Smart Wearable Technologies Inc. v. Fitbit, Inc.

Filing 36

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 4/6/17. (hnw)

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I TH E U N I N TED STA TES D I STRI CO UR T CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STM CT OF VI RGW I A CLERKS OFFI U. Dl ', CE A7 ROA 8. S F COUIT R NOKE, VA FI LED AF2 2s 2 7 2 CHARLOTTESVI DI SI LLE VI ON JUL DK .. SM A RT W EA M BLE TECHN O LO GI ES l C. N , ou sy ckuax ' CL RK E Ci lAci n No. 1 vi to 3: 6CV00077 Pl i if a ntf , M EM O M N DU M O PI O N M FI T,I C . TBI N , By: Hon.Gln E.Corr d e la Chi Unie Stt Dit tJ ef t d aes sdc udge De e f ndant . q r W e rbe Te h lge I c ts l W e rbl' tld t i a to a an tFi t mat aa l c noo is n . ç ma' aa e' ie h s cin g is t , G t ) bi I .(Fi f' f ralg d ifi e n o U. Pae tNo 69 788 B1 (i e :8 Pae f). nc t t ) o l e n rng me t f S. tn . ,9 , 2 ç bi e çh 8 2 tn t Sm a tW e r bl a s rs ca ms ofdie ta i r ti rnge e . Fibi ha move t d s is r a a e s e t li r c nd ndiec nfi m nt t t s d o im s t ecamso i ie ti fig me tt e Rul 1 ()6 o teFe e a Rue o Cii Pr c dle h li f ndrc nrn e n pd r e 2b () f h d r l ls f vl o e t . r The c the d a hea i on t m oton on M a c 22,201 For t r as s tf t be o ,t our l rng he i rh 7, he e ons e orh l w he m otont dimiswilbeg a ed i pa ta de e i pa t i o s s l r nt n r nd ni d n r. Bac ound kar Sm a tW e r bl i aDe a r c por ton ba e i Vig ni I i t owne oft : 2 r aa e s l wa e or a i s d n r i a. t s he r he 88 P tn , i e ( - Su j c Mo io i De iea dM eho , wh c wa is db t eUn td ae t tt d t DOF be t nt rng vc n t d' ih s sue y h ie l 6 ' St t s Pa e a Tr ma k Ofi e on Fe ua y 1 2006. The pa e ( e a e t s t m sa a e t nt nd ade r fc br r 4, t nt t l t s o yse r nd meho so mo ioi gas b e t i a q ie sx d g e - ffe d m (6 DOF' d t r g r i t d f ntrn u j c usng c u rd i e r eo -r e o & - ' aa e adng $ ) te s b e ta wela a q ie p y il gc ld t o t e s b e t' Co .! 6 Do ke No.1 h u j c s l s c ur d h so o ia aa f h u j c. mpl , c t ' . ( c fc l c r a n cl m s o t 1 t ii aly, e t i ai spe f he 882 Pa e d s l e t us of a a ce e a i n m odul t t nt i c os he e n c l r to e o o ti 6 DOF d t d s rp i o t mo me t o a s b e t' I Cf e 6DOF d t i ban aa e citve f he ve n f u j c. d. ç' ' -h aa s s ynchr nied wih obt ne physol c da a s h ast s ns d,de e t d,o me ur d hea t o z t ai d i ogial t , uc he e e t c e r as e r r t o t es be t'a d tth s n h o ie 6DOF a d p y i lgc ld t i t n ds ly d' ae f h u j c, n s l e y c r n z d ' g n h soo ia aa s he ipa e . ' l d. Fibi i a Delwa e c or ton bas i Ca ior a Sm a tW ea a e c am st tFibi t ts a r om a i ed n lf ni . r r bl l i ha t t ha i rn e 1e 1 8 Pae tb ma ig a d s lig c ran fte sta k rp o u t (e erd t s nfig d h 8 2 tn y kn n eln e ti in s r c e r d cs r fre o c le tv l a &h Ac u e Pr d cs),whih ç n tras be tu ig a q ie 6 DOF d t olciey s E e c s d o u t' t c s io u j c sn c ur d r mo aa r g r ig te s b e ta wela a q ie p y i lg c ld t o te s b e t' 1 .a ! 1 . I e adn h u j c s l s c ur d h soo ia aa f h u j c. d t 2 n ' pa tc a ,Sm a tW e r bl aleg t tShe Acc e Pr t i t pa tdiecl i rnged a ri ulr r a a e l es ha i t us d oduc s n he s r ty nfi nd c n iuet dr cl ifi ea la t li 8o te$ 8 Pae t' I . t 1 o tn o ie ty n rng t e s cam f h 8 2 tn . d a ! 3. ' I a ton t a lgi diec i rnge e by Fibi,Smar W e r bl c am s t tFibi n ddii o le ng r t nfi m nt t t t a a e l i ha t t ha e ged i i r c i rnge e , t by i s nga n ndie t nfi m nt bo h nduci c t e sa o end us r t i rn t ng usom r nd/ r e s o nfi ge he ' Pae ,a by c rbu i t t i rnge toft pa e by c t m e sa / e us r . 882 tnt nd onti tng o he nf i men he t nt uso r nd or nd e s To s uppor t ca ms of i r t i rnge nt Sma tW e r bl al ges t t ç t t ha ha t he li ndiec nfi me , r a a e le ha t bi s d Fi kno e of orwaswilul blnd t t e se e oft : Pa e snce t flng oft s wl dge , lf ly i o, he xit nc he 882 tnt i he ii hi Co lit i n te rir' 1 .a ! 9 S r W e rb ealg st te d u es o t Ac us d mp an , f o ale . d t . mat aa l l e ha n s r f he c e ' e Pr uc sdiec l i rnge c am 8 G n usng t pr ucst a l s,m oniort i he r r t od t r ty nfi li t whe i he od t o, t ea t t her a t ae, a tv miu e ,c lre b r e ,he t rt z n tann n / rse p ta kng' I .R ! 1 . cie n t s ao is u n d a' ae o e r iig,a do le r c i . d t 4 t ' Sm a tW e r bl as e t t tFibi pos e s as c fc i e t i uc s h i rng m e by,a a r a a e s rs ha t t s s ed pe ii nt nt o nd e uc nfi e nt t mi mum ,pr vi ng us r gui ,s l s r lt d m a e i s a pr ni o di e des a e -ea e t ral, nd oduc i tu ton m a e i s t t t nsr c i t ral ha C nsr tis c t r a e us r on t nor a o r to ofa l a tt Ac us Pr duc s ç tuc t usome s nd nd e s i he m l pe a in t e s he c ed o t i udi he r r t , ac i m i es c l re b ne ncl ng a t a e tve nut , a o i s ur d,hea t r t z r a e one tani a or se p r i ng, nd/ le ta kigfau e t a ifi et e1 8 Pae t' 1 . t 1 .S r W e rb ef rh ra srs u n rc n e t rs h t n rng h 8 2 tn . d a ! 5 ma t aa l ute se t, po ' i or ai a bei f t t ç he he r r t , a tve mi es c ores btme he r r t z nf m ton nd le , ha t t a t ae ci nut , al i u d, a t a e one tani a or se p tac ng f a c of t Ac us Pr r i ng, nd/ l e r ki e mr s he c ed oduc s ha no s t n i l no t ve ubsa ta n- 2 i rngi us s a Fibi knowst tt s f a esa ee peca l m a o e pe i ly a pt d f nfi ng e , nd t t ha he e e mr r s ily de r s c al da e or us i ap o u tha ifig ste$ 8 Pae t' 1 a ! 1 . e n r d c t tn rn e h 8 2 tn . d. t 7 ' St andard ofR evi ew Fi i h smo e t ds s t camso idr c i rn e n pu s a tt Ru e 1 b ( ) t t a v d o imis he li f n ie t nfig me t ru n o l 2()6 b o t eFe ea Rue o Ci i Pr c d r . çf ep r s o aRue 1 ( ( )mo in i t ts te f h d r l ls f vl o e u e t' u po e f l 2b)6 to s o et h -h s f inc o ac mpan . Ed r v Ciyo God bo o 1 8 F.d23 , 43( t Ci.1 9 ) u fce y f o lit' wads . t f ls r , 7 3 1 2 4h r 9 9 . ' Ac or ngl t co tsG val ton i t g ne a l lmie t ar vi w oft a lga i oft c di y, he ur ' ç ua i s hus e r ly i t d o e e e he le tons he c mplitis l. Gone v.Valy Cmt Sev .Bd. 8 2 F.d 1 9 1 5 6 (t Ci.201 ) o an tef' i s ' le y. r s , 2 3 5 , 6 - 6 4 h r 6 . S h l a c mplit atc e by a Rul 1 ()6 mo in d s n t ne d d tie fcu l t ie o an ta k d W e 2b ( ) to oç o e eald a t a alg to s aplitf so lg to t p o i et eg o n so gtqe tte n t r le rq ie le ain , an if bi ain o r v d h r u d f is nilme t o eif e ur s mor t n lbesa c usons a af mul i r ciaton oft ee e sofa c us ofac i e ha a l nd oncl i , nd or ac e t i he lm nt a e ton w il not d ' Be l A t .Cop .v. Tw om bl 550 U . 544, 5 ( 0 )(iain a d itr a l o. ' l l y, S. 55 20 7 ctto n n en l . q oain mak o te ) To s r ie ds sa f rf i r t sae acam,ç c mpan mu t u tto r s mitd . u vv imis l o al e o tt li 1 o lit s u a c an s fce f cua m a tr ac e e ast u ,t St t a c am f r i t ti plusbl on ont i ufi int a t l te , c pt d r e o sa e l i or elef ha s a i e is f c ,' me n n t a i mu t G e dq f cu lc n e tt a al ws t c u tt d a t t a e' a i g h t t s t a l a ta o tn h t lo he o r o rw he ' pl r as bl i e e e t tt de e nti la e f t m ic e ona e nf r nc ha he f nda s i bl or he s onduc alege ' A s r f v.l l t l d. ' hc o t nba , 5 6U. 6 2 6 8( 0 9 ( u tn Two l,5 0U. a 5 0 . 5 S. 6 , 7 2 0 ) q oi g mby 5 S. t 7 ) Di jcussi on The Pae Ac pr vi s t tE t nt t o de ha ç whoe rwiho a hort m a s us s ofe s t s l,or ve t ut ut iy ke , e , f r o el s ls a pa e e i nton,wihi t Unied St t s or i pors i o t Unie St t a e l ny t nt d nve i t n he t ae m t nt he t d aes ny pae ed i nton d i t tnn oft pae t r f ,i rnge t pae .' 35 U. C.j tnt nve i urng he e he tnt he eor nfi s he tnt' S. 271a .Thesa eas prhi t apes n fom i rcty i rngi apae . See35U. C.j () tmt lo o bis ro ' ndie l nfi ng tnt r S. 2 ( )() Th t tpe o idr c ifi e n aei uc di fi e n u d rj2 ()a d 71b -c . e wo y s f n ie t n rng me t r nd e n rng me t n e 71b n conrbutr i rnge ntunde j271c. ti oy nfi me r () 3 1. I nduc d I r nze e e nf i m nt Se to 2 ( )p o ie t a çwq o v ra tv l id c sifi e n o a p tn s al cin 71b r vd s h t s h e e ci ey n u e nrng me t f ae t h l g b la l a a ifi g r' 3 U. C. 2 ( ) s d c me tr q r sas o n t a tealg d e ibe s n n rn e. 5 S. j 71b .çn u e n e uie h wig h t h l e ' l e i uc r kne of t pa e ,knowi y i uc d t i rngi a t ,a pos e s d a s csc nd e w he t nt ngl nd e he nfi ng c s nd ss e pe i i t ntt e our a he ' i rnge e oft pa e . Via M i Co . 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I n par gr ph 9,Sm a tW e r bl al ge t tCFibi ha ha kno edgeof o wa w ilu l blnd t a a r a a e le s ha ç t t s d wl , r s lf ly i o, t ee itn eo t e18 Pae t ic t esl o t sCo lit i n t ale . Co . 9 h x se c f h 8 2 tn sn e h i f hi mp an ,f o e rir' mpl! . ng ' To t e e t c he xt nt he ompl i c n be r ad t a s r a c am f i ant a e o s e t l i or nduce i rnge e bas d d nfi m nt e on pr -ui knowl dge of t : 2 Pae ,t co t a e s wih Fibi t t t f e ng es t e he 88 tnt he ur gr e t t t ha he or goi alg to d e no pas mu tru d rTwo l a d Iba. l s o t S / W e rb eha n t l ain o s t s se n e e mby n q l n h r, ma aa l s o pld a f cswhih plusbl s e ny a t c a i y ugges t tFibi ha knowldg of orwa wiluly blnd t t t ha t t d e e , s lf l i o, he exitnce oft pa e prort t flng oft sl ws t Ac r ngl a cai f i e se he t nt i o he ii hi a ui. co di y, ny l m or nduc d i fig me tb s do p es t n wld ewil eds se wih u p eu ie1 n rn e n a e n r -uik o e g lb imisd t o t rj dc . 1The pl ntf has r ai if equesed l ve t a t ea o mend t compl nti t e ntt tt cour concude t t he ai n he ve ha he t l s ha a ofiscli a e i de t y pl Thecour wilgr ntt pl ntf' r ny t ams r na quael ed. t l a he ai ifs eques. t 4 Ne rhe e s Sm a tW ea a e as alege t t Fibi hasknown a ve t l s , r r bl lo l s ha t t boutt ( 2 Pa e he 88 t nt . snc t i tntaci n wa fld,a t tt i rnge e r m ansongoi l o he wo ds t i e he nsa to s ie nd ha he nfi m nt e i ng. n t r r , o t e e tSm a tW e r bl s kst r c he xt n r a a e ee o e overf i uc d i rnge e occ rng a t i fl d s t or nd e nfi m nt uri fer t ie ui, Sm a tW e r bl r le on t flng oft co pl ntt s tsy t kno e r quie nt Se r a a e ei s he ii he m ai o aif he wl dge e r me . e Re r n tSo ilM e isLP v Fa e o I c,9 0 F.S p 2 8 6,8 2 ( D.Va 2 3 mb a d ca d a . c bo k. n . 5 u p. d 7 8 E. . 01 ) ( lig t a k o e g o te p tn a d i cams c n b etbls e b te hodn h t n Fld e f h ae t n t li s a e sa ih d y h fln a ds r ieo a i fi g me ts i . iig n evc f n nrn e n ut ) G i a p o c , l o g rj ce b s medsrc c u t, si ke pigwi t ed cso s Th s p r a h at u h ee td y o itit o rs i n e n t h e iin h h of mos c ut t t ha c i r t i s r c nty. Sc it Se Sol i ns LLC v. t ot's ha ve onsde ed he s ue e e l ' ' rp c. uto , Ama o c msIc,1 0 F.S p .3 9 8 9 7 ( D.Te 2 6 (o lçi c s s;s e as z n.o n . 7 u p d 2 , 3 E. x. 01 ) c le tng a e) e lo Re r n t 9 0F.S p 2 a 8 1 8 ( b evn ta û mao iyofd src c u t c n iei mb a d, 5 u p. d t 8 7 2 o s r ig h t $ j rt a itit o rs o sd rng ti is e h v h l t a po ts tk o e g (,. k wld e p o ie b te fln o t h s su a e ed h t s-ui n wld e ie, no e g r vd d y h ig f he lws t stsis t knowldge çe ntf ri r ti rnge nt' a c l ng t tthe a ui) aife he e lme o ndiec nfi me ' nd oncudi ha û t mao i viw i tes un e v e ); g nso t Unv. fM in. AT&T M o it LLC,1 5 j rt e s h o d r iw' Re e t f he i o n v. y bl y i 3 F.S p 3 1 0 , 1 1 1 ( M in.201 ) (u v y n d cso s fo oh r dsrcs a d u p. d 0 0 01 - 2 D. n 5 s r e i g e iin r m t e itit n c udi t tt he notc pl a ng r quie ntf ri ie ti rnge e cai si s ts i by oncl ng ha ' t i e e di e r me o nd r c nfi m nt l m s a ifed t flngofac anf'.I t a e eofa de ii byt Unie SttsCour ofAppe l he ii ompli ) n he bsnc ny cson he td ae t as f t Fe r Cic ta e sng t s is t cour i pe s de by t r s ng a pt by or he de al r ui ddr s i hi s ue, he t s rua d he ea oni do ed te mao i o dsrc c u t t a h v r ld t a ac mpli tp o i e s fce tnoieo t h j rt f itit o rs h t a e ue h t o an r v d s ufiin tc f he y e se e ofa pa e t s xit nc t nt o uppor a cli f i r ti rnge e tocc rng a trt flng da e t am or ndiec nf i m n uri fe he ii t. A c or ngl t t e e t t Sm a tW e r bl s e t r co rf a t o i uc d i r nge en c di y, o he xt nt ha r a a e e ks o e ve or c s f nd e nfi m t 5 t tocc r d a rt c ha ure ûe he omm e eme oft s a to t c tc l s t tt flng oft nc nt hi c i n, he our oncude ha he ii he co pl nts ts i st know l m ai a i f e he edge r qui e e .2 e r m nt Spe ii l e c f c nt nt B. Fibi a s s e dimi s loft cai f i t t l o e ks s s a he l m or nduce i rngeme on t basst tSm a t d nfi nt he i ha r W e r bl f ie t ade t l plad t t Fibi pos e s t s c ûc i e t e olr ge a a e al d o qua ey e ha t t s s ed he pe i nt nt o nc la i fig me t Se Erc s nsI c v.D- n Sy . I c,7 3 F.d 1 01 1 9 ( e .Ci.20 4 n rn e n . e iso n . Lik s. n . 7 3 2 , 21 F d r 1 ) (snd e n r quie t tt al edi rnge G Cl uc me t e rs ha he leg nfi r knowi yi uc d i rng me a posese ngl nd e nfi e nt nd s s d s e ii itn t e c u a ea oh rsi fig me t')( u tn DS M e Co p v.J S Co, p cfc n e t o n o r g n te ' nrn e n .' q oi g U d. r . M ' . 4 F.d 1 9 , 3 6( d Ci. 0 6 71 3 2 3 1 0 Fe . r 2 0 $. TheFe a Cic tha r c ze t tt r uiie i t ntt i uc i rnge nt ma der l r ui s e ogni d ha he eq st n e o nd e nfi me y be e tbls d t ough cic sa i l e de e. Via- i 581 F. a 1 sa ihe hr r um t nta vi nc t M x, 3d t 328. Fo i tnc r nsa e, S in u e n c n b fu wheet ee i $evd n eo a tv se s ...tke t e c u a e ç q d c me t a e o nd r h r s (q ie c f cie tp l a n o n o rg die ti rnge nt s h asa tsng an i lngi us ori t tng how t e age i a rc nfi me , uc dverii nfj ng e nsmci o ng n n . ' i rngi us '' Ta da Pha .U. A. l .v.W es- a d Phn m.Cop . 785 F. 6 631 nfi ng e.' ke nns S. . nc tW r r , 3d 25, ( d Ci.2 5 ( u tn Mer - lwv M a e Sudo I c v Gr k tr Lt . 5 U. 91 , Fe r 01 ) q o ig to God n- y r t i s n . . o se . d, 45 S. 3 9 6 ( 0 ). W ih rs e tt p o u ti tu to ,dth q e to i n t...wheh r ausr 3 20 5) t e p c o r d c nsr cins i q e u sin s o l te e flo n tei tu to ma e u usngt ed vc i a ifigngwa , b tç eh r(h ) o lwig h nsr cins y nd p i h e ie n n n rn i y' u ç te te ' wh i smci n ta h a i rn ig u e o t d vc s c t a g c u ti)wi ig t i e fo n t to s e c n nfign s f he e ie u h h t t o r s l n o nfr r m he l t ei tuci nsa a fr tvei e t i rnget pa e . Via- i 581 F. a 13 n. , hos nsr to n fimai ntnt o nfi he t nt' t M x, ' 3d t 29 2. . seas Ta d ;7 5F.d a 6 (t e ey d s rb n . . ni fi i gmo ei n ttes mea e lo ke a 8 3 t 31 t r l e cii g . a n rngn d s o h a s M r c mme ln q e c urgg ) o p o tig ..a ifi ig us ,o s g e t t a a e o nd ig , n o a i , r r mo gn q. n n rngn e r u g si h t n ng ng i rngi ' es d bepe f r e .' (iai n a ditr l u tto mak o te ) nfi ngus houl ro m d ' ctto s n n ena q o ain r s mitd . ) 2The c tnot t tt (c equence'ofr l ng on t Glng ofa i rngeme s tt s ts y t our es ha he Gons ' eyi he i n nf i nt ui o a if he knowl edger r nti t tt pl ntf dma onl r equieme s ha he ai if t y y ecoverdamagesf i r ti rnge e f t pe i or ndiec nfi m nt or he rod oftmet commencesonc t put i i rngerl r oft pa e .'Rembr ndt 950F.Supp.2dat882. i hat e he atve nfi ea ns he t nt' a , 6 l t s c s ,Sm a tW e r bl alege t te us r of t Acc e Pr uc s S r ty n hi a e r a a e l s ha nd e s he us d od t ç ec l di i rnge a las c am 8 oft : 2 Pa e whe usng t Ac us d Pr ucst ... onio t i nfi t e t li he 88 t nt n i he c e od t o m t r her he r r t a tve mi t s,c ores bur a t ae, ci nu e al i ned,he r r t zone tani a t ae r i ng,a o se p ta l ' nd/ r l e r cdng. ' Co l ! 1 S r W e z bef rhe alg st a Fibta tv l i d c ss c ifi e n l y mp . 4. ma t a a l u t r le e h t t i ciey n u e u h n rng me t s b wa o a v rii g s l i to ,a p o so o p o u tisnlto mae il. I .a ! 1 . y f d e t n , oi t in nd r vii n f r d c n t cin tras' d t ( 5 s ca ' Ac or ngt t co pl i , hem ae il pr de by Fibi do notme ey de c i a i rngi c di o he m ant t tra s ovi d tt r l s rbe n nfi ng mo e l ta ,t e çn tu tF i i'j c so r a d e d u e s'o ho t ç pealj't d . nse d h y s sr c t ts u t me s n n s r' n w o s rte' he i b o ç al r t a tve mi e ,caore bur d,he r r t z tai ng,a orsee f t r t t ç ' ae, c i he t nuts l i s ne a t a e one r ni nd/ l p ea u es ha i rnget $ 2 Pa e . 1 nfi he 88 t nt' d. ' As umi t tut of Sm a tW e r bl s f t l a lga i ,t co tca r as bl s ng he r h r a a e' acua le tons he ur n e ona y i e t tFibi ha t ke a tve se t e uz ge c t e st us t Acc e Pr t i a nf r ha t t s a n c i t ps o nco a usom r o e he us d oduc s n n i rngi m n r a t r f e a t d wih t r quiie i e . See eg. I elc k M obiia nfi ng nne , nd he e or c e t he e st nt nt . . , nt lihec ls . l c v. izS ss n . W z y .LLC, C1 - 3 6 LR, 01 U. Dit LEXI 7 9 , t*1 - 5( . W a h. No. 50 6 J 2 6 S. s. S 2 0 a 4 1 W D. s J n.2 ,2 6 (ç tlsh c f rhe alg s ta ...I a c n iue t ma e t e a c s d a 0 01 ) çn elc e k u t r le e h t l Dsc n o tn d o k h c u e pr t ,s lt e pr ucs t is c t e s a pr de i t u tons al wih is pr uc s oduc s el hos od t o t usom r , nd ovi nsr c i ong t t od t t t e ai d how t us t pr ucs t pr c ie t ca med i nto The c t c n ha xpl ne o e he od t o a tc he li nve i n. our a r s na y i e fom t e A l to t tI ea o bl nf r r hes legai ns ha DSCM i e d f is c t m e st i rnge g ntnde or t uso r o nfi nd t o afr tv se st i d c s c i fig me t';M 2 S lto LLC v Tei Co ns o k fimaie tp o n u e u h n rn e n .) M o uins ' . l mmu . t PLC,No 1 - 1 3 RGA,2 5 U. Dit LEXI 1 2 4 ,a # 2 ( De.Au 5 20 5 (ç . 410 01 S. s. S 0 3 9 t 1 D. l g. , 1 ) Cn 1 s t Pl i ifal ge t tDe enda s pt d i t c i t t i c t e s o us oft e hor, antf le s ha f nt ovi ed nsnztons o her usom r n e hos pr oduc s i a m a rt tw oul die ty i r nge t pa e t t n nne ha d r c l nf i he t n .Thi a l ga i i s t i ntt pl a s le ton s ufk e o e d di y, e tt a i e am Dee ns s is i ent' Accor ngl Sm artW earabl has saed a plusbl cl i for fnda t' pectc nt . ). pos-ii i uc d i rnge e t Fibi' m o i t di m i s w ilbe de e w ih r s c t t s tflng nd e nfi m n . t t s ton o s s l ni d t e pe t o hi (ltrl lcir. 7 I. l C o r but I r nze ent nt i oa nf i m Fibi hasa s m o d t dimist cli f r c nti or i rnge e . çcon rbut r tt l o ve o s s he am o o rbut y nfi m nt ç ti o y i rnge e oc ur i apa t s l orofe st s l a ma e i lora r t f rus i pr tcng a nfi m nt c s f ry elj f r o el, t ra ppa a us o e n aci i pa e e pr es ,a t t t a e i lor a r t i m a e i t pr c i i t i nton,ha no t nt d oc s nd ha m t r a ppa a us' s t ral o a t c ng he nve i s s t n i non-nfi ng us s a i known by t pa t Io be es i l m a o e pe i ly ubs a tal i rngi e , nd s he ry t pecaly de r s c al a pt d f us i a i rnge e of s h pa e .' l r Bil of Lp ng Tr ns ison & da e or e n n nfi m nt uc t nt'' n r l di a m si Pr c s i:S s Pae tLii .6 1F.d 1 2 ,1 3 ( e Ci. 01 )( u tn 28U. C. 271c) o e sn y . tn tg, 8 3 3 3 3 7 F d r 2 2 q o ig S. j (). $ sa e a cli f rconti or i ngeme ,...a pl i ifm us,a ong o he t ngs pl ad To tt am o rbut y nâi nt antf t m t r hi , e f c st talow a i e e t tt c a t ha l n nf r nce ha he omponen ss d orofe ed f s eha no s t ntal nt ol f r or al ve ubsa i no ifi i u e . 1 .( i to o te ) As i t e f r id c d ifi e n ,c nrb t r n rngng s s' d ct ins mitd . ' a s nz o n u e n rng me t o tiu o y i rnge e a s ( e r s knowldge of t pa e i s t and knowldge of pae nfi m nt lo s quie r e he t nt n ui e t nt ifi e n . Co l AS n rng me t' mmiUS LLC v Cic Sy .Ic,1 5S. .1 2 ,1 2 ( 01 ) ' . s o s.n . 3 Ct 9 0 9 6 2 5 . He e i addii t c le ng t s fc e y oft alegai nsr ga di islnowl r ,n ton o hal ngi he ufi i nc he l to e r ng t c edge of t $ 2 Pa e ,Fibi a gue t t Sm a tW e r bl ha f ied t a qua ey pl a t tt he 88 t nt t t r s ha r a a e s a l o de t l e d ha he A c us d D e ce , o a i rngi c pone t t r ,l k s t n i l non- nf i ng us s c e vi s r ny nf i ng om n s he eof ac ubs a t a i rngi e. Upon r vi w oft c e e he ompl i ,t co tag e s. I pa a a 1 Sm a tW ea a ealege ,upon ant he ur r e n r gr ph 7, r r bl l s i o mai a bele ,t t Khe hea t rt a i m i e , c ore bur , hea t r t zone nf r ton nd if ha l t r ae, ctve nut s al i s ned r ae tai ng, a or se p ta ki f t e of t Ac us Pr t ha no s t nta nonr ni nd/ le r c ng eaur s he c ed oduc s ve ubsa il ifi gn u e . Co l ! n rn ig s s' mp . ' Ho v r Spa tW e rbl p o i e n fcst s p r t i we e , r r aa e r v d s o a t o u po. h s t as e ton. I t a e s ri n he bs nce of f rhe f t e nc m e , s h a co l or al gai n i u t r acual nha e nt uc ncus y le to s i ufi e t sa e acl m f con rbut r i rnge e . Se l r BilofLadi 681 F. a ns fcint o t t ai or ti o y nfi m nt e n e l nc, 3d t 1 337;s alo W i y Ciy Im ova i .LLC v.M i os tCor , 1 F.Supp.3 11 111 ee s nd t l tons cr of p. 93 d 09, 6 ( D. Ca. 201 ( s si a cam f c rbut y i rng me ba e on t G r N. 1 ' 6) dimisng li or onti or nfi e nt s d he t e ba c uson't tt c oncl i ' ha he ompo nt a is wer nots tbl f s t talnon-nfi ng us) ne s t sue e uia e or ubsani i rngi e ; 8 Koni ike Phii N . v.ASU STeK Comput' I , No. 1 11 GM S, 201 U. Dit nkli lps V. e nc. r 5- 256 S. s . LEXI 1 6 a #1 ( De. t 2 , 01 )( imisn acam f rc nrb t r i rn e n S 471 9, t 6 D. l Oc. 5 2 6 ds sig li o o tiu o y nfig me t bec us t pl ntf pr de C f c ss a e he ai if ovi d t a t uppori t i e e e t t Ac us Funci naii no tng he nf r nc hat he c ed to ltes ha n s b tnil o -nfign u e'.Ac o d n l, ti' mo int ds s wil eg a td ve o u sa ta n n i rn ig s ' ) c r i gy Fi ts to o imis l b rn e b wih r pe tt t sca m . t es c o hi li 3 C onc us on l i Fo t r as satd,Fibi' moton t dim iswilbe g a ed i pa tand de e i r he e ons t e t ts i o s s l r nt n r ni d n pa t The c am f i r. l i or nduce i rnge e tbas on pr - ui knowldg oft 1 2 Pa e wilbe d nfi m n ed es t e e he 88 t nt l d s se wi o tp eu ie a wilt e cam f rc n rb tr ifi e n . S r W e rbl imis d t u rj dc , s l h li o o tiuo y n rng me t ma t aa e h wilbegr nt d la t fl a a e d c l a e e ve o ie n m nde ompli . ant The Cl r i die t d t s nd co e oft sm e o a ek s rce o e pi s hi m r ndum o ni n p t ac ompa ng pi o nd he c nyi or rt alc ns ofr or de o 1 ou el ec d. DATED: hs VN dyo Api 2 1. Ti a f rl 0 7 , C e Unied St t Diti tJ f t aes src udge 3 I is r pons t t pe ng m o i , t pl ntf a r t r r t fom t al tons i t n t es e o he ndi ton he ai if ppea s o etea r he lega i n he c lita d as r an w t e r o c nrb tl ifige n .(1ti a i tct ttec mpan ma n t ompan n se t e h oy f o tiuö' n rn me t ( ) s xomai ha h o lit y o y ( be a mended byt bref i opposton t amoton t dimis' M vl Labs.l v.Alzo. . ,770 F.Supp. he i s n ii o i o s s .' an . nc. c N V. 1 5 1 68( Md.1 91 (uoi Ca Cares lc v. r M oo Co.74 F.d 11 ,1 0 (t Ci.1 8 0 3, 0 D. 9 ) q tng r rir. n . Fod t r , 5 2 01 l 7 7h r 9 4:; seas Brth rv. am. o .De ,nc,5 5F.S pp. d53 ,5 2( D. C. 0 )(oigt tapanif e lo ace Ph r Prd v.I . 4 u 2 3 4 E. N. 2 0à n tn ha litf S a n tu ehe bift a ndh rc mpan Theeo e t c u t lno c n i rt n w te r i nlig s n o s r re o me e o lif). r fr,he o r wil t o sde he e h oy n ln c ont pendi m o i However t cour wilper tt pl ntf t fl a nmended compl nt he ng ton. , he t l mi he ai if o se n ai . 9

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