Via v. Communications Corporation of America, Inc. et al

Filing 31

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Glen E. Conrad on 4/26/18. (hnw)

CLERK' OFFI U.s. ST COURT
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I THE UNI
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SAN TA M ARI V I ,
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M EM OM NDUM OPI ON
NI
COM M UNI
CATI
ONS CORPORATI
ON
OF AM ERI I a STEVEN R.
CA, NC. nd
FI
SHER,

By:Hon. e E.Co a
Gln
m d
Se o Unie Stt sDititJ
ni r t d a e src udge

D e e nt .
f nda s

Sa a M a i Vi fl d t s a ton a i tCo mlni a i Co o ai ofAl e i a l
nt re a ie hi ci gans m l c tons p r ton
rc , nc.

(
CCA)a dS e e R. s e,a srigcamsu d rt eAmeia wi Dia lte Ac o 1 9
n tv n Fih r se t li n e h
n
rc ns t sbi is t f 9 0
h
i
(
ADA) 4 U.. j 1 01 2 3 a dVign alw. Thec s i p e e l beo et ec u t n
, 2 SC. j 21 -1 21 , n r ii a
a e s r snt f r h o r o
y
t de e nt 'pa ta motont dim ist s ondn e d c
he f nda s ril i o s s he ec
m nde ompli . Fort r as s tf t
ant
he e ons e orh
be o t moto wilbe g a edi pa t dç e i pa t
l w, he i n l
r nt n r and ni d n r.
Backzround

Thef l wi f t ala lga i , a n fom t s ond a e d co pl nt a e a c pt d
olo ng ac u le tons t ke r he ec
m nde m ai , r c e e

a tu frp r o e o t pe dn moin. S ç Erc s n v.Pad s 5 U. 8 ,9 ( 0 7
s l e o u p s s f he n ig to e ik o
'
r u , 51 S. 9 4 2 0 )

( l q nr l go ad f n a tsmoint ds s, ud emus a c p a t ealo tefcu l
çW he ui n e e d n ' to o imis aj g
ç
n
t c e t s nz l f h a t a
alg to sc nan di t ec mplit'
le ain o ti e n h o an .
).
CCA i a Vigi a c or ton e
s
r ni op a i ngag i t busnes ofpr ucng a is ng m a s
ed n he i s
od i nd s ui
s
m a lng ca pa gns Fi he i t pr s de of CCA . H e m a nt i fnal dec sonm a ng
ii
m i . s r s he e i nt
i a ns i
ii
ki
a hort o rt hii and frng oft c pa y' m a
ut iy ve he r ng
i
he om n s nage i e pl es
ral m oye .

Vi and he wie,S.GalM o s a e f r e e oye sofCCA. Vi be n wor ng f r
a
r f
i ni , z o m r mpl e
a ga
ki o
rs t e nty e v
t
CCA i 1 3 a e nt a l hed s ve alma
n 98 nd ve u ly l e r
nage i r e . M ori m os r ce l s r edasada a
ral ols
pr e sng m a ge .
oc s i
na r

I Fe rlr o 2 6, awa da n e wihfb o ag aa dmao d p e sv ds r e .
n b t y f 01 Vi s ig os d t ir my li n j r e r si e io d r
a
He r uma ol s r omm e d t ts t bewe n one a t ee mont of fom wor t
r he t ogit ec
nde ha he ake t e
nd hz
hs f '
r
ko
a e she s pt s By lte da e Fe u r 25,201 CCA gr nt d Vi t l we ks of
ddr s r ym om .
e tr t d br a y
6,
a e a weve e

la unde t Fa l a MedialLea Ac ( LA) The lte i caed t tVi wa
e ve
r he miy nd
c
ve t FM
.
etr ndi t ha a s
e
xpece t r t t wor on M a 9,201
td o eum o k
y
6.
W hie on m e c l l ve,Vi r ponded t al of CCA' r ss f upda e on he
l
di a ea
a es
o l
S eque t or
ts
r
c tons Vi a vie Fihe t ts w a e t e nt l r t n t wor Fihe a s e Vi
ondii . a d s d s r ha he nt d o ve ualy e ur o
k. s r s ur d a
t the poston woul r m an a ia ee n i s we euna et r m r i med a ey f l ng
ha r ii
d e i val bl ve f he r
bl o e n m
i t l olowi
t e r ton ofhe FM LA la
he xpia i
r
e ve.
On Aprl26,201 Vi sps hol s opi d t ts woul notber a t r t n t wor
i
6, a' yc ogit ne ha he
d
e dy o e ur o k
on M a 9,201 Tha s meda t ps hol itis d anotc t t te f c . On M ay 3, 6,
y
6.
ta
y, he yc og s s ue
i e o ha fe t
201
Vi s f m iy physc a is d a sm ia no i e. Bo h notc s r commende t tVi r mai on
a' n l
ii n s ue
i l r tc
t
ie e
d ha a e n
med c la f a addii na ei twe k pe i
i al e ve or n
to l gh - e rod.
On M a 6,201 Vi me wih Fihe a Ke l Dnz
y
6, a t t s r nd li mgool ,CCA' hum a r s ur s
e
S
n e o ce
die or Vi advie t m t the he t c r pr de sha r c
r çt . a
s d he ha r alh a e ovi r d e omm e
nded t ts r mai on
ha he e n
l vetlought begimi ofJ y. Att c usonoft meei Fihe hugge Vi andt d
ea lr
he
r ng ul
he oncl i
he
tng, s r
d a
ol

h 't tçi wi al r o t' 2 Am. mpl!26 Net rFihe n rDr mg oes g et d
e ha çt l l wo k u .' d
r
t l
'
Co . . i
he s r o u o l u g se
ta tknga dto a la wo l plc Vi' j bi j o a d
h t a i d iin l e ve u d a e as o n e p r y.

On M a 1 201 Fihe s ntVi a r gitr d l te tr i tng he e pl m e . The
y 2, 6, s r e
a e s e e e tr e m na i
r m oy nt
lte i c t dt tCCA wa t bl t hol Vi ' poston f l ng t e r to ofhe FM LA
e tr ndia e ha
s ma e o d a s ii olowi he xpiai n
r
l a a t the e oy e woul betnni t d efeci M a 1 2016.
e ve nd ha r mpl m nt
d e na e f tve y 6,

On or a
boutOct r 26,201 Vi fl d a c r o dia lt dic i i ton wih t
obe
6, a ie
ha ge f s biiy s rm na i
t he

Eq a Empo me t Op o tn t Co sin (
ul
ly n
p ru iy mmiso EEOC) ç a s c r e alg d ds bl y
. s ' hag le e ia ii
vi
t
dic i nai n i t f iur ofDe e nt , eihe oft m,t e gei a i e a tvepr e son
s rmi to n he al e
f nda s or t r he o nga n n ntr c i oc s
agood f ih ba i t dee mi r s na e a c moda i t e bl Vi t r sl ehe wor a
at ss o t r ne ea o bl c om
tons o na e a o e l
m
r k nd

i De e d ns utmaef izet p o ier a o a l a c mmo aint Vi. l !3 .
n f n a t' li t alr o r vd e s n b e c o d to o a' d. 4
l
'
On J y 1 201 Vi il t i t nta ton a i tCCA a Fihe . Vi s orgi l
ul 7, 7, a ed he nsa c i gans
nd s r
a' i na
c
ompl i a s re a sng e c
ant s e td i l ountofdia lt dic i nai n unde t ADA. Se Co pl 1
s biiy s rmi to
r he
e m . 0,
D kt N o.1
.
.

On Augus 26,201 Vi a M oni a t d an a lda s a e nt Upo r t ni
t
7, a nd
s tende
l- y ocil ve .
n eur ng
homet tni t M oni r cevedafa i c lfom oneofherc e m e r ,Lui Yr pala who
ha gh ,
se i
r ntc al r
r w mbe s s u il,
r poredt ta;r ha e u e a CCA' prntngpl nti Boso Vigi a. M oni t dYr pa la
e t ha
e d r pt d t
S i i a n t n, r ni
s ol u il
t ts woul c et t plntrg awa Bef r l a ng,M ori c le M iziM il,CCA '
ha he
d om o he a i ht y.
o e e vi
rs a ld t
ls
S

drco o p o u to 2 Am. mpl!45 M i stl M o rst a s ewo l me th ra te
ie tr f r d cin. d
Co . . l o d ri h t h ud e e t h
l
pl nt
a .

M oni a ve a t pl ta ound t s m etm e a M il a herhus
s ni d t he an r
he a i s ls nd
band,Na ha Se
t n e,
who wor d f r CCA a a m a hi t c ca Ynz il a s d M o rs t t he and ot r
ke o
s
c ne e hni in.
pala dvie
ri ha
he
e oye s be n t s el s oke whie wor ng i t daa pr s i a ea of t pl nt
mpl e ga o m l m
l
ki n he t oce sng r
he a .
Ynl laf l d t s e la f
pail olowe he m l nd ound afr bur ng i ale l e mac ne s t tCCA had
ie ni n l nc os d
hi hop ha
r c nty c t c e i t m i eoft f iiy. Yr pa la' e f rst e i s t fr we e
e e l onsnz t d n he ddl
he aclt
u il s f o t o xtnguih he ie r

uns c s f l a t r s
uc e s u nd he e pondi fr de t e s we e t bl t co a n t fr . The pl nt
ng ie parm nt r ma e o nt i he ie
a
uli t l bur d t t g ound.
tma ey ne o he r
Afe s aki wih Seea t s e oft fr a r vi ngm ec ni a dr wi oft
tr pe ng t
t he c ne he ie nd e ewi
ha c l a ngs he

plnt t c efoft Cul pe Count Fie Depa t e deer i t tt fr ha e ptd i a
a , he hi
he pe r
y r
rm nt t m ned ha he ie d nz e n

h aig v niain a arc ndto ig(
e tn , e tlto , nd i o i nn HVAC)u i o t er o o t ep a t drcl a vete
i
nt n h o f f h ln , ie ty bo h
mac nes
hi hop. Thefr c us d t r t c lps a uli t l s ea t t a e beow. Se
ie a e he oof o ola e nd tma e y pr d o he r a l
e
ad s t fr c e t tt HVAC t tha no bee wor ng pr ry f ra oxi t l t
vied he ie hif ha he
mi d t n
ki
ope l o ppr ma ey wo
w e ks
e .

Fihe s eq nty a rve a t s neoft fr a s kewih m a oft e o s
s r ubs ue l ri d t he ce
he ie nd po
t
ny he mpl yee

p e e t ç n tltr h nsmd wngh t a j F s e u d rt o t a t etr t a c n ume te
rs n . $ o ae t a t o t a d y , ih r n e so d h t h se h t o s d h
By
CCA f ciiy ha c me d i a HVAC uni,k wn by CCA t bei dir par l a e on t
a lt d om nce n n
t no
o n s e i, oc t d he

r o o tef clt - I . ( 3
o f f h a i y' d !6 .
i '
Thene m or ng,Fihe en e edt Boso Ge r lSt r a s
xt ni
s r t r he t n ne a o e nd poket a t rc t e ,
o no he usom r
Alr d M a s a t sor sowne . Therc
fe
r h, nd he t e'
r
i onve s to e nt lyt nedt t fr
r ai n ve ual ur
o he ie:

The c
onve s to be n whe Fihe r s
r ai n ga
n s r e ponde t t f l ng
d o he olowi
que to fom t so e owne :ç you know wha ca e t
si n r
he t r
r $
Do
t us d he
fr '
ie? '
Fihe r ple ç t nk i i a s
s r e i d: f hi t s r on. 1n on my wa t m e twih
1
m
y o e t
fr i s i a or now,t s m onlng.
ie nve t g t s
hi
i '
'
Fihe t n a s d M a s t tFihe wa l ki f abuidi i
s r he dvie
r h ha s r î oo ng or
l ng n
t Cul pe I ti lPa ki Br ndy St tont m ovei sprntng
he pe r ndusra r n a
ai o
t
hi i i
busne s' a t tBr ndy St to i cl e t n Bos o t Dule
i s y nd ha a
'
ai n s os r ha
tn o
ls
aiport
r .
M a s now t de s a ng t t he w as s a ng t St ve Fi he ,
r h,
m r t ndi ha
pe ki o e
s r
s d t Fihe :ç s e ld eecrc ls
ai o s r t m le l ti a moke. M a s s ho e wa
1
'
'
r h' us
s
f d i on t ni oft fr wih s
ogge n he ght he ie t mokef o t fr
r m he ie.
Fi he r ple 1Iha r a on t be i vet ta di gnm te e pl e
s r e i d: $ ve e s o le ha
s
l d m oye
t t1ha dimis d i r ponsbl f t fr '
ha
d s s e s es i e or he ie.
'
4

Fihe c i d: (
s r ontnue t
she i ltgai wih me a ha ampl
s ii tng t
nd d
e
opporuniy t ca et fr . She ke doi wor t tIt d her
t t o us he ie
pt ng
k ha ol
no t do. And t te nt ly c ed me t dimi she . 1 f e
to
ha ve ual aus
o s s r
el
ba f he , .. t n1f
d or r but .he oundoutt the f m iy ownsar sa an
ha r n l
e t ur t
i Cul pe a t c ne ofRout 1 a 3.
n
pe r t he or r
e 5 nd
M a s r ple t Fihe 'tYou mea yo r t l ng a ut Sa
rh e i d o s r ç
.
n u'e aki bo
ndy
Vi '
a?'
M a s haslnown Sa Vi a he f miy f ne ry 50 ye z .
rh
c
ndy a nd r a l or a l
as
M a s kne t tVi wor f orownshe f m iy r sala a t
rh w ha a ks or
r a l e t tr nt t he
co ne of Rou e 1 a 3 i Cul pe ,t o y r s a a a t t
r r
t 5 nd n
pe r he nl e t ur nt t ha
Corl
ler.

Fi he l ke a M a s a t s
s r oo d t r h, s oni hed,a a ke çl s a f i nd of
nd s d: ss he r e
yOur ? '
S'

M a s r ple GYe ,Sa y a he f m iy a efi nds'
r h e id:t s nd nd r a l r re .
'
Fihe t n s i G el, a Is dn' ha s i a hi '
s r he a d:ç 1 m ybe houl t ve a d nyt ng.'
W
Butt nFihe c i
he s r ontnued:$ t nk s ha n eopporuniy,a I
çI hi he d mpl
t t nd
tlnk t ts hol a g u a i tm ebe us t l ttm eIs
li ha he ds r dge gans
ca e he as i
aw
hers fi
he lppedm et bid.
he r '
'

J=! 6 - 7.
#. ! 6 7
Tha s m e d a l alne pa rpubls d a sor r ar ng t fr Fihe i caed
tn
ay, oc
ws pe
ihe
t y eg di he ie. s r ndi t
d li a i e viw t thi t m wa ar dy wordng o a pln t r buid t prn i pl nt
trng n nt r e ha s ea
s lea
l
n
a o e l he i tng a .
Fihe alo not d t tC
s r s
e ha E
CCA' hundr ofe o e c d < r t ne durng t r buidi
S
eds mpl ye s oul be eai d' i he e l ng

p o e sv aaGo e n n 's ft n t' I . 7
r c s i g v r me t a ey e. d ! 8.
'
On Se e r2,201 t de e n st r nae M o s e oym e . M o swa one
pt mbe
7, he f nda t e mi t d ni ' mpl
nt
ni s
of o y t o m a ge sw ho w e e di m i s d f low i t fr . V i m a nt i t tt de e nt
nl w
na r
r s s e o l ng he i e
a i a ns ha he f nda s

tkne a i e d t t M ori 't r nai woul c us c i d fna ala emoto l
ç w nd nt nde ha
rs e mi ton
d a e ontnue
nci nd
i na
har hi 'a t tt de s on w a a ac ofE e ala i ...r l e t V i s i ta EEO C c r
ds p' nd ha he ci i
s n t s t i ton
r
e at d o a' nii l
ha ge

a dt ti lws i. l . !81 9
n o h s a ut' d ! , 7.
'

Vi fld a n e d compl i o Oc obe 4,201 Bas d on t e nt t tans r d
a ie n m nde
ant n t r
7.
e
he ve s hat r pie
f l ng t fr Vi adde a cam f r t iton i vi a i o t ADA a a c am f
olowi he ie, a
d li or eala i n olton f he
nd l i or
de a i n pe s
f mato r e.
Thede enda sr pondedt t a e d c pl ntby tlng apa ta m o i t dimis
f nt es
o he m nde om ai
ii
ril ton o s s .
The co thel a he rng on t m o i vi t l c e e e on Fe u r 22,2018. At t
ur
d
ai
he ton a e e onf r nc
br a y
he
c uson o t he i t c t nnitd Vi t fl a s co a
oncl i f he arng, he our pe te a o ie e nd mende co ai .
d mpl nt
The c s i no be or t c ton t de e nt 'pa ta moton t dim ist s co
a e s w f e he our
he f nda s ri l i o s s he e nd
a e dc
m nde ompl i . Them o i hasbe f l bre e and i rpef rr viw .
ant
ton
en uly if d
si o e e
St
andar ofR e e
ds
vi w

Th d fn a t'moin i b o g t urua tt Fe e a Rue o Ci lP o e u e 1 b ()
e ee d ns to s r u h p s n o d r l ls f vi r c d r 2() 1

a 1 ()6 . Ru e 1 ( )1 pemisa p ry t mo e f rds sa f rlc o s b e tmatr
nd 2 b () l 2 b () r t a t o v o imis l o a k f u j c te
j rs ito Th pan ifbe r t e b r e o p o n ta s b e tma trj rs ito e it.
u id cin. e litf as h u d n f r vig h t u j c te u id cin xss
Ev nsv B.F.Pek n Co. 1 6 F.d 6 2 6 7 (t Ci.1 9 ) Dimis lf rlc o s b e t
a .
ris , 6 3 4 , 4 4h r 9 9 . s sa o ak f u jc
matrj rs ito i a prp it çft emae ilj rs ito a fcsae n ti ds t a d t e
te u id ci n s p o rae E h tra u idcin l a t r o n ipue n h
i
mo n pa' i e t ldt p e i a amatro lw. 1 (i to a di tr a q o ainmak
vig ly s ni e o rval s te f a ' d.ct in n nen l u tto r s
t
t
'
a
o te )
mitd .

Rue 1 b ()p r t apat t mo f rds sa o ac mp an f rfiu et saea
l 2()6 e mis ry o ve o imis l f o lit o alr o tt
c am u whih r le c n be gr nt d. W he de i ng a moton t dim isunde t sr l ,t
l i pon c ei f a
a e
n cdi
i o s s
r hi u e he
c t tac e a tuea 1 lpl a aleg tonsa dr w a1r a ona ef c u li e e si
our mus c pt s r l wel- e ded l a i
nd a 1 e s bl a t a nf r nce n

t pli ipsfvor Erc on,551U. a 9 t hieac antatcke by aRul 1 b)6)
he antf a . iks
S. t 4. û l ompli ta d
W
e 2( (
motont dimisdoe no ne d de a ld f t al ga i ,apl ntf ' oblga i t pr det
i o s s
s t e t ie acual le tons
ai ifs i ton o ovi he

g o nd o ge)e tte n t r l frq ie mo et a lb l a c ncu in ,a daf r li
ru s f h r n i me t o ei e ur s r h n a es nd o lso s n o mu ac
l
e
r ct ton oft ee e sofac us ofa ton wilno do. Bel At.Co . Twombl 550U.
e ia i
he lm nt
a e ci
l t '
'
l l p v.
y,
S.

5 4 5 5( 0 )(i to a ditr l u tto mak o te ) Tos r ieds s a f rfiu e
4 , 5 20 7 ct in n nena q o ain r s mitd .
a
u vv imis l o alr
t sa ea cai < c m pl i mus co an s fc e f ct alm a tr a e e m t e t Gt e a
o t t l m, ç o ant t nt i uf i nt a u
a
te , cc pt d s nz , o sat

cam f rr le ta i p a sb e o isf c .' As r f v.I b l 5 6 U..6 2,6 8 ( 0 )
li o eif h t s lu il n t a e' hco t q a, 5 S 6 7 20 9
'
( u tn Two l, 5 U. a 5 0 .
q oi g mby 5 0 S. t 7 )
Di
scussi
on

M o i n t Dim isunde Rul 1 b)1
to o s s
r e 2( ( )
The ADA i por t st e or eme pr sonso Til VI oft Ci lRi sAc of
ncor a e he nf c nt ovii
f te I he vi ght t
1
964,i udi t r uie
ncl ng he eq r mentt tapli tf
ha
a n ifmus e us he a nita i r m e e by flng
t xha t r dmi sr tve e di s ii
ac r wiht EEOC be o eflngs ti f de a c ut Syd rv. if x Cnt , 1F. 591
ha ge t he
f r ii ui n e r l ot'.
no Fara
v.68 3d ,

5 3( t Ci. 1 ) Th EEOC c ag d tr n steso eo aplitf rg t ofl afd r l
9 4h r 20 2 . e
h r e ee mie h c p f an ifs ih t ie e ea
lws i. J n s v.Cav r Gp. Lt . 5 F.d 2 7 3 0 (t Ci.2 0 ) t y to e
a ut o e
l e t . d, 51 3 9 , 0 4 h r 0 9 . d
onl h s
dic i nai n cli s sa e i t i ta c r , t e r as bl r l t t t orgi l
s rmi to am tt d n he niil ha ge hos e ona y e aed o he i na
compl nt a t e deveoped by r as
ai , nd hos
l
e onabl i si ton oft orgi c
e nve tga i
he i nal ompli ma be
ant y

man an di as bsq e tE
itie n u e u n ADAqlws i. I . ctto a d itr lq tto mak o te )
a ut' d (iain n nena uoain r s mitd .
'

A p an ifsfi r t e a s h ra mi srt rme isd p ie t c u to s b e tmatr
litf al e o xh u t e d nitai e de e rv s he o r f u j c te
u
ve
jzidcino e acam. 1 .
t s ito v r li d
r
I i u ds ue ta Vi me t j rs ito le h u to rq ie n wihr s e tt h r
t s n ip td h t a t he u id cina x a sin e ur me t t e p c o e
cli of dic i i ton l r t ADA . The pa te i t a diput whehe Vi s r t iton
am
s rm na i mde he
ris ns e d s e
t r a' eala i

cam i s b e tt ds sa f rfit e t e h us h ra mi srtv r me is Th p ris
li s u j c o imis l o alr o x a t e d nitaie e de . e a t '
l
e
di ag e m e c nt r o t U nie St es Cour of Appe l f t Fourh Cic t s dec s on i
s r e nt e e s n he
t d at
t
a s or he
t r ui'
ii n

Ne l nv. t n , 8F.d5 4( t Ci.1 9 ) i whc t eCo t rc g ie a e e to t t e
ao S o e 95 2 8 4h r 9 2 ,n ih h u' e o nz d n xc p in o h
t
e usi r quie ntf c ran r tla i c am s l pm iulr t Fourh Cic thed t ta
xha ton e r me or e ti ea iton l i . n
c a , he
t r ui l ha
pl i ifm a r i e f t fr ttm e i f de alco tt c ai t the e pl ye r t la ed a i t
a ntf y a s or he i s i n e r
ur he l m ha r m o r e a i t ga ns

he f rflnga EEOC c r N e l n, F. a 590. TheCo t xpl ne t tt se p i n
r o ii n
ha ge. a o 958 2d t
ur e ai d ha hi xce to

i th i vtbl c r lay o g jge eal a c ptbl p icpl t t h s o o a . .a ui
s ç e ne i e o olr f t
t
a
he n r l c e a e rn i e ha t e c pe f . lws t
y
ma e e t a ki ofdic i nai n lkeorr l t t al ga i c ai i t c gea
y xt nd o ny nd
s rmi to i
e aed o le tons ont ned n he har nd
gr ng ou ofs h alega i durng t pe nc oft c e be or t Comm ison.' 1
owi
t uc l tons i he nde y
he as f e he
s i ' d.

(n ena q oainmakso te ) TheCo r r a o dt a acam o rt l to f r h fln o
itr l u tto r mitd .
u t e s ne h t li f eai in o t e iig f
a
a EEOC c z ofdic i i ton i t i orr a ona y r l t t ...and gr ng outofs h
n
ha ge
s rm na i s s ke e s bl e aed o
l
owi
uc

alg to s' l (n en lq oain mak o te ) Th Co r as noe t tG r cia
le ain . d. itr a u tto
'
r s mi d . e u t lo td ha t a tc l
t
p
co r ' s
nce ns' uppore t e pton i t ta pli ifwho hasar a bee r t it d ag ns f
td he xce i n ha
antf
le dy n eala e ai t or
flng a EEOC c r woul na ur ly be r uc a t tl a s pa a e c r ,pos i y brngi
ii n
ha ge
d t al
el t nt o ie e r t ha ge
sbl i ng
a utf r he r t la i
bo u t r e a i ton. I
d.

The de e nt c end t t t Ne on e e i a i onl t c e i whi h t
f nda s ont
ha he al xc pton pples y o as s n
c he
alege r t it y a tocc r d whie t c r of dic i i ton wa silpe ng be o e t
l d eala or c
ure
l he ha ge
s rm na i
s tl ndi
f r he

EEOC. Se Br i S p o De .sP ril o .oDimis8 Dk . . 7 (s anifwa is d
e .n u p. f f' a t M t t s s , tNo 2 t itf s sue
a
pl
he rghtt s lte o Aprl1 201 a he EEOC c r wa no l rpe ng asoft t
r i o ue e tr n
i 8, 7, nd r
ha ge s onge ndi
ha

da e. The e nt o whih Pli if ba e he r tla i ca m ,t ti ,t t r na i of he
t
ve s n
c antf s s r ea iton li ha s he e mi ton
r
wie' e pl e ,di notoc uruntlSe e r 1 201 Acc di l t r l to ba k l l
f s m oym nt d
c
i pt mbe , 7.
or ng y, he e ai n c ' e
u

d e n t a 1 ' . To s p r ti ag me t te d fnd ns r l o t e F u t Cic i'
o s o ppy.)
'
u po t h s r u n , h ee a t ey n h o rh ru ts
unpubls d de son i Br v.Rl n,No.96ihe cii n own
mw
2230,1 U. App.LEXI 3 ( h Ci.
998 S.
S 237 4t r
1 ,whihs e ngl c tue Ne ont i eape ncyr quie nt SeeBr
998) c e mi y onsr d al o mpos
nde e r me .
own,1
998
U. App.LEXI 3237,a *1 ( evi t tS al sGeai bac r l prs
S.
S
t 0 obs r ng ha s on' rlton k' ue e uppos sb h
Ne
e ot
t tar t lai n co mti aTil V1 lws tbe çe aedt a ha ç r wn outoft EEO c r
ha e ai to t n te 1 a ui r l t o' nd ve g o
he
ha ge

whiet a nitai c r rmane pe ng,'a t tdgl et rpr diae c ton i
l he dmi srtve ha ge e i d ndi ' nd ha iif ihe e c t ondii s

l c ng,t r e c nnoto r t t ove co eapli ifsf iu et ha e use ad i sr tve
a ki he ul m
pe a e o r m
a ntf al r o ve xha t d m nita i

rme is'.
e de '
)
The pr blm wih t d f nda s r la e on Br wn i t ts e ntFo t Cic t
o e
t he e e nt ' ei nc
o
s ha ubs que
urh r ui
pr c ntma cla t tt e e i r c z d i Ne l n has no pe nc r quie nt
e ede
kes e r ha he xc pton e ogni e n a o
nde y e r me .
The de e nt i J ne v. Ca ve t Gr
f nda n o s
l r oup a nce t ve y s m e a gt nt a CCA a
dva d he r a
r une s
nd
Fihe- çha t N e l n nze a i sonl t ca e i whih t a lged r t la or ac oc ured
s r s t he a o l pple
t
y o ss n
c he le
e a it y t c r
durng t pe nc oft a nita i i tgai oft pro EEOC c r ' J ,551
i he nde y he dmi sr tve nvesi ton he ir
ha ge. ones
'
F. a 302. Thede e
3d t
f ndan mait ne t ts h poston wa s
t n ai d ha uc
ii
s uppore by t pl n lnguageof
td he ai a
N e l n,pa tc a l t Cour ' e a ton t t t nze i w as a i w as t Gsne t bl
ao
r i ul ry he
ts xpl na i ha he l t
doptng
he si via e

c o lr oft r l t tlhes o o aTil VI lws tma e e t a li ofd s rm i to
or la y' he u e ha t c pe f te 1 a ui y xt nd o ny cnd i c i nai n
lkeo r l td t a lga i c t ne i t c r a gr ng o ofs h al ga i durngt
i r e ae o le tons on ai d n he ha ge nd owi ut uc le tons i he

p n e yo te c s b f r t Co sin.' I . Th Fout Cic i utmaeyrj ce t
e d nc f h a e eo e he mmiso ' d e t' ru t li t l ee td he
'
h
de enda tsa glmen ,e ani a f l .
f n ' r l t xpli ng s olows'
Re r e s of whe he Ca ve tpr e s pe s s ve a gum e s t t
ga dl s
t r l r es nt r ua i r
nt ha
t r l we ado ed i Ne l n s d have i l d a pe nc
he u e
pt n a o houl
nc ude
nde y
r qui e e ,t l ua o t o ni n i c e r t t t l e w e
e r m nt he ang ge f he pi o s l a ha he '
ul
a t ly ado e i f c i ude no s h r quie e . N orwo d
c ua l
pt d n a t ncl d
uc e t m nt
ul
s h a r quie e ha ftwihi ourr as ng i t tc e,i
uc
e r m nt ve i t n
e oni n ha as n
whi h we e aned t t a pl itf s d be e us d 9o
c
xpl i
ha
an if houl
xc e
m
e usi ca ms al ng r t iton f t flng of a pr vi
xha tng li
legi eala i or he ii
e ous
EEOC c gelz l bec us s h apl i ifwoul be e ctd t
har a gey a e uc
antf
d
xpe e o
be gun s a ut i rng f rhe r t iton a tr ml a tona
hy bo ncuri ' t r eala i fe
u
ddii l
EEOC c r a be us a s c
ha ge nd ca e
e ond c iiton c d not be
onc la i oul
expe t d t be a m o ef u tu t n t lr t I e Go tib v.
ce o
ny r r if l ha he is . nde d, tle

Tua Uniest o Lo iin ,8 9 F.d 2 ( t Ci.1 8 ) o
lne v riy f u sa a 0 2 78 5 h r 9 7 , n
whi h we r le i Neaon,i vol d ar t iton cai t ta os
c
e id n
l n ve
eala i l m ha z e
afe t pe ncy oft EEOC c r
tr he nde
he
ha ge. Se Gotle 809 F. a
e tib,
2d t

280 ( tng t talge rtlai oc un'd a trTil Vl acin
noi ha le d eaiton c e fe te 1 to
h db e ûld .
a en e )

1 . (mp a i i o ii l (d i o a ctto s o te ) Ac o dn l t e Fout Cic i
d e h ss n rgna) a dt n l iain mitd . c r igy, h t' r ut
i
h
concuded t tt he nze i Neaon co ansno pe nc r quie e .' 1 a 303. l lghtof
l
ha t
t
l n
l
nt i
nde y e r m nt' d. t
n i

t s ce r pr c de ,t c ttndst de e nt 'c r r a gumen ba e on Br wn t be
hi la e e nt he our i
he f nda s onta y r
t sd
o
o
w iho m e i.
t ut rt

l he s ond a nde c
n r ec
me d ompl i ,Vi c am st tCCA fr d M o rsi or rt r t lae
ant a l i ha
ie
r i n de o e ai t
1
a an tVi f rs e n r d e su d rt e ADA. S e2 At .Co .! 9 - 5 Vi f rhe
g is a o e kig e r s n e h
e d ' mpl ! 4 9 . a ' t r
n
u

e
mphasze t tt ç l a i ofr t lai n a er a e t Vi si talEEOC c r and t t s
i s ha he s eg tons e ai to r elt d o a' nii
al
ha ge
o hi

lws i. 1 . !9 , 7. Asi dc td a o e t eNe lnr l p r t ap an ift ias f rt
a ut' d ! 4 9
'
n iae b v , h ao ue e mis litf o t ie o he
r
fr ttm e i f der lc tt c am t the e oye r t la e a i the f flng wih t
is i n e a our he l i ha r mpl r ea it d gans r or ii
t he

EEOC. He ts v O1 Do ninUn v, 6 F.d41 , 6( t Ci. 01 )(iigNe ln 9 8
' no h . d mi o i .7 7 3 3 41 4h r 2 4 ctn ao , 5
'
F.da 5 0 . Be a s Vi stsidtej rs ito a e h u to rq ie n wihr s e t ohe
2 t 9 ) c u e a aife h u idcin l x a sin e u rme t t e p c t r

d srmiain cam u e t eADA,ç f lo t a t (o r h s j rs ito o e he r ltd
ic i n to li nd r h
lt o lws h t he c u t a i u id cin v r r eae
i
(
ADA) rtlai n cam. l a 41 . Ac o dn l t rtlain cam i n t s be tt
eaito li ' d. t 7
'
c r igy, he eaito li s o u j c o

d s sa u d rRu e1 ( )1.
imis l n e l 2 b ()
l.
I

M oton t Dim isunde Rul t b)6)
i o s s
r e 2( (

The de enda s ha a s m ove t dim is c ran a pe t o Vi s s c
f nt ve lo
d o s s e ti s c s f a' e ond n nde
me d

c mp an u e Rue 1 ()6 . S cfc ly t y s e d s s a o t cam f rrtlain
o lit nd r l 2 b ( ) pe iial, he e k imis l f he li o eaito
agans Fihe ,t r ques f co ns t y a punii dn a f a lge r t la i t
i t s r he e t or mpe aor nd
tve m ges or le d e a iton, he
cli f de n ai n pe s a t r l t r q s f pt tvedn a s. The c r wiladdr s
a m or f m to r e, nd he e aed e ue t or mii
m ge
ou t l
es
ea h i t n.
c n ur

lThedef nda sappe t co edet tVi sale tonssat a cai f r t iton a i tCCA . I
e nt
ar o nc
ha a' lgai t e l m or eala i gans
n

Th mns nv. rhAme ia Sails. 5 2U. 1 0( 01 )t c mplitalg dta a e lye frd
o o No t
rc n t ne s LP, 6 S. 7 2 1,he o an l e h t n mpo r ie
e
anempl e' fancé whowor f t s company,afert empl fld ac r ofs dicrmi i
oye s i ,
ked or he ame
t he
oyee ie ha ge ex s i naton
wih t EEOC. The Supr Cour had Sltl difc t 'c udi t ti t f t al
t he
eme
t
site fiuly' oncl ng ha f he ac s leged we etue,t
r r hen
t frng oft empl
he ii
he
oyee' fa évi aedt a iealai pr konofTil VI. 562 U. at1
s inc olt he ntr t iton ovii
te l
S. 74. Be e
caus

tea teait njo iin o teADA i smi rywod dt ta o TieVl,c ut h v h l ta Eh
h ni tl i rvso f h
r ao
s i l l re o ht f t I o rs a e ed h tt e
a
l
t
Cour' r as ng m Thomps a is e l t t ADA . M or v.Na iano,988 F.Supp.2d 11
ts e oni
on pple qualy o he
'
'
aan
polt
62,

11 ( D. l2 3 ; e as .ho d v. d De stl . r .2 7F. 3 3, 91(t Ci. 0 )(p yi
78 E. Ca. 01 ) s e lol a s -Fe . po i ns Co D, 5 3d 7 3 4h r 2 01 a pl ng
k
Til Vl rtl to sa ad t ADA rt ito cam)
te I eai in tnd rs o
a
eal in li .
a

A.

Fi he i noti vi l labl f r t i i
s rs
ndi dualy i e or e alat on.

The de e nt fr ta gue t tFihe c r be hel i vi ly la e f r t iton
f nda s is r
ha s r amot
d ndi dual ibl or eala i
unde t ADA .2 The c ta ee wih t de e ant t tt Fourh Cic tsde ii n i Bar
r he
our gr s t he f nd s ha he
t r ui' c so n id

v. s , 9 F.d4 2(t Ci. 9 9 i d s o iveo ti is e I Bar ,h Fo rhCic ihed
Ro e 1 2 3 6 4h r 1 9 ) s ip st fh s su . n id t e u t rut l
i
t tprvae i vi uasc nno behel pe s ly la e f rr t ito unde t ADA. 19 F.
ha i t ndi d l a t
d r ona l i bl o ealai n
r he
2 3d
at . 1zr ac ngt sde i i t Fourh Cic tnotd t ti ha S xpr sy hed t tTil VI
471 i e hi hi c son, he
t r ui e ha t d ç es l l ha te I
e
doesnotpr dear med a i ti vi ua de e nt whodo notq lf asGm pl r .' I
ovi
e y ga ns ndi d l f nda s
uaiy e oye s'' d.

a 4 2(iigLisuv. o t enFo dSev. n .1 9F.d 1 7 1 0 1(t Ci.1 9 )( odn
t 7 ctn sa S u h r o r .l c, 5 3 7 , 8 -8 4 h r 9 8 h lig
t ts r io scn tbehed la e i t i i vi lca c te unde Til V I bec us t y do
ha upe vs r nno
l i bl n her ndi dua pa ii s
r te 1 a e he

n tftwi i t ed snto o a e l y r) ç c u eTil VI d e n ta t o iearme y
o i t n h e iin f n mp o el. l a s te I o s o u h rz e d
h
Be
agans i vi sf vi ai o ispr sons a bec us Congr sha ma t r m e es
i t ndi dual or ol ton f t ovii , nd a e
es s de he e di
aval bl i Til VI a iabl t ADA aci , t Fourh Cic tc ude t tC he ADA
ia e n te I pplc e o
tons' he
'
t r ui oncl d ha t
t
doesnotpe m i a a i ag ns i vi lde e nt f r tla i f c
r t n cton ai t ndi dua f nda s or ea iton or onduc pr t c e byt
t o e t d he
ADA. I
' d.
'

Si Baid wasdec de t Fourh Cic tal dititcours t r i ha r pe t dl
nce r
i d, he
t r ui rd src
t he en ve e a e y
obs r e t tt ADA doe notalow apl i ift ptrue cai a i ts r ior a o he
e v d ha he
s
l
antf o ls l ms gans upe v s s nd t r

i vi lofkesore o es Se -eg.J sv. e n i r 387F. x366,368( hCi.
ndi dua f r mplye . e . , one Str heme ,
App'
4t r

2 0 (fimi te dsrc c u tsc n lso t tTil VI a d te ADA d n tp o d f r
01 ) a fr ng h itit o r' o cu in ha te 1 n h
o o r vie o
c us so a to sa ans id vd a d f n a t)( ingBar ,1 2 F.d a 4 2 ; at o v. d.
a e f cin g i t n i iu l ee d ns ct
i
id 9 3 t 7 ) M ti n M
s
Tr nstAd n.No.11
a i mi ,
:5CV01 2016U. Dit LEXI 65361,a *1 ( Md. a 18 201
627,
S. s.
S
t 4 D. M y , 6)
(1ti wele tbls di t scr uit tas r s r e oyeei notla ef vi ai oft
û s l sa ihe n hi ic t ha upe vio y mpl
I
s ibl or oltons he

ADA,r g r ls o whehe h i s e i h so tca o idv d a c pa iy' (i n Ale v.
e a de s f t r e s u d n i fi il r n ii u l a ct .) ct g ln
' i
2 Fiheri notname msa de e
s s
d
f ndantt t ADA dicrmi ton cli as e d i Count1oft se
o he
s i nai am s de n
he cond
ame
nded c
ompl nt
ai .

Colc o W i im & M ay,2 5 F.Su p 2 7 7,78 8 ( D.Va 2 0 ),Si iusv.lR.
le e f l a
l
r 4
p . d 7 6- 7 E.
. 0 3) l o
. v
l
Do n l v & So s No 5 1 CV0 11 , 01 U. Dit LEXI 1 9 9 a * ( . Va Fe 2 ,
n el
e
n , . :0 0 6 2 1 S. s.
S 3 7 , t 2 W D. . b. 0
2 1 (l i wele tbl h dta idv d l mply e aen t u j c t la iiyu d rt eADA,
01 ) $t s l-sa i e h t n iiua e o e s r o s be to ib l n e h
d
s
t
a d ta o ye ly r ma b hed l bl u d rt ssaue' . Co sse twi t f r g i g
n h t nl mpo e s y e l i e n e hi ttt .) n itn t he o e on
a
'
h
de sons t c tco l
cii , he our ncudest tFihe i no a S mpl r'f pup os s o t ADA a i
ha s r s t n E oye ' or
e
e f he
nd s

tee o e n0 s b e t t l bl y fr t alg d vo ain o is a trtlain p o so .
h r f r t u j c o i it o he le e ilto f t nieaito r vii n 3
a i
Ac or ng y, her t la i c am a i tFihe wilbedim is d.
c di l t e a iton l i gans s r l
s se
B.

Pl i i fc
a nt f annotr co r co pe a or and puni i dam age f r t i i
e ve m ns t y
tve
s or e alaton.

To t e e Vi s ekst r co rc
he xtnt a e
o e ve ompe a o y a pt tve da a s f rr t la i i
ns t r nd mii
m ge o e a iton n

v oain o t eADA,hec u t o cu e t a s h rq e ti s b e tt ds s a. Th Fo t
ilto f h
t o r c n ld s h t uc e u s s u j c o imis l e m'
h
Cic tha hed t tc
r ui s l ha ompe a or a punii da
ns t y nd
tve mage a eçuna ia e'f a l edvi a i ns
s r ç va lbl' or leg
olto
oft ADA' a ie ai tonpr son. Rhoa v.Fed. postI .Cor ,94 F.
he
S ntr t lai
ovii
ds
De i ns
p.
App' 18 188
x 7,

( t Ci.2 0 )(iig Krme v. n o Am.Se .LLC,3 5 F.d 9 ,9 5 (t Ci. 0 4 )
4h r 0 4 ctn a r Ba c f
c.
5 3 61 6 7 h r 2 0 ).
Alho h Rhoadsi a unpubls d de ii n, heco tfndst r ms ni ofKm m e , whih i
t ug
s n
ihe c so t
ur i he e o ng
r on c t

r l s p ru sv . Se Kr me , 5F.da 9 5(x anigta t panln u g o 4 U. C.
ei , es a ie e n r 35 3 t 6 e pli n h t he li a g a e f 2 S.
e
j 1 81 pemisr c v r o c mp nstr a d p mi v d ma e o l f rt s camslse
9 a r t e o ey f o e ao y n t t e a g s n y o ho e li itd
i
t ri whihd n ticud camso rtlainu d r4 U. C. 1 2 3 ; e as Al rd v.
heen, c o o n l e li f eaito n e 2 S. j 2 0 ) s e lo vaa o
3 UnderTil Vl and t ADA, a dempl ' i de
te l
he
n s oyer' s fned i peri par asll pe s engaged i a
n tnent t sa r on
n n

id tya fcigc mmec whoha tfe no mo ee o e s'' Bar ,1 2F. a 4 2( u tng4 U. C.
n usr fe tn o re
s ite r r mply e .' id 9 3d t 7 q oi 2 S. j
2 0 - b ) s eas 4 U. C. 1 1 ()A) Reyn ont Fo lh Cic i' d cso i Paol ev Uns s
00 e5(); e lo 2 S. j 21 15 ( . lig he u' r uts e iin n r i . iy
t
n
Co n.8 9F.d 1 ( hCi.1 9 , a ae i n r o o h rz o nd , 00F. 27(t Ci.1 9 )(nb n ) Vi
r , 7 2 00 4t r 98 ) v c td n a t n t e r u s 9 2d 4h r 9 0 e a c, a
ar s t ta i vi lqualfesasa te oyer'unde Til V1,a t r f e t ADA,i he s v i a
gue ha n ndi dua
ii
n tmpl '
r te I nd he e or he
f er es n
s r s yposii and e r iescontolove t pl ntf shii ortrng. Asi caedabo however t
upe vior
ton
xe cs
r
r he ai if rng ii
ndi t
ve,
,he
Fourh Cic tss equentde son i Lis u makescl rt Ks r s sar notla e i t ri vi l
t r ui' ubs
cii n s a
ea hat supe vior e
ibl n hei ndi dua
capa te f Til VI vi a i .'Lis 159 F. at180. Acc di y,çpar i shol ng ast s vior
ciis or te I oltons' s au,
3d
or ngl ç olne' di
o uper s
labiiy unde Til V1 alhough ne f maly over l i notcontoli ' Ta or v.Al Ar
i lt
r te 1 t
ver or l
nled s
r lng.' vl
me undel

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Cau Op rtn Co.5 8F,d 1 61 1 68(t Ci. 0 9 ( g e i wih Kr me t a Shep an
j n eaig , 8 3 2 , 2 9h r 2 0 ) a r eng t n r h t ç li
t
a d t mbgu u p o so so 4 U.. j 1 1 l tt e a albit o c mp n aoy a d
n ma i o s r vii n f 2 SC. 98 a i h ' i l y f o e s tr n
mi
v a i
punii da st t es ii ADA cli lsed' . Acc di y,t c t ldimist
tve mage o hos pecfc
ams it '
)
or ngl he our wil s s he
r que tf c pe a or a pt tve dn a s s tf t i Co mtI .
e s or om ns t y nd mii
m ge e orh n t I
C.

The s cond am e d c pl nts a e a c ai f r de am aton pe s .
e
nde om ai t t s l m o f
i
r e

I Cot 11 oft s ond p nded co ai ,Vi cai t tFihe de a e he by
n
mt I
he ec
me
mpl nt a l ms ha s r f m d z
m adng sa e nt i cai t t s ha c
l
tt me s ndi tng ha he d omm itd a s a CCA . Vi c e t t s h
te r on t
a ont nds ha uc
s a e e s a e de a a or pe s
t t m nt r f m t y r e.

To sa eac am f de a ai t e Vigni lw,apl ntf mus pl usbl s
tt l i or f m ton md r r i a a
ai if t a i y how t tt
ha he

d fn a t( )p bl h d ( )a a o a l sae n wi ( )t erq iieitn . S eCh p nv.
e e d n 1 u i e 2 n din b e ttme t t 3 h e u st n e t e a i
s
h
Kn g tm d e .I c,9 3 F.d 1 8 ,1 9 (t Ci.1 9 )(iig Ga e tsIc v.Ha s 3
ih - d r n . 9 2 0 7 0 2 4 h r 9 3 ctn z te n .
ni , 25

S. 2d 71 ( .1 5 ) & be çcin bl, t sae n mu tb no o l f le b tas
E. 3 Va 98 ). To a to a e' he ttme t s e t ny as , u lo
den t y,t ti,i mus çe qs t ha m t r putton o a he ast lwe hi i t
fmaor ha s t t tndl o o r he e ai f not r o o r m n he
e tm ai n o t c
si to f he ommuniy ort deert r pe s fom a s a i orde lng wih hi .' 1
t
o t hid r ons r
s ocitng
ai
t m '' d.

( u t gRe ttme t( e o d o To t j5 9 .
q oi sae n S c n ) f rs 5 )
n

Ceti sae nsa ec n iee d fmaoy pe s u d rVign a lw,icu ig:()
ran ttme t r o sd rd en tr r e n e r ii a n l dn 1
t th s whih i u e t a p ro te c mmiso o s me ci n lo fn e iv li g mo a
G q o e c mp t o e s n h o s in f o rmi a fe s n ov n
g
rl
t r md , o whc t pa t,i tec ag i tu , ybeidce a p nihe ' ( )Stho e
upi e f r ih he ry f h h r e s r e ma
n itd nd u s d' 2 E l s
; l
whih i
c mput t aperon unft s t pe f m t d i ofa ofi e o e oyme ofpr i,or
eo
s
ne s o ror he utes n fc r mpl
nt
oft

wa to itg i i t ed shag o t d te o s c a o tc o e l y n ; n ( )ttho e
n f ne rt n h ic r e f he u is f u h n fi e r mp o me f'a d 3 t l s
y
g
whc p eu ies hp ro i h so h rp o e so o ta e' Tr n edv Nain d Mu .ns
ih rj dc uc es n n i r e r f si n r rd . o fl . to wi e t I .
'
Co, 3 S. 2 4 7 4 9 0 ( . 0 6 ( u tngFlmi v. o r,2 5 S. 2 6 2 6 5 ( .
.6 6 E.d 4 , 4 -5 Va 2 0 ) q oi e nc M o e 7 E.d 3 , 3 Va

13

1 1) Fors h sae ns Vigi a1w prs st tt pli ifs frd a t ldn get
98 ).
uc ttme t, r ni a e ume ha he antf ufee cua ma o
he r pu a i a t r f e, pr ofda ag i r uie Flm i 275 S. 2d a 636.
r e t ton nd, he e or no oof
m es s eq r d. e ng,
E. t
A d a t y sa e nt m a be m a i die t tr s or by i e e e,i i ton,or
ef ma or t t me
y
de n r c e m
nf r nc nsnua i
i iai
mplc ton. Pe k v.Ve t r Re , Grp,4 5 S. 2 1 , 1 4 ( .1 7 . Alh u h ç r
r
co
s
. 8 E.d 40 4 Va 99 ) t o g d e
pu
.

e e sons of opi o 'c nno or na iy s r e a t bass f r a de a ton cli ç acual
xpr s i
ni n' a t di rl e v s he i o
f ma i
a m, G t
f

sae n sma et s p r o j siya o i o c n' W J TV v. v n 5 4S. 2 3 3 3 2
ttme t d o u po t r u tf n pnin a .
' LALe i , 6 E.d 8 , 9
( . 0 ) Ac o dn l,sae n st ta ev rfa l f leo c nan ç r v b y flef cu l
Va 20 2 . c r i gy ttme t ha r eiiby as r o ti s o a l as a ta
p
c mot to ' ma be de a t y. I The is ofwhe he a sa e e i o ni o f c i
ol ai ns' y
f ma or d.
s ue
t r tt m nt s pi on r a t s
de e ned by t c tasa ma troflw,asi t is ofwhe he a sa e e i d a t y.
t nni
he our
te
a
s he s ue
t r t t m nt s ef ma or

Se Ye ev.Col it Ti s 497S. 2d 136,138( 1 ;Chave v.J ms n,335S. 2d
e aal
legae me ,
E.
Va. 998)
s ol o
E.

9 ,1 2( .1 8 )
7 0 Va 9 5 .
I movi t dimisVi sde n ai cai , he de e
n
ng o s s a' f m ton l m t
f ndan sfr ta gu t tVi tf l t
t is r e ha a tais o
i n iy whi h sae e ss cai sa e de a a o y pe s ' De .s Br Supp.M o .t Dimi s
de tf
c t tm nt he l m r f m t r r e.
' f' .
t o s s
1 D kt N o.
4, . 27. Upo r vi w oft s c n e d c pl i ,t co tdi a r e . Co r r
n e e
he e ond m nde om a nt he ur s g e s
nt a y

t t de e nt 'a s ri n,t pladi doesnotmer l sa e t tKFihe ute e o o m o e
o he f nda s s e to he e ng
ey t t ha ç s r tr d ne r r

fle sae ns o o c n enig Vi . 1 (ntr a q oain ma k o te ) l se d Vi
as ttme t f r o c r n a' d. i en l u tto
'
r s mitd . n ta , a
s c fc ly alege t tFihe t tr t M a s a t t o roft Ge r St e i Boson
pe ii a l l s ha s r i e ed o rh nd o he wne
ut
he ne al or n t

o e o mo e f le sae n st tVi h d c mmitd as n a CCA. 2 Am.Co ! 1 3
n r r as ttme t ha a a o te r o t
' d
'
mp. 0
(mp a i a d d . Be a s t es c n a n dc mpan ma e ce rta t ed fmaincam
e h ss d e ) c u e h e o d me de o lit k s la h t h ea to li
i ba e o û s rsfle ac us ton ofa s a i tVi ' 1 ! 1 i s ts st fdeal
s s d n E he ' as c ai
Fi
ron gans a,' d. 04, t aiûe he e r
pl di r rme s. SeeFe R.Ci P. a()( ovi ngt tapli ifne onl pr deE
ea ng equie nt
d. v. 8()2 pr di ha antf ed y ovi 1
a

s o ta d pan sae n o te cam s o ng t tt epla e i e tte t r l f) s e as
h r n li ttme t f h li h wi ha h e d r s n i d o ei ; e lo
l
e
S u h rn l c v. .l c, 08F.Ap x 2 , 4 n. ( t Ci. 0 6 ( o igt a d fmain
o t p ik n . H3 n .2
p' 49 25 2 4h r 2 0 ) n tn h t ea to

camsae C ts b e tt heg tne pe dn rq ie ns'i f d rlc u t;W u h n c v.
li r i u j c o ih e d la ig e u rme t' n e ea o rl c e ih
no
S e a d a Me lHo p.No 9 - 2 3 2 0 U. Ap LEXI 1 5 ,a * 5 (t Ci. a 2 ,
h n n o h m' s , . 9 1 7 , 0 0 S. p.
S 1 7 t 4 4h rM y 2
2 0 )(n )
0 0 sme .
The def nda s ne a gue t t t s a e e t a i s a e no de a a o y per s . l
e nt xt r
ha he t t m n s t s ue r t f m t r
e n

pa tc a ,t de e nt c le Vi sas e ton t tt f le ac us ton ofa s i
ri ulr he f nda s hal nge a' s ri ha he a s c a i
r on mput d a
e n

u i e st p ro t d te o e o me a dp eu ie Vi i he p o e so o ta e4 Th
nft s o e fnn he uis f mply nt n rj d c d a n r r fsi n r r d . e
n
de e nt e pha i t tt f l wihi t e caeg is ofdef m ai n pe s Che wor mus
f nda s m sze ha o al t n hes t ore
a to r e, t
t
ds
t
c ai a i putton t ti ç c s rl hurf l i ise f c upon pl i ifsbusne s'a mus
ont n n m a i ha s ne es a iy tu ' n t fe t
antf '
i s ' nd
t

afc he i he G ri a ta oroc upai ' Flmi 275 S. 2d a 636( i J mesv.
fe t r n r s tculr rde
pa
c ton.' e nc,
E. t
quotng n

Ha me , 6 S. 3 3 3 6( 9 3 Al o g t ed f n a t' e iaino t e1w i c re t te
y s 1 8 E. 3 , 3 1 3 $. t u h h e e d n s rctto f h a s o r c,h
h

c u tsu bet c n ld t a t esae nsa is wo dn t rj d c Vi i h rp o e so .
o r i na l o o cu e h t h ttme t t sue ul o p eu ie a n e r fsi n
Succnc l sa e t ac us ton t tVi c
i ty tt d, he c a i ha a omm itd a s a t f clt whe e s pr vi usy
te ron t he a iiy
r he e o l

wok da ama a e C ul bea o tu i esumbi bo kt ge qg ii ohe e ly n .
r e s n g rt d n b r sv t l lc o h r anng t r mpo me t'
wo
ng
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Hac v. as s t ElcrcCo .6 6 F. u p.1 3 ,1 3 ( D Va 1 7 . Ac o dngy te
ih M tu hi e ti p , 7 S p 3 2 3 9 E. . 98 ) c r i l ,h
a
c tc ude t tt satm e s s esi t tVi wa r s
our oncl s ha he t e nt ugg tng ha a s e ponsbl f t fr s
i e or he ie uppor a
t
plusbl c am f rde a ai pe s .
a i e l i o f m ton r e
The c t i as unpe s ded by t de e nt r z e t t Fihe ' sa e e s
our s lo
r ua
he f nda s'a glm nt ha s r s t t m nt
r ga di t fr a e nona tona e o ni . I deer ni whehe a sa e e ti one off c
e r ng he ie r
c i bl pi ons n t mi ng
t r ttm n s
at
o o ni t co tS tconsde t sa e e ta awhol ' Hylndv. vt on Te h. r s
r pi on, he ur ç
mus
i r he tt m n s
e.
'
a
Ra he
c Se v .

Co.670 S. 2d 7 750 ( 2009) W hieG ee esi ofopi on ...c nno nor ly
,
E. 46,
Va.
.
lt
pur xpr sons
ni
n t mal
4 Neihersi addr s swhehert saement a i ueftwihi t fr tcaegor ofde a ai perse.
t
de
es e
t he t t
s t ss i t n he is t y
f m ton
Nonehees ,t cour not t t i ot r cont xt,ar on hms bee hel t be an ofe e i vi mor
t l s he
t es ha, n he
e s s
n d o
f ns nvol ng
al

t pi e S e eg,Ruzv. d r 4 6 F. p' 68 6 (t Ci. 01 )( lig i t ei g ain c n e t
ur md . e . .. i Hole, 4 Ap x , 9 9h r 2 1 hodn n h mmirto o tx
t taron dnec s iy i vesa ac ofba enes ordepr t c r yt ac edm or lsa r a i t
ha s t es arl nvol n t
s s
aviy ontar o cept
a t nda ds nd s hus

aci ivovn mo a tr iu ' (iainsa ditr l uoainmak o te )
rme n lig r l' ptde' ctto n nena q tto r s mitd .
u
)

f nn teba i o a a to f rd f main' W LJ TV,5 4 S. 2 a 3 2 (n ena q tto
o h ss f n cin o ea to ,
' A6 E.d t 9 itr l uoain
makso te ) teSu r meCo r S ss cfc lyd ci dt hodt a sae nso o ii n
r mitd , h p e
u tt pe iial e l o l h t ttme t f pn o
ha
ne
ae caeg ial e l d a t bai f a a ton frde n tony I (ii M iko c v.
r t orc ly xcude s he ss or n ci o f mai ' d. ctng l vih
'

Lo anJ u n l , 9 U. 1 1 - ( 9 0) Ast S p e Co r e pli di M i vih:
r i o r a Co.4 7 S. , 8 21 1 9 ). he u r me u t x ane n l c
ko
l a s ke s ys ç n m y opi on J m i a la ,'he i is a
f pea r a , s
l
ni ol s i r'
mple
kno e o f t whih l a t t c l i n t tJ ne t d an
wl dge f acs c e d o he oncuso ha o s ol
un r h. Even i t s a r saest f c supon whih he ba e
tut
f he pe ke t t he a t
c
ss
t opi o i t ef t a eet ri rec ori mplt ,ori hi
he ni n,f hos acs r ihe nco r t nco e e f s
a s s m e of t m i e r
s e s nt he s r oneo ,t s a e e m a s il i pl a
us he t t m nt y tl m y
f le a s ri n off t Si y co hi s h sa e e t i t ms
as s e to
ac . mpl uc ng uc t t m n s n er
ofopi on doe no dipe t s i i a i ;a t sae e ,tn
ni
s t s l he e mplc tons nd he tt m nt tl
m y o ni J ne i ala y' anca ea m uc da a t r put ton
pi on o s s i r'c
us s
h m ge o e a i
a t sa e nt ( one i ala .
s he t t me , f s s ir'
l
'
497 U . a 1 -1
S. t 8 9.
A s um i t t ut of V i s ale tons a t c t m us do a t s s a of t
s ng he r h
a' l ga i , s he our
t
t hi t ge
he
pr e di , he c tc ude t tt s a e e s a i s a e notpur e e s ons ofopi on.
oc e ngs t our oncl s ha he t t m nt t s ue r
e xpr s i
ni

By i i a i t thehad C ea on t bei ve't tVi wa ç es nsbl f t sr ' a t ts
nd c tng ha
t s o le ' ha a s l po i e or he e' nd ha he
r
r
( a eo
t mpl pporu t ' oc ei, s ri ple t theha knowldg o f t t twoul lad
had
t niy't aus t Fihe m i d ha
d
e e f acs ha
de

t t e c ncu in t tVi c mmitd a s n. Un e e itn p e e e t C sttme t ce ry
o h o lso ha a o te ro
d r x sig rc d n , t qae n s la l
l
i yi t exit nc of f c s a e a tona e a de n a i ' Swe e v. I Co .
mpl ng he se e
a t r c i bl s f m ton.
'
nal r
TT
p

Elcr - tc lPr d . v.9 3F.d 1 6 ,1 71( t Ci. 9 3 . Ac o d n l,ComtI1i n t
e to opia o s Di , 9 2 0 3 0 4h r 1 9 ) c r i gy t I s o
s be tt d s sa u e Rue 1 ()6 .
u j c o imisl nd r l 2 b ()
D.

The se ond am e d c pl nt s at s a c a m f punii dam aze unde
c
nde om ai t e
l i or
tve
s
r
V i ni I .
rai a aw

The de enda s ûna c l nge i t t s fc e y oft a l ga i t s
f
nt ' l hale
s o he uf i i nc
he le tons o uppor a a a d
tn w r

ofpunii da sf den ton. çgfo rco rpunii dn ge i ade n ton c e,t
tve mage or fmai ç-l e ve
tve ma s n f mai as he
$

panifmu tp o ea ta maieb ûla a d c n i ig e ie c ta g ed fn a t ete
lit
f s r v cu l l y ce z n o vncn vd n e h t t e e d nj i r
c
h
h
kne t s a e e s he m a we e f s a t tm e he m a t m ,pt t the m a t m w ih
w he t t m nt
de r ale t he i
de he
ha
de he
t
..

16

r c es dir ga d f t i t t '' Go tMir Re .I c v. a k o ,6 4 S. 2 6 ,7 ( .
e kl s s e r or her ru h-'
v' co s. n . J c s n 2 E.d 3 0 Va

20 6 (mp a i i o i ia) (u tn I ls v Di ey 4 5 S. 2 6 ,6 6 ( .1 9 :. A
0 ) e h ss n rgn l q o ig nge . v l,,
3 E.d 41 4 Va 9 3
pl i ifwho s e t r co rpunii da a Cc n pr va lby e t bls ng e t r c r um s a
a ntf
e ks o e ve
tve m ges d a e i
s a i hi ihe ic t nce

by c e ra co ncng e denc ' I
l a nd nvi i vi e. d.
'
Vi s s ond ame
a' ec
nded c
ompli c ans f t a lga i ns t t i pr ven, wo d
ant ont i acual le to ha , f o
ul
s ppo ta cai f pt tve da a ag ns Fihe . Vi al ge t tt fr c e dee mi
u r l m or mii
m ges ai t s r
a le s ha he ie hi f tr ned
t tt fr sa td i a HVA C uni on t r oft f clt whih ha no be n worcng
ha he ie t re n n
t he oof he a iiy, c d t e
li

pr ry f ra oxi a ey t wee . Vi f t ra lge t te oye advie Fihe oft
ope l o ppr m t l wo ks a urhe le s ha mpl es s d s r he

s u c o tefr wh nhea i e o tes e e a ta çb yn tltrt nsmd wn o S n a
o r e f h ie e
n v d n h c n , nd h t f j o ae ha t o n u d y,
l
Aug t27, 7,Fihe unde s oo t tt fr ... d c
us
201 s r
r t d ha he ie ha omm e ed i a HVAC t i,known by
nc n n
mt

CCA t bei d se i. 2 Am.Co . 6 Depi wh th k w a o tt s u c o te
o n irpar' d
'
mpl ! 3. s t a e ne b u he o r e f h
e
fr Fihe i c t d t theha r as t bei vet tVi w a r s nsbl f s- i i a t t
ie, s r ndia e ha
d e on o le ha a s e po i e or t ng t nd ha

s h da eo p ru iyt d s . S ei , !7 - 7. Th s alg to , c e tda tu , r
he a mpl p o tnt o o o e ê ! 0 7
e e le ains a c p e s r e ae
s ûc e tt m a plusbl Vi sas e ton t tFihe made t a us tons a i tVi ç t
uf i n o ke a i e a' s ri ha s r
he cc a i
ga ns a E h
wi

k o e et a te weef le' rt t rc e sdse a df rt i t t o fliy. 1 . 1 5
n wldg h t h y r as 'o ç h e kls irg r o her nl r ast ' d ! 0 .
wi
h
'
Ac or ngl t r q s f punii dama wilnotbe dimis d a t stme.
c di y, he e ue t or
tve
ges l
s s e t hi i
C oncl i
us on

Fo t r a onssae t de e nt 'pa tal oto t dimiswilbegr e i par a
r he e s
t td, he f nda s ri p i n o s s l
antd n t nd
de e i pa t The Cl r i diece t s nd co e of t s me or ndum o ni a t
nid n r .
ek s r td o e
pis
hi
m a
pi on nd he
ac om pa i or rt a 1c m s lofr or
c
ny ng de o 1 ot e
ec d.

oAaEo: asc d nda o- rl2 8
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i
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ni r t d a e sr c udge