ME2 Productions, Inc. v. Does 1-11

Filing 46

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Glen E. Conrad on 1/29/18. (jcj)

CLERK' OFFI U. DI COURT
S
CE S. ST.
AT ROANOKE.
VA
FI
LED

J 28 2 1
AN
28

I THE UN I
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI OF VI NI
CT
RGI A
CHAM OTTESVI
LLE DI SI
VI ON

JUm C. UDL ,CL
E

a:
v

DEPU

tt
l

LERK

M E2 PROD U CTI S,l C.
ON N ,

Pl ntf,
ai if

Ci lAci n No.3: 7CVO0002
vi to
1
,

M EM ORANDUM OPI ON
NI

M OHAM/D AHMED,lg
g k,
.

By:Hon.Gln E.Co a
e
nr d
Se orUnie St t sDititJ
ni
t d a e src udge

Dee ns
f nda t .

l t i c p rg tifi g me ta to plitf M E2 P o ucins I c ($ E2' mo e f r
n hs o y ih n rn e n cin, anif
r d to ,n . d ' v s o
M )
d futj d me ta an td fn a t M o me Ah d M aio Ama a Da d J n a Ro i
e a l u g n g i s e e d n s ha d me , rs l y , u a , nd bn
S t, u s a toRu e5 ()o teFe ea Rue o Cii Pr c d r . Fo t era o sae ,h
ml p ru n t l 5b f h d r l ls f v l o e u e r h e s ns ttd t e
z
m o i wilbegr nt
tons l
a ed.
B ackzround

l rv e n mo in f rd fut u g n ,hec u t c e t teplitf wel e d d
n e iwig to s o ea lj d me t t o r a c ps h anifs l- a e
pl
alg to a t la iiya t e Ry nv. me o ng Fi Newo k, 3F.d7 , 8 ( t
l ains s o ib l s nz. a Ho c mi s n. t r 25 3 78 7 0 4h
e
t
Ci. 0 )
r 2 01 .
M E2,aN e daco o ai t thol t co i tt t El dM e ha c: s r ton,'
va
p r ton ha ds he pyrgh o he m t c ni Re urec i '
alege t tt de e nt vi a e isc i htbyusng BiTore t c a diti et
l s ha he f nda s ol t d t opyrg
i
t r nt o opy nd srbut he

fl Am. mp . ! 1 - 3 2 2 Do k t 1 Biror n alwsa iiil iep o ie So
im.
Co l! 2 1 , 2-4, c e No. 2. t-re t lo n ùta fl r vd r d
l
t
s aeatl wihat re t ewok. I !1 . Th u eswh j i t n t r c nt ndsrb t
h r se t o rn n t r ' d. 8 e s r o o n he ewo k a he itiu e
'
a e iefl by e c downl di adif r ntbi ofda a. I Pl i ifi e ii d t de e nt
n ntr ie
ah
oa ng fe e t
t d. antf d ntfe he f nda s

t o ht I a e s susdwhe i rngi aci t occ rd. Ja!2
hr ug he P ddrs e e
n nfi ng tviy ure l 2.
-

On J 30, 7, ai iffld a a nde c
une 201 pl ntf ie n me d ompl i agans t def nda sf wiluly
ant i t he e nt or lf l

v oai gt Co y ih Ac,1 U. . j 1 . s q AAe p o ry sr igt ed fn nsa d
i ltn he p rg t t 7 SC. 01ç e .
1
r rpel e vn h ee da t n
not.e evi a r pons pli ifm ove f e r ofde a ta i tAhmed,Am a J n,a
r c i ng es e, a ntf
d or nty
f ul ga ns
ya, a nd

S ut . Pu s a t oRue5 ()o t eFe e a Ru e o Cii Pr c dze t Clr e trd d fut
t lz ru n t l 5 a f h d r l ls f v l o e l ,he ek n ee ea l
r

a ans e c o to ed fn a t. Plitf h s w mo e f rd fut u g n a ans te a d
g i t a h f h s ee d ns anif a no v d o ea lj d me t g i th m, n
t m a tri rpef rdiposton.
he te s i o s ii
St
andar ofR e e
d
vi w

Rul 55 of t Fe r l Rul of Ci l Pr e e e t bls s a t s e pr es f r
e
he de a
es
vi oc dur sa ihe
wo-tp oc s o

o ti n ad fulj d me t J fes nv. iee n .461F. u p. d4 0 4 3( D. . 0 )
banig ea tu g n . efro Brn r I c,
S p 2 3 , 3 E. Va 20 6 .
y
Frt Sh g lr mu te trt ja t sd fut' Fe R.Ci. 5 a . Second,a part m ay
is,% e cjek s ne he ry' ea l- d.
t
'
v P. 5()

mo et c u t o d fut u g n u d rRu e5 ()
v he o r f r e a lj d me t n e l 5 b .
I r ve ng a moi n f r d futj d me t t c u tv e alwelp e d d fc l
n e iwi
to o ea l u g n , he o r iws l l- la e a ma
alg to si t ec mp an a tu f rp r s so la iiy S e Fe .R. v.P.8b ()(An
l ai n n h o lit s r e o u po e f ib l . e d Ci
e
t
()6 ç
ç
al gai --ot r t n one r l tng t t amount of dn ges i admit i a r ponsve
le ton he ha
e ai o he
ma - s
ted f es i

pla i g i r q ie a d te alg to i n td n e . s e as Ry n 25 F.d a 78 ( e
e d n s e urd n h le ain s o e id' e lo a , 3 3 t 0 ç
);
Th

d fn a tb hi d ful, d t t eplitf s l- la e alg to o f c.)(n en l i to
ee d n , y s ea ta mis h anif welp e d d le ains f a t' itr a ct in
'
a
o te l. Co e ue ty i t d fulj d me tc n e tûh a pr p it iq iyi wh t e o
mitd ) ns q nl, n he ea t u g n o tx,i e p o rae n ur s eh r r
t
n tt f c o t epla ig s p o t te d f ut u g nta d te c u e o a to teen'
o he a e f h e dn s u p rs h ea lj d me n h a s s f cin h r i.
'
An es nv. u .o Ad a e n . uc & Emp'o Am.n ins 1 7F.d6 ( t Ci. .
d ro Fo nd f r v nc me tEd .
t f I da , 8 3 28 4h r Aug
1 1 )(mpubls dtbl opi on)
0, 999 t
ihe a e ni .
I t f c salege i t c
f he a t l d n he ompli e tbls la lt t n t co tmus de e net
ant sa ih ibiiy, he he ur
t t nni he
a opra e n oun of dn ag . Ryan, 253 F. a 78 81. The c t may m a a
ppr it m t
m es
3d t 0our
ke
de e mi to a t t n
t r nai n s o he mountof dn
mage wiho a hea i i t r co d c ans s ce
s t ut
rng f he e r ont i uo int

e de t s
vi nce o uppor t awa d. Ande s n v. und.f rAdva e e .Educ.& Empl m e of
t he r
r o Fo
o
nc m nt
oy nt

Am.n in , 5 F.d5 0 5 7( t Ci. 9 8 ( o igt tt s mecru tn e adsrc c u t
Id a s 1 5 3 0 , 0 4h r 1 9 ) n tn ha çn o ic msa c s itit o r
i

e trn ad fulj d me t ya r d ma e a c ran befo t ep e dng wi o t o dù
n eig ea tu g n ma wa d n g s se ti a l r m h la i s t u h l ig
h
ah aif'; itr & Al e Tr d sl d s Pe inFt v Ca tl so ain & Pan icCo.
e rn l Pan es
l d a e n u . nso md . pi Re tr to
i
a
itn
,

91 F. u p. d 6 0 68 ( M d 2 3 (i dngta t ec u t e dn tc nd c a e i e t r
9 S p 2 8 , 4 D. . 01 ) fn i h t h o r n e o o u t n v d ni y
a
hea i t de e m i da a sa E a r l i t a on a fda t ordoc e a y e denc i t
rng o t r ne m ge nd G y ey nse d
m
fi vis
um ntr vi e n he

r c r t d tr n tea p o raesmf
e o d o eemie h p r p it t l.
D i si
scus on

To etbih c py ih ifig me t S wo ee n smu tb prve ()o e s i o a
sa ls o rg t n rn e n ,l lme t s e o n: 1 wn rhp f
t
v l c p rg t a d ( )c p ig o c nsi n ee n so t wo k t a a e o iia . Fes
ai o y ih , n 2 o yn f o tme t lme t f he r h t r rgn l' it
d
'

P bln sI c v.Ru a Te.S r .Co,4 9 U. 3 ,3 ( 9 ) Fo p r s s o a d fut
u 's n .
r l l e v . 9 S. 40 61 1 91 . r upo e f ea l

j d me tt ec u t eive ta plitf ha e tbih db t ee n s Plitf h salg dta
u g n,h o r b le s h t an if s sa ls e oh lme t. anif a le e h t
i owne avald co i ,a t tt c i ht d m ae i lwasco ed a diti e fo t
t
d
i pyrght nd ha he opyrg e
t ra
pi nd srbut d r m he

d fnd ns I a d e s su i BiTor n . Am. mp . !1 - 2, 8 2 Ex A,
ee a t' P d rs e sng t re t
Co l! 1 1 1 , 2, . B.
Ac or ngy,t c twilnow t n t t a oprae r i i t s c e Pli if
c di l he our l
ur o he ppr it elef n hi as . anif

rq e t a ijmci n p o btn frh rifi e n o d e h ni:Reu r cin' sauo y
e u ss n n t to r hiiig u te n rng me t f s c a c s re to , ttt r
M
'
dn
mage i t amountof$6, pe de e n ,a cossa a t e sf es
s n he
000 r f nda t nd t nd tom y' e .

1 I j tv Reif
. n uncie le
Th Co rg tAc p o i e ta çan c u t a i j rs ito o acvla to aii g
e py ih t r v d s h t ç l y o r h vng u idcin f ii cin rsn
g
t e ti tte ma . . r n tmp r r a d fn lij n to o s c tr a i ma d e
md r h s i
l y . g a t e o ay n a n u cins n u h e ms s t y e m
r a o a l t p e e to rsr i ifi e n o ac p rg t' 1 U. C.j5 2 a . Ijmcie
e s n b e o r v n r e tan n rng me t f o y ih ' 7 S.
0 () n t tv
r le i a opraewhe t nalr oft i rnge ntpr ve sa a qua er m e a lw,a a
ei f s ppr i t
n he tze he nfi me
e nt n de t e dy t a nd

pe a n ijmcin i e p cal a p o raewhe at ra o c n iuig ifi g me te it.
nn ne t nt to s s e ily p r p it
n h e t f o tn n n rn e n x ss
3

S eM . E.Muscv Ki e Ic,1 9 F.S p 2 4 9 4 3 7 ( D. . . 0 )(vaiu
e L.
i . mbl. n . 0
u p. d 6 , 7 - 4 S. W Va 20 0 ç ro s
l
diti tc t wihi t sc r ui ha he d t twhe a c am ofco i i rnge nthasbe n
src outs t n hi ic t ve l ha
n li
pyrght nfi me
e

p o e ,a pema n ij n to p o i t frh rifig me t i a prprae a r u iey
rv n
r ne t nu cin r hbing u te n rn e ns s p o it nd o tn l
i
e trd.) Hee plitf ha p o e acam o c py ih i fi g me ta t erc r lc sa y
n ee ' . r, anif s r v n li f o rg t nrn e n , nd h e o d a k n
'
i c ton t t de e nt wila t i fom f ur i rnge e s Cons que l t co t
ndi ai hat he f nda s l bsan r ut e nfi m nt .
e nty, he ur

fn st a apema n ij n to i a p o dae
d h t r ne tn u cin s p r p t .
I . St t or D am age
I a ut y
s

Th Co y i h Ac as S u h rz gqsau o yd ma e t c mp nst c p rg th l es
e p rg t t lo s t o ies ttt r a g s o o e ae o y ih o d r
a
f rdifc tt pr do te m l s sa t de e f ur i rnge nt' M E2 Pr . l .v.
o f ul-o- ove wnsr n os e nd o t r m e nfi me .
'
ods. nc

P r s CI L NO.1 - 0 7 SOM/
mnya , VI
70 0 8
RLP,2 7 W L 4 70 5 a 1 ( Ha Oc.1 , 7 .
01
70 1 , t 3 D. w. t 9 201 )
Thea ountofsa u or da a a r d f a onewor m a no be ( e st n $750 o mor
m
t t t y m ges wa de or ny
k y t s s ha
l
r e

t a $ 00 0 a t ec u tc n ie sj t' 1 U. C.55 4() 1. W i i t a rn e te c u t
h n 3 ,0 s h o r o sd r us ' 7 S.
0 c () t n h t a g , h o r
h
ej y wieds rto t s th n u t fd ma e . Se F. . o l rh Co v. n e o a y
no s d ic ei n o e te mo n o n g s e W W owo t . Co tmp rr
ArsI .3 4U. 2 , 1 3 ( 9 2 . I e riigt i ds rto , d src c u t o sd r t e
t.nc, 4 S. 28 23 -2 1 5 ) n xecsn hs ic ei n a itit o r c n ie s h
f lo n t ref cos ç 1 t ee p ns ss v da p o sra e by d fn a t i c r cin
o lwig h e a tr :$ ) h x e e a e nd r st e p d
(
ee d ns n ome to
wiht ifi e nt;( )rve u sl s b tepanif; nd( )wh te teifi e n wa
t he n rng me s 2 e n e o t y h litfs a 3 eh r h n rng me t s
wigju a dk wi o wh t e iwa a cd n a o in c n . J s rlaM u i Co. CA.n .
llf l n no ng r eh r t s c ie tl r n o e t' apeil sc .M
'
Ic

v. ic sLo n eAsoc, 3 F. u p.1 9 1 ( D. . .1 9 ) S g fc nl i ap an if
W n ' u c s .8 7 S p 5 , 61 S. W Va 9 3 . iniia t f litf
y,
pr s t t t i rnge e was wilu ,t cour ma a r up t $1 000. 1 U. C.
ove ha he nfi m nt
lf l he
t y wa d
o .
50,
7 S.

j504()2)
c( .
He e t a e
r , he m nded c
ompli co ans no al ga i t tt de e nt s c s f l
ant nt i
le tons ha he f nda s uc e s uly
downl ded t e ie fl or t t t y r a d a s cfc pr s i c
oa
he ntr m
ha he e pe ny pe ii oft n onne ton wih t i
ci
t her

i rnge nt Nordoe t pl i ifpr dea e de east t a m a l s s t i by t
nf i me .
s he antf ovi ny vi nq
o he c l os es usaned he

4

pli tf . Alhought pl i ifal ge t tt de enda sa t d wilul t c t le st t
a n if
t
he antf le s ha he f nt c e lf ly, he our bei ve ha

a a r of$750pe def nda i s fce t c
n wa d
r e nt s ufi int o ompens t t pli ifand dee f tlec i
a e he antf
t r u t opyrght
r
i rnge e .
nfi m nt
Thi a r i c it ntwih a ç e n te i c t ac os t c mty ...t a r t
s wa d s onsse
t l ce t r nd n ours r s he ot r
r
o wa d he

m i m um sa tor a r of$750. pe vi a i 'i i rnge e ca esbr tby ç py i t
ni
ttz y wa d
t
00 r olton' n nfi m nt s ough
t rgh
co
ho de swhos e co i i rnge e da
l r
e k pyrght nfi m nt mage nott bemadewhol butr t ra aprma yor
s
o
e, ahe s i z

sc n ayrve u sra al g o fl ma slws isa ans a o y u Do d fn a t wih
e o d r e n e te m l wh j ie s a ut g i t n n mo s e ee d n s t
d
t hopesofc r i s tlm e s' M albu M e a LLC v.g da t dl Ca eNo.PW G- 4- ,
he
oe cng e te nt .'
i
di.
Re c e , s
1 261

20 7 W L 6 3 1 , t* ( M d Fe 1 , 01 )( olci gc s sl tn tea r t $ 0pe
1
3 3 5 a 3 D. . b. 5 2 7 c le tn a e i ig h wad o 75 r
mi
v oain (n en lq o ainmak o te l s eas .eg.I P od .
i lto ) itr a u tto r s mitd ; e lo . , . r s LLC v. be, s No
T.
Hu r Ca e .

2:6 c - 1 9 2 7W L 5 7 43 , t! ( D. i No .1 2 7 (wa dn $ 5 p rv oain .
1 -v 1 9 , 01
3 9 7 a 2 S. Oho v 4, 01 ) a r ig 7 0 e i lto )
M E2hass dove aht e Doe ac os t c r f c i hti rnge e ,ncudi f is
ue
r mdr d
s r s he ounty or opyrg nfi m nt i l ng or t

c p rg tt d c a i:Re u r cin. S ePu rs 2 7 WL 41 7 5 a * l t i c s ,
o y ih o s h nc s re to ' e maa , 01
Me
'
0 01 , t 2. n h s a e
M E2 orgi ly s d Doe 1 11 be or nnmi t de e nt a flng t s me f r uli
i nal ue
s f e
ng he f nda s nd ii he n
om ac

d f ut u g n moin a an ttefu d f utn d fnd n sl Ad i o al , E2ha fld a
ea lj d me t to g is h o r e a lig e e a t. dt n ly M
i
s ie
ne ry i ntc l ws t i t s ditit i Cas N o.5:6- 0008 Ac or ngl t c t
a l de i al a ui n hi src n
e
1 CV3. c di y, he our
be ives t t a a r of t saut y mi mum wiho i e es f ea h of t def uli
le
ha n wa d
he t t or ni
t ut nt r t or c
he a tng
de e nt i a uae.
f nda s s deq t
.

I l A t or y' Fe s and Cos s
l . t ne s e
t

Ne t pl ntf r ue t $665 i c t a $2, i a t ne sf esfom e c oft
xt he ai if eq ss
n oss nd 520 n tor y' e r a h he
de e
f ndant. J ns n Af . Doc t Nos 39- 41 1 43- 45- I any a ton f c i ht
s e e
f,
ke
. 1, - , 1, 1. n
ci or opyrg
i rnge nt Q hec t nisdi c ei n ma a l t r co r off 1c t'a ç y a s a r
nfi me ,ç our i t s r to
t
y low he e ve y u1 oss' nd t
ma lo wa d

'Themoto e r f t t wr movi ,S
ins ven eer o he ong
e tondonHa Fale ' Howe r Exhi tB at he t t
s ln.
'
ve, bi tac d o he

a nd dc mplitc nimsta tefl s be toteigign a tvt i ti cs i ç c nc Reur cin.
me e o an o fr h th im u j c t h n n ig cii n hs ae s t ha i: sre t '
y
Me
o '

a r a o a l a tr e ' f e t t e p e al p ry a p r o t e c ss' 1 U. C.j5 5
e s n be to n y s e o h rv ing a t s a t f h o t. 7 S.
i
'
0.
Alhoughaditi tc trti Gbr d le y'i a yi j505,i ç y nota r at ne s
t
slc our eans l oa e wa ' n ppl ng
tç
ma
wad tor y'
f e as a mat r of c s r t r a c ur mus make a mor pa tc a i d, c e- c s
es
te
our e; ahe , o t
t
e ri ul rze as by- a e

a s sme t' Kita ngv. o nW i y & So s I . 1 6S. .1 7 ,1 8 ( 01 )(le ains&
se s n . rs e
'
Jh l
e
n .nc, 3 Ct 9 9 9 5 2 6 atrto
itr a q oainmak o te ) Toa ss dsrc c u t wi e e csn t erds rto u d r
nen l u tto r s mitd .
sit itit o rs t x r iig h i icein n e
h
j505,t Suprme Co toft Unie Stt ha dieced dititc t t co i rç e rl
he
e
ur he td aes s r t src ours o nsde ç vea
s

n n xcu iefco s'i cu i gS rv lu n s , tv to ,o j cieu r a o a lne s a dt e
o e lsv a t r, n ld n t ioo s e s mo iain b e tv n e s n be s , n h
'
f
nee i pa tc arcr m sa e t a nc co i r tonsofc
d n ri ul icu tnc s o dva e nsde ai
ompe u i a de e r nc ' 1
ns ton nd t re e. d.
'

(le ain & i tr l u tto makso te ) Uli tl i a r igatr e sf e ,so ls
atr t s nena q oain r mitd . tmaey,n wa dn to n y' e s l u'
o
c t
mus viw alt cr um sa e o a c s o t i o t r ,i lg o t CopyrghtAc '
t e l he ic t nc s f a e n her wn e ms n i ht f he
i
ts
es e ilgoal. 1 a 1989.
s nta
s' d. t
'

Hee te d fn a t d dno a v n ea y d fns sf rte c u tt j g f rfioiy o
r, h ee d n s i t d a c n ee e o h o r o ud e o rv l r
t
r as nablne s Howe r o he c t ha r ognied t t c es lke t s one t e t n t
e o e s.
ve , t r ours ve ec z ha as i hi
hr a e o

S raejrs lsic nsse t t t eg aso te( p dg t Ac 'b e o rg n c mp nis o
t e t g e ut n o itn wi h o l f h Co y h q t' y nc u a i g o a e t
c
h
i i i t de e nt wih l ws t f rl r sa ut y dn ag a a s t nta a t ne s f e
ntm da e f nda s t a uis o a ge tt or m es nd ubsa il tor y' e
a z a t r by c eae a une lba gani pr es Pum a as 2017 W L 470701 a + 5
wa d nd he e r t n
qua r i ng oc s.
' ,
r
5, t

(iig Co blrNe a a LLC v.An n mo Usr o Po o n Ti :Do s 1 1 ,Ca e No
ctn b e v d .
o y us es f pc r me e - 1 s .

3:5 c - 5 0 SB,2 6 W L 4 38 3 ,a * ( Or Au 1 ,2 6 )(n e a q oain maks
1 - v 01 5 - 01
2 6 9 t 4 D. . g. 0 01 ) itnzl u tto r
omitd .
te )
t
o t r ne
st t t e prncpl s i r nd,t c r t ns t t l t r m ehod t dee m i a
vih hes i i e n ni he ou t ur o he odesa
r a ona e at r sf . Unde t sme hod,t c tmuli i t numbe ofhour t tt
e s bl to ney' ee
r hi t
he our
tples he
r
s ha he
a t ne r a ona y expe d on t ltgai n by a r as bl houry r t M c e v.Boc r
tor y e s bl
nde
he ii to
e ona e
l a e.
Af e
za ,

7 8F.d81 8 (t Ci. 01 ) Plitf' c u s lcamsta h s e t84h u so e c o t e
3 3 , 8 4h r 2 3 . anifs o n e li h t e p n . o r n a h f h

, e ks n to ne s
f l de enda s c esa t thi c t m a y r t i $300pe hour Thus he s e a a tr y'
otr f nt' as nd ha s uso r a e s
r
.

f a r o $2, pe de e nt I de e ni t r as blne sofc ms lsr quese f
ee wa d f 520 r f nda . n t nni ng he e ona e s
ot e ' e t d ee,
t Fourh Cic thasdie t d diti tco t t c i rt f l ngt l f c or :
he
t r ui
r c e src urs o onsde he olowi weve a t s

()Th tme a d lb re pe d d;( )teno et a d dfi ut o t eq e to s
1 e i n a o x n e 2 h v ly n itc ly f h u sin
rie ; 3 t es il e ur dt p o rypef r t lg l e vc srn e e ()t
as d ( ) h k lr q ie o r pel ro m he e a sr ie e d rd;4 he
atr e so p r t c ssi p e sn teisa tl iain;5 t c so r fe
ton y' p o t y o t n r sig h n tn i g to () he u t may e
uni
t
f rl ewok;()t eatl y' e pe tto a t eo te o t ltg to ()t e
o i
k r 6 h tome s x cains t h u s t f he i ain; 7 h
i
tme l tto s i o e b t e cin o cr l tn e ;( ) te n u t i
i i ain mp s d y h le t r icl a c s 8 h mo n n
mi
ms
c nr v ry a dt r s t o tie ;()tee p re c , e u ain a da lt o
o to es n he eul b an d 9 h x ein e rp tto , n bii f
s
y
t e atr e ( 0 t e u e ia ii o t c s wihn t e lg lc mmunt i
h to n y; 1 ) h nd srblt f he a e t i h e a o
y
i n
y
wh c t e s i ao e ( 1 te n t r a d ln h o t pr fsina rlto hp
ih h ut r s ; 1 ) h au e n e gt f he o e so l eains i
bewe na tr e a dcin ; n ( 2 atr e ' e sa r si smia c s s
t e to n y n le t a d 1 ) to n ys fe wa d n i lr a e .
l a 8 n. ( tr a q o ain makso te ) Un e te trtt e fco s te c u ti n t
d. t 8 5 i en l u tto r mitd . d r h ss hre a t r, h o r s o
n
c nc t t 8. hour ofwor pe def nda i r a o bl Cot elus d s t n i ly t
onvi ed ha 4
s
k r e nt s e s na e.
ms
e ubsa tal he
s m ei ta c
n nii l ompl i i t sca easheha ar a fld i a t rc s pe ng i t sditit
ant n hi s
d le dy ie n no he a e ndi n hi src ,

a dh fldt esmefr li d fut u g n moina ans e c o t f t d f n a t. Th
n e ie h a omuac ea lj d me t to g i t a h fhe ol e e d n s e
r
ei h f t alo c ms l a ns a awa d of$2, pe de e ntbe a e s h a a r i
ght acor s ot e s gai t n r
520 r f nda
c us uc n wa d s
e e svewhe c
xc s i
n ompa edt t saut r da ag awa d of$750pe i rnge e .
r o he t t o y m es r
r nfi m nt
Ot rc rsha r ogni d a e es i ar ques f r$ 100 i a t e sf esbas d on
he ou t ve ec ze s xc sve e t o 2, n tonz y' e
e
a r t of$350 pe ho . Plma a ,201 W L 470701 a 16 7. The Co tnle t ta t a of
ae
r ur l r s
7
5, t ur ld ha ot l

$ 5 i a tr e s fe wa r a o be b c u et ta u tç o e aed M E2 f rte fe
2 0 n t n y' e s s e s na l e a s ha mo n s mp ns tgq
o
c
o h es
r as
e onabl e ndedi acoo e c trc ei whi hm ud ofisa t ne swor c dha be n
y xpe
n
ki- ute as n c
h t tor y'
k oul ve e
ac ompls d by apa algal' I a *6. I a t rc s ,t DititCour r e t t9. ho s
c
ihe
r e .' d. t
n no he a e he src
t uld ha 1 ur

wa r a ona ewhe eapa aega c
s e s bl
r
z l l ompl td 7. hour oft wor atar e o $85pe hour See
ee 2
s he k
at f
r .

M ai M e a.LLC v.Reda t Ci lAcin No.DKC 1 0 201 W L 3668034,a *5(
lbu di
ced, vi to
5- 750, 6
t D.
M d.J y 11 2016 .
ul , )

7

Ba e on t f e ng,t c rtbeleve t tt hour pe de e nti a r as bl
sd
he or goi he ou
i s ha wo
s r f nda s e ona e
numbe ofhou sf ran a t ne t e nd on e c de e nti t sc s a t tt a t ne s
r
r o
tor y o xpe
a h f nda n hi a e nd ha he tor y'

hotry r t of$300 i a r as bl r t f a t ne i t sar a. Ac r ngl t c twil
ll ae
s e ona e ae or tor ys n hi e
co di y, he our l

e r ie isbr d dic e i t a r $600 i à t ne sf spe de e nt
xe c s t oa s r ton o wa d
n tor y' ee r f nda .
As t coss pli ifr quess t f l ng a ount fom e h de a tng de e ant a
o t, antf e t he olowi m
sr
ac f uli
f nd :

c tflng f of$400;s
our ii ee
ubpoe r s ns co t pa d t Com c s t i ntf e c de e ntof
na e po e ss i o
a t o de iy a h f nda
$90;apr es s r i ef f s r ceon Co c to $ apr es s vi f ef s r i ea h of
oc s e v c ee or e vi
m as f 25; oc s er ce e or e vng c

t de e nt of$1 a a f e t verf t m iia y sa usofea h oft de e nt of$50.
he f nda s
00; nd e o iy he ltr tt
c
he f nda s
Alho h pl i ifsco els e t di de a
t ug antf
uns e ks o vi mongs t f de a tng de e n st orgna
t he our f uli
f nda t he i i l

$1 f e f r s r c o Comc t he di notr s t di de t one tm e $400 slng f e i a
00 e o e vie n
as,
d
eque t o vi he -i
i e n
sm ia f hi n. Theco tbei ve t tdi di t tflngf bewe n t de a tngdef nda s
i lr as o
ur le s ha vi ng ha ii ee t e he f uli
e nt

i r as bl,a t r o e e h oft f urde a tng def nda swilbe la e f o y $1 of
s e ona e nd he ef r , ac
he o
f uli
e nt l i bl or nl 00
t c ur flng f . The co tde lne t a r t r m >ni c t r ue t d. A c r ngl ,
he o t i ee
ur c i s o wa d he e i ng oss eq se 2
co di y

t c t l a r cossa i tea h de e nti t n
he our wil wa d t gans c f nda n he mountof$1
00.

Fial,h p an ifh sas fldmoin t dimiswihp eudc tea to a ans t e
n ly te litf a lo e t s o s s t rj ie h cin g i t h
o
r m ani de e n s Br de Br nna
e i ng f nda t a n e n,Pa a Chrsi n,a Yas M e na For good c us
ul
ita nd
er di .
a e
s
hown,t c 'wilgr ntt em o i .
he oul l a hos
t
tons
Concuson
l i

Fo t ra o ssae ,h c u t l g a t litY smoi n f rd fut u g n a an t
r he e s n ttd t e o r wil r n p an i
to s o e a lj d me t g is
Alm e Am a J n,a Sm lz. J
z d,
ya, a nd
t udgme wilbe e e e i f vorofpl ntf agans ea h of
nt l
nt r d n a
ai if i t c

2Al u h crui c ut dsg e o e wheh rj5 5 i b o d rta 28 U. C.j1 2 ,te c u twi
t g ic t o rs ia re v r te 0 s r a e h n
ho
S.
9 0 h or l
l
e ecs i dsrto t l tc ssi ti matrt to erc v rbeu de j1 20 Se Hu ry & P rn r
x r ie t icein o i o t n hs te o h s e o ea l n r 9 . e mphe s a tes
s
mi
Arhtcs L. v. sadDeim Ic,1 2F. u p. d5 3, 25( D. . 5 tuigt th c ssrc v rbl
c i t. P. Lesr sa n , 5 S p 3 0 5 E. Va 201 ) l l ha te ot eo ea e
e
-n
u d rj5 5ael tdt tec ssrc v rbeu d r51 2 ) Th c u t o sn t e o nz a rc v rbl sr ie
n e 0 r i e o h ot e o ea l n e 9 0 . e o r d e o r c g ie s e o ea e evc
mi
fe p i t ap iaep o essre. S eMa ev Mah a, 5:9 01 0 2 1 WL 3 8 7 3 a * ( D. .
e s ad o rv t r c s ev r e vs . tv s No. 0 CV0 0 , 0 0
7 3 0 , t 4 W. Va
Se t28 201)
p. , 0.
8

t ef de e t i t a ountof$1450,r pr s ntng$750i sa or d
hos our f ndan s n he m
,
e ee i
n t mt y nmage a $700i
s nd
n

atr y sfe a d c ss Th s d fn a t wilas e c bepema nl e j i e fo a y
tone ' e s n o t. o e ee d n s l lo a h
r ne ty n on d r m n
f rhe i rnge e . Fi l t c t l g a pl ntf smotonst d s ist a tonagans
u t r nfi m nt naly, he our wil r nt ai if
i o im s he ci
i t
Br r n,Cl si n,a M edi
ema ui ta nd
na.
The Clr i dieced t s nd ce tfe c e of t s m e a
ek s r t o e
rii d opi s
hi
mor ndum opi on a t
ni nd he
ac
c ompa ng o de t Ahme Am a J n,St t Br r n, ita M edi ,a t a1 c
nyi r r o
d,
ya, a ulz, ema Chrsi n,
na nd o l ouns l
e
ofr or
ec d.

DATED: i'
Ths

d yo Jn ay 2 8
a f a ur , 01 .
/
Se orUnie Stt sDit tJ
ni
t d a e sdc udge