Hudson v. Pittsylvania County, Virginia et al

Filing 38

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 2/3/12. (ham)

I TH E U N I
N
TED STA TES D I
STRI T CO UR T
C
FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI OF VI NI
CT
RGI A
DA NV ILLE D I ISIO N
V
JA NE D O E,
Pl ntf ,
ai if

Ci lA ct on N o.4:
vi
i
11cv00043

PI
TTSY LVA NI C O UN T Y ,V I G I A and
A
R NI
B O AR D O F SU PERV I R S O F
SO
PI
TTSY LVA NI C O U NTY ,V I G I A ,
A
R NI

By: M i
chaelF.Ur
bans
ki
U ni St esD i ri Judge
ted at
st ct

D ef
endant
s.

M EM O R AN D UM O PI IO N
N

Thi l w s tc l nge t pr ctce oft Boa d ofSu r s s ofPit yl ni Co y,
s a ui hale s he a i
he
r
pe vi or
t s va a unt
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r ni
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he r
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e
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f Pr tci Or r( .#3)i DENI
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1.2

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The pr s pton ofope
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ss
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a o y t ma b a p o it .Th c ca itrsssr e b o e j dca pr e dng aen t
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ai if s r ntd e ve o oc e i
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ry
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uti i a t s o onsdeed
rs a i t nonymiyrquess ()whehe
t e t: 1 t r

t ej ttc to a s re b ter q e t gp ryi meeyt a odtea n y n ea dciiim
h usi ain se td y h e u si a t s rl o v i h n o a c n rtos
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i ry r lowi
a a ton agans i t pr e d a
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i t t o oc e nonymousy.6F. a 238.
l
3d t
Thes f cor a eno e usi ,
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t r acor y e eeva pe ng n he pecfc rumsanc
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d.notng
t e fve f c or , hi h wer r l va t t tpari ul rc e, e e am ong t e t be
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ve s nd he ci
t r he usom r ac i e
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i ntt s dyil t t pl ntf sprvac c ens' Fr t 951F. a 323(ii W ymz
de iy houl ed o he ai if i y onc r . ark,
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ctng
e

& J f 59 F. a 71 ;seas Bar Co.21 F. D. t1
afe, 9 2d t 3) e lo row , 9 R. a 93.
Il.

Fouroft fve f c or i ntfe by t Fourh Cic ti J m esca be dea tw ih r t r
he i a t s de ii d
he
t r ui n a
n
l t a he

concs l i t contxtoft spariulrc ea a edic sdbel Seej 1.A.C.D.&
iey n he e
hi tc a as nd r suse ow.
jI , , ,
E. i r . The ot rf t outi i J m esi s tf t i a s pa at A ppe x t t s
, nf a
he ac or lned n a
s e orh n e r e
ndi o hi

M e a um Opi onf r a onse anedbeow.Se j1. ,i r .
mornd
ni or e s xpli
l
e l B. nfa

A.

The fr tJ m e f c orr quie t c t o c nsderw he he J ne D oe hasi n ii d é
i s a s a t e r s he our t o i
t ra
de tf e i
a
s ii s ns tve a pe s lprvac i e e t' Y a ove l v.M oes , o.1:
pec f c e ii nd r ona i y nt r s , c li
'
er N
02CV 5 2004 W L
96,

l1 83,a * ( . N. Ma 20,
441 t 6 M D. C. y 2004) orwhehe s meel s kst t voi t amoya
,
t r he r y ee o t d he r nce
a
a c ii s ' t tc e w ih ltga i n. J m es 6 F. a 238. l e s e c tz ns of
nd rtcim ' ha om s t ii to n , 3d t
nde d, om ii e
Pi tyl ni Count ha voi e c ii im oft s l w s ti a ve y publc m a r a i i lkel
ts va a
y ve c d r tc s
hi a ui n
r
i nne , nd t s i y
t ts h c ii i m w ilco i ast s c s pr es e . Ce t nl on s e l ve , a ntf s ks
ha uc r tc s
l ntnue hi a e ogr s s
rai y, om e l pl i if ee

t s ed he s ffom opposton t a dia ovalofherposton i t sc e, e es e by
o hi l r el r
ii o nd s ppr
ii n hi as as xpr s d

ce ti me r ofhe c
ran mbes
r ommuniy.Se dic so i r,j11 Butii as tuet tplitf
t e s usin,nfa 1.
t s lo r ha anif
ha a s cii pr va i e e ta s a Relgi le a t hea t t sca e a r i o i a
s pe fc i cy nt r s t t ke. i on i s t he r of hi s , nd elgi n s
kq nt s e i ly pr va e m a t r' St a l 653 F. a 1 a c d Yac li 20 W L 11 8
t ui e s nta l i t
te -' ec l,
2d t 86; c or
ove l, 04
441 3,

a * .Bar w Co.21 F. D.a 1 seas Enge v. tl,370U. 421 43132( 96
t 6, ro
, 9 R. t 93; e lo
l Viae
S. , - 1 2)

(c eii ni t op ro a,o s ce t oh y t p r tistn alwe pev rin' yacv l
kRl l o s o e s n lt o a rd,o ol,o emi t u h lo d r eso b ii
g g
ma srt.).W 'iepli ifspa tc a rlgi beif a enotdetr nai o t
gitae' h l antf' riulr ei ous les z
emi tve f he
c tt i na ques i t be d i d he e pr e uto oft sca e w ilr quie pl i ift r ve l
ons iuto l
ton o
ec de r , os c i n hi s l e r a ntf o e a

he C i sc
r t ef once ni t pr
bel
r ng he operi er to b we n gove m e a r lgi ' whih
nt aci n et e
nz nt nd e i on,
' c
c e ns c i m plca e prvac m a t r s m ia t t e a s a e wih ac ua r lgi
onc r ma t i t i y te s i l r o hos s oci t d t t l e i ous
i
t a hi and be i f .' Ba r Co. 2 1 F. D . t 1 3. A ss h,t tr tJ m es f t wei i
e c ngs
le s ' r ow
, 9 R. a 9
uc he i s a
ac or ghs n
pl i if sf r
a ntf ' avo .
B.

The s co f c ora tc ae byt Fourh Cic ti J mesi whet ri ntfc ton
e nd a t riul td
he
t r ui n n
s
he de iiai
pos s ar s ofr t i or phys ca orm e a ha m t pl i ifort i ce no pa te Thi
e ik
e alat y
i l
nt l r o a ntf
o nno nt n- r i s. s
f c orr quiesa m or i de h ana ys s a i t r f e s tf t i a s par t s to oft s
at e r
e n pt
l i nd s he e or e orh n e a e ec i n hi

opi o Seej11 i r Gi nt i ntf ngnaur oft e de epr e e ont is of
nin.
1,nfa. ve he de iyi t e he vi nc esntd he sue
ha m , hi pori oft ana ys sw ilbe fl d i an Appe x t t sM e o andum Opi on,
r t s ton he l i l
ie n
ndi o hi
m r
ni
whi h w ilbepl e unders luntlf t Or roft cou t
c l
ac d
ea
i urher de
he r .

The t r J m es f t conc r t age oft per ons whos pr va y i t r t a e
hid n
ac or
e ns he s he s
e i c n e es s r
s htt be pr e t d. Pl ntf i no a m i r a doe notpos es t t pe i lvul r biiy'
oug o
ot c e
ai i f s t
no nd s
s s he t c a ne a lt '
s

ofac l pl n if St gal,653F. a 18 Thi f c o we ghsdecde y a i ta
hid- aitf. e l
2d t 6. s a t r i
i dl ga ns nonymiy.
t

Se i (i ngepe al pe s i t fc t tpli if aec l e ;Ya vel,200 W L
e d, fndi s cily ruasve he a t ha antfs r hidrn) co li 4

l1 83, * (n c s i vi cole sude swheeonepli ifwa ami ra t tmeof
441 at 8 i a e nvol ng lge t nt r
antf s no t he i

fl b th dsn era he t a eo mao iy c u t l fco c t t wa ssn eS olg
ing u a i c e c d he g f j rt , o r hed a tr u boh y ic s le e
i
c
sud n sma sil o s s t ei trt o a o ec nc ' M e tn 21 F. D. t 9 (a tr
t e t y tlp s e s h mmau i f d ls e e); re , 9 R. a 3 3 fco
y
w e g d a i ta
i he ga ns nonym iy w he e t e off v pl i if w e e aduls a t t o m i s we e
t
r hr e i e a ntf s r
t nd he w
nor r

Cont ve geofa t
' he r
dulhood' ; v. t CaolnaCe . v.No.198CV01 1 W L
' Doe Norh r i ntUni ,
)
:
095, 999
l 39 a *4( . N. Apr 1 1 )(t t aeofe mor wilngt al pa te t
9 248, t M D. C. . 5, 999 ûcours r tn e li o low ris o

pr e a
oce d nonymousyi or rt pr e t prvac rght ofc l en.);Doev.Sa eFeI
l n de o otcthe i y i s hidr '
nt ndep.
Sc Dit,933F.Su 647,6515 ( D.Te 1 6)( otctngt a
h. s.
pp.
-2 S. x. 99 pr e i he nonymiy oft mi
t he nor
pli if,butnott adul pli if,a notng,kaj t aesmpl no a vul r bl as
antfs
he t antfs nd i t duls r i y t s ne a e
g
s hoolhidrnt s a a physc i i dai o vi e e'
c c l e o ocil nd
ialntmi ton r olnc ).
D.

The f rh f ct t bec i r i whehert a i i a ns a gove nme alor
ou t a or o
onsde ed s t he cton s gai t
r nt

prvaepa t dg oulsi ge r aels lkeyt gantapl ntf per si t pr ee
i t ry. scj ' n neal r e s i l o r
t
ai if mison o oc d
a
nonym ous y w he t pl i ifs s aprva e i vi
l
n he a ntf ue
i t ndi dualt n w he t a ton i a ns a
ha
n he c i s gai t
gover ent entt s ng t have a 1 orr aton decl ed i i ' M eren,2 1 F. D .at
nm al iy eeki o
aw
egul i
ar nvald.'
t
9 R.

6

39 (ii Wymw & J f 599F. a 71 .Aci a ns t go r ntdonoham t is
4 ctng
afe,
2d t 3) tons gai t he ve nme
r ot
r put ton,whe e s t f l d aga ns prva e pa te m a da age t i good nn esa r ul i
e ai
r as uis ie
i t i t ri s y m
he r
m
nd es t n

ec
onomi ha W vnne& J f 599F. a 71 Thus ii amatrofCl ascfines't ta
c nn.
afe,
2d t 3.
,t s te tbl i ar s'ha
prv epa t dee ntsa cus r pari paei t s tunde t rr lna .J
iat- ry fnda ' c es tci t n he ui
r hei ea mes i
Butt r ve s i no ne s a iy t u The sm pl f tt tpl i ifs a go r e t
he e r e s t ce s r l r e.
i e ac ha a ntf ues
ve nm n al

e iydoesnotgi t co tmor r s nt ga he rques f a
ntt
ve he ur e ea o o rnt r e t or nonymiy. iO1 c s ,i
t 3 d f oure n
(

o l av r fw c ssc aln igg v r me tl ciiyc na o y t b j si e ' Se al
ny e y e a e h le gn o en n a a t t a n n mi e u ti d. t g l
v
y
t '
,
653 F. a 18 The f c t tpl i ifs d he l a gove n e ,a oppos d t a prvat
2d t 6.
a t ha a ntf ue r oc l
r m nt s
e o
i e

i vi l i s ehi t be c i r d by t c t Howe r t sf t mus be viwe i
ndi dua , s om t ng o
onsde e
he our.
ve , hi acor t
e dn
t c t xtofW ynne & J f ,599 F. 707, he c s i whi h i wasfr ta tc a e Fr nk,
he on e
af e
2d
t ae n
c t
is ri ul t d. a
951 F. a 323.
2d t
I W ynne & J f ,f f m a e l w ye ss ug t pr e a
n
af e our e l a r o ht o oc ed nonym ous y i a Til V 1
l n
te 1
c e aga ns t o D a l s 1 w f r s N otng m os c s s i whi h pl ntf sw e e alow e t
as
i tw
la a im .
i
t ae n
c ai if r l d o

pr e a
oc ed nony ousy i ve aci c lngi gove nmen a tviy,t c tditng s d
m l nvol d tons hale ng
r
t c i t he our si uihe

t Til V1 ca ebec us Eg efnda lw fr sa publcyac usd ofs i vi ai of
he te I s a e idl e nt a ims tnd il c e
erous oltons
f r ll w . Ba i f ines di t t st tt e a ong t de e
ede a a
s c a r s c a e ha hos m
he f ndan s a cus sw ho w ih t
t ' c er
s o
pa tci t i t s s ta i vi pa t pl i if m us do s unde t i r lnam e . 599 F.
ri pa e n hi ui s ndi dual ry a ntf s
t o
r he r ea
s'
'
2d
a 71 A st El vent Cic tc l d i Doe v. a
t 3.
he e h r ui onc ude n
Fr nk:

Thus be aus t pli if we e s ng prvae i vi al r he
, c e he antfs r ui
i t ndi du s at r
t n a gove nm e a ncy, t c t f und m o e r s not t
ha
r nt ge
he our o
r ea on
o
gr nt t pl i if r ques f a
a he a ntf s' e
t or nonym iy. W yl e & J f does
t
m
af e
nots a ho e r f t pr ii t tt r i m or r s n t
t nd, w ve , or he oposton ha he e s
e ea o o
g a apli ifsr ues f a
r nt antf eq t or nonym iy i t pli ifi s ng t
t f he a ntf s ui he
gover ent. Consequenty,t f t Doe i sui t Pos al
nm
l he act hat
s ng he
t

3 Se Doe v. Me ls, 5 F.d4 4, 0(dCi. 01 )(idn p bi itrs i k o n plitf sie tyi
e
ces 6 4 3 0 41 3 r2 1 fn ig u l neetn n wig anif d ni s
c
t

h ih e e tte a s De e d n saep bl o ca sa d g v rme t o is'( uo igDo v M e ls , .1 e g t n d t c u e f n a t r u i m il n o e n n b d e ' q tn e . g e s No 0
b
c
'
102 2 0WL 3 7 2 , t* ( D. . g. , 01 )
0 , 01
0 6 46 a 4 E. Pa Au 5 2 0 :.

Se vi does not we g i f vo of gr ntng Doe' r ques f r
r ce
ih n a r
a i
s e t o
a
nonym iy.
t
951F. a 3
2d t 24.
N o hi i t Fourh Cic t sJ m e o ni i i ons s e w ih t sco us on. The
t ng n he
t r ui ' a s pi on s nc it nt t hi ncl i

Fourh Cic tlse t sf c orasonet be c nsder d bycourswei ng a
t r ui itd hi a t
o
o i e
t
ghi nony iyr quess
m t e t,

notng s ii a l t i wasr e ntt t J sca e. 6 F.d a 238. And J m e ,lke W y
i peclc ly hat t
elva o hc ame s
3 t
a s i
nne
& J f ,i veda prvae- ry de e n ,no agove nme a e tt The ei no s si n i
afe nvol
i t pa t f nda t t
r nt l n iy. r s ugge to n
J m e t ta ti c tha m or r s t gr nta a
n s ha ral our s
e ea on o a n nonym iy r que ti t de enda i a
t e s f he f nt s

g v nu na e t y.l ma wel et a t o rsaemo elk g t p r tpanif t p o e d
o e ne tl n i t y l b h tç u t r r iel o emi lit s o r c e
t
c
yl
f
unde a ps ud
r e onym ' w he a pl i ifc l nge t go r m e r t rt n a prva e i i dua .
' n
a ntf hale s he ve n nt a he ha
i t nd vi l

Ya ove l,
c li 2004 W L l1
4418 a *8. Bu a la tonediti tc t t n t scr ui ha
3, t
t tes
src our wihi hi ic t s
de i d t gi t s f c ordi pos tve e f c ,f t do s C oul l d,i ppr pra el t
clne o ve hi a t
s ii f e t or o
o t d ea na o i t y, o
w
gr ntng a
a i nonym iy t a pl n if s ng t go r e tt c le a l w orr gul ton.'
t o ny ai t f ui he ve nm n o ha l nge a
e ai '
M eren,219 F. . .I 394.
t
RDa

V i w i t s f c o i t c e ofbot W ynne & J f a J m es t co tgi s i
e ng hi a t r n he ont xt
h
af e nd a , he ur ve t
ne r lw e ght
ut a i .

B e a e t e i ltl r s t t Boa d i alow i pl i ift pr e a ym ousy, he
c us her s ite ik o he
r n l ng a ntf o oce d non
l t

tfh J mesf t we ghsi pl ntf sf vor TheBoa d a g t tpl i ifsi ntt i
il a
acor i n ai if a .
r r ues ha antf de iy s
ge ne t t s ltga i n bec us i m us be a e t c os - m i pl i i fon he m otva i
nna o hi ii t o
a et
t bl o r s exa ne a ntf
r i tons

f rb i i gt i lws i i o d r ods rvea ta ij r Th Bo r tk st ep sto t a
o rngn h s a ut n r e t ip o cu lnu y. e ad a e h o i n h t
i
pl ntf ha notbe n ij edbyisr i l Chrsinprye , r t rt ts brngst ss t
ai if s
e nur
t outney ita a r but ahe ha he i hi ui
i r alaton agai tt B oar
n et i i
ns he
d.

8

How e r pl i ifsmotva i f brngi t sl ui a ei p ie. Asl a sa
ve , antf '
i tons or i ng hi aws t r na post 4
ong s Ie
hass a ng t s ,5t sca e r vol a ou a sngl l ga i s -w he he t Boa d' pr tc
t ndi o ue hi s e ves r nd i e e l s ue
t r he
r s ac i e

ofr gulry ope ng ismee i wih Cl sin pr ye vi at t Unie Stt Consiuton.
e al
ni t
tngs t ui ta a r ol es he t d aes
tt i
Se Ba r Co. 21 F. D .a 193.t e 1 w i c t t ta r s ofunf i s t a
e r ow
, 9 R. t
t
cas a ndi a es ha ny ik
a nw s o
de e nta a c e
f nda s ons quenc ofa l w i a pl i ift pr e d anonym ous y i m i m i e whe
e
lo ng a ntf o oc e
l s ni z d
n
t ts uesr i ed a e pur y l la do notde nd on i ntf ng t s ii pa te .'
he i s
as r
el ega nd
pe
de iyi he pec f c ri s ''

M etn, 9F. D.a 3 1. ( tngDoev. as , 96re 21 R. t 94 122 cii
Al ka No. 35873,1 W L 5479 , t*l
997
41 a

( t Ci. e t2,1 9 :.Th si n tac s ta tu o p anifsc e iii Bar w Co.21
9h r S p . 9 7
i s o a e h t tms n litf' r db ly. ro
t
, 9
F. D. t1 4.I e tgl t e oft day,pli ifplysarltveymi r ei t s
R. a 9 nde d,çat he nd he
antf a eai l nor ol n hi
ltga i ' i , nd t r s ofunf ine st de e nt by a l w i pl i ift pr ee
ii ton,' d. a he ik
a r s o f nda s
lo ng a ntf o oc d
a
nony ous y i r l tve y l . A s s h, hi ffh f c o w e g i pl i if s f vor
m
l s e a i l ow 6
uc t s i t a t r i hs n a ntf a .

l e to s1L, P, n l o hsMe r n u Opi o a es to t i t e
' cin I f : a d ' fti mo a d m nin r ef rh n h
s
:
ac ompan n Appendi l
c
yi g
x
.

V I.

Fort r s s tf t a
he ea ons e orh bove a i t ac om pa ng A ppe x,pl ntf s M oton f
nd n he c
nyi
ndi ai i f
i or

Le vet Pr ee UsngPsudo
a o oc d i e nymsandf rPr e tveOr r( .#3)i DENI
o otci de Dkt
s
ED.
4 Theco tnot t toneoft fct sbea i ona
ur es ha
he a or rng
nonym iy a tc ae b t Thid Cicui i K he t pa t
t riultd y he r r t s û
whet r he ry
s e ngt s ps udonym ousy hasil tm aeule i m otves' M e es,654 F. a 409. TheBoad' cam
e ki o ue e
l
legii t tror i .
' al s
3d t
r s li
t tt flng oft ss twa r t i or i tue i e c dbec i r anule irmotvea pe ha ha
ha he ii
hi ui s ealat y, f r ,nde d oul
onsdeed
tro
i nd r ps ve
s er e ncet t sa ysi Butt Boa ddoesnotdev op t sagum e i isbresa ofesno e de et
om elva o hi nal s.
he r
el hi r
nt n t if nd f r
vi nc o
s r t sc e i A ss h,hecour c
uppo t hi ontnton.
uc t
t annotgi t sf cora sgniia wei .
ve hi a t ny i fc nt ght
5 Pli ifssandi t brngt saci i addr sd i t M emor ndum Opi onon de e nt m oi t
antf t ng o i hi ton s
ese n he
a
ni
f nda s' ton o
dim isfl cont
s s ied
emporneousyherw ih.
a
l e t
6 l i alo worhnotngt tt Boad i ar dy a r ofpl ntf' i iy, f t rdi i s ng a rs of
ts s
t i ha he r s lea wa e
ai ifs dentt urhe m ni hi ny ik
unf ine st t Boa d s ul pl i ifbepe m itd t pr ed a ym ousl
ar s o he r ho d a ntf
r te o oce non
y.

9

W hiecii e ofPit yl ni Co ya m e r oft c
l tz ns
ts va a unt nd mbe s he ommuniy a lr e a efe t
t t a g r re o
expresst ropi ons on t scas threat ng or i i i i act di ed agai t anyone
hei ni
hi e,
eni
nt m datng s rect
ns

i ve i t sl ws twilno bet e at d orc
nvol d n hi a ui l t ol r e
ondone by i ton. l vi l t t
d
nac i
ndi dua s ha
be om e awa e ofs h c uc s d i m e a e y notf t c tort U nie St t Ator y
c
r
uc ond t houl m di t l
iy he our
he t d a es t ne
f t W e t r D i ti tofV igi a.
or he s e n sr c
r ni

Ass tf t i t a ompa ng Or r t sc e s l r m an syl d unde t nameof
e orh n he cc
nyi
de , hi as ha l e i t e
r he

J neDoef t ry( da t alow plitf a opporuniyt a alt c tsr i on
a
or hit 30) ys o l anif n
t t o ppe he our' ulng
a
nonymiy a orde e m i whe he s wihe t c ntnuewih t sa ton unde he acua
t nd/ t r ne t r he s s o o i
t hi c i
r r t l

na Se Jme ,6F. a 238(r e de ngplitfs moto t pr e a mousyi
me. e a s 3d t
o d r nyi anif' in o oc ed nony l s
a albl unde t c ltrloderdo ti .Afe t ry( da ha e r d,i noa a
ppe a e
r he olaea r
crne) tr hit 30) ys s xpie f ppe l
ha be n not o t anonymiy is a i pl n ifi e t p oc ed,s mus a iet
s e
ed n he
t s ue nd f aitf nt nds o r e he
t pprs he

Clr ofhe a t na andt Clr s lsyl t sca ei pt ntf sacualna Att t
ek
r cual me
he ek hal t e hi s n ai if t
me. ha
tm e t co tw ile e a s pa a e O r runs a i t Appe i t t sM e or ndum
i , he ur l nt r e r t de
e lng he
nd x o hi m a

Opi o .7
ni n
Ent r d: Fe ua y 3,201
ee
br r
2

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.

u

( yy .
. .$ *

l ha lF. b s
c e
ki
U nie St e Di t i tJ
t d at s s rc udge

7 TheOr ralo wildiec t Clr t uns alhepm is tlngsa t t is ofa
de s l r t he e k o e t
e ' ii s o he s ue nonymiy, Dkt #s 1 5 22> 26.
t
. 6
5
32,33,a 37.
nd
.