Hudson v. Pittsylvania County, Virginia et al
Filing
42
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 2/3/12. (ham)
I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI CO URT
CT
FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI OF VI I A
CT
RG NI
DA NV I
LLE D I I O N
V SI
JA NE D O E,
Pl ntif
ai f ,
Ci lA cton No.4: v00043
vi
i
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V.
PITTSY LV AN I C O U N TY ,V IRG I I and
A
N A
BO A RD O F SU PER VI R S O F
SO
PITTSY LVA N I C O U N TY ,V IRG I I ,
A
N A
By: M i
chaelF.U rbanski
U nie St t sD i t i tJudge
t d a e sr c
Def
endant
s.
M EM O M N DU M O PI I
N ON
Thi m at ri be or t c tton am o i t dimistl by d e nt Boa d of
s te s f e he otr
ton o s s ied
ef nda s r
Supe v s sofPityl ni Count a Pityl ni Coun y, Vigi a( . 1 . TheBoa d'
r ior
ts va a
y nd ts va a
t
r s
r ni Dkt # 4)1
a gume si s
r
nt n uppor ofism o i a nceaviw oft l w i onsse wih c r lng
t t ton dva
e
he a nc it nt t ontoli
Unie St t s Supr m e C o ta Fourh Cic tCo tofA ppe l pr c nt A s s h,t
td ae
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ur nd
t r ui ur
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uc he
B o r sm oton m us be D ENI .
a d'
i
t
ED
1
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ant le ha he r
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tngs t ita a r rte
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lve s
ni
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ompl ntalege t t f e m pl on Aug t1 201 t ope ng pr ye wasasf l ws
ai l s ha , or xa e,
us 7, 0, he ni
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olo :
G r ous heavenl f her w e t
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hank you f t opport t t
or he
uniy o
a es you,and t nk you O Lor be a e you m a a1 oft s
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we a e her God,wihout you,a J s , wihout you,t r
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t
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l Pl i i fa l gest tt a e e i as d t s a w hie t pr ri de i r a t
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upevio s
udi e
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il s ori r que s he i e l c s s ha a t nded ea h Boa d m e tng snc Oc o r
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2008 ( ca es be ive i i i
d us he le s t s mpora t obs r a unde sa t wor ngsofhe l al
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r nt
nt
o ontnue te ng ve y ei ' d. t 0. antf lge ha
t Chr si n pr ye sconve t he t m e s e t ts a ot rnon- ita cii e a e no
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y o r he s ag ha he nd he
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ita a r y ca e he
t olo he
r s r f re at 'a
ke r ee i
anouti ri he owncommuniy.I a ! 11 Pli ifaleg t tû sactze a rsde of
sde n r
t d. t . antf l es ha t ii n nd e i nt
a
Pityl ni Co y ghe i enildt atndme tngsofhe BoadofSupe vs swihou
ts va a unt s l s tte o te
ei
r r
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y
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Theve i c
rfed ompl n a l est ta rr a ng a
ait leg ha he e di boutt Fourh Cicui' de ii i
he
t r ts c son n
ul
J y e v F ryt Co n v 6 3F.d3 (t Ci. 0 1, deci d on J y 29, 2 1 panif
o n r . o s h u t , 5 3 41 4 h r 2 1 )2 de
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ont ced he
rc n vi be te
on
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i
t e h Boa d m e be t xpl i ng t tt pr c de soft Supr m e Cour a t Fou t
o ac
r
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e
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e
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Cic tCou tofAppe l pr bi l gi l tve m e tngsf om be ng o ne w ih s t r a pr ye s
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ei r
i pe d t ec a i n a r ,
a aki t Bo r t ce s ispr cieofs hpryes' VerfedCo .Dkt# 1 a ! 1
nd s ng he a d o a e t a tc uc a r.
' ii
mpl, . , t 2.
The Boa d s eq nty pa s d a w rte r s uton on Se t m be 6,2011 a
r ubs ue l s e
it n e ol i
pe r
doptng a pr ye
i
a r
2The Supr m eCour de ed For yt Count spe ii n f wrtofce tor r on J nua y l 5201 .
e
t ni
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ri a i a l 7
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01
7 5 Jn. 7 2 2 .
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p lc .I . t 1 Th r s lto p o d st a Cino d rt s lmn z p o e dng o te
oiy d a ! 4. e e oui n rvie h tt l r e o o e ie r c e i s f h
g
Boa d ofSupewi or i i t polc oft Boa d ofSupe vi o st a l f a i voc to or
r
l s s t s he i y he
r
r s r o low or n n a i n
prye t beofee beor isme tngsf t be ftoft BoadofSupevior.'J a Ex.
a ro
frd f e t ei or he nei he r
r s s' . t A
Z
!1.Alhought wrte polc pr de t tt prye i t bedei rd b ade i t
t
he itn iy ovi s ha he a r s o
lvee y sgnaed
m e be oft Boar i i nott be d i t d orr og z d a a age ie f t m e tng ora
m r he
d, t s
o k se
l
ec ni e s n nda t m or he e i
s
patoft publcb i s .'1 a Ex. !2.Them itnpolc pr dest tt pr ri t be
r he i usne s' d. t A
te iy ovi ha he aye s o
vol a iy dei r o ar a i na bassby ame
untrl lve ed n otto l i
mberoft Boa d who k ha ldei rt
he r
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s
pr rori
aye
nvocai n i hi orhe ca ct a aprva ectz n, nd a co di t t dit t ofhi
to n s
r pa iy s i t iie a c r ng o he c aes
s
orhe ownco cince. l a Ex. !5.Ast t me ha c oft pr ye,t wrte polc
r
ns e ' d. t A
'
o he c nis he a r he itn iy
pr vi st tdll rl b or t o ngga lt tofi al be nst me tnga t
o de ha tsho ty ef e he peni ve ha tcily gi he ei nd he
a nda b i soft publc t Cha r r on oft Boa d ofSupe vi o s s l i r
ge / usnes
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nd or he r
r s s' ts t A 0. o ontnt r a
'
he itn
polc pr de asf l s
i y ovi s olow :
6.
N o gui i or lm ia i s l be i s
delnes
i t tons hal
s ued r ga di a
e r ng n
i
nvoca i s c e t e e t t t Boa d of Supe vior s l
ton' ont n , xc pt ha he
r
r s s hal
r
eques by t l ng ge of t s polc t t no pr ye s d
t
he a ua
hi
i y ha
a r houl
pr el i oradva e a f t o di pa a t r lgi f ih or
os ytze
nc ny aih, r s r ge he e i ous a t
non- e i ous vi w s ofo he s
r lgi
e
t r.
i
a a
he it
i te
J a Ex. !6.Thefnalpar gr ph oft w rten polcy sat s:
Z t A
11. Thi polc i no i t nde a s l notbe i pl m e e
s i y s t n e d, nd ha l
m e nt d
orc tue i a wa t a fla et Boa d ofSupe vio swih,
onsr d n ny y, o fiit he r
r sr t
nor ex e s t B oa d of Supe vi o s pr f r nc f ,a f ih or
pr s he
r
r s r ' e e e e or ny a t
r i o de m i ton. Ra he , t s polc i i e d t
elgi us no na i
t r hi
i y s nt nde o
a kno l dge a e pr s t B oa d ofSupe vi o s r pec f r t
c w e
nd x e s he
r
r s r ' es t o he
di iy of r i ous denom i i and f t r esent and
verst
elgi
natons
aihs epr
ed
pr i am ong t cii
actced
he tzens ofPityl a Count V igi a.
ts vani
y, r ni
1 a Ex. ! 11
d. t A
.
Theverfed c
ii ompli tale t ton t da et r ol i wa pa s Se e r6,
a n lges ha
he t he es uton s s ed, pt mbe
2011,lplirt r lc l,Supe vs CoyE. r ledei r daChrsinpryer' l a !1
tg ro o ol al
r ior
Havil lve e
ita a . d. t 4.
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The ve ii d c pl i f t ra l gest tde pie t pa s ge oft r ol i ûs l s sa
rt e om a nt urhe le
ha s t he s a
he es uton, ûupewi or t
t Se em be 6,2011 Boa d m e tng sa e t i i t nto t c i pr yi i t na e of
he pt
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J s Chrs,a ha i ed,c i dt tpr tc .'1 a ! 1
e us it nd ve,nde ontnue ha acie' d. t 6.
ll.
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de al es
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ton o s s ,
ai
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s fc e f c ua m a t r ac e e ast u t t t t a c a m t r le t ti pl us bl on is f c .'
uf i i nt a t l te , c pt d r e, o s a e l i o e i f ha s a i e t a e ''
As r t l l556U. 662,
hcof v.qba,
S.
,1 S. .1 1 (
29 Ct 937, 949 2009)( i BelAt. p.v.
quotng l lCor
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m nsr t
e ha t he r sbiiy ha
e nt s c e awf l ' i t 9
.
W he r lng on a m oton t di m i s t co t us ûa c ptt w e l pl d a l ga i oft
n ui
i o s s , he ur m t k c e he l- e le tons he
c
ompli a tue' l tuet f t a r a ona e i e e esde i d t r fom i t
ant s r 'and t r he acs nd e s bl nf r nc
cons
rve he e r n he
lg mos fvorbl t t pli if' I rav. td Stts 1 F. 472,474( hCi.1 .
iht t a a e o he antf.' bar Unie ae , 20 3d
4t r 997)
W hie t co tm us ac e a tue a lw el- e d f c uala l ga i , he s m e i no t ue f
l he ur
t c pt s r 1
lpl ade a t le tons t a s t r or
l ga c l i . ll te bar r ial oft e e e sofa c us ofac i s
e l onc us ons i- r ad e ec t s he l m nt
-l
a e
ton, uppored b m e e
t y r
c us r sae e s do nots fc ' l ,1 S. . t1 49. The Supr me Co to lned
oncl o y t tm nt,
ufi e. qbal 29 Ct a 9
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e
ur uti
ist pr d a oa h asf l :
t wo- onge ppr c
olows
I ke pi w ih t s pr nc pl s a c tc i r ng a m oton t
n e ng t he e i i e
our ons de i
i o
dim isca choos t beg n by i ntf ng pl di t t be us
s s n
eo i
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ea ngs ha , ca e
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hey ar no m or t
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usi
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as um pton of t ut W hie l ga c us ons ca pr de t
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f a e or of a c pl nt t y m us be s ppore by f t
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l i
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l i
4
c t s d as ume t r ve a iy a d t n dee mi whe he
our houl s
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tr ne
t r
t y pl i y gi rs t a en ilme t r le .
he ausbl ve ie o n tte nt o ei f
l a1
d. t 950.Det ni whehe a c
enni ng
t r ompl i sa e aplusbl ca m f r i i $ac e ant tt s a i e li or elef s t ontxt
s e ii t s ta rq ie t er ve n c u toda o is udca e p re c a dc mmo
p cfc a k h t e u rs h e iwig o r t r w n t j iil x e in e n o n
s ns ' I
e e. d
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111
.
The ve i i d co pl ntale st tt û e t r a pr ye s a m ee i ' oft Boa d
rf e m ai l ge ha he t c a i n a r t tngs' he
s
r
vi a e t Es a i hm e Cl us oft Fi s A m e
ol t he t bls nt a e he r t
ndm e t t Unie St t Cons iu i
nt o he
t d a es
tt ton.
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rfe mpl t # , t 7. e tbi me t a s f h rt n me tma e
,
s
a ia et t sa esa t i poltc ls vii t o h t Fouree t Am e
pplc bl o he tt nd her iia ubdi sons hr ug he
t nh
ndme ,s e
nt e
Eves v. ofEduc,330U. 1,15( 947) c
ron Bd.
.
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s
1 r pe i a e t bls en ofr lgi ' U . Cons .a e 1 Spe i i ly, he ve ii d
aw es ctng n s a i hm t e i on. S.
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t m nd. . c fca l t
rf e
c pl i a l ges
om a nt le :
1
8. The Boa d' polc pr tce a c t
r s
i y, ac i
nd us om of o ni
pe ng
m e tngswih s c a in pr ye sha t e pur eofad nc ng one
ei
t e t ra a r ve h
pos
va i
pa tculrf ih t t e l i ofot rr lgi .
ri a at o he xcuson
he e i ons
1
9. Thes pr r ha t e f c of adva i a pa tc a
e aye s ve he f e t
nc ng
r i ul r
f t by a f la i t gove nm en ,ie. Pit yl ni Count wih
aih
f ii tng he
r
t . , ts va a
y, t
Chr s i t
i taniy.
20. The s t in pr r c
ecara aye s onvey t i
he mper s i e m e s
misbl
s age
t tPityl ni Count a t Boa d ofSupe vio se s a
ha ts va a
y nd he r
r s r ndor e nd
f vo Chrsiniy.
a r ita t
VeiidCo l, t # 1 a ! 1 - 0.
rfe mp .Dk . , t ! 82
TheBoa d r iest r ea g e sa t why pli if sEsa ihmen Clus s ts d
r a s h e r um nt s o
a ntf
tbls
t a e ui houl
be di m i s d,
s s e none ofw hi h hasa m e i. The Boa d fr ta gue t tpl ntf sve ii d
c
ny rt
r i s r s ha ai if
r fe
c pl i f l t s f c e l pl a t ts ha sa ng t brng t sa i n de pie bi i
om a nt ais o uf i i nty e d ha he s t ndi o i hi cto s t nd ng
Fourh Cic tpr c n t t c t a y. Se ond,t Boa d e r ous y a s rs t tt doc rne
t r ui e ede t o he on r r
c
he
r r one l s e t ha he t i
oflgil i i
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t pple o ui oughta ns t Count a isBoa d ofSupe v s s
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y nd t
r
r ior ,
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s
e o ui ga ns m r
he
r n he r ndi d
a c tes ke s t
Boa d as e t t tl s a i i m uniy a a l s a i t s i oni p i l ge s el iss t r a
r s rs ha egi l tve m
t nd egi l tve e tm al r vie hi d t ec a i n
pr ye pr c i fom a c tt i lc l gewhe i f c ,t edoc rnesa e a i bl onl
a r a tce r
onsiutona halen
n, n a t hos
ti r pplca e y
t a tviisi e a t l a ng, c a ope ngi ai n i not Fi ly,t Boa d
o c i te nt gr l o awm ki whih n ni nvoc to s . nal he r
a gue t tt a l d pr c i e ofr gul r y o ni ism e tngs w ih Chr s i n pr ye i l w f ,
r s ha he lege a tc
e a l pe ng t e i
t
i ta a r s a ul
butc r lng Supr m e Cour a Fourh Cic tde i i c pe t oppos t conc us on.
ontoli
e
t nd
t r ui c sons om l he
ie
l i
The c t dd e s ea h oft s a gum e t i t n.
our a r s es c
he e r
n s n ur
A.Pl ntf HasAle d l ur i Fac Sufiintt ConfrSt ngt Chale t
ai if
lge nj y n t fce o
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Board' Prac i ofO pe ng Boar M e tngsw ih Se t i n Pr ye
s
tce
ni
d ei
t c ar a
a r.
Pli ifalege t ts ha r gulry at dBoad m e tngssnc Oc obe 2008a
a ntf l s ha he s e a l tende
r ei
i e t r
nd
itndst c i t dos l a !1 Plitf obecst t Boa d' pr tc ofope ngis
ne o ontnue o o. d. t 0. anif j t o he r s acie
ni t
m e tngsw ih Chrs i n pr ye be a e s doe no s c i t t pa tc a f t pr ot by
ei
t
it a a r c us he s t ubs rbe o he r i ul r aih om ed
t Boa d' ope ng pr r t pr ye s c
he
r s ni
aye ; he a r onve t s i notwel om e a t m ee i ; he
y hat he s
c
t he
tngs t
pr ye s c ea e a pe ce i t tt Boa d i unlk y t te non- i ta f il ,a t
a r r t
r pton ha he
r s i el o r at
chrs i ns a ry' nd he
p a esma eh rfe lk a o tie i h ro c mmu iy I a ! 1 .Th Bo r a s rsta
ry r k e e l ie n u sd r n e wn o nt . d. t 1 e ad se t h t
t e ealg to d n ts fiin l alg ij r i fc.
h s l ains o o u fce ty le e n u y n a t
e
Thesa ng is i t sca ei c r l dbyt Fo t Cic tsde son i Suhr v.
t ndi s ue n hi s s ontole
he urh r ui' cii n
e
Ha
vwoodCount 1 F. 1 ( hCi.1 .Suhr i ve adiplyoft Te
v, 31 3d 083 4t r 997)
e nvol d s a he n
Co m a en s i t m ai c toom oft H a
m ndm t n he n ourr
he ywood Coun y, o t Ca olna c t us
t N r h r i our ho e.
Pl ntf vi w e t dipl y a a pa t t t co t oc di a f ot rm e tngshel i
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ry o wo ur pr ee ngs nd our he e i
dn
t c rr
he ou toom.Ree i HaywoodCount ssandi c le ,t FourhCic trc ze
j ctng
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t tigj ij yt tgi ssa ngt pli if i t s c s si t tc us dbyunwec
ha tthe n ur ha ve tndi o antfs n hee a e s ha a e
lome
di e tco a tw ih a r lgi di pl y t ta
r c nt c t e i ous s a ha ppea st be endor e by t s a e. Suc pe s
r o
sd
he t t
h r onal
6
c n a t t saes ns r drlgo ss mb l m i p e ieyt ij r t a wa s fiin t
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,
Tu n rn tdta çt i ni o tes e k r a dterso sblt frtese c , s i ta c s,e sce ry
r e oe h ttj de ty fh p a e, n h ep n ii y o h p e h wa,n h t ae ls lal
lhe
t
i
ati a et t gove n entt n t s e he e, a et s ke st r wer notgovenm e ofiil.
trbutbl o he
rm
ha he pe ch r bec us he pea r hee e
r nt fcas
Smp o n n tee sh l ta çh s e h . . sg v rme t p e h' 5 4F.da 3 5(u tn Si s n 40
i s n o eh ls ed h t te pe c . wa o en n s e c .' 3 3 t 5 q oig mp o , 4
'
F.d a 2 s .Li wie i J v r t eFo rhCic i h l t a tef c t a t p a r we eno d lv r db
3 t 8 ) ke s , n o ne ,h u t r u t ed h t h a t h t he r yes r t ei e e y
govenm enalofk il w a no dipostve.çtwa t govenm e alsti f t dei r ofs tra pryes
r
t t as s t s ii ç s he
l
r nt e tng or he lvey eca in a r
t tcou td c tt ina difc t nott ewhoa t l ga t i aton. 653 F. a 350.
ha re onsiuto l fiuly, hos
cualy ve he nvoc i '
'
3d t
11
i J ra W vnne,hef c t tt Chrsin pr ye i dei r d by t Boa d prort t
n ovne nd
t a t ha he ita a r s lve e
he
r i o he
openi gavelt ofici l begi t m eetng doesnotalert gover ent endor entof
ng
hat t aly
ns he
i
t he
nm al
sem
t pr ye norc tt i l i m uni iss c ara c r c e .
he a r
ons iutonaly m
ze t e t i n ha a t r
Ac r ngl t ei no m e i t t Boa d' agum e t tpl i ifha f ie t a lge
co di y, her s
rt o he r s r
nt ha antf s al d o le
ij r i fc s fiin t c n e u o h rsa i t b igti a to
nu y n a t u fce t o o fr p n e tndng o rn h s cin.
B . The Speech orD ebat Cl e oft Cons iuton,and t R el ed C om m on Law
e aus
he
tt i
he at
D oc r nesofL e s atve I m uni y and Le s atve Pr vie C annotShi l f om
ti
gi l i m
t
gi l i
i l ge,
ed r
Es abls ent Cl e Sc utny t Boa sPr t c ofR e ar y O pe ng I s
t i hm
aus r i he
rd' ac i e
gul l
ni t
M eetngsw ih C hri i Prayer.
i
t
stan
The Spe h orDe t Clus Doe NotShil t Boa d' Se t ra Pr ye Pr c ie
ec
ba e a e
s
e d he r s c a in a r a tc
fo Consiutona Reviw.
r
'm
tt i l
e
Ato a a gum e ,a i s e e a b i tng,t Boar ar d t t Spee h or
rl r
nt nd n uppl m nt l r e i he
d gue hat he
c
D e t Cl us oft U nie St t Cons iu i pr bis a
ba e a e he
t d a es
tt ton ohi t nyone f om que toni t wor
r
s i ng he ds
s n by any me rofa lgiltve bod es e i l i munii t Boa d a Pityl ni
poke
mbe
e sai
y, s ntaly m
z ng he
r nd ts va a
Count f om a Es a i hm e Cl us c l nge t go r e -pons r d pr ye . Thi
y r
n t bls nt a e hale
o ve nm nt s
oe a r
s
ar enthas no m er t
gum
i.
The Spe c o De t Cl us r i o c st s pa a i ofpo e sand pr t c sl gi l tve
e h r ba e a e e nf r e he e r ton
w r
o e t e sa i
i pe nce. Se Eastand v U. Se vce n' Fund,421U. 491 502( 975) Unie
nde nde 5 e l
S. r i me s
S. ,
1 . td
,
.
St esv.Brwse,408U. 501 507(972) Grve v. t Stt ,408U. 606,624at
e tr
S. , 1 ; a l Unied aes
S.
25
( 972) Powelv. ccoma k,395U. 48 5 ( 969 ;Unie Sttsv.J hns 383U.
1 ;
l M r c
S. 6, 03 1 ) td ae o on,
S.
5Aril 1 Se ton 6oft Unie Stt Consiutonpr desa f l :
tce
ci
he t d aes
tt i
ovi s olows
,
The Se t s a Re e en a i s l r ce ve a Com pe a i f r t r Se vi es t be
na or nd pr s t tves ha l e i
ns ton o hei r c , o
as e ti d by Law,a pai outoft Tr as y oft Unie Stt . The s l i al Cas s
c rane
nd d
he e ur
he td aes
y hal n 1 e ,
exc pt Tr s Felny, a Br ch of t Pe ce be prviege fo Ares durng t r
e
ea on, o
nd ea
he a ,
i l d rm
r t i hei
Ate
tndanc att Se son oft rr s c i Hous s andi goi t a rm r ng fom t s m e;
e he s i
hei e pe tve
e,
n ng o nd e ni r he a
andf ra Spe ch o D e t i et rHous ,t ys l notbequesi
o ny e r ba e n ihe
e he hal
tonedi a ot rPlc
n ny he a e.
U. Cons.a4. ,j6.
S. t l 1
1
2
1 9 1 8( 9 6 ; n e v. a d o e 3 U. 3 7 3 3 7 ( 9 ) Th ca s p oe t
6 , 7 1 6 ) Te n v Br n h v , 41 S. 6 , 7 - 4 1 51. e lu e r tcs
m e r ofCongr st r i r i o lgiltvea t o t motvai f a t pe f ma e
mbe s
es t om nquiy nt e sa i c s r he i ton or cual ror nc
f
o l gi l tve ac s ' Br w ser 408 U . a 5 d r t bur en ofde e ng' c r a n s t ,
f e sa i
t ,' e t ,
S. t 09, t om he d
f
f ndi ' e t i uis
Dombr kiv.Ea ta 38 U. 8 85( 967 ( rc im) andkr t c e nce of
ows
slnd, 7 S. 2, 1 ) pe ura , t om he ons que s
f
ltg i srs t,'d.s eUnie Stt v. lt ki442U. 477,487,489( 979 ,Doev.
iiaton' e uls'i , e td aes Hesos ,
'
S.
1 )
.
M c la 41 U. 306,318 1 ( 973) Powel395U. a 5 03,505; ohns 383U. a
Miln, 2 S.
-9 1 ;
l,
S. t 02J on,
S. t
1 Te y,341U . a 377.I ea h c e,heSpe ch o De t Cl us mus be a ple ii
73; nne
S. t
n c as t
e r ba e a e
t p id sn
s h awa a t i ur t i pe nc oft l gilt ewihou at rngt hit rcbaa
uc
y s o ns e he nde nde e he e saur t t le i he so i lnce
oft t e c eq lbr hesofG ove m ne . Br w se , U . a 508.
he hr e o- ua anc
r nt' e t r 408 S. t
'
Cf e Fe r lSpe h orD e t Cl us ,ofc s ,... is t r s i c i d t f er l
t'
-h de a
ec
ba e a e
our e
by t e m s onfne o ed a
lg sao s' UntdS ae v. l c 4 U. 3 0 3 4 ( 9 0 .Ass c ic tp o d
e iltr . i tts Gil k, 45 S. 6 , 7 1 8 )
' e
o
u h,t mmo rvie
i
mmuniy t t m e r oft Boa d.Nordoe t Vigi aCo tt i pr det Boa d
t o he mbe s he r
s he r ni nsiuton ovi he r
a c rf unco tt i lc
ny ove or
ns iutona onduc . The Vi g ni Cons iuton c a nsa pr son s m ia t
t
ri a
tt i ont i
ovi i i l r o
t Spe c orD e t Cl us a i abl t m e be s o t V igi a Gene a A s e bl
he e h
ba e a e pplc e o m r f he r ni
r l s m y:
tM e r oft Ge r lAs e bl s l,i a1c s se e tea on,f l orbr c oft
û mbe s he ne a s m y hal n 1 a e xc pt r s eony,
ea h he
pe e beprviege fom a r s durngt s s i oft i r s c i hous ' nd f ran
ac ,
i l d r
re t i he e sons her e pe tve
es a o y
,
s e horde t i et rhous s l notbeque to i a ohe plc ' Va Cons.a4.V,j
pe c
bae n ihe
e hal
sined n ny t r a e. . t l l
'
9. W hie t spr s on pr desc t i l gi l tve i m uniy t m e be s oft G e r l
l hi ovi i
ovi
era n e sa i m
t o m r
he ne a
A s e bl f r s ec m a on t tooroft tbody,i i no ,b is ow n t r s a i a et
s m y o pe hes de he l
ha
ts t y t
e m , pplc bl o
l lgove nm e a e ii s s h a t Boa d.
oca
r nt l ntte uc s he z
Fort s m e r as t r i no t s i oni prviege a i a e t b a i s on i o
he a
e on, he e s e tm al i l
pplc bl o ar dm s i nt
evi
dence t Boar s Chr s i pr
he
d'
i tan ayerpractce ati ue i t s case. A gai t Speech orD ebat
i
ss n hi
n, he
e
Cl e applesonl t m em bersofCongr nott t Boar A ssuch,any cl m ed evi i y
aus
i
y o
ess,
o he
d.
ai
dentar
13
prvie towi fom t Spe c o De e Cl e' t halnotbeque tone 'lngua ha no
i lge l ng r he e h r bat aus s s l
s
s i d' a
ge s
a i aton t t Boa d ort sca e. Gil k,445 U . a 37 La Count y Es a e . nc.
pplc i o he
r
hi s
loc
S. t 4; ke
r t t s I v.
Ta Re lPlnni Age 440U. 391 403- ( 979 .
hoe g' a nc ncv,
S. , 04 1 )
N orD oesCom m on Law Leci l tve I m univ Shi d t Boa d' Pr yer f om
sa i m
t
el he
r s a sr
Cons iu i n R e e .
tt t o
vi w
Th c s lw i ce rta a ylgsaiei nt6e j y db idviu l mb r o
e a e a s la h t n e iltv mmu i no e y n i d a me es f
y
t Boa d m us be r e i t c m on l w . Se La Count y Es a e ,440 U . a 404he
r
t oot d n he om
a
e ke
r tt s
S. t
05;
Br ev. ddl 631F. 272, ( hCi.1 0) Unde t c
uc Ri e,
2d
275 4t r 98 .
r he ommonl l a lgilt s
aw,oc l e saor,
s d i t i i vi c pa ii , nbei
ue n her ndi dual a ctes ca
mmunefom cvi rght s t br
r i l i s uis oughtunde 42 U. C.
r
S.
j1 f a tonstkendint s r ofceti lgii t lgiltvea tviy.' Boga v.
983 or ci a di he phee
ran e tmae e sai ci t ''
n
Sc tlars 5 U. 44,54( 998)( tngTe y,3 U. a 376) The eaet ras
ot-lri, 23 S.
1
quoi nne 41 S. t . r r wo e ons
why c
ommon 1 w lgiltvei
a e sa i mmuniy ha noa ia i t t sca e Fis,s h i
t s pplc ton o hi s . rt uc mmuniy onl
t y
e endst Boa d me be ss d i t i i vi lc pacte ,a doe nots el t Count a
xt
o
r m r ue n her ndi dua a iis nd s
hi d he
y nd
t Boa d,a e ii ,f om c tt i
he
r s nttes r
onsiutonalr vi w oft i ac i
e e
he r tons.Se ond,l gi l tve i m uniy
c
e sa i m
t
o y a i s t ac i ii s i e r lt t l s a i pr e sa doesnote br e non-e s a i
nl pple o tv te nt g a o he egi l tve oc s nd
m ac
l gi l tve
a t s h a o ni pr ye s
c s uc s pe ng a r .
6 çl
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