Crawford et al v. Senex Law, P.C.

Filing 35

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 5/3/17. (hnw)

CLERKSOFFI t,9. ST,
CE J DI COURT
ATROANOKS, A
V
FIED
L
I THE UN I
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT

FO R TH E W ESTERN D I
STRI O F V I N I
CT
RGI A
CH ARLOTTESV I
LLE D I I ON
V SI

FA 23 2 1
1Y
.
27
J
BY

TER ICR AW FO RD ,GA RRY BRO W N ,
LY D I G REEN ,
A
LORETTA PENNI GTON,a
N
nd
PA TR I A SAUN DERS,
CI
i vi ly a on be fofa lsm ia l
ndi dua l nd
hal
l i l ry
st t d i vi s
iua e ndi dual,

,

EY CLERK
CL
ERK

Ci lAc i No.3:6- 00073
vi ton
1 CVM EM O R AND U M O PI I N
N O

Pl i if ,
a ntf s
By:Hon. l n E.Co a
Ge
nr d
ChifUnie St t Diti J
e
t d aes srct udge
SEN EX LA W , C .
P. ,
Def nda .
e nt
Pl ntf sbr ng t s a ton pur ua tt t Fai DebtCole ton Pr c i esA c ,1 U . C.
ai if i hi c i
s n o he r
lc i
a tc
t 5 S.

j1 # s q.(he'
692 . e t t
!
FDCPA'.Themat i c rntybef et c tondefnda tsmotont
'
)
ter s ure l or he our
e n' i o
dim is Fort r s sae t moton wilbede e
s s.
he ea ons t td,he i
l
nid.
Backaround

Thef l ng s ma y oft f t,t ke fo t pl i if 'compl nt i a ce ed as
olowi um r
he acs a n r m he antfs
ai , s c pt
tue f pur e oft def nda ' m oto t dimis Se Erc on v.Pa dus 551 U. 89,9
r or pos s he e nts i n o s s . e iks
r ,
S.
4

(
2007) Thedee nt Se x La P. (ç ne ',i al fr l ae i Hn on,Vigi a.
.
fnda , ne w, C. tSe x' s aw im oc td n mpt
)
r ni
Se x s i i s i a ssi a rm e c
ne pecalze n s itng pa t nt ompl xe i Vigi a c l tpa tdue r ntpayme s
e s n r ni olec s
e
nt .
Ea of t na e pli tfs ha be n a t na a a r i ntalpr ry i whi t lndl d
ch
he m d a n if s e
e nt t esde i ope t n
ch he a or
e ged Se x t f cltt o due r ntcole ton.
nga
ne o a iiae ver
e
lc i
W ihi fvet s ve daysa rbe ng l t o hi orhe r ntpa e , c na e pl i if
t n i o e n
ûe i a e n s
re
ym nt ea h m d a ntf

rceve awrte i ie ofNonco inc ' ( ri ri ie'ort ie ' .TheNotce
e id
itn t c
Not
mpla e' heenahe k c ' i c s'
Not
Not )
i
a a s t be s nt f om t l ndl d, a i i on t l ndl d' l te he a c ai a
ppe r o
e r
he a or s t s
he a or s e t r ad nd ont ns n
el o r e s gna u e f om t l ndl d.The N o i e i t u t t t na t s nd pa e s t t
e t oni i t r r
he a or
t c nsr c s he e nt o e
ym nt o he

l ndl d,a pr vi st lndl d' addr s .Ea h No i lsst amountowe i l ng l e
a or nd o de he a or s
es c
tce it he
d, ncudi at

f esa a l a t$ i at me sf sf rg r tngt Notc The lte s cii ly saest t
e nd t e s 27 n tol y' ee o ene a i he i e.
et r pe fcal t t ha
t lnd or hastr t ne Se x La PC a t y ha ar a dr td t snotc a pr de
he a l d
ieai d ne w,
nd he ve le dy afe hi i e nd ovi d
lgaladvie duet yourno
e
c
o
ncomplanc ' Compl Ex.A.Thee l i whih t lte i s nt
i e.
'
.
nveope n c he e tr s e
no e t na e of t r e nt a rm e c
t s he m
he elva pa t nt omplx. Ho ve , t r tln add e s i fom
e
we r he etr
rs s r
Hmnpt Vigi a whe eSe x i l caed.The e l pealo be r aposa no a i i c tng
on, r ni , r ne s o t
nve o
s as
t l t ton ndia i
t t t N otc w as s nt fom Ha p on, V igi a. I t a oun due i no pa d i a tm el .
ha he
ie
e r
m t
r ni f he m
t
s t i n i y
m a z , Se
m er nex i tat a unl w f de a ne a to ofe a oxi a e y one m ont a t r a
nii es n
a ul t i r c i n, l n ppr m t l
h fe
t nan r ce vesa N otc ofN onc pla .
e te i
ie
om i nce
Pl i if a l ge t t by s ndi t N otc s Se x i ac i asa de colec or i pos ng
a ntf s le ha , e ng he
i e , ne s tng
bt l t , m
i

ce t n dicos e r quie nt on Se x.The g a me of t pli tfs c
rai s l ur e r me s
ne
r va n
he a n if ' ompl i i t t
ant s ha
Se x s ndsdumzng l te st pl ntfswihou i ntf ng is l a ade colecora wihout
ne e
i et r o ai if t t de iyi t ef s bt l t nd t
c ra n sa u orl r r d dicos r s i vi aton of t FDCPA. Spe ii a l pl i if
e ti t t t iy-equie
s l u e , n ol i
he
c fc ly, antfs
c e t t Se x us t f l ng pr s t s nd t N o i es t r i n s who a e l e on
ont nd ha ne es he olowi
oce s o e he tc o es de t
r at

rntpay nt:(1 t lndl d s ndsSe x als ofa c sf whiha d i alge y pas
e
me s ) he a or e
ne it c ount or c ebt s le dl t

d e ()S ne p e ae t eNoieo No c mpin eo lndo d lteh a ( )S n x afx s
u ; 2 e x rp r s h tc f n o la c n a lr etr e d; 3 e e fie
t l or see to csg t e;a ( Se x t n prnt ands ndst Notc diecl t t
he andl d' lcr ni inaur nd 4) ne he i s
e he ie r ty o he
t na .Pl i i f a s r t tSe x i e i na l f is t i l t r quied di c os e w he i
e nt a ntf s s e t ha ne nt nto ly a l o nc ude he e r
s l ur s
n t
s ndst N otc s
e
he i e .

Pli if compl ntal ge one c
antfs'
ai le s
ountf rvi a i o t FDCPA.Pl ntf sas e tt t
o oltons f he
ai if s r ha

Sene hasvi ae jj1
x
oltd 692d,pr bii haasme o a e i t c lci ofdebt 1 2e
ohi tng r s nt r bus n he ole ton
; 69 ,
pr hi tng t us of f l e or m i l di r pr s nt tons a 1
o bii he e
as
sea ng e e e a i ' nd 692g, r qui i ce t n
,
e rng rai
i or a i a
nf m ton boutt va i t oft de t t be i ude i t de c l c i c m uni a i .
he ldiy
he b o
ncl d n he bt ole ton om
c tons

2

The fvena
i
med pl i if alo s e t c riy a c a sofpr s nta f r rtna s o r sde i
antfs s e k o e tf l s
e e nd o me e nt f e i ntal
pr r i l a e i V igi a whos l or e ged Se x t f iia e ove due r nt
ope tes oc t d n r ni
e andl ds nga
ne o ac lt t
r
e
c l ton.Pl i tf s s e s a ut y da age f e h cl s m e be ,co pe a o y da a s a
olec i
a n if e k t t or m s or ac a s m r m ns t r m ge , nd

a t ne sf esa c t .The pa te ha be n f l he r on t is s and t ma tri rpe
tor y' e nd oss
ris ve e uly a d
he s ue ,
he te s i
f r vi w .
or e e
St
andard ofRevi
ew

Rul 1 b)6 of t Fedea Ruls of Ci lPr ce e pe t a pa t t move f
e 2( () he
rl e
vi o dur nnis
ry o
or
dim is ofac pli f f iur t sae acli upon whi r le c n begr nt d.To s vi
s s al
om a nt or al e o t t
am
ch e if a
a e
ur ve
dimi s lf r f iur t sae a c am ,a pl ntf m us e t bls i a a pl usbiiy' by pl di
s sa o al e o tt li
ai if
t sa ih s cil a i lt '
f
ea ng
k a ualc e t ta l st c t o dr w t r a o bl i e e e t tt def nda i labl
t ct ont nt ha low he our t a he e s na e nf r nc ha he e nt s i e
f

f t mic
or he s onduc alge 'As r f v.l l 556U. 66 678(
t le d. hc o t qba,
'
S. 2, 2009) I r i on a 1 b)6)
. n ulng
2( (
moton,al we lpla ale to i t c
i
l l- e ded l gai ns n he ompl nta e tken astu a a 1r a ona e f t
ai r a
r e nd l e s bl acual
i e e s a e d awn i t pl i if s f vor Edwar v.Civ of Gol bor l F. 231 244
nf r nce r r
n he a ntf a .
ds
t
ds o, 78 3d
,

(t Ci.1 9 ) Ho v r C atb to ap an ifmu tkud e (elcamsa r steln fo
4 h r 9 9 . we e ,l l o tm, litf s n g h r li cos h ie r m
g
c e va e t pl i e't r i t di m i s l' W ag M or Doc sLLC v.Coz r , 680 F. 359,
onc i bl o aus bl o es s s s a .
'
e
s
at
3d

36 65 ( h Ci.201 ( i BelAt.Cor v.Twombl 550 U. 544,5 (
4- 4t r 2) quotng l l p.
y,
S.
70 2007).The
)
compl ntm us c t n s fcentf t ç o r ie arg t r le a
ai
t on ai ufii acs s a s i ht o ei f bove t s c ai l ve 'a
t
he pe ul tve e l' nd
Ss a e a cl i t r i t t i pl us bl on is f c ' Tw om bl 550 U . a 555, 570. I
it t
a m o elef ha s a i e
t a e.'
y,
S. t
n

c i rng aRul 1 b)6)moton,t c tma c i re bisatac dt orrf r t i
onsdei
e 2( (
i he our y onsde xhi t t he o eered o n
t c ant Se Philpsv.LClI ',l . 1 F. 609,61 ( hCi.1999 .
he ompli . e li
nt nc, 90 3d
l
8 4t r
)
Di cuss on
s i

lfhe FD CPA pr ec s c um e s f om a i a de ptve pr c i e by de
i'
ot t ons r r
busve nd ce i
a tc s
bt
c l c or ,a pr e t non- bus ve de c l c or f om c pe ii di a nt ge. Yar v v.
ole t s nd ot c s
a i
bt ole t s r
om ttve s dva a '
' ne

3

Oc n Loa S r . LLC, 2 F.S p 2 5 9 5 5( . Va 2 3 ( o n, . (iig Unt d
we
n e vs
9 9 u p. d 6 , 7 W D. . 01 ) M o J) ctn i
e
Sttsv.Na' Fi Se vs.l ,98 F. 1 ,1 ( h Ci.1 ) A pli ifmus pla t
ae
tl n. r . nc.
3d 31 35 4t r 996). antf
t e d he
f l ngt etbls avi ain oft FDCPA:()t tt pl nifi at ons r'asdei d
olowi o sa ih olto
he
1 ha he aitf s t ume'
c
fne

byt FDCPA;( t tt defnda i at btc lcor' defne byt FDCPA;a ( t
he
2) ha he e nt s s ole t 'as i d he
de
nd 3) hat
t defnda e gedi a a to omison i vi ai oft FDCPA.l (ii W ihe sv.
he e nt nga n ny c r si n olton he
d. ctng t r

Evea 98 F.Supp. 9 ( D. 1 )
lnd, 8
942, 45 E. Va. 997).
I t i t ntc e t r i no diput t tpl i if ar cons
n he nsa as , he e s
s e ha antfs e
umer wihi t me ni of
s t n he a ng
t FDCPA.Howe r ne ma t a gument i s
he
ve ,Se x kes wo r
s n uppor ofis m o i t dim is Fis,
t t ton o s s . rt
Se
nex as e t t t whe i s nds out t Notc s i i no a de c lc or I t a i i
s rs ha
n t e
he
ie , t s t
bt ole t . nse d, t s

p romig amiitra fn t n f rte ln lr s wh aet ce io sa d n ts b e tt te
e fr n
n se il u ci o h a do d , o r he rdt r n o u j c o h
o
ght
e ng t
d,
FDCP S c n ,Se e ag e t a plitfs ae s b e t a hei ened pl adi sandar
A. e o d n x r u s h t an if r u j d o
whi h t y ha notm e .
c he ve
t
D e Cole or
bt l ct

The FDCPA a i t ç btc lc o s' whi h i sa ut iy de i d a t ny per o who
pples o ç
de ole t r ,
' c s tt orl fne s t
a
sn
us s a i tu e alt of i e sa e c me ce or t mais i a busne s t prnci l
e ny nsr m nt iy
ntr tt om r
he
l n ny
i s he i pa
pur e ofw hi h i t cole i of a de s or who r gul ry c l c s or a t m pt t colec ,
pos
c s he l cton
ny bt ,
e a l ole t
te s o l t
die ty o i r ty, de s ow e or due or as e t t be o e or due a he . 1 U . C.
r c l r ndiec l
bt
d
s red o
w d
not r' 5 S.
'

j 1 ( .The FDCPA S nealy do notrgult cedior whe t y c ld de on t i
692a6)
t r l es
ge
e ae r t s n he ole bt her
o a co t' He on v.Sa a rCo ume USA,l ,81 F. 1 ,1 ( h Ci.201 .
wn c un . ns
'
ntnde ns r
nc. 7 3d 31 34 4t r 6)
The pl n l ngua of t s a ut y defnii of de colec or esabls t o a t r tve t s s
ai a
ge
he t t or
i ton
bt l t
t i hes w le na i e t

f c i rngwhehe adee nti ade c l t :( )t prnci lpur et ta ( t
or onsdei
t r fnda s bt olecor 1 he i pa pos es nd 2) he
r ary colec s t .Gol t n v. Huton.I am .Y uzeksG ai
egul l
l t est
ds ei
t
ngr
nen,Carr l & Bert oti 374
ol
ol t,

F. 56,61 ( Ci.2004) tl ,t ovealsr t e ofj16 6 ma s cea t twhe
3d
2d r
. t- he rl tucur
-hus
92a() ke l r ha
n

a s sig wh te a p ro q aiis a a ie tc lco , g e c t t mus frt d tr n
se sn
eh r e s n u l e s d b ol t r' t ot j t is eemi e
f
e
h
r
whehe t pes stsi o oft saut ydei tonsgi n i t mai txtofj 1 (
t r he ron aifes ne he tt or fnii
ve n he n e
692a6)
' He on,81 F. a 1
' ns
7 3d t 36.

. . . .

I i w e ls tl d t tSc pa e t tpe f
t s l- e te ha û om ni s ha r onn m i s e i dutes ...s h a s uf i a
ni t ral i
uc s t fng nd
prntng t de c l c or s l te s'a e notde c l c or f pur esof t FD CPA .W hie v.
i i he bt ole t ' e t r ' r
bt ole t s or pos
he
t

Goodma 200 F. 1 6,1 9 (t Ci.2000) Defnda ciest s vealc est til tae
n,
3d 01 01 7h r
. e nt t o e r as ha lusrt
whe t s r of a du ng lte i nota de t c lc or f pu pos oft FDCPA.For
n he ende
nni et r s
b ole t or r es he

e
xampl,i Powelv.ComputrCrdi.I ,975 F.Sup 1 34 ( D.Ohi 1 ,t Cour
e n
l
e e t nc.
p. 0 S.
o 997) he
t
de e ne t t a c pa was not a de c l c orw he i s nt ç
t nni d ha
om ny
bt ole t
n t e t put r a s 't t ls e
com e Gr m ' ha it d

t c e t r s a es as t r t r a es a t c e t ' bilng de rm e a t phone
he r dio ' ddr s he e u n ddr s nd he r dior s li
pa t nt s he
numbe t c t c .Addii nal t l te i tuced t d t t pa t c e t r die ty,a
r o on a t
to ly, he et r nsr t he eb or o y he r dio r cl nd

t txtoft lte t nke t de orf c i t cedior M ec Media Ce e .L. a
he e
he etr ha d he bt or hoosng he r t , ry
c l ntr ds t
u
1041 l r a hi t c us on t tt de e ntwasnota de c l c or t Cou ta s not d
. n e c ng he oncl i ha he f nda
bt ole t , he
r lo e
t t t c e t t ade s gnii nt c ng t t l ng ge of t l t bef e a ovi t
ha he r dior s
m
i fca ha es o he a ua
he eter or ppr ng he
l te . l Si ia l i Fr to v. tba J bl & Ca t Cr tA ae
e t r' d. m l ry, n a t Cii nk. a on.
'
piol edi
ncv,N o.94C 1 1 1
8 7, 996

W L 55 49( D.11 Se .25,1 ,t Cour bele t tt f tt tt cole to a ncy
45 N. 1. pt
996) he
t ived ha he ac ha he lcin ge
d d notdi c s w ih Cii nk t c l c i pr es or w ha se t t ke w ih c r a n deb or ,
i
s us t tba he ole ton oc s
t t ps o a
t e ti
t s
di no m ai ai fl s o t de or , nd w asnotc pens t d f a hi be i m a lng t
d t nt n ie n he bt s a
om
a e or nyt ng s des ii he
l te s wei d i f vo of a d e m i to t t t c l ton a ncy w a m e el a m aii
et r
ghe n a r
et r na i n ha he olec i ge
s r y
lng
s r c .A l o r l va t t a l i w a t tt l te sls e t na e a phone num beroft
e vi e s e e nt o he na ys s s ha he e t r i t d he m nd
he
c e t ,Cii
r dior tbank,a a c a t l a *
s ont c . d. t 3.

l La c v.Arow SeviesBura 987 F.Supp.6 ( D.11 1
n uba h
r
rc
e u,
25 N. 1. 997)a Tr lv.
nd ul
Las Svs,l ,98 F.Supp.600 ( D.ll1 ,t dititco t f und sg fc ntt tt
on . nc. 2
N. l 997) he src urs o
iniia ha he

e iism alng t dunni lte sha ltl o no i
ntte
ii he
ng et r d ite r nputi c
n omposng t t toft l te sa
i he ex
he et r nd
t t t co pa e di no pr de a f l - p de c l c i s r i s Se al o A cui v.
ha he m ni s d t ovi ny olow u
bt ole ton e v ce . e s
l no

Crdi Co r Se s,4F.Supp.2d 9 929( D.Ca.1 (ç'ec antdoesno alge
e t ntol rv .
27, N. l 998) if ompli
-h
t le

ta ge e d n )h d a yr l i d at gt elte.) Fial,n Ra dev. S r ss P.48F.
h t d fn a t a n oe n r fi h etr'. n ly i n l GC e v .L. ,
n
'
Supp.2d835( D.11 1 ) t Cour c i r t txtoft dun nglte a t entt t
N. 1. 999 ,he
t onsdeed he e
he ni etr nd he iy o
whom t l te die t d t de or t con a t whe he t s nde a s e age i f l w he e t r r c e he bt o
tc,
t r he e r l o ng d n olo up
c l c i s r ce a t r s ndi t l te ,t i e ac i be w e n t c e t a t s nde ,
ole ton e vi s f e e ng he e t r he nt r ton t e he r dior nd he e r

t extntt s nd wa a t i d t wor ou pa e tpl ,a t compe a i pa d t
he e he e er s u horze o
k t ym n ans nd he
ns ton i o
t s nde i deer i ng whe he t de e ntwa mer y pe f m i mi se i lt s
he e r n t m ni
t r he f nda
s el ror ng nit ra a ks.
Fr t s c es i be e c ea t t s ver lf c or a e m a e i lt t de e m i ton
om he e as , t com s l r ha e a a t s r
t r a o he t r na i

ofwheh r a snd re a e i meey miitra f n to s rn ei i n ts be tt t
te e e ng g s n rl n se il u ci n , e d rng t o u j c o he
FDCPA, rwh t rt s n e i a tv l c le t g d b f ra oh r Th s f co si cu e ( )
o ehe he e d r s ciey o lci e t o n t e . e e a t r n ld : 1
n
whehe t snde i t cst de ort c a tt snde o t c e t a t de ;(
t r he e r nsnzt he bt o ontc he e r r he r dior bout he bt 2)
whehe t s nde wass tntal i ve i t drfi oft lte ;( whehe t s nde
t r he e r
ubsa ily nvol d n he a tng he etr 3) t r he e r

pr desf l up de cole ton sl c s ( t e e t whih t s rc n stl t
ovi olowbt lci ewie ; 4) he xtnt o c he ende a ete he
matr ( t co ns ton sr t e f t snde ;a ( t e e t whi t s nde
te ; 5) he mpe ai tucur or he e r nd 6) he xtnt o ch he e r
ke psisow n r or r r ng t de or .
e t
ec ds ega di he bt s

J tasi i wele tbls d t tt FDCPA doesno a pl t m i se ilf tons i i
us
t s l- sa ihe ha he
t p y o nitra unc i , t s
s m ia l w el- e te t t t FD CPA c n a y t l w y s ç
i l ry
ls tl d ha he
a ppl o a er û
who û e a l e ge i
r gul ry' nga
n

c ume- tc lci a tviy. Hei zv.J rki ,51 U. 291, (995 .Thequesi of
ons rdeb-ole ton ci t ' nt et ns 4 S. 299 1 )
'
ton
S t r a l w y or 1 w fr çeg a l e ges i de c l c i a tviy .
i he
whe
a er
a im r ul ry' nga
n bt ole ton c i t

m us be
t

a s s d o a c s - c e ba i i lghtoff c or be rng on t i s ofr ul rt ' G ol t i
s es e n a e by- as s s n i
a t s ai
he s ue eg a iy.
' ds e n,
37 F. a 62.Fa t r t t be . on whe he a e iy i r ul r y e
4 3d t
c o s ha a
r
t r n ntt s eg a l ngage i de cole ton
d n bt l c i

6

a tviy i l .
c i t nc ude'

( )The a ol e numbe ofde c lci c
1
bs ut
r
bt ole ton ommuniai is d,a o c lci
c tons s ue nd/r ole tonrltd r lvantpe i s,( t fe ue y of s h c mmuniai a o ltgai
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a tviy,i l ng whehe a pa t nsofs h a tviy aedic ni e,( whehe t
ci t ncudi
t r ny ter
uc ci t r ser bl 3) t r he
e iyhaspes nne s cii ly a sgnedt wor onde c l to a tviy;( whehe
ntt
ro l pe fcal si
o k
bt olecin ci t 4) t r
t e iy hass tmsorco rcor i plc t f iiaes h a tviy,a ( )whehe
he ntt
yse
nta t s n a e o acltt uc ci t nd 5
t r
t a tviy i u rak i c
he c i t s nde t en n onne ton w ih o oi c i r l to hi w ih e ii s
ci
t ng ng lent e a i ns ps t ntte
t tha r t i t l wy or fl t as iti t c l ci ofo sa ng c um e
ha ve e aned he a er i' o ss n he ole ton
m
utt ndi ons r
de Oblgai ns . . . W hehe t l w pr c i s e de c l c i b i s by
bt i to .
t r he a
a tce e ks bt ole ton usne s
m a ke i is f a ha ng de c l c i e rie m a a s be a i c t r of t
r tng tel s vi
bt ole ton xpe ts
y lo
n ndia o
he
r ul rt ofc l c i aspa toft pr c i e.
eg a iy
ole ton
r
he a tc

I a 6 6 s e as J mesv.W a ,724 F. 1 2,1 7- 8 ( 0h Ci.201 (doptng t
d. t 2-3; e lo a
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ugge tt tSe smpl pe f m sa mi se i f ton whe s ndi outt dunni lter .
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9

M or ove , l ng t s ve al of t f t s d s us e i G ol t i pl ntf s ha
e r ooki o e r
he ac or i c s d n
ds e n, ai i f ve
as e t f t s
s red ac s ugge tng t t Sene r gul r y e ge i de c l c i a tviy. Fi s , t
s i ha
x e a l nga s n bt ole ton c i t
r t he
co pl ntes a i hes a pa t r o s ndi outt N otc s wihi fve t s ve days ofr ntbe ng
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e
i
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t n w nt o or y ys he e f e , ne nsiut n a ul t ne c i
s

fcsi c t a irquenc ofs h c
a t ndiae s e
f
y uc ommuniai ...i l ng g patr ofs h a tviy.
c tons
ncudi aq ten uc ci t '
'
Gol t i 374 F.d a 6 Sec
dsen,
3 t 2. ond,t spa tr of a tviy a t al ge f c t tSe bot
hi te n
ci t nd he le d a t ha nex h

dr fst l te sa tl t unlwf deai rs t s
a t he etr nd qes he a ul t ne uis ugge t t tlheac i t i unde tke i
ss ha k
t
tviy s
ra n n
c m e ton w ih ongoi cle r l tons ps w ih en ii st tha r t i d t l w ye orfln t
ol c i
t
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t tte ha ve e a ne he a r i o
n
a s s i t c l c i ofoutt ndi c lm e de oblga i .'l Thid,pl i if ha pl d
s i t n he ole ton
s a ng onsz r bt i tons ' d. r a ntf s ve e
t t Se x a r i e is pr tce a a done s o s p' i t r s of c l c i de i
ha ne dve ts s t ac i s i
t p ho ' n e m
ole tng lnque r nt
nt e .

Co l! 1 ; e F. C. S a f r 6 6F.d 3 3 ( t Ci. 98 )(i p elema a v rie
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g
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m oyee or he pos
olc tng bt l c i
i s
ont ctng
t s o ec e

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t t r he a a tc e ks bt le ton i s
W
r tng tel s ng bt
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y lo
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r
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rf e r
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ttd li h t i r e c ud u j c e e o h DCP s e t o lco . n h t n tn e
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acs

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ne
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he b olec i n f t ha he e t r a ail
ad o
r
he bt ole ton

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ci t
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i
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her a t
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ma s
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r ne s ii n ha t
t t
bt ole t
n te
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t i j n tr , we e , h c u'h sd tr n dt a panif ha ealg d fcsta rieter
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t
f
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elef r
sbl o ausbl St t d fe e l he ou t i y s
ive ha
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Se
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ohi t e t i r udul nt nd sea ng a tc , nc udi he ç
t
e
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ny
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dec ptve. Farasnt v.Ros n r & Asocaes LLC,2 F.Supp.3d 813,820 ( D.Va.
e i ' i a os
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.
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