Johnson et al v. Holmes

Filing 57

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/19/17. (hnw)

CLERK' OFFI U.S. ST COURT
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AT F NOKE,
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B I N CA J N SON a D ELM A R
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Ci lA c i N o.3: 6CV 0001
vi ton
1
6

M EM ORANDUM OPI ON
NI
ANDREw HoLM Es,J
OHN DOEs 1 3,
d ALBEM ARLE cotm ry,
r

By: on. e E.Com'd
H
Gl n
a
Unie St t sDititJ
t d a e src udge

D e e nt .
f nda s

BincaJ hns a Dema Ca dafldt scvi rght a tonunde 42U. C.j1983
a o on nd l r na ie hi i l i s ci
r
S.
a i tM d e H ol es a po i e of i e e pl ye by t A l m a l Count Polc De rm e
ga ns
rw
m ,
lc f c r m o d
he be re
y i e pa t nt

( CPD' ' h e t n wn p lc o fc r ;a d Al mal Co n y (ç Comt ' . Th a to
;
W
' t re mk o oie fie s n be re u t Ghe t y'
)
t
l e cin
a e f om H ol e ' e f r s t s a c t pl i i f ' r s de e f l i a t a f c s op. The
ds s r
m s f o t o e z h he a ntf s e i nc olow ng r f i t
pl n if c a m t tH ol e e ge i r ci lpr ii i vi a i oft EqualPr t c i Cl us
ai tf s l i ha
m s nga d n a a of lng n ol ton he
o e ton a e

o teFo re nhAme me ta dt tt Comt i s b e t omlncpa l b l yf r h alg d
f h u te t
nd n n ha he t y s u j c t lii l i ii o t e le e
a t
vo ain. Home a d te Comt h v mo e f r s mmay j d me t Fo t e f l wig
ilto
l s n h t y a e v d o u r u g n . r h ol n
o
r as , hem o i wilbegr nt d i pa ta de e i pa t
e ons t
ton l
a e n r nd nid n r.
Backcround

The f l ng f c sa e et rt s e o pr en e i t lgh m os f vor bl t t
olowi a t r ihe mdiput d r es t d n he i t
t a a e o he

plitfs S eAn es nv. b ry Lo b . nc, 7U. 2 2 2 5 ( 9 6 ;Li ra in P ry o
an if. e d ro Lie t b v I .47 S. 4 , 5 1 8 ) betra a t f
Va. J 718F. 308,31 (t Ci. 3)
v. udd,
3d
3 4h r 201 .

1
.

TheTr fi Stpa Sub e n S a c o iePlitfs Rei n e
afc o nd sque t e rh f h anif' sde k

On t a tr n of A prl 26,201 H ol e ,w ho i Ca a i n,was on dut as a pa r
he fe noo
i
4, m s
s uc s a
y
t ol

o t e f t ACPD . Hi ( an goa't tda wa t us tr fi e or m e t... sat lt do
fk r or he
sç i
m
l'ha y s o e ç a fc nf ce n
t
a oo o

ci n litr ito ' Home De .2 7 Do ke No.4 - .s e as i .(x lii g ta l u
rmia n edcin.
' l s p 2, c t
9 1 e lo d e p an n h t d
,
yo
utlze ta fc lws dif r t i r to of t ta fc lws t i ta e sops o peo e a do
ii r fi a , fe en nfaci ns he r fi a o nii t t
n
pl nd

ci nalntr ito 'o çhegn o ci nalee nty'ncudngt r tcs). Ac r i t
rmi i e dcin'f r t mut f rmi lme s'i l i G coi '
t
na
co dng o
Hol s s hwor i ne esaybe a eEg oonedrvesaot wihsgnsont sdeoft rc r
me , uc
k s c s r c us çnj
i r md t i
he i
hei a
t ts y t ' ca ng dr .' I
ha a l m nyi
ugs '' d.

Hol pa ke hi par ve cl i t paki 1 ofa Supe 8 mot lon Gr e i rDrve
mes r d s tol hi e n he r ng ot
r
e
e nbre i

i Ch ro ts il,Vigni,wh r t eACPD Ge ld t ha i ie t'' vovn ( ac tc
n alte vle r i a ee h
s nd e ) o ve ncd n s'n l ig G ro is
t
i
n
aci te . I a 13. The mot li l t a r st sr e f o a 7- e n con ninc so e.
tvii s' d. t
'
e s ocaed c os he te t r m
El ve
ve e e t r

Asp r o hsci n ln edcinef rs Home r nt elc ns plts(rSa s' o ve ce i
at f i rmia itr ito fo t, l s a h ie e ae o t g ' f hils n
t )
t epakn lt o b t b i se tz ug t Vign aCrmi a If nnainNewo k(( N'
h r ig o s f o h usne s s h o h he r ii i n l n o to t r &
VC1 '
)
sys em .
t

Ata p o maey 543p. , fe r n ngt tj o s v r loh rv h ce , l sr n
p rxi tl : m.a tr u ni he a s n e ea t e e ils Ho me a
t t o aBM W 7- e i s anwih t lc ns plt num be W ZA5310. Hol e la ne t t
he ag n
s res ed
t he i e e ae
r
m s e r d ha
t ve cewa r gitr dt Binc J hns n. Hol r m e r dhe rng a
he hi l s e se e o a a o o
mes e mbe e a i boutapr vi c l
e ous a l
f r s r i i vi J
o e v ce nvol ng ohns a he hus nd or boyf i nd. A t t t tm e H ol es s a c d
on nd r ba
re
ha i , m
e r he

r oh rpoie d tb s t c e k f rid vd aslle wih J l o . Home ds o e e t a
n t e lc aa a e o h c o n i iu l ik d t oms n
r
l s ic v r d h t

.

Dema Ca d wa lse a a S s o it'o J h o Home De l ! 6 Do k tNo. 6 2.
l r na a s it d s n t s cae' f o ns n. l s c. , c e
a
4Hol e r membe ed he rng Ca
m se
r
ai
nada snn i r a i t t pr vi uscalf s l c . He a s
' me n elton o he e o
l or ewi e
lo
r c le hea i t tCa a' lce e wass pe d. Hol c ike on ahype lnk as oca e
e a ld rng ha nad s i ns
us nde
mes lc d
ri
s it d
w ih Ca da' na e a w a a e t s e a pho og a of Ca da. H e l a ne t t Ca da'
t
na s m nd s bl o e
t r ph
na
e r d ha
na s
drve ' lc ns ha be n s pe
i r s i e e d e us nded f f ii t pa c l s
or a lng o y hid uppor .
t
A ts e poi d i t tpr s ,a A f i an- ne i n m a e t t 7- e n a go
om
nt urng ha oce s n rc O rca
n xied he El ve nd t
i t d i r s s a oft BM W s dan. H ol e m a c d t phot r ph f om t polce da a s
n he r ve ' e t he
e
m s t he he
og a r he i
t ba e

t t ma who e t r t ve ce a dee ne t Ca
o he n
n e ed he hi l nd t nni d hat nada wast drve . Cons que l
he i r
e nty,
afe Ca da e t t 7- e pa ki 1 ta t ne on t Gr nbr e D rve H ol e i ta e a
t r na xied he El ven r ng o nd ur d
o ee i r i , m s nii t d
t a fc s op oft ve c e. Ca da i m e a e y pule i t t pa li l ofa ne r busne s
r fi t
he hi l
na m di t l
l d n o he rcng ot
a by i s ,
w he e t s op w a c
r he t
s onduc e
t d.

Ther c di e pm e i Hol s'par lc rca ur t ta t so on vi * Afe
e or ng qui nt n me
to a pt ed he r fk t p
deo.
tr
a oa hi t ve ce, m e a ke Ca
ppr c ng he hi l Hol s s d nadawhy hewa o drvi a i br e hi t thi
s ut i ng nd nt m d m ha s
lce ewa s pe d. I r s
i ns s us nde
n e pons ,Ca
e nadai c t d t thewasnot'wa et tli lce ewas
ndi a e ha
à r ha ls i ns
s pe
us nded a t theha no r eved a pa r k ad sng hi o t s pe i
nd ha
d t ec i
ny pe wor vii
m f he us nson. Ca da
na

a s d Ho me t theha pr vi l pad $1500. t ge hi lce eba k afe f lngt m a
dvie l s ha
d e ousy i , 00 o t s i ns c tr aii o ke
c l s ppo tpa e s Hom es s e nty i r d a t wheher Cana ha t velc e
hid u r ym nt . l
ubs que l nquie s o
t
da d he iil
r gita i He t n c
e sr ton.
he omm e t o t l r sze ofCa
n ed n he a ge i
nada s c l phone a pe e i o t
' el
nd er d nt he
wi w oft ve c e. Sho ty t r afe ,a dipa c rr di Hol e a a s d hi t t
ndo
he hil
rl he e tr
s the a oed
m s nd dvi e m ha
$
'

r c ds i ca ed t tCa
e or ndi t ha nada' lc ns had be n s pe d o M a c 28,201 and t tnotc
s ie e
e us nde n r h
3,
ha
ie

ha be n de i r vi fr tc a smai. I t m e ntme,Ca daco a t d J
d e lve ed a is l s
l n he a i
na
nt c e ohns a a r nged
on nd z a
f he t brngt ve cer itai n t t s e oft ta fcsop. W hiewatng f rJ
or r o i he hi l eg sr to o he c ne he r fi t
l ii o ohns n,
o
Hol e r t e t hi par ve de.
m s eum d o s tol hi

S vea miue ltr j s b f r J h s n a v d Home rtr d t Ca d ' v h ce
e rl n ts ae , u t eo e o n o ni e , l s eu ne o na as e il
a i r d a t how m uc he silo d f c l s ppor. Hol e ane t tCa
nd nquie s o
h
tl we or hid u
t
mes xpli d ha nada s
'
lc ns w a s ils pe d d t f ii t m a c l s
i e e s tl us nde ue o a lng o ke hid uppor pa m e s A tt tpoi , ohns n
t y nt .
ha
nt J
o
ar i at t scene of t t af i sop w ih t ve cl r sra i
rved
he
he r fc t
t he hi e egi t t on. Johnson, w ho i al
s so

Af i a A m e i a was drvi a BM W s tutlt ve cl H ol e a s d t m t tCa da
r c nr c n,
i ng
por iiy hi e.
m s dvi e he ha na
w oul no be alow e t d i t BM W s da f om t s e
d t
l d o rve he
e n r he c ne.
#Thecour ha r vi
t s e ewed t vi whih i desgna e asDef nt 'Exhi t4,Doc tN o.46he deo, c s i t d
enda s
bi
ke
4.

W hieHol wa t l ngt Ca
l
mes s aki o nadaal J
rd ohns n,af m ae o fc ra oa he J hns s
o
e l fi e ppr c d o on'
ve ce. Afe Hol ans r que tonsfom J
hi l
tr mes we ed si r ohns n r ga di t ba i f t so a t
o e r ng he ss or he t p nd he
m am e i whi h H ol e ha de e m i d t t Ca da' lc ns w a s pe d,H ol e a t
l rn
c
m s d t r ne ha na s i e e s us nde
m s nd he

f m a eofi e r tu dt t par ve cl W hiet r t f m aeofi ro e ve t tCa da
e l fc r e tme o he tol hi e.
l he e,he e l fce bs r d ha na
w a d i ng a ç c c r ' Se V i ofTr f i St 1 1 I r s
s r vi
s e a.
ni
' e deo
a fc op 3: 6. n e pons , ol e no e t ti w a
e H m s t d ha t s
an C xpe i c r' 1 a 1 20.
s nsve a . d. t 3:
e
'

J
ohns n s e pty a oa hed Hol e pa r ve c e a r quesed Hol 'badge
o ubs que l ppr c
m s' tol hil nd e t
mes
nlm be a abusne sc r whi hhega he . Afe s wakeda y fom t ve c e Hol s
l r nd
i s a d, c
ve r
tr he l
wa r he hil , me
comme e t t f ma eofi e t tJ ms wa pr bl ups tbec us heha nm t t gson
nt d o he e l fc r ha ol on s oba y e
a e
d
he a
t ve c e Ca da w a drvi
he hi l na
s i ng. H ol e not d t the di no c r i J
m s e ha
d t a e f ohns w a ups t
on s e .

Att co l i oft tafi so Hol e i s Ca da a s
he ncuson he r fc t p, m s s ued na
umm onsf d i ng on a
or rvi
s pe d lc ns A fe goi ove t sz m ons wih hi ,H ol e e a ned t t i Ca
us nde i e e. t r ng
r he lm
t m
m s xpl i
ha f nada
t c e oft c l s
ook ar
he hid uppor pa e s a go hi lc ns bac f o t D e rm e o M o or
t ym nt nd t s i e e k r m he pa t nt f t

Ve ils (DM V',t e sae c u t mih r d c t c r e t d ii wi u a lc n e
h ce $
ç
' h tt o r g t e u e he hag o rvng t t ie s .
)
ho
Folo i t tafi s op,H ol e r n a tona lc ns pl t s t ough t V CI s t m .
l w ng he r f c t
m s a ddii l i e e a e hr
he
N ys e

At s e po n t r fe ,Hol c aced a s r ior wih t J fe s Ar a Dr
om
i t he eal r
mes ont t
upe v s
t he e f r on e
ug

En o c me t (J
f r e n C ADE' ts f r e a d i ur d a t wheh r te e wee a y a tv d g
I
' a k oc n nq ie s o
)
t e h r r n cie nl
i si tons i vi Ca da. The s pe vior ad s Hol e t t Ca da' nn e wa
nve tga i nvol ng nâ
u rs
vied
m s ha na s m
s
f m iirbutt thewasnoti vedi a ope i si tonsby t t k f ce
a la
ha
nvol n ny n nve tga i
he as or .
O n A pr l27,201 H ol esa i f r aw a r ntt s a c t pl i if r i nc f t
i
4, m
ppled o
r a o e r h he a ntf s' es de e or he
s pe i notfc ton pa r k t tpur t dl ha be n m a l d t Ca
us ns on i i a i
pe wor ha
por e y d e
ie o nada I t a fda t
. n he f i vi
s it d i s ppo toft s a c w a r nt H ol e s a ed t tt s a c w a r que t d i r a i
ubm te n u r
he e r h r a , m s t t ha he e r h s e s e n el ton

4

t t ofns o So p rtn amoo ve il o t ep bi r a wa so t Co n at whl
o he fe e f t j eaig
l
t r hce n h u lc o d y f he mmo we 1 i
h e
lc n eo p iie et d ieha b e s p nd di vo ain o Vigni g o e462- 01' Af.
ie s r rv lg o rv s e n us e e n ilto f r i a q d . 3 . f
'
f r Sea c W a r nt D oc tN o.46- The s a c w a r ntw a i s d by a m ag s r t t t s m e
o
r h r a , ke
5.
e r h ra
s s ue
i t a e ha a

da Thewa r rtdie t d ofi e st çf t t s a c 'hepl i if r sde ,iihe i da or
y.
ral r c e fc r o torhwih e r h't antfs' e i nce Get r n y

ni ht' f t C pa t e of M o orVe ces s pe i n notfcai n f r f Dem a Ge
g ' or he t
De rm nt
t
hi l us nso
ii to o m or l r ne
Ca da. Se r h W a r t Doc tNo. 5.
na ' a c
'
ran , ke
46Alhoug Hol
t h
mes ha pr ousy is d ct to t ove 50 pe e f d i ng o a
d evi l s ue iai ns o
r
opl or rvi n
s pe
us nded lce e he ha ne ra i f ,or e c e a wa r ntt s a c f a s pe i
i ns ,
d ve ppled or
xe ut d,
ra o e r h or us nson
'

no i e f om t DM V . Li w i e,t r i no e de t t a
tc r
he
ke s he e s
vi nce ha nyone e s i t A CPD ha t ke
l e n he
d a n
?

s c a to Se Ru e 3 ( )6 De o Liue a t Darl By r 78 Do k t No 49 7
u h cin. e l 0 b ( ) p. f e tn n rel e s , c e . (c n wldgn ta ted p n n h dn ve o tie awarn t sa c f raDM V n tfc to
a k o e i g h t h e o e t a e r ban d
ra t o e r h o
oiiain
f m i hi 1 ye r a a polc of i r a t the di notknow ofa ot rof i e who had done
or n s 8 a s s
i e fce , nd ha
d
ny he f c r

s ) Home camst a h h dln n dfo a t e o fc r oha atn e S o s r o g ng
o . l s li h t e a e r e r m noh r fie wh d te d d t me o t f a
s
tanig'h tsbanln )s ac warn sgn rfrn et d ii s pe d dn tfc to s' o l
ri n 't a E ti ig e rh ra t ij eee c o rvng us n e oiiain 'c u d
o
be us d S s par of a i s i tve t . H ol e D e 51. I t s pa tc a c e H o m es
e t
a
t
n nve tga i ool'
'
m s p.
n hi r i ul r as , l

b le e tha teewa ap si it t a ge wo l fn s men r oisi sd g ep anif'
eiv d s t h r s o sbl y h t h ) ud id o ac tc n i e t litfs)
t
i
h
rsd n e' Home De 6 s e as i a 68 (Th war n wa o tie a p r o a
e ie c .
' l s p. 7; e lo d. t t e ra t s b an d s a t f n
i tga i n i r f e e t t d i ng s pe d notfca i
nves i to n e er nc o he r vi us nde
ii t on. W a t r a pos i lt t t1w a
s he e
s biiy ha
s

goi t fndnac isi i t tr i nc Yes sr' .
ng o i rotc nsde ha esde e?
, i.)
'
H ol e a t o ot ro fc r e ut d t s a c war a fve da l t r afe 11: p. .
m s nd w he f i e s xec e he e r h
r nt i
ys a e , t r 00 m
o a Frda ni . D urng t s a c H ol e m a c m e sa
n
i y ght
i he e r h, m s de om nt boutt m one t the l t d i
he
y ha
oca e n

t rsde e. Uli tl hea t ot ryfie sdi notfndt DM V notc o a nacoi .
he e i nc
tmaey, nd he he fc r d i he
ie r ny r tcs
Pr ort l avi t pl i if r s de e H ol esr t e Ca da' dr ve ' lc ns t hi .
i o e ng he a ntf s' e i nc , m
e unz d na s i r s i e e o m

I.
I

St i tca Evi nc
ats i l de e

Hol e wa o di rl a sgne t s c o s1a 2 oft ACPD t nior Theta fcsop
m s s r na iy s i d o e t r nd
he
e t y.
r fi t
a s e nts a c occ r d wihi t e s t r Acc di t saitca daa g ne a e by
nd ubs que e r h ure t n hos ec o s.
or ng o t tsi l t e r t d
t ACPD,t po a i ofs t r 1ard2 i 68.4% whiea 1 21 blck. Thepopul i
he
he pulton ec o s l s 0
t nd 8. % a
aton
oft e ie c t t i 80.
he ntr o m' s 56% whie a 9.
y
t nd 69% bl k.
ac

The r c d i udesar c a br akdo oft s
e or ncl
a il e
wn he ummons / t i is d by Hol e i
esciatons s ue
m sn
ye r 2009t ough201 a ar cal e kdownoft a r s sm a byHol e dlrngt ed me
as
hr
6, nd a i br a
he r e t de
m s zi hos n
ye r . For al of t o he ofk e s a sgne t s t s 1 a 2,t r or i l
as
1
he t r t r s i d o ecor
nd
he ec d ncudes a r c a
a il
br a
e kdown oft i ct tonsa m'essi 2015.
her iai
nd r t n
Fr 2009t oug 201 Hol e is d 655 s mons s Oft e 46. we ei s d
om
hr h
6, m s s ue
um
e.
hos , 56% r s ùe
t bl c i vi l a 53.3% we e is t whie i vi uas Dtrngt s petm epe i
o a k ndi duas nd 1
r s ued o t ndi d l. li he a i
rod,
Hol s m a 330 a r ss Oft i vi l ar se 60.
me
de
ret.
he ndi duas r e td, 30% we e bl c a 39.
r a k, nd 70% we e
r
whie.
t
I 201 t o y ye rt tda a w as pr ded f a 1of e s a s g d t s c or 1 a 2,
n
5, he nl a ha t
ovi
or l ic r s i ne o e t s nd

Hol is d sl ons st 9 i viua s Oft e 51.
mes s ue lmm e o 2 ndi d l .
hos , 09% we e bl c a 47:
r a k nd 83% we e
r
whie. Tha s m eye r Hol e m ade67 a r s s Oft i vi ua s a r s e 59. w e e bl c
t
ta
a, m s
re t.
he ndi d l r e t d, 70% r a k
M-

a 40. w e e w hie.
nd 30% r
t
A 1 o t ot rA CPD of i r as i
1 f he he
fce s s gned t s c o s 1 a 2 i s a t t lof285 s m ons s
o e t r nd s ued o a
um
e
i 2015. Of t e 21.
n
hos , 75% w e e i s d t bl k i vi s a 73.
r s ue o ac ndi dual nd 68% w e e i s d t whie
r s ue o
t
i vi l . Tha s e ye r a 1oft o he ofi e s a s g d t s c or 1 a 2 m a a t alof
ndi dua s
t nm
a, 1
he t r fc r s i ne o e t s nd
de ot
207 a r s s Oft i vi ua s a r t 38. 6% w e e bl c a 60.
re t .
he ndi d l r esed, 1
r a k nd 87% w e e w hie.
r
t

6

11
1.

The A CPD ' Polc s and R es
S ie
pons s t C om pl nt
e o
ai s

I 200 t ACPD a pt d apolc on t asbas polcng. Se ACPD Rul 1 05 a 1
n 2,he
do e
i y ç - ed ii ' ç
bi
'
e - t,
Doc tNo.46- 1 The pup os oft polc wa t ma cea t ts h polcng,de i d a
ke
1.
e he i y s o ke l r ha uc
ii
fne s

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i , 6, he antfs ie n m nde ompl i a ns Hol e ,t e
ant gai t
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u k o poieo fc r,a d Al mal Co n y a srig camsu d r42U. C.j 1 8 . I
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s iu e 'b ' ezn t eplitfsi o d rt c nd ta u ra o bl s ac ' J. ! 2 . I
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nt
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ng
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l ot to
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fie ' al r f i lr ici n tr e a ir'
)
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z e n hi nt xt'
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or
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o fc rwho hadt n s h aci n. Ast Unie St ts Co tofAppe sf t Fo t Cicui
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ake uc to
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al or he urh r t
$

ha pr vi l no ed,Ghes c fc s ue e ofe n sl a ng u t t pa tc a de son bei
s e ousy t t pe ii eq nc
t
ve t e di p o he riul r cii
ng
c lnge i udi al sgni n de rur f o nor a pr e les' ca be pr tve of
hale d, ncl ng ry i fca t pa t es ' m
r
m l oc dtr ,' n
oba i
w he he a def nda w as m otva e by a di c i i t z i e . Syl a D e Cor v. Ca ve t
t r
e nt
i td
s rm na o y nt nt
vi
v. p.
l r

Comt 48F. 81 81 ( h Ci.1 )
t y, 3d 0, 9 4t r 995 .

S c n ara o a ej r c ud fn t a t s ac wa rn wa o tie a ap ee tt
e o d, e s n bl u y o l id h t he e rh ra t s b an d s rtx o
s r h f rs m ehi o he t n t pa r r des rbe i t wa r ntafi vi,na y e de e
ea c o o t ng t r ha he pe wo k c i d n he r a fda t mel vi nc
o il ga d g aci t At t tme of t ta fc s o Hol e wa e
f le l nz tviy.
he i
he r fi t p, m s s ngage i c i na
d n rmi l
i e di ton e f r s i a a ea kno n f na c i s a tviy. Dur ng hi de ii H ol es
nt r c i f o t n n r
w or r otc c i t
i
s poston, m
t s ii d t theha l a ned f om a herof i e t tobt ni aw a r tt s ar h f ra s pe i
e tfe ha
d er
r
not
f c r ha ai ng
r an o e c o us nson
no i c d be us d asa ç nve tga i t . H ol esD e 51. H ol esa s t s ii d on m or
tce oul
e
n s s i tve ool'
i
'
m
p.
m
l o e tf e
e

t noneocc sont thet
ha
a i ha hough hemi fndnac isi i t pli if'r sde e. Seej s
t
ght i rotc nsde he antfs e i nc
ê
.
a 67t 68. A ddii na l H o m es di no i m e a e y e u e t s r h w a r nt a t r i w as
to ly, l
d t m di t l xec t he ea c
ra fe t

is
s ued. I t a t wa r ntwa e c e fve da l tr a tr 1100 p. .o a Frda ni .
nse d, he ra
s xe ut d i
ys ae , fe :
m n
i y ght
W hie e c tng t s r h w a r nt H ol e 'c m e e on t m o y t t he f
l xe u i he ea c
r a , m s om nt d
he ne ha
ound i t
n he

r sde . I lghtoft s e de e,a i t a e e of a i c ton t the ora o he
e i nce n i
hi vi nc nd n he bs nc
ny ndia i ha
ny t r
A CPD ofk e ha pr vi l f m d i ne es a y t s a c f a D M V s pe i notc a
t r d e ous y ot
t c s r o e r h or
us ns on
i e,

r a o a l j z c u dfndt t h ra ra o fro tii t warn wa t s ac frn r ois
e s n b e uy o l i ha t e e l e s n o b anng he ra t s o e rh o ac tc .
Thid,ar a ona ej yc d fndt tHol s beift thewo dtndnac isi t
r e s bl ur oul i ha me ' le ha
ul i rotc n he
pl i if r i nc w a gr unde i t unw a r n e a r ce bas d as um pton t t
a ntf s' es de e
s o
d n he
r a t d nd a - e
s
i
ha
A f i a Am e i a dr vi e nsve ca s a e lkel t be i ved i dl g taf i ki
r c nr c ns i ng xpe i
r r i y o
nvol
n ' r fc ng. D lrng
u
zi
t taf i s op, Hol e c m e e t a he ofi e t t t BM W s da t t Ca
he r f c t
m s om nt d o not r fc r ha he
e n ha
nada w as
d i ng w as a e ns ve ve c e. A fe i s ng Ca da a sl m ons f drvi on a s pe d
r vi
n xpe i
hi l
t r s ui
na
lm
or i ng
us nde
13

lc ns Ho me c nt t a s pe vs wih t l a dnl ts f r e a i r d ast whe he
ie e, l s o aced u r ior t he oc l g a k o c nd nquie
o
t r
t r we e a a tve dr i tgai i vovi Ca da Eve t
he e r ny c i
ug nvesi tons n l ng na .
n hough Hol e wa a s d
m s s dvie
t tCana wa noti ve i ml i tga i ,Hol e nonehe e sbele d t the woul
ha
da s
nvol d n y nvesi tons
m s
t ls
ive ha
d
pos i l fndna c tc i t pli if r sde . Vi ngt r c di t lghtm os f vo a e
sb y i
r o i s n he antfs' e i nce
ewi he e or n he i
t a r bl

t tepant f,tec u t o cu e t a ti e ie e whe c n i ee i c n u cin wi te
o h li i s h o r c n l d s h t h s vd nc , n o sd z d n o j n to t h
f
h
a dotlevi nc o ot rAfi n- rc n i v dua s who we e s o
nec a
de e f he rca Ame i a ndi i l
r t pped and s a c d by
e r he
Hol e ,c e t sa ge ne is ofma e i lf ta t whehe hi a tonsi t i tntc e we e
m s rae
nui s ue
t ra ac s o
t r s c i n he nsa as r
m o i t d,a las i pa tby i e i r c dic i i ton.
tva e t e t n r, ntntonal a e s rm na i
Fi l t pl ntfs e lpr t c i cam i bolt r d by t saitc evi nc i t
naly, he ai if ' qua o e ton li s se e
he ttsial de e n he
r c d. The sa itcsi c t t ti t ye f l wi t s a c oft pli tfs'r sdenc ,
e or
t tsi ndia e ha n he ar olo ng he e r h he a n if e i e
H ol e cied a a r s e A fi n- e i a i vi l a a s gnii a l hi r r t t n o he
m s t nd r e t d rca Am r c n ndi dua s t i f c nty ghe a e ha t r

ofi e si hi de rm e . Thes aitc a s r ve asrki dipa iy be we nt pe ce a of
fc r n s pa t nt
ttsi s l o e al ti ng s rt t e he r ntge
Afi n- e i nsi t r l ntpopulton ofAl ma l Coun y asc
rca Am rca n he eeva
ai
be re
t
ompa e t t pe c nt ge
r d o he r e a
ofAfi n- e i nsct d a are t d by Hol e . The c urt ec ze t tç t tsi sa enot
rca Am rca ie nd r se
m s
o r ogni s ha s a itc r
s
ir f a e' nd,li a ot rki o e de e,he m a ber bute ' I ' Bhd.o Tea tr
rem bl'a S ke ny he nd f vi nc t y y e td. ntl
l
'
f mse s

v. ie Sae , 31U. 3 4 3 9 3 0( 9 7 . No tee s a t i sa eo t epr c e ig ,h
Untd tts 4
S. 2 , 3 - 4 1 7 ) neh ls , t hs tg f h o e dn s t e
r c d m us be vi w e i t lght m os f vor bl t t pl ntf s W he c i r i t t
e or
t
e d n he i
t a a e o he ai i f .
n ons de ed n ha
m a r t s a itcspr de f rhe s
nne , he t ts i ovi u t r uppor f a fndi ofdi c i i t y i t nta e f .
t or i ng
s r m na or n e nd f ed

Fo al fte era o ,h c u t o ld st a aj r c u dr a o a l i e t a Home '
r 1o h s e s nst e o r c ncu e h t u y o l e s n by nfr h t l s
e f r s t s r h t pl i if 'r i nc w e e m o i t d by a di c i i t y pu pos a ha a
f o t o ea c he a ntf s es de e r
tva e
s rm na or r e nd d

ds rmi ao y ef c. Ac o dngy Ho me i n t e tte t s mmay j d me t o t e
ici n tr fe t
c r i l, l s s o n i d o u r u g n n h
l
pl i if 'e lpr e ton cl i .
a ntf s qua ot c i
am

14

ll.

M uni palLi lt C l m A gai t Count
ci
abiiv ai
nst he
v

Thepli if as fld s tunde j 1 a i tt Couny. W hiea munii lt i
antfs lo ie ui
r 983 gans he
t
l
cpaiy s

s be tt s i u d rj 1 8 ,s eM o elv. p' o S c S r s,4 6 U. 6 8 6 0 91( 9 8 ,
u j c o u t n e 9 3 e n l De t f o . e v . 3 S. 5 , 9 - 1 7 )
la lt at c s ç y whe et m l ii lt is l c us t c tm tona vi ai n a is ,'
i biiy ta he &
onl
r he m cpaiy tef a es he onsi i l ol to t s ue'

Ciy o Ca tn v Hars 48 U. 3 8 3 5 ( 9 9 (mp ssi o ii l. EAjml cpaiy
t f n o . ri, 9 S. 7 , 8 1 8 ) e ha i n rgna) $
(
mii l
t
c
nnno be he d la e s e v be a e i e pl a t te s --or i ot r w o ds a m uri i lt
t
l i bl ol l c us t m oys or f a or , n he
r ,
lc pa iy

cn behed la eunde j 1 o ar s nde ts rort or ' M onel,436 U. a 691
nnot
l ibl
r 983 n epo a upei he y.
'
l
S. t

(mp a i i o iia) I se d a mu iiai i o l la l i i c us st d p iain o a
e h ss n rgn l. n ta ,
n cp ly s ny ibe f t a e he e rv to f
t
pl i ifs c tt tona rgh s t o h a o fc a c t polcy,orpr tc Owe v.Bat
antf ' onsiu i l i t hz ug n fi i l usom, i
ac ie.
ns
l.

Ci SaesAty . sc , 6 F.d3 9 40 (t Ci. 01 ) s eas Ca trv M o i ,1 4F.d
t tt ' ts Of e 7 7 3 7 , 2 4h r 2 4 ; e lo re . n s 6 3
y
21 , 8(t Ci.1 9 )
5 21 4 h r 9 9 .
l t in e
n her m ndedco ai ,t pl i if a lge t tH om esha ahit y a pr c ieof
mpl nt he antfs le d ha l
d sor nd a tc

tr tng Afia Ame ia f çntusve s a c s' a t t tg umeous c ant by
agei
rc n- rc ns or s r i e rhe , nd ha tnl r
i
'
ompli s

Afia - rc n g d be nldg db ctz n wiht eCo nyo Ale ret r u hisp lc
rc n Ameia s ha ) e o e y iie s t h u t f b mal h o g t oie
de m e t pr ort t i i nthe e n,a i tD e e ntH ol e , m pl ri a
pm
n , i o he nc de
r i ga ns f nda
m s co ailng bout sco uc
hi nd t

i i r p ry so pigc r a dt a ul s ac i p o ea dp a e . Am. mpl! 1 - 0.
n mp o el tp n as n mlwf ly e rhng e pl n lc s'
'
Co . ! 9 2
The pl i if f r he alege t tç di c plna y o ot r c r c i a ton wast ke a a r s t
a ntf s u t r l d ha &
no s i i r r he or e tve c i
a n s e ul

ofa oft ec ant,'a t tt Col y Ehee a quis ed t Defnda Hol '
ny hos ompli s' nd ha he mt l rby c e cg q o e nt mes
t

i e a b h v o a di lct e c u a gd h s r cieo tr eigAfia Ameia s' I a !
l g l e a ir n mp iil n o r g e ) i p a tc f ag tn rc n- rc n . d. t
l
y
'
Thus t pl i if co pl n as e t d a t or o c t ç co
, he a ntf s' m ai t s r e
he y f us om t
by ndona i ' Spe l v.
ton.'
l

M c nil 8 F. 1 1 ( hCi.1 )
Da e, 24 2d 380, 390 4t r 987 .
Unde t c
r he ondonai t or oflabiiy,amunii lt vi ae j 1 Si mt cpa
ton he y i lt
cpaiy olts 983 çf mii l
polc a r f l(o pu a so t orc r c a wi pr ad pa tr o unc tt i lco uc .'
iym ke s ai t t t p o
ore t
des e
te n f onsiutona nd t''
15

Owe ,767F. a 402( tngSpel,8 F. a 1 ) S e ii unde s hat or i no
ns
3d t
quoi
l 24 2d t 389 . ç valng
pr
r uc he y s
e y t s ' I A s t Fourh Ci c t ex ai d i Ow e , t pl i i f G us poi t a
as a k. d.
'
he
t r ui pl ne n
ns he a ntf s ç t nt o
m

t esse ta d wie p e d p a tc l o mt cp lo fcas't (t ain a d fe ue c o
p ritn n d s r a r cie) f miia fiil, he dl to n r q n y' f
r

whihid c t t a poiy k r ( ) da t a o c n tu tv k wld eo t c n u t a d()
c n iae h t lc ma e s 1 ha cu l r o sr cie no e g f he o d c, n 2
fie t c re ttd t t i E ei eaeidfe e c .' J . t 2- 3( u tn S el8 4F.da
ald o or c i ue o her d lb rt n ifr n e' d a 40 0 q o ig n l, 2 2 t
'
1 8 - )( l rto i Owe ) Alh u hk o e g a i ifrnc c n b ifre fo te
3 6 91 at ain n
e
ns. t o g n wld e nd ndfee e a e n er d ' m h
r
e e ofe oye ' s nd tçgj r di oriolt viltonsofc tt i rg swilnot
xtnt mpl es mico uc,tspo a c s aed oai
onsi onal iht l
m

gv rs t M o l la iiy o ywi ep e d o fa rn v oain wi1' I (n en lctto s
ie ie o nel ib l ; nl d s r a r lg a t ilto s l. d. itr a iain
t
'
a d q oain mak o te ) se as S t v Ra 4 9 F.Ap x 6 ,6 0 ( t Ci.2 1
n u tto r s mitd ; e lo mi . y, 0
h
p' 41 5 4h r 01 )
(mpha ii t tCt r mus benume o pa c a i tnc oft onsiutona c
e
szng ha t he e t
ç
r us diulr nsa es mc tt i l onduc i
tn

o d rt e tbls ac so o p a tc y'snc (a mu ii l y i n tla l f rme e(s ltd
r e o sa ih u tm r r cie' i e G ) ncpai s o ib e o r io ae
'
(
t
icd n so u o si to a c n u tb s bo dn t e l y e ')( u tn Ly l v Do l,3
n ie t f nc n tt in l o d c y u r iae mp o e s' q o ig te . v e 26
u
'
F.d46 , 7 (t Ci. 0 3 )
3 3 4 3 4 h r 2 0 ).
l add t o t pr ng t t a unl w f l c t or polcy e s e t pl n i f m us
n
ii n o ovi ha n
a u us om
i xi t d, he ai t f s
t
e t bls t e s e e of a l r t c us l lnk be we a m uni pa polc or c t a t
s a i h he xi t nc
s ec a a i
di
t en
ci l i y
us om nd he

a lged co tt i l de i ton. Civ of Ca o 489 U . a 38 St td dif r nty,t
le
nsiutona prva i ' t
'
nt n,
S. t 4. ae fe e l he
pl n i f m us pr ve t t t c t or polc was t he m o ng f r e of t c ns iutonal
ai tf s
t o ha he us om
iy
&
t
vi o c
he o tt i

vo ain s cfc ly c r e . M llc n v Civ o Ne r Ne , 4 F. 2 7 23 (t Ci.
ilto pe iial hag d' lia . t f wpo t ws 7 3 2d 2 , 0 4h r
'
1 (ntr lcttona quotto makso te . t ,mt cpalla lt wilatc o y
984) i ena iai nd ain r mitd) Thus mii ibiiy l ta h nl
f t e polc esorc t m sha ng a C pec f c de i i nc orde k i nc es ...s h a t m a t
or hos
ii
us o
vi
s ii f c e y
t e i
uc s o ke he
s c t c vi a i a m os bo
pe ii ol ton l t und t ha n,s
o ppe oone orl t r r t rt n m e el lke y t ha n i
r a e , a he ha
r y i l o ppe n

teln nm.' Catr 1 4F.da 21 (uoig S el 8 4F.da 1 9 )(mp a i o te )
h og '
' re , 6 3 t 8 q tn p l, 2 2 t 3 0 e h ss mitd .

16

I s
n uppol oft i M onel cai , hepli if prm a iy r l o t eepi c o e de e.
' her
t
llm t
antf s i rl ey n hr
e es f vi nc
Fis ,t pl ntf s c t t Pa e a Gr nw ood' de ii n t tm o t s
r t he ai i f ie o m l ee
s post o es i ny o uppor t noto t ta
t he i n ha

t t e ofr im' e se wihi t ACPD. Howe r Gr nwood sopped wor ng f r t
t ur
cul
acs ' xit d t n he
ve , ee
t
ki o he
polce de rm e i 201 and c l no r c l whe s hea d ot r o fc r us r c a str or
i
pa t nt n
2
ou d t e a l n he r he fi e s e a i l lls
tr Afian- e i n drve s M or ove ,Gr nwood a knowl dge t ts di no r po t
a get rc Am rca i r .
e r ee
c
e d ha he d t e r

t ofier'be virt he s r s s a t ts neve wine s d Hol se
he fc s ha o o r upeyior, nd ha he
r t se
me ngagei s h
n uc
c
onduc . Thecour a e wiht Co mt t tGr e
t
t gr es t he t y ha e nwood' t s i ony,e n whe vi we i t
s e tm
ve
n e d n he
lgh m os fvo a et t pl i if ,doe nots ppo'ar s na ei e e t tt Count a t d
i t t a r bl o he antfs
s
u l ea o bl nf r nce ha he
t
y ce
w ih de i r t i f e e t a w i pr d pr c i e of unc tt i na c
t lbe a e ndi f r nce o
des ea a tc
ons iuto l onduc , o t t s h
t r ha uc
pr tc w a t m ovi f c be nd t equa pr ec i vi a i a l ge i t sc s See e :.
ac i e s he
ng or e hi he
l ot ton ol ton le d n hi a e.
..,
W a s v.A bi t n Tw p, 78F.d 1 4,1 7 ( d Ci. 0 7 ( li t te d n eo tiet
t on
nz o
.4
3 4 5 3 r 2 0 ) hodng ha vie c u sd he
.

r e nttmefa t ta s m epoi ofi e se gedi r i pr ii a us dr c a sur wa
elva i r me ha t o
nt fc r nga
n acal oflng nd e a i l l s s

i ufi e t s ti acai t rM onel)
ns fcint o usan l m mde
l.
Se ond,t pl i if t is wih t wor ngoft Cot y' polc o r i l bi s d
c
he antfs ake s ue t he di
he mt s i y n acaly- a e
polcng. Thepl ntfsa guet ti misa e a i bl l w by de ngçbi e ba e polcng'
ii
ai if r ha t s tt s pplca e a
fni i as d- s d i i '
a t di pa a et ea m e ofany pe s on t S ol ba i ' oft pe s n' r i lore hni als a us
s he s r t r t nt
r on
he t e s s' he r o s ac a
s
t c tt .

ACP Rue 10 a 1 s eas Pl' Br i Op n 1 ,Do k tNo. 9 (mp szn t tt lw
D l - 5 t , e lo .s . n p' 7 c e
'
4 e ha ii g ha he a
û y r quie t tt c
s
onl e r s ha he onduc oft o fc rw a m otvae (tl as i pa t by c nsde a i of
t he fi e s i t d a e t n r ' o i r tons

rc ' (iaino te ) W h l t epli t f aec re t h thepoiyu e t etr ç oeba i'
a e' ctto mitd . ie h ani s r o rc t a t l s s h e m G l ss'
)
f
c
s
i isde i t o ofbi ed- s polc ng, hepolcy goeson t m a cl art ta 1c tz nsha t
n t fnii n
as ba ed i i t
i
o ke e ha 1 ii e
ve he
rg t e
i ht o qualpr t c i unde t 1 w a t r g t be f e f om unr a ona e s a c s a
o e ton
r he a nd he i ht o
re '
r
e s bl e r he nd
s i e ,and t tt A CPD i c r d w ih pr ec i t s r ght S or a l r ga dl s ofr e.
e zur s
ha he
s ha ge
t ot tng he e i s E l, e r es
f
ac '
'
A CPD Rul 1 05 a 1 2. Cons d r d i is e ie y,t cou ti c nce t tt polc c e r y
e - t i e e n t ntr t he r s onvi d ha he i y l a l
17

a o s s a i ts l c i e o c m e toft 1w a doesnots
dm nihe gans e e tve nf r e n
he a nd
uppo ta fndi ofla lt
r i ng ibiiy
unde M o l.
r ne l

Fi ly,t pl i if e
nal he antfs mpha ie t tt ACPD r c i d at t lof18 cvii n co pli s
sz ha he
e eve o a
i la m a nt
aga ns H ol e i 201 a 201 a t tt r i no e de t tH ol e w a a o s d f
i t m sn
4 nd
5, nd ha he e s
vi nce ha
m s s dm nihe or
t num be of c pl i s Thi a gum e a s m i s s t m a k. l e l tng c a m s unde
he
r
om a nt .
s r
nt l o s e he r n va ua i l i
r

M onel c t ha ma cea t tç r r iain o t numbe ofc ansfld g snoj
l, ours ve de l r ha i e ectto f he
me
r omplit ie doe t
s fc t pr ve a polc orc t . A pli ifnm s s
ufie o o
iy
usom
antf
t how why t e prori i nt des l d
hos i ncde s ewe
dici i a how t m ico uc i t eca e i sm ia t t ti ve i t pr s ntaci n.
s plne nd
he s nd t n hos s s s i l r o ha nvol d n he e e
to '
'

M ain v.Ci o Pi s u g 6 4 F.S p 5 6 5 ( . Pa 98 ) s e as M et r v
ra i
t f t b rh, 2
v
t
u p. 0 , 11 W D. .1 6 ; e lo tl .
e
W h te c ,1 5F.d 1 9 ,1 5( t Ci.1 9 )( b evngta Eh me ee itn eo p e iu
ild e 6 3 1 7 ,20 8h r 9 9 o s r i h t s e r x se c f r vo s
t
c tze ' c pl i s does not s f c t s w a m t i i lcus om of per itng o e our i
ii ns om a nt
uf i e o ho
m c pa
t
m ti r nc ag ng

e c si f re'; o ksv. h i 81 F. 1 91 1 9 ( 1h Ci.1 8 )(mp szn t tt
x e sve o c ' Br o
)
Sc eb, 3 2d 1 , 1 3 1 t r 9 7 e ha ii g ha he
pl i ifç ve de o t a e t tpa t c pl i s ofpo i m i c
a ntf l r m nsr t d ha s om a nt
ne
lce s onduc ha a m e i' a t t
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DATED : ns I- & d yo Oco e 2017.
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