 4 , 515 5h r 1 8 ) s e lo ie
S ae v. r r 3 0 F.d 4 5 4 0 (t Ci. 0 4 (b e vngt a pa me tr c it a dba k
tts Fame , 7 3 3 , 4 4h r 2 0 ) o s r i h t y n e ep s n n
sa e e t ar ç e iel t t ofr c dst ta eno or na iy de to d o m o d a tfom
tt m n s e l c s y he ype e or ha r t di rl sr ye r ve bou r
pr

o ep a et a t e' ( tr a ctto a dq o ai nmak o te ) Untd Sae v. mso k
n lc o noh r' i en l iain n u tto r s mitd ; ie tts Co t c ,
)n
41 F.Ap x 6 9,6 3 (t Ci.201 ) ( oi g t tG ae r c it,f coy wa -n is a d
2
p' 1 2 4h r
1 n tn ha s ls e ep s a tr na te , n
s
c n eldc e k aeie t a o wo de p c ap ro t rt i a ho '
a c l h c s r tms h t ne ul x e t e s n o ean t me).
e
Bas d on t e si c s lw,i l ngt de ii ct d a
e
he xitng a e a ncudi he c sons ie bove i woul no ha bee
,t
d t ve n
Qe iey unr as bl'f ra ofi rt be ive t tt doc e pe ti ngt Hol 'drvi
dntr l
e ona e' o n fce o le ha he um nt rani o mes i ng
sauswoul bef
tt
d ound a hi r i nc not t t ndi t pa s oftm e M es e s hmi t 1
t s esde e, wihsa ng he s age i .
s r c d , 32
S.Ct a 1
. t 245. Eve i t wa r ntwe e de eci ,ti wasno s o ousy lc ng i pr bl
n f he ra
r f tve tt
t o bvi l a ki n oba e

c u et a t eo fc r)c nb c n iee çlil i c mp tn 'f rc n l igohewie' I . t
a s h t h fie l a e o sd r d p an y n o ee t o o cudn t r s . d a
'
1 0(uoigM aly, 7 U. a 3 ) Ac o dn l Home i e tte t q l idi nt
25 q tn
l 4 5 S. t 41. c r igy, l s s n ild o uai e mmu iy
e
f
o t FourhAme
n he
t
ndme cli aii fom t is nceoft s rhwarnt L=;s ealo
nt am rsng r he sua
he eac ra . d. e s

Maly 4 5U. a 3 (x lii t a (fo fc r o ra o a ec mp tnc c udd s g e o
l , 7 S. t 41 e p anng h t i f es f e s n bl o ee e o l ia r e n
e
i
gh jis e' fwh t rawar n s ul is ,h n'mmu t s o l b rc g ie '.
t e su 'o ehe
ra t ho d sue te ç niy h ud e e o n z d'
i
)
b.

Executon oft Search W arrant
i
he

Thepl ntfsa s cli t tt e uto oft s a c wa r a mi g vi ae t i
ai if l o am ha he xec i n he e r h rant t dni ht ol td her
FourhAmendme rg s I r pons t Hol 'as e ton ofquaii d i
t
nt i ht . n es e o mes s ri
lfe mmuniy, hepl i if
t t
antfs
a gue t tt ni hti e e c i oft wa r ntwa t ea ona e a t tHol e ç lw or
r
ha he g tm xe uton
he ra
s mr s bl nd ha
m sç e
kl
s ul ha kno n t t' P1 . Br i O pp' t H ol e 'M o . o Di m i s 6. Fort f l w i
ho d ve w ha .
' s' . n
n o
m s
tt s s
he olo ng
r as , he c ti una e t a ee.
e ons t our s bl o gr

The Comm on e lh ofVigi a' s a r wa r ntf
w at
r ni s t nda d r a onn,DC339,a ho iesofi e st
ut rz
fc r o
c
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no cr eC yy c os o ç ght'oro he wiei c t t tt s r h wa r nthadt bee c e
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n g ti sa c e . Untd Sae v. z i 4 4F.d 6 9 6 5 (t Ci. 0 ) M o e v r te
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me
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Ame e t tpr hi t ni ti e c i n o awa r nt whe e,a he e t wa r ntdoe not
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ra , r s r , he ra
s

p o ii s c as ac ' Yo n b yv. ac 6 6F.d 1 1 1 26( C. r201 ) Be a s i
r hbt u h e rh.
' u c e M rh, 7 3 1 4, 1 D. Ci. 2 . c u e t
c r tbe s i t tt ni hti e s r h vi aed a cla l e t bls d Fo t Ame e trght
a mo
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H o1 e i e il d t qua i d i m uniy.
m s s ntte o lfe m
t3

Fo t s r a ons Hol e 'm o i t dimi swilbegr nt d wih r pec t t pl i if '
r he e e s , m s ton o s s l
a e t es t o he antfs
c a m sunde t Fo t Am e
li
r he ur h
ndm e t
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LeualSuf i encv oft Pl ntf s'EqualProt i Cl m
f ci
he ai if
ecton ai

The pl i if a s c a m t t Hol e s a c of t pl i i f ' r s de
a ntf s l o l i ha
m s' e r h
he a ntf s e i nce w a r c a l
s a i ly

m o i t d a t us vi a e t i rg s unde t Equa Pr e ton Clus of t Foure nt
tva e nd h
olt d her i ht
r he
l ot c i
a e
he
te h
Ame m e . The EqualPr e i Clus pr bis ofi e s fom s e i l e or ng lws
nd nt
otcton a e ohi t fc r r
elctvey nf ci a

3 I t rbre i opposton t Hol
n hei if n
ii o mes'moton,t pl ntfss
i he ai if ugges f t frttm et tt fve da
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deaybewee t is nc a e cuton oft s r h wa r vi aed Vigi alw,whi r r t a
l
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warn b e e ue çorh t. Va. ej1 2 5 AsHol sn tsi hi rpl, we e ,tt sa uo y
ra t e x c td û twih'
f
' Cod 9.- 6.
me oe n s e y ho v r sae tttr
pr si do notalert cont soft FourhAmendment SeeVigi av.M oor 553 U. 1 174
ovi ons
t he
our he
t
.
r ni
e,
S, 64,

( 00 ) Tot ee tnthepan if' ifc udb c nsre t a sr t t h fved yd lyrnd r dt
2 8 . h xe t litfs bre o l e o tu d o s etha t e i - a ea e ee he
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t t o ny as ha
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Hol onno iet t del vi a e t rFourt Amendme rgh s Thec tsown r vi ofapplca e
mes
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nt i t .
our'
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oundt tsmiardelysdi no afec
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t v l t o awar n. Se . ..Unie Sttsv. iz r 31 F. p' 6 , 21(t Ci. 0 9)( lig
he ai y f ra t e ec, td ae Blz ad, 3 Ap x 20 6 4h r 2 0 hodn
di
t tt dititc tdi note'i denyi amoton t s es t twa bas on an eghtday dely i
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e e uigawarn) UntdSttsv M at 1 1F. p' 9 4, 55( t Ci. 0 )(idngt tShedsrc
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ra t; ie ae . ri 3 Ap x 5 9 4h r 2 05 fn i ha s itit
n,
t
c urprpel rjce M rt ssae e sagu n b s dontef u - yd lybewe nis nc a de e uin
o t o ry çe td ri t ln s r me t a e h o rda ea t e sua e n x c to
n'
o tes ac warn u e t cru tnc so (h qc s ' ; tdSttsv M or w, 0F. p' 1 3 1 4
f h e rh ra t nd rhe ic msa e f t e a e' Unie ae . ro 9 Ap x 8 , 8
)
(t Ci. 0 4 (ol ngta at e nd yd lydi no rnd rsaeteif r tono whihtewarnt s
8h r 2 0 ) h di h t < ve -a ea d t e e tl h n o mai n c h ra wa
s
b s dh. Ac o digl Hol si i
ae '
) c r n y, me s mmun fo la lyf re r iigt war n fv d y a triwa is d.
e r m ibii o xecsn he ra ti e a s fe t s sue
t
13

ba e o r c W h e v. td S ae ,51 U. 8 6 81 ( 9 6 ) s e as S w v Fo til
s d n a e.
rn Uni tts 7 S. 0 , 3 1 9 ); e lo o . rv l
e
e

PoieDe t 6 6F.d2 3 3 3( t Ci. 11 (t ca p o ig o s lci e f re n o te
lc n', 3 3 9 , 0 7h r20 ) ç il r fln , r ee tve n o c me t f h
Ra
lw,i a vi ai oft Equa Pr ecin C1us '. Gglhe rghtt e lpr e ton ma be
a s olton he
l ot to a e.) <-j i o qua otci
'
y
vi a e e n i t aci o t polc a e a ce a eunde t Fo t Am e e . M a s l
olt d ve f he tons f he i e r c pt bl
r he urh
ndm nt'
'
rhal

v. lmbaLe Re ' Ho n. 3 F.d 1 5 ,1 6 ( 0h Ci.2 0 ) s e as Untd S ae v.
Cou i a gl s , 45 3 1 7 1 6 1 t r 0 3 ; e lo ie tts
Avey 1 7F.d3 3 35 ( t Ci. 9 7 (TheEq a Pr tcinClu eo teF u te t
r, 3 3 4 , 2 6h r 1 9 ) '
u l oe to a s f h o re nh
Ame e t pr vi s ctz ns a de r of pr eci n i
ndm n o de iie
g ee
ot to ndepe nt of t Fo t Ame m e
nde
he urh
nd nt

pr ecin a i turr s na es rhe a siurs' .
ot to gans lea o bl eac s nd ez e .'
)
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' r uie e s f r a cl i o r ci ly s l c i 1 w e o ce e dr w o w ha t
The eq r m nt o
a m f a a l e e tve a nf r m nt a n
t he

Supr me Cour ha c l t di r e
e
t s aled or na y qualpr e ton sa r .' M a s l,345 F. a 1l 8
ot c i t nda ds'' rhal
3d t f

( u tn Untd S ae v.Ar to ,51 U. 4 6 4 5 ( 9 6) Thep an if mu tetb ih
q o ig ie tts
msrnc 7 S. 5 , 6 1 9 ).
litfs s sa ls
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s t he f nda ' c i
t
s rm na o y fe t
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pur e' l ;s as Ce .Ra oCo.I .v.Ciy o Norol 811F. 625,634- ( hCi.
pos .' d. ee lo nt di
nc
t f f k,
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2 6 ; at v. n r 8 2F. p 2 8 0 8 9( M d 20 2 . Al u ht ep an if aeno
01 ) M ri Co ne, 8 Su p. d 2 , 3 D. . 1 ) t g h litfs r t
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3 6F.d5 9 58 (t Ci. 0 3 (mph ssi o iia) Th ,o saeav lde u l r tcin
2 3 6 , 4 4 h r 2 0 ) e a i n rgn l. us t tt ai q a p o e to
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ha he ai tf s m nde om a nt t t s

aplusbl e lpr ecin cam a i tHol s Thepli if c e t ttgj a iain
a i e qua ot to li gans me .
antfs ontnd ha Gthe pplc to
f a s a c wa r nti t sc e a t s a c is l we e m o i t d,i sgnii a pa t by t
or e r h ra n hi ms nd he e r h tef r
tva e n i fc nt r, he

glitfslr c . Am.Co l ! 1 . To s p r ti cam,t p an if alg t a Home
p an if' a e'
'
mp . 9
u po t h s li he litfs le e h t l s
1
4

ç sa hit r a pr c i oft r e i Afi n- e i n mal f ve c e sops ml i r i
s
ha
so y nd a tce a g tng rca Am rca
es or hi l t
d ntusve
s a c s ' 1 The pl i if f r he a l ge t tt spr c i e s e a tm e oft s a c a i s
e r he . d.
'
a ntf s u t r le ha hi a tce xi t d t i
he e r h t s ue

i t sc e, nd t tnum e ous sm ia c
n hi as a ha
r , i lr ompli sofunlwf lteam e hadbe n l dby ot r
a nt
a ' r t nt
u
e odge
he
Afian- e i n c tze of Al mare Co y. As lm i t t t oft pl i if f ct l
rc Am rca ii ns
be l unt
sz ng he ruh
he antfs' a ua
alegai ns t c t co l
l to , he our ncudes t t t n nde c
ha he me d ompl i s ae a pl i e s lc i
ant tt s
ausbl ee tve
enf r me cli unde t Eq lPr t c i Cl us . Se W a hi on v.Da s 426 U. 229,
o ce nt am
r he ua o e ton a e
e s ngt
vi ,
S.

2 2( 9 6 (x li igta ç aniv do sd s rmiao yp po ema o tnb ifre fo te
4 1 7 ) e pann h ts q n i iu ic i n t r ur s y fe e n erd r m h
l

t tlt o terlv n fcs i ldngtef c,ft s nl,ha t e(r cie b a smo eh a iyo
oai f h ee a t a t,ncu i h a t iii t e t t h p a tc ) e r r e v l n
y
o erc t na o h r'; as l, 4 F.da 1 6 (bsr n t tç poieofc rsp ten o
n a e ha n t e' M rhal 3 5 3 t 1 8 o evig ha d lc fie ' a tr f
)
a
tafcso a dar ss. . ys p o t n ifrn eo ds rmiao yp r o ei t i c n e f)
rfi tps n ret . ma u p r a n ee c f ici n t r u p s n hs o tx '.
Ac r ngl , H ol es m o i t dimiswilbed e wih r s c t t scai .
co di y
enid t e pe t o hi l m 4
m ' ton o s s l
lI.

A l arl C ount sM oton t Di m i s
bem e
v'
i o s s

Thepl ntfsas fld s tt rj 1 3 agans t Count W hie amunii lt i
ai if lo ie ui mde 98
i t he
y.
l
cpaiy s

s b e tt s i u d rj 1 3 s eM o elv. p to S c Se v . 4 6 U. 6 8 6 0 9 ( 9 )
u j c o u t n e 98 , e n l De ' f o . r s, 3 S. 5 , 9 - 1 1 78,
labiiy al he to y whe e t munii lt is l c us st c tt to lvi a i a is .'
i lt tac s tnl
r he
cpaiy t ef a e he onsiu i na olton t s ue'
Ciy of Ca on v.H a rs 48 U . . 3 8 38 ( 9 9 (mp a i i o i ia) çA)mt cp lt
t
nt
r i , 9 S 7 , 5 1 8 ) e h ss n rgn l. ç
(
miiai
y
.

c r be he d labl s el bec us i e o a t rf as - or i ot rwor ,a muni pa iy
amot
l i e ol y a e t mpl ys o te or
, n he
ds
ci lt

c n o behed la l u d rj 1 8 o ars o d a s peirte r . M o l, 6U. a 6
an t
l ibe n e 9 3 n e p n e t u ro h o y' ne) 43 S. t 91
'
(mp a i i o i ia) I se d,a mu iiai i o l la l u e j 1 3 i i c u e t
e h ss n rgn l. n ta
ncp lt s ny ibe nd r 98 f t a s s he
y
de i ton ofapl i ifsc tt tnnalrght t o h a ofi i lc t , iy, pr tc
prva i
antf onsiu i
i s hr ug n fc a usom polc or aci e.

4Home po ryrfane fo asrigq lfe i ni wihrsett teeua poeto
l s rjel eri d rm setn uaiid mmu t t ep c o h q l rtcin
y
cam. Se. ..Sal v.
li
e eg, vno Towno Souh at5 2F. ' 1 ,1 (dCi. 4)(mp aiigta Sti
f tes, 7 Aypx 5 6 2 r201 e h szn htt s
i

beyond per
advenmr t tt rghtt befeefom a iatonofane r lw,ors e i enf ce e ofal
e ha he i o r r pplc l
utal a
elctve or m nt
aw,

b c u eofrc o n to a orgni ce ryetbihe ' (ol ci c s s; ri v. nr lSaeHo p,
e a s a e r ain l ii s lal sa ls d' c l tng a e ) Herna Ce ta tt s .No.
) e
3:4 c 7 -AG, 5U. DitLEXI 9 07 , t 1 ( D. .ul 2 , 01 )( b e vngta th rgh t be
l -v-38J 20l S. s.
S 9 4 a * 0 E. Va J y 9 2 5 o s r i h ts e i to
t
fe fo r ca dici n to . . sb e ce rye tbih df d c d s'a dta (n oo i t i rg t
re r m a il s rmiain . ha e n lal sa ls e or e a e , n h t s j ne n her ih
'
g
midc udp si ytikt ttego en n c ndic i naeba e o r c '.
n o l o sbl hn ha h v rme t a s rmi t sd n a e'
)
15

Owe sv Bat Ciy Sae' Aty .Ofie 7 7F.d 3 9 4 2 ( t Ci. 01 ) s eas Ca trv
n . l. t tt s ' s fc , 6 3 7 , 0 4h r 2 4 9 e lo re .
t
M o rs 1 4F. 21 21 (t Ci.1 )
ri, 6 3d 5, 8 4h r 999 .
I t sc s ,t pl i if s e t ho d t Co y la e f rt al ge vi l to oft i
n hi a e he antfs e k o l he unt ibl o he le d o ai n her
rghtt e lpr eci
i o qua ot ton. I s ppo t t i c am , hepli if al get tHol e hadç hit r
n u r of he r l i t a ntfs le ha
m s
ç so y
a
a pr c i o t r tng Afi a Ame ia m aesf ve cl sops g i nzi s r hes' and
nd a tce f a gei
rc n- rc n l or hi e t
nd nt sve ea c y'

t ttn u r usc mplit b Afia - rc n ( d be nld e b ctz n wi t Co n y
ha ç q me o o an s y rc n Ameia s ha q e o g d y iie s t he u t
g
h
of Al mare tlough is polc de rm e , pror t t i i
be l lr
t
ie pa t nt i o he ncdent he ei ag ns Def nda
r n, ai t
e nt
Hol e , m pli ng a uthi c
m s co a ni bo s onduc i i p o ry soppi c r a unl wf l s ar hi
t n m r pe l t ng a s nd a uly e c ng

p o ea dp a e . Am. mpl! 1 - 0. Th p an if f rh ralg t a E od si ia yo
e pl n lc s'
'
Co . ! 9 2
e litfs ute le e h tt icpl r r
n
n
ot rco r tve a i wa t n as a r ul of a of t e c
he reci cton s ake
es t ny
hos ompl i s' and t tt Cou y
ant y'
ha he
nt

çh rb a q is gd t De e d n Home 'ilg lbe a ir a d i lcty e o rggd hi
ç ee y c ue c e q o fn a t l s l a h vo n mpiil nc u a e q s
t
e
p a tc o tr eigAfia - rc n . I . t 2 .
rcie f ag t
n rc n Ame ia s' d a ! 0
'
The pli tfs'c
a n if ompli t aleg a t or of c t m S c
ant hus l es he y
uso s ondona i ' Spe lv.
by
ton.
'
l

M c ne, 2 F. 1 8 ,1 9 ( t Ci. 9 7 . l e t i t e r o la l y aE ncpaiy
Da il8 4 2d 3 0 3 0 4h r 1 8 ) d r h s h o y f ibit , mu ii l j
und
i
t
v oae j 1 8 i mu iia poiy k r f i çop taso t o c re tawi ep e dpatl o
i lts 9 3 f n cp l l ma e s al t u tp o r o rc
c
d s r a 'e' f
tn
unconsiutona co
tt i l nduc .' Owe ,767F. a 40 Topr valt rt st or t pli if
t''
ns
3d t 2.
e i mde hi he y, he antfs

E s p itt aG esse ta d wie p e dp a tc g o mu iia o tcas't S u ain a d
s t on o p ritn n d s ra r ciej f ncp l f il, he d rto n
mu
i
fe u nc o whih idc tst a p lc ma es( )h d a t lo c nsnztv k o e g o te
rq e y' f c n iae h t o iy k r 1 a cua r o t cie n wld e f h
c nd ta d( )fie t c re ttd et terçeieaeid fe e c .' I ( u t S el8 4
o uc, n 2 ald o o r c i u o h i d lb rt n if rn e' d.q oi p l, 2
'
ng
F. a 1 91.
2d t 386- )
A lhough pr va lng t der t s t or of la lt i C e s t s ' I c a 402,ç i pl
t
e ii m
hi he y
i biiy s ç a y a k, ds t
no
'
dm y
s
alegi s h a cl i i ,by defnii e s en' 1 a 403. To w ihs and dim i s lunde Rul
l ng uc
am s
i ton, a i ' d. t
t t
s sa
r e

1 b)6) $. mpli ne onl algefcswhi it e ttt acli t rle t ti plusbl
2( ( ,ç co ant ed y le a t ch,f nz, sae am o eif ha s a i e
p
16

o is f c .' I ( u tn I b l 5 6 U. a 6 ) çf e rctto o f cs n e no be
n t a e' d. q o ig q a, 5 S. t 78 . ç' e iain f a t e d t
'
-h
pa tc arydeaie al t c c ofs ce sne nctbepaïcual hi ' J N0rmu tt
riul l t ld, rd he hr e uc s ed
li lry gh.' #.
s he
pli if ç e d t muli ei i nt ofc tt to lvi ai nst tm a benec s r a lt r
antfs s a he tpl nc de s onsiu i na olto ha y
pl
es a y t a e
sa st e t bls t e se ofa of i lpo iy orc t m a ca ai n. J danbv J da
t ge o sa ih he xit nce n fc a lc
us o nd us to ' or
'
or n

v.J ç s n,1 F.d 3 3 3 9 ( t Ci.1 9 ) l se d ç a paniffist sae acam o l
a k o 5 3 3 , 3 4h r 9 4 . n ta , s q lit al o tt li ny
g
f
wh nh o fr ça esa c n l so s o f n ac lyrctsteee n so hi j1 8 c us o
e e fe s lb l nd o cu i n ' r o uulial e ie h lme t f s 9 3 a e f
a to . Owe s 7 7F.da 4 3( u tn l b l 5 6U. a 6 )
cin'
'
n , 6 3 t 0 q o ig q a, 5 S. t 78 .
Appl ng t e prncpls t c tco l
yi hes i i e , he our ncudest tt pl i if ha sa e a pl usbl
ha he antfs ve t t d
a ie
M onel cli a i tt Co y. Thepl ntfsale t tHol ha ahit r a pr tceof
l am ga ns he unt
ai if l ge ha
mes d so y nd aci
s e tvel t r tng Afi n- e i a ,t tt Co y w a awar of t s unlwf lpr ci e
elc i y a ge i
rca Am rc ns ha he unt
s
e
hi
a u a tc
t oughnum e ousc
hr
r
ompli sm a byAfi a Ame i a ctze , t tt Co ye f ci l
a nt de
rc n- rc n ii ns and ha he unt f e tvey
s tone a e r ed Hol 'te t ntoft pl ntfsby f ii t t kea dicplna y or
anci d nd ndo s
mes r a me
he ai if
alng o a ny s i i r
c r c i a ton. To pr va l on t s c ai ,t pl i if w il be r t çdif c t' bur n o
or e tve c i
e i
hi l m he a ntf s l a he t f i ul' de f

pr ng t s al ga i . 1 Att s e zy sa ho ve ,t a lga i a e s t int t
ovi he e le tons d.
hi a l t ge, we r he le tons r ufk e o

s l veds sa u d rRue 1 ( )6 . S e ec,S t v. t,No CCB- 4 3 7 2 6 U.
uwi imis l n e l 2 b ( ) e . .. mi Aia .
h
1 - 48 , 01 S.

Dit LEXI 9 0 , t*1 ( M d J y 1 , 6 ( lig a t eRu e1 ( )6 sa e t tt s
s.
S 0 29 a 3 D. . ul 2 201 ) hodn , t h l 2 b ( ) tg ,ha iwa

çno hta Smihha alg dt tS l b r wa a r o o g i c n tuin lvoain b
s ug h t t s le e ha ai uy s wae ? n ong o si to a ilto s y
e
s
t
Saibur polc of r and di hot ng t sop or c r tt e a tons t r by al wi a
ls y ie fce s
d hi o t
orec hos c i , he e lo ng n

unc tt ina pal r t d veop' Ga ca v.M o go r Count M d. No.. -2- 2,
onsiuto l ten o e l ); r i
nt mey
y. , J 1 359
FM
201 U. DitLEXI 1
3 S. s.
S 20659 a *1 ( M d.Aug. 201 )( di t tt pli ifsae a
, t 4 D.
23, 3 hol ng ha he antf ttd
vi bl M one lcl i aga ns t c m t whe e t pl i if a l ge t tt co y G as a a e o
a e
l am
i t he ot y
r he a ntf le d ha he unt l
w
w r f

unc tt ina a tonsby g ie ofier die tdt r me r oft me abu c et
onsiuto l ci
polc l fc s rce owads mbe s he di t hos o
i es hbe vi ' .
gnor uc ha or'
)

C onc us on
l i

Fo t r as sa e Hol e m otont dim iswilbegr nt di pa t nddeledi pa t
r he e ons tt d, m s' i o s s l
a e n ra
li n r,
a t Count sm otont dim iswilbede e TheCl r i diecedt s nd co e oft s
nd he
y'
i o s s l
ni d.
ek s r t o e
pi s hi
me a
mor ndum o ni a t a ompanyi or rt a1cot e ofr or
pi on nd he cc
ng de o 1 ms l ec d.

DATED:Thi &> da ofSe e r
s
y
ptmbe , 2016.

Chi U nie St t s Di t i tJ
e
t d a e s rc udge

18