Cashion v. Lee et al
Filing
48
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 11/8/17. (kld)
cv RK' OFFI U.S.DI T COURT
s
CE
S,
AT ROANOKE,
VA
FIED
L
N2V 23 2
I THE UN I
N
TED STATE S D I RI CO U RT
ST CT
FO R TH E W E STE RN D I RI O F W RGI I
ST CT
N A
H A RRI N BU RG D I SION
SO
W
JU
BY
.
:
t
.
M M ON CASH ION ,
Pl ntf,
ai if
Cas N o.5: CVe
17- 00004
J
ACK LEE,e a .
t 1,
By: M i ha lF. ba l
c e Ur nsd
ChifUnie St t Diti tJ
e
t d a es src udge
D ee
f ndant .
s
M EM O R AN D U M O PI ION
N
Tli matrc me beor t ec r o dee da Mi l lie Re i na l i
ls te o s f e h ou t n f n nt dd e tv t go l al
Aut rt' I< GJ 'M o n t Dir isf rFalr B S aeaCli ECF No. , c
ho iys T
MI A7 éo o sn s o i e t t nm,
I
u
30 whih
s e sc s nsa ofCou IIofpli ifAl o Ca honsrca hin' Fis Ame e
e k l n is l
i
nt I
antf vin s i ' ç s o ) tt nd d
Co antf rMon tr Da g sa Eq ia eReif(h T
mpli o
e ay ma e nd u tbl le t e f
FAC), No 26 MRRJ
ECF . .
A
a pz st Cl i 1 1 t onl c nm pld a i ti,i tm eba r or i t at r éve
r e hat nm 1 , he y l i e gans t s i
r ed , n he le na ,
MRR A i e ie t s ve eg i
J s ntt d o o r in mmuni . MRRJ Ssa ueofl ttonsdee e
l
t As
y
A' tt t i ai
mi
f ns
r q ie a j l a n ofCo tI oft eFAC,n wh c Ca l o a kst c r t de lr
e uz s ducc do
i
un V h
i ih sl n s he ou t o ca e
i
t tVign aCo j8012 . viltst Eq l otci Clus oft Fo re n h
ha r ii de . - 432 o ae he ua Pr e t
on a e he u te t
Am e
ndm e oft U . Cons i ton,t c ztw11as de i Count1 . t r s
nt he S.
tm i he otr 1 lo c de
V For he ea ons
d srb dbeo t ec ut GRANTSMRRJ Smo t dil s, S I ES Co t 11
e ci e l w, h o t
A' éon o snis DI M SS
un s 1
a d I oft eF W I PM J I a D EN I ASM OOT M RRJ SM oto t
n V h AC TH
UD CE, nd
ES
A' in o
SubnltSuppl m e a Aut iy ECF N o.47.
i
e nt l hort ,
,
ct q
alx
RK
1.
Backgr
ound
)
Cahi ' i ta Comp an f rM o tr Da g sth T mpli ' ECF No. ,
s ons ni l
i
li t o nea y ma e t e f
co ant),
1
s g tda g sa ans d fnd nt MRRJ J c Le (T e',n li i ii a c pa iya
ou h ma e g i t e e a s
A, a k e f ' i zs ndvdu l a ct s
Le )
s pei e nto MRR A, ndDr MossQuho srolio s),nhiidiiua
u rntnde f J a
. ie i ne f l ne' i s n vd l
i
c pa iya ad c o a MRRJ ICa lon alg dt tLe unlwf l i tt t dapoiyof
a ct s o t z t
A. sa l e ha e a ul nsiu e
i e
y
l
c
de ynga ps c otcpr s rpto me ia n t i mae . ! 1 Quho salg dl
n i né y h i e ci in dc éo o n t s FAC 3. i ne l e y
e
kne t tCas on ha a s ve em e a i ne sand be n pr c i d c r an a i yc i
w ha
hi
d e r
ntl l s
l
e es rbe e t i ntps hotc
m e iain. c us ofLe ' poiy ho ve, s on cam st tQthone ne r
dc to Be a e
es l , we r Cahi li ha z s ve
c
i
pt s rbed t m e c ton ore ur t tCaslon woul be e l e by a he quaii d
e ci
hat dia i
ns ed ha
li
d
vauat d
not r lfe
me ia p of si na. ! 3 , .
dc l r e so lFAC ! 3 38
No a l, s i wa i a c rt da MRRJ fo a oxmaeyOc o r1 , 01
tby Ca hon s nc z eae t
A r m ppr i tl t be 7 2 5
t ou h De e r1 , 1 . !28 Ca h o fldli Compli onl nuay3 , 01
hr g c mbe 1 20 5 FAC . s i n l ts
e
ant a r 1 2 7.
M RR A ie aM ot t Dir is ECF No. 9 c t ndn t tCa lon' cqmsa ans
J id
l
i o sns ,
on
1 , on e ig ha sl s li g i t
i
MRRJ we etmeba z dbyVignaCod j80 - 4 2 whc pr s rbe ao -e tsa e
A r i re
ti i e .1 2 3., ih e ci s ne y a tmt
ofl tto f rcnmsf eai t t ec i o ofg p io rs c nfne n . Va Cod
i ai ns o li r lt o h ondt ns a rs ne 7j o i me t' . e
mi
r ng
i
'
j801 2 32Be a eCa hin fld szto a uay31 20 7 mo et n on y a atr
. - 4 . c us s o l t nl n r , 1 , r ha e e r fe
e i
Ca h o wa ls alg dyde id a tps c i me iai n, J a g e t tl scnms
s i n s a t l e l n e n i y hotc dc to MRR A r u d ha ' li
e
l
i
a i ti we euntm ey.
gans t r
i l
Ra hert n a rt ta dif r sa tt oflmiai a i t li cai s Ca hi
t ha ve ha
f e ent t tze i t tons pples o ns l m , s on
c t n t tVigni Co j 80124 . ofe st Eq l o e éo Clus o t e
on e ds ha t i a de . - 32 fnd he ua Pr t c n a e f h
Fouree h A m e
t nt
ndm e .Ca hi fl d t FAC,whih a
nt s on le he
c dded Count1 a cnm s ki
V, li ee ng
1M fc sheenaetke fom t FAC.On amoton t ds s,hec ttfe a tuealalga . eCoo e v.
a t ri r a n r he
i o imis t our a s s r l le dons Se
r
Pae 3 8U.. 4 , 4 (9 4 (e c z m)
t, 7 S 5 6 5 6 1 6 ) p r ui ,
a
d caaor jd me t a Vigni Cod j801 2 32i u o ttz a a a op it
e lr t y u g nt h t t i a e . - 4 . s nc nsit l nd ppr rae
éon
i j c ver l f
nun d ei .
e
Ca li as fld anotc unde Fede a Rul ofCi lPr edur 5. whih notfed
snon lo le
ie
r
zl e
vi oc
e 1, c
ii
t Com m onweat ofVig ni ofhi c lnge t t consiutona iy ofVigi i Code
he
1h
zi a
s hale
o he
tt i lt
r la
n
j80 - 4 ..
.1 2 32 MRRJ r ne dismo t cin is a Vigri i tr e d t d fnd t
A e we t don o ls as , nd t il n e v ne o e e he
a
c si inaiyo Vig naCod j80 - 4 ..
on tmto l f r i i
t
e .1 2 32
I
I.
St
andar ofR e ew
d
vi
MRRJ mo st dsns Co IIu e Fe ea RueofCiiPr e u e1 $()
A ve o inis unt 1 nd r d rl l
vl oc d r 29 6
f fizet saeacnm.Rul 1 $()pemisadsnsa whe apli iffi To saea
or alr o tt 1i 2 e 2( 6 t t irisl n antf al f tt
t
st
cnm u nwhc rl fc nbega td. Fe . Ci P.1 $()Tos ri aRue1 $()
li po ih ei a
e
rne ' d R. v. 29 6. u vve l 29 6
'
mot t dimis ac mpli mus c nti s fce f a t t sa eacam t r l fi a i
i o s s, o ant t o an uf int f cs o tt li o ei h t s
on
f
e
p a il onisf c . Bel lCo . Two
lusb e t a e' lAt. r v. mbl 5 0U.. 4 5 0 (0 7 . c mpli '
;
5 S 5 4, 7 2 0 ) The o ants
fg a t a alg do mus bee u h t tiearg tt r l fa vet es e ua velve. 1 .
ff c- l l a ns t no g o as i h o ei bo h p c lé e l' d
l u e
e
'
at555.
A c u tmus c nsr fc l le ainsi t n mo i pat fvora dwil
o r t o tue a ma alg to n he on vng zfs a n l
te tt e a tue bu i r ts bo ndwih r s c t ( c lits lg lc cuso .
ra h m s r , ts ç o u
no
t epe t o a ompan 'j e a on l i ns'
:
D it 28 Unied M i W oz r ofAm . l v. el or Coa Co . 609 F. 1083,1085
s.
t
ne
ke s
nc. W l e
m
l
,
2d
(t Ci.1 79. nd e ac u t l a c ptn ihe fe a c cu insd a fo t fcs'
4. t 9 ) I e d, o t wi c e et r f j l on lso z wn r m he a t'
h
l
l
norfunwa r nt d i e e es unr as bl c l i ,ora gu e s7 E.Shor M kt .l .
f
r a e nf r nc , e ona e oncusons
r m nt .'
e
s, nc
v. . Aso s Lt P'hi 2 3F.d 1 ,1 0 (t Ci. 0 0 . rhe ,fl e d r r ctl
JD. s c . d. s p, 1 3 75 8 4. r 2 0 ) Fu t r Tghz a ba e e ias
h
t
oft e e e sofaca e ofa i s
he l m nt
us
cton, uppoz e by m e e c l or sa e ent,do not
td
r onc us y t t m s
2 J as mo e t ds s Co n 1Ifrakof u jc matrjr dc n, o tn igta ii potce fo
MRR A lo v s o imis u t 1 o lc sbe t t ui ido c ne dn h tts r e td rm
e s
stto Col t1 Iby q lEe i lniy. ca e t co tf dst tCa hi scqm sa etm e ba r d, tnee notr a h
ti n m I
ua i d mm l t Be us he ur m ha s on' l i r i
re i d
ec
a de ii n on qua i ed i m u zt
c so
ll m zip
i
s fc . As r tv I ba,5 6U..6 2 6 8 (0 9 . y atraclm i sae a q tl
ufie' hcof . q l 5 S 6 , 7 2 0 ) Onl fe li s ttd de uaey
'
m a i t n fbe s
y t he f uppored by s
t
howi a s off ct conssentwih t alga i i t
ng ny et a s
it
t he le tons n he
com pl i .'Tw om bl,550 U . a 563.
ant'
S. t
A sam t oflm ia i def e T us be r s by t de e ntt ough a
t e i t tons ens f t aied
m
he f nda hr
n
afim a i def ns ,a t bur n ofe t bls ng t a fr a i . e er t on t
fr tve e e nd he de
s a ihi he fim tve def ns es s
he
dee nt'
fnda . Good nv. a ar I c, 4F.d 4 8 4 4 ( t Ci. 0 7 ( ena ctto
'
ma Pr x i, n .49 3 5 , 6 4h r 2 0 ) i t l iains
nt
onitd . he f a t s fce tt r l on a af ai dee ea ealg di t
r te ) W n f cs ufiin o ue n fgm t
f
ve f ns r le e n he
c mpli ,hed fns ma bera h db amoéo t dsls u rRul 1 9 6.o antt ee e y ec e y
n o inis nde e 2 $()J.
l
L
The efcs ho ve, tf la l a a gon t fc oft c mpli . m c nd,
s a t, we r mus f e ry ppe r
c
he a e he o ant ' hmo
'
Fr deik but & Pot ma R. Co. Fo s, F.d2 , 5 (t Ci. 9 3 .
e rc s
o c R. v. rt 4 3 44 2 0 4. t 1 9 )
h
1 1 Vi#ni Codej 8.12 3.
1. r a
0 -4 2
MRRJ c tndsa dCahi doe n c nts,ha Vigni Cod j80 -4 .
A one , n s on s ot o ett t ri a e .12 32
g vçnst a lc bl lriai nspe i f rCo 1 1 Vigni Co j80 - 4 . pr v de :
o r he pp ia e ir tto rod o unt 1. r i a de .1 2 32 o i s
l
N o pe s confne i a sa e orl lc r c
r on
i d n tt
oca oz e dona f clt s l brng or ha
l a iiy hal i
ve
br
ought on l s be l a pe s l a ton z l i t t c
n
i ha f ny r ona c i eatng o he ondii of hi
tons
s
c i m ent untlal a l bl a i st tve r m e e a e e use Such
onfne
i l vaia e dnanit a i e di s r xha t d.
a ton s l be br
c i hal
oughtby or on beha fofs pe s wihi one yea a t r
l
uch z on t n
r fe
c us of a ton a c es orwihi sx m ont a t r aladr rit a r m eci
a e
c i c ru
t n i
hs fe 1 nilsz éve e les
a e e use whihe rocc sl t r
r xha t d, c ve
ur a e .
Va Cod .
. e Ann. 80 - 4 .
j .1 2 . 2.
3
Th S pr meCo tofVigni ha hed t a Vig naCod j80 - 4 2 a ist
eu e
ur
t i a s l h t ti i
e .1 2 3. ppl o
e
a a to wh r : 1 apli if sfc nfne ' tt tmet ec us ofa ton a c u d'a
ny cin e e () antf wa f o i d a he i h a e ci c r e y nd
f
'
()Tlec us ofa t . . eaes t g)pantf' Toncto ofc nfne n .' n v.
2 f' a e ci . r lt gj o a li if c l ins o i me t' Bi
tl
on
s
i
'
Ha ood 2 3Va 3 1 3 , 22S. 2d2 4, 4 (0 2 (ii Va Code An j80 , 8 . 8 , 85 7 E. 4 2 6 2 1 ) ctng . . n. .1
2 .) M o e ve , ri i Cod j80 - 4 .: l tt pei a l se n i af litf
432 . r o r Vigna e .1 2 32s i ai
mi ons rod ppi ve f f an if
e
p
4
i no l ri a c r ed a t tm es fl he ac i r ldng t c
s
onge nc r e at t he i he les r ton ea
o ondii ofhe
tons
r
c i me t'Luc sv. ood , 7Va 35 3 1 7 6S. 2 4 7 45 ( 1 )
onf
ne n . a W
?
28 . 4, 6 , 5 E.d 4 , 0 20 4 .
TheFA C pladst Cas on w a c i a t tm et c us ofac i
e
hat hi
s onined t he i he a e
ton- t ti,
ha s
t alg d r f a of J a dissa ft pr vdea tps c tcme ia i - a c d
he l e eusl MRR A n t t f o o i n i y ho i dc t
e
on c me ,
a t ca e ofa ton r l t t hi condii ofconfne e .The c zthnds and
nd he us
c i e aes o s
tons
i m nt
otr
,
Ca lin d snotc t s, ha VignaCod j80 - 4 2pr s rbe ao - e rsam eo
szo oe
on e t t t ri i
e .1 2 3. e ci s ney a tt f
l tt f rCou 11 Fr t fc oft eFAC,Ca honwa r la e fo M RRJ o
i ai o
mi ons
nt 1 . om he a e h
si
s ee s d r m
A n
D e m be 11 2015,t l tda e t alge i de t tea m e a f iur t pr de
ce r ,
he as t he le d na qua e t t nt nd al e o ovi
me ii a MMRJ c l ha oc u r d. !28 Und rVigni Codej8012 3.,
d cne t
A oud ve c re FAC J . e ri a
. -4 2
Ca hi had untlD e m be 11,201 t fl a c pli r l t d t t c tonsofhi
s on
i ce r
6 o le ny om ant e a e o he ondii
s
c i me . i t a d le ,fi t sa to onl nu r 3 , 01 - a tzt l ltt
onf
ne ntHe nse d al d ing hi cin a a y 1 2 7 fe he i iai
i l
n ons
pei ha e p r d. r i aCo j8012 . t r f ep o i e t tCo tIIi tme
rod d x ie Vigni de . - 432 he eor r v d s ha un I s i
ba r
r ed.
l . E qualPr ecton Cl us
V
ot i
a e
Re o n zngt i, slonc ntndst tVigr aCodej80 - 432 ofe t
c g ii h s Ca li o e ha til
i
.1 2 . fnds he
Equa Pr e i Clus oft Foure h Am e
l ot cton a e he
t ent
ndm e .
nt TheEqualPr ec i Clus
ot ton a e
pr v d s f S aes l . . n t a ype s wili isj idc n t e u lp o e to
o i e :< tt hal . de y o n ron t ! t urs iéo he q a r t cin
No
na
oft lws'U.. t a e . V,j1 f hee ua pz e ton r ql e ntdo snottk
he a . S Cons. m nd XI
'
.f q l otci e lr me e
l'
i
ae
fom t St e alpowe ofcls ii a i butke psgover e a de ii a r fom
r
he at s l
r
a sfc ton,
e
nm nt l c sonm ke s r
tea dif r nty pe s who a ei alr lva r s c sai 7V e v.W c ,293 F.
r éng fe e l r ons
r n l ee nt e pe t lke.' ne
he
3d
9
7 , 3 (t Ci. 0 2 ( ena q otto a ctto o te )
26 7 0 4. r 2 0 ) i r l u ai ns nd iains mitd .
h
nt
5
Theeem e sofa s es f e lpr ec
l nt
ucc s ul qua ot don csi a ewels ted.Ca hi f us
l m r l etl
s on f t
m
fr tde ons r e t he lasbe n tea e difze l f
ls m
tat hat a
e r t d fe nty rom ot r Mdf whom hei sm ia
he s .
h
s i lHy
sm at a t tt une ltea e w a t r tl ofi e
i ed nd ha he qua r r nt s he eszt nt ndona orpum os ul
l
ef
dstmi éon'Kobev. a 8 F.d1 4 1 6(t Ci. 1 )(nba )(uoig
ici na . l Ho n, 49 3 1 , 4 4h r20 7 e nc q tn
'
M ors v. ra h , 3 F.d6 8 6 4(t Ci. 0 ).fCahonma e t ss owig
rion Gar
2 9 3 4 , 5 4h r20 1)l s i
k s hi h n ,
fhec t p oc e t deez n whehe t ds rt i te t n cpbej tf dund r
f out z e ds o trnie t r he ipaiy n zame t a usii
t
e
e
t rqust lve ofsr tn ' ors nv Garg y 2 F.d6 8 65 (t Ci. 0 ) At
he e iie e l cuip'M rio . ra ht, 39 3 4 , 4 4h t 2 01.
t sse < c t ge rl prs st ttesauei vai a wileett c l ng f
hi tp,< ou' neal eume ha h ttt s ld nd lrjc he hal e i
a t
y
e f
t casii a
he l sfc don dt w n by ta satzei r donal r lt d t a lg tm a e sat i e es. '
a
le t tt s a
ly ea e o e ii t t e ntr t'
'
Kobe 8 9 F.da 1 6 (uot Ci o Clbu nev. e ur Lii Ct.I .47 U.. 3
l ,4 3 t 4 q i
ng
f e r Clb ne v n r nc, 3 S 4 2,
44 (98 ).< saea e ua pt t cin cnm, Ca h o T tp e d s f intfc st
0 1 5) < tt n q l o e to li 7 s i n f
To
7
mus la u hce a t o
s ésy ea h r qlie ent'V e ,293 F. a 731.I Casùon f l a et rs e t c t
a f c e lr m .' ne
3d t
f l
ais t ihe t p, he our
mus fnd t tVigni Co j8012 . d sno v oaet eEq a Pr tci n Clus
t i ha t i a de . - 432 oe t i lt h u l o e to a e
1.
Si iqry Siuat
m l l t ed
Fis,Cas on m us de onst et thei sm ia l st t d t non- one swih
t t hi
t m tat ha
s i lry iua e o
pds r t
r pe t sa t oflm ia
es ct o t m es i t dons He f is fT'e Ti ia l st t d's a r z qliesa
.
al. f h sm lry iua e t nda d e lr
pl i ft i ndf pe s m a e i lyi nic lt hi orhe w ho ha r ceved dif r nt
anéf o de y r ons t ral de a o m
r
se i
fe e
te tne t'Kobev. a 81 F.d 1 0 1 5 (t Ci. 1 ) va ae o ot r r un ,
ra n . l Ho n, 3 3 6 , 8 4 h r 20 6 , c td n he o ds
'
8 9F.d 1 4 ( h Ci. 01 )(nba ) A pli fmus p od ee i nc t a T ho s a
4 3 1 4t r 2 7 e nc. anéf t r uc vde e h t f wg) n
s
e te l lg d g e ofsmi rt 'A ( od Wi i v. wn ofMa s l N. , 5F.
x rmey a h e r e i l ip'J qu ng ls To
i
a
l
rhal C.27
,
Ap x 2 7 23 ( . Ci. 0 )
p' 2 , 3 4t t 2 08 .
h
6
A ppl ng t ssrnge sa r i a e ha f
yi hi ti nt tnda d, nm t s ve ound i difc tt de onsr t t t
t fiul o m
ta e ha
t y a e sm ia l stz t d e t ot ri a es See e .Bea a v. e u Di.N o.7:2he r i lry i a e ven o he nm t .
a
., m n D
r,
1
c 0 6 , 1 W L 4 6 4 , t* ( D. . y2 , 01 )(ndigidiûc lt beive
v-01 3 20 2
4 0 36 a 3 W. Va Ma 9 2 2 h n t f ut o le
t timae aee rsmi ryst ae t ot e i tsv sàv spa o ede ii ) Sa ev.
ha n ts r ve i l l iu td o h r nmae i-- i r l csons; ld
a
Ha o Roa - e 'l t 3 3F. u 2 7 9 7 2( D. . 0 4 ( t a ingtil
mptn dsl gl al 0 S pp. d 7 , 8 E. Va 2 0 ) i e wat ra
k
,
nma
i
n smi rystztdt c n ce i t s; a esv. s, 0 F. up 2d8 2, 1 ( D.
ot i l l it e o o vitd nmae) W tr Ba s 3 4 S p. 0 8 0 E.
a
a
Va 2 0 )(tt i ma e no smi ryst ae t f d r lnmae) I f lo ,t n, ha
. 0 4 sae n ts t i l l iu td o e e a i t s. t olws he t t
a
fp rs e sa eno smi ry st ae t no prs ne s'Rolrv. n,1 7 F.d 2 7 2 4
f jion r r t i l l iu td o n- io r . l Gun 0 3 2 , 3
r
a
' e
( h Ci. 9 7 .
4t r 1 9 )
M o e v r Tg h us ofd fee tsa te o l tt f rdifr ntofe e do s
r o e ,rq e e ifr n ttz s f i ai o fe e fns s e
t
t
mi ons
notc ea ean i di cas iiaton orbkr n a f
r t
nvi ous l sfc i
zde
unda e alrght' Unied St esv.H a ,
m nt i .' t
at
m
No . 9 4 2 9 - 7 3, 0 WL 3 6 3 , t 1 (t Ci. 00 )( rc im) s eas Cha e
s 9 - 77 , 9 4 7 20 0
4 9 5 a * 4 h r 2 0 pe ura ; e lo s
S c Cor . Don ls , 25U. 3 4, 1 (9 5 rf laue ofl tt g t matr of
e.
v. ad on 3
S. 0 3 4 1 4 ) g ttts i ai o o tes
s
mi on
r me y no t d sr ton off nd m e a rg s' I ta fst t tsofl tto
e d , t o e tuci
u a ntl iht. nse d,f ja u e i ai ns
).
g
mi
fe ee apu i poiya utt prvlg t l gae a Ci t ij tfc to i
rprsnt bl lc bo he iie e o i t' nd fnd her usiiain n
c
d
nee st a dc n ninc .. g o d rt)s r t c zsfom li éo ofsaecqms'
c siy n o ve e e .i r e o pae he ou t r iga n tl li .
n
t
:
D a & Buse ',I v. hieFlntM al LLLP, 61 F. p' 55 ,5 7 (t Ci. 01 )q s
ve
trs nc. W t i
l,
6 Ap x 2 5 4h r2 5 at
.
t oatzto i oii l ( ot ChaeS c, 5U. a 3 4.
v leains n rgna) qu i
v
ng s e .32 S. t 1 )
W ih tlsi nnnd,t cotr ha ltl toubl conc udi t tCaslon,whos c m
t li n i he zt s ite r e
l ng ha
li
e bi
a ans MRRJ r ltst t c diinsofh sc i me , snotsnl al stztd t
gi t
A eae o he on to
i onf
ne nti
i i ty i a e o
l
a
no rs r wihpe s n i u ycqms whos cnmsa eg v r d b Vigri Cod j80 np iones t r o njr li , e li r o e ne y r i a e .1
t
2 3' t - e rsa u eofl téon . isfc , t i aCo j8012 . o ya pl st
4 s wo y a tt t i a s On t a e Vigni de . - 432 nl p i o
mi
e
camsT eaig t t c ndtonsof. . onf me . Va Co Ann. 80 - 4 2Be a e
li f ltn o he o ii
r
. c i nt: . de
ne
'
j .1 2 3. c us
fp rs r a enotsmial smae t non prs e s'Rolr 1 7 F.d a 2 4,tf l ws
r jiones t
g
i lty i td o - ion r , le, 0 3 t 3 i ol
'
o
t ti vi l who a s r c m st nec s rl a i ef om i prs e a enotsm ia l
ha ndi dua s
s e t bi hat es a iy rs z m ionm nt r
i lry
stz e t i vi l who a s r c nm st do nota e fom i pzs
it d o ndi dua s
at
s e t l i hat
ds t m ionm e .
nt
I a ate ptt ciéngtih Role ,Cas on c nm st t r lva c pa ion i
n n t m o ls zs
lr
hi l i hat he ee nt om rs s
no bevenp io r a n prs es b i ta ftecéz nswhoaeijze whi
t t e rs nes nd on ion r, utnse d ' e i e
f
r nt d l
r
e
te aenotc e a dfl s t i no c i d' n rrecéz nswhoweeij e
hy r
onfn d n ie uiwhl t onfne 'a d f e i e
e
f
r nurd
wbl c i e a d f es iwhl no c nfne 7P1' Rep.
ie onfn d n l ut i t o i d. . s Opp. fMRR A' Mo .
l
e
' s
De . J S t
Din isCo . Op ? ECF No. 5 a 2 (mp ssomitd.
sls mplrT p.
),
3 , t 4 e hai te )
Cas on M s t t st r lva com pa ion.
hi
s a e he ee nt
rs The i ta i 'ye n i t t of
niil nqut xa nnes he ype
r
c nm a t l aton oft pli ifwhen t cam a r s W hiei i t t Bi v.
l i nd he oc i
he antf
he li cc ue . l t s rue hat n
H a ood hed t tt l a i whe e apl ntf i l at a t tm e a a i a m e i
l ha he oc ton
r
ai if s oc ed t he i
n cton cc d s
a ee n o Vigni Cod j8012 .,tas hedt tf t tsa et a y t clm
n lme t f r i a e . - 432 i lo l ha or ha tmt o ppl, he li
mus f eaet g)pant fsfo ii ofc nfne nt' 2 3Va a 3 , 2 S. 2 a 24 .
t ç lt o a li i ' c ndtons o i me .' 8 . t 85 7 2 E.d t 6
r
f
'
The Com m onweat ofVigi a m a pr s rbe acif r ntsatzeofl iatonsf cni s
lh
r ni y e c i
lfe e t tt
i ti
m
or l m
rltdt c iinsofc nfne ntta i d sf i uiss frdeswhee3S eHa
eae o ondto
o i me h n t oe ornjre ufee le r. e m,
20 0WL 3 69 5 a * .nded,th sd s hee Und r>
0
4 3 , t 1 I e i a one o r . e
a dHa apli f
n m, anéf
p os c tn acnm go e ne b VigraCod j80 - 4 2i o ysmi ryst a e t ot e
r e u ig li v r d y rit
i
e .1 2 3. s nl i l l iu td o h r
a
3By wa ofe m pl , s s t ta i i d lbr a hesawrte c -a tt whih a i a ei apa t a t i a e
y xa e uppo e ha n ndvi ua e c
it n ont c o c n nm t s rs nd he nm t
r
i ot r s a e t pr t ee e s f ra br a h ofc r c c am .Furhe ,s
s he wi e bl o ove he lm nt o
ec
ont a t l i
t r uppos t tnet rt br a h nort
e ha ihe he e c
he
c r c inplc est i a e' i a c r
onta t i iat he nm t s nc r e adon, tt i a e s whiei a c r t d.Ihe c tbei ve t tVigml
ye he nm t ues l nc r e a e '' our le s ha z ' '
a
Co ej80 -4 ()sf eya l td n p l dfrc nrc ato wo l a py no Vig ' Co ej80 -4 .. n
d .12 62' i -eri a o s ei o o ta t cins ud p l, t rml d .12 32 Eve
v
mi
o
'a
t
hough t i a ewasi a ce a e whe t ca m a c ue t ' a e ofac i a os fom a e e usc r c ,not
he nm t
nc r r t d
n he li c r d, hec us
ton r e r n xog no onta t
t c donsoft i a esc me e .
he ondi
he nm t ' onf m nt
panif who eaton ()a cu dwhl i acrtd, nd()rlt t tec iinsof
litfs s ci s 1 c r e ie ncreae a 2 eae o h ondto
t i confne e .
he.
r
l m nt
W ih t ti nnnd,i i cea t tCas on,whos Cli l I c pli s ey oft
t ha n i t s l r ha
hi
e nm I om ans ol l
he
c tonsofhi c i m e ,i notsm iary st ed t ot rpli f who com pli of
ondii
s onfne nt s
i l l iuat o he andfs
an
i lre s frdwhi n c i d.nse d Cahoni smi ryst ae onyt ohe
nj is ufee l ot onfne I ta , s i s i l l iu td l o t r
l
e
a
p an f who c mpan o i u e ba e ont c dionso t i c nfne n . r i a
lidfs
o li f t i s s d he on é
jt
f her o i me t Vigni
Codej80 -4 2tet e r pan falgn ti tpeofnu yie éc i AsCahin h s
.12 3. ras vey liéf l ig hs y
e
ijr d n ay.
so a
no de tae t thei smi ry sma e t pli if a s rigpe s a ij ycnms
t monst td ha s i l l i td o antfs s etn ron lnur li
a
g vene b Vigni Cod j801 2 3 h se ua p otcin c m fi .
o r d y r i a e . - 4 , i q l r e to bi al
s
2.
R at onalB as s R e e
i
i
vi w
Eve i Ca hi w e e a e t esa ih t thei sm ia l stz ed t nonprs r
n f s on r bl o t bls ha
s i lry itat o
ione s
wihr g r t saae of i iai ns Vigni Co j 801 2 32e sl wi tnd r t l
t e a d o ttzs l tto , r i a de . - 4 . ai t a s a i
m
y hs
ona
bassr vi w. he fs ilore
i e e W n foca
cononac lgiléon i ati s t Equa Pr ec i Cl us
i e sa
s s ue, he
l ot ton a e
a l t St t wi l i de a t Consitton pr s e t te n i pr dent
lows he a es de atm , nd he
ttzi
e um s ha ve m ovi
decsonswile ual bez ctfe by t de oc atcpr es es' Ciy ofClbtr v.
ii
l vent ly
e ii d
he m r i oc s .' t
e zne
Clb n Li n Ct.I .4 3U.. 3 , 4 ( 9 5 ( e n lctéonsomitd .filnls a
e uz e vi r nè, 7 S 4 2 4 0 1 8 ) i r a ia
nt
te ) f e s
l
sa t a f c sa f m e alrghtors e pr ec e cas ,cotr sge r l a cor t
t m e f e t unda nt i
om
ot t d l s zt ne al c d he
y
lgsai afto pr s mpt of l t b a lig aê do lb sssa a dofz ve '
e ilt
on sr ng e u i vai f y ppyn a na a i tnd r e im '
on
di
W id v. dd , 3 F.d 3 4, 4 (t Ci. 01 )(uot Helrv. o , 0 U.. 2
l ns Ga 7 4 3 4 3 7 4 h t 2 3 q i
l
ng l D e 5 9 S 31 ,
e
3 9 (9 3)
1 1 9 ).
H eght ne s r i onl a
i e d c utny y ppze whe a g oup ofi l dua si a s pec orquass
n r
nci
vi l s us t
i
s pec cas oraf nda e a rghti i ved.Cl bur ,473 U . a 439- A g oup i
us t l s
' m nt l i s nvol
u
e ne
S. t
40. t
s
onl as pec or quas- us ctca swhe Ttpos es esi m ut e c r c e i t ,f ce
y us t
is pe ls
n f
i s s m
abl ha a t rsj a s
cs
l so i o on oig cs rmia on, ri s jc t abirr bt nso s meba i be ond
a t rc r g n l c i n é o s ub e t o r ta y ude n o
i
i
ss y
isa l yt c nto . Wikns 7 4F.d a 3 (ii Clb ne 47 U. a 4 9 43 .
t bit o o r l' li , 3 3 t 48 ct
i
'
ng e ur , 3 S. t 3 - )
K a ebr aki t 1w i akol a y a a m a prs r w11e ntzly ber las
f us e ng he a s
Bec
unt r ct nd ny ione s 1 ve ta l
ee ed,
t Tt t ofi r er i i net ran i m ut e c r c e i éc ..., an i di bass
he sa us nca c aton s ihe
m
abl ha a t rs
nor nvi ous i
ofca sfc to ' I (l rtoni o ii l (uo gM o sv. a k 88 F.d 6 6 6 0 (t
lsiiai n.' d.at ai n rgna) q én s- Clr 6 2 8 , 9 4 h
'
e
Ci. 9 9) Thu , zs ne saeno as pe tca s 1
r 1 8 ). s p io r r t us c ls. d.
AsCa honi n patofas s c ca sa , sdealda ve Vig naCod j8 1
s i s ot r
u pe t ls nd a ti bo , ri i e 0 e
243. doe noti plc t a Smda ent lrght r i lba i r viw a i . nde r i l
2
s
m ia e
m a i , atona ss e e pples U
r atona
bai rviw, r i aCo j 8 - 4 . fsa c r e asr ngp e u
ss e e Vigni de 01 2 32 f c o d d to r s mpdo ofvaiif'a
i
n
l t nd
d
Tspr s me c ns t i l' l rv Doe 5 U.. 2 31 -2 ( 9 3 . s ieCa hin'
f e u d o d ut . Hel . , O9 S 31 , 9 0 1 9 ) De p t s o s
i
ona ' e
c enton t tf hebur n i on t gover e t de onsr t a r i lba i , Opp.24
ont i ha ç
t
de s
he
nm nt o m
t a e atona ss'
'
(iigEn us v Or De 'of rc, 3U.. 91 6 2 3( 0 ),ti Caho wh ber
ctn
it . . t A i.55 S 5 , 0 -0 20 8)i s s in o as
t buz n fço ne i e r conc i bl ba i whih r ghts
he de ft gatve ve y
eva e ss c ni uppor iywhet rornott
t t'
he
he
ba i ha af nd to i t er c r , Helr 5 9U. a 3 0 21 (uo igLe a e v.
ss s ou ai n n h e o d' l , 0 S. t 2 - q tn hnh us n
' e
La eS r Aut Pa t Co.41 U. 35 , 6 (9 3) Th c ur i f ompeld u r
k ho e o rs , 0 S. 6 3 4 1 7 ). e o t s ç
c
l nde
e
r éonalbassr viw t ac epta lgilt esge r i atonse n whe t t i a i pe f c
a
- i e e o c
e sa ur ' ne alz i
ve
n he e s n m r e t
ftbe we n m ea a ends' I a 321
i t e
ns nd
. d. t .
:
TheCor onweataofVigi a wli h i e ve d t def nd t c dt i lt of
nm
ll
r ni, lc nt r ne o e he ons utonaiy
Vign aCod j8 .4 - , ist z er a o wh t ed fe e l iainspei f r
r ii
e 012 3 2 post h e e s ns y h ifr nti tto
m
rod o
c e ntr ltdi u i si waz ntd:ç )p e nt i a c r t dpe s fom fl g
onfn me -eae njze s ra e ç1 r ve i nc t e ae rons r ln
(
ng
i
fi l us sae orfa u e lws t;()p e e vn t S aesf nc s a ()p o i ig
rvo o , tl, r ud lnt a uis 2 r sr ig he tt ' i e ; nd 3 r v dn
na
1
0
s t rl iatonspe i t cam st ta er a l known t t c nm a when t ale d
hor e i t i
m
rods o li ha t e di
y
o he l i nt
he lge
i jr o czs'Br Co n at Va l e v no De e eVa Co . 801 2 32 ECF
hu y c k . . mmo we 1h . ntr e r fns . de j . - 4 .,
r'
N o. a 7.
39, t
Anyoft s r i l s sandi aone i m or t s fc e t s f t c zt
he e atona e , t ng l , s
e han ufii nt o ads y he otr
ta atd a bai e it fzVignaCod j8 12 32 Wihrs c t p e nt
h t a on l ss xss o rii e 0 .4 .. t epet o rve i
ng
fi ouslw s t,t Fouth Cicui ha not t tf ione ltga
rvol a uis he
t t t s ed ha f s r ii éon hasa s e
pr
s um d
s mel n oft n tr ofaTe r ai a a t t .' lr 1 7F.d a 2 4 (ii Ga l
o ti g he a u e
n
r c e ton l ci y' Rol , 0 3 t 3 ctng be v.
vi ' e
L n u h 8 5F.d1 4 1 n. (t Ci. 9 8)Th Cor nwelhc ul ha ert l
a , 3 2 2 , 25 1 5h r 1 8 ). e nmo at o d v ai l
onay
d trni d t a s re n t l tt pei f zp po tdi j iss fr d d t
e et ne h t ho tnig he i ai
mi ons rod o ut re nure ufe e ue o
c i m e woul hep c b a esf
onfne nt
d l ur bus ound i prs rH ga i
n ione
ton.
W i. r pe t pr e dng t Cor onwe lh' fna ,i i cla t a ç i ous
t es ct o es r
h
he nm
a t s i nces t s e r hat ztgi
pl i fpr s i a fi ousc nm ,t
andf e sng rvol
l i hough r r l s ce ng on t m e is c be e r m ey
a ey uc edi
he tt , an
xte l
c sl t t edee da . Ha rlonv. td S ae , 1 F.d 1 4 11 (t Ci. 9 0 9 e
o t o h f n nt' res Uni tts 6 3 2 1 , 6 5h r 1 8 ) s e
y
'
e
as I si Prmc 1,
lo oisv. a o 1 LLC, 10 c 1 4( J , 0 9W . 8 3 8 , t* ( D.
No. :8 v1 7 GBL/FA) 2 0 L 6 78 3 a 3 E.
Va Ma. , 0 )( ot Harlo ) TheCo
. r 4 2 09 qu i
ng res n .
mmon at c ul h vetto l d tr ne
we l o d a ainal eemi d
h
y
t t ri aCod j8 .4 - m a sa eof fi l usl iain a d hep pr sr et
ha Vigni
e 012 3 2 y tv f rvo o i g to n l e e v he
t
Com m onwe lh' hs .
at s c
Fi ly, t r pe t pr di s trlm ia i pe i f cli slnown t t
nal wih es ct o ovi ng hoze i t tons zods oz nm c
.
o he
cnma a t et et alg d i u yoc ure ,t S ptmeCo t ha no e t a S cin
li nt t h i he l e njr c r d he u e
m
e
u t s td h t e to
1 lw s t pr c e on prs c ltonsr lr a fs c fc de i i ofa sngl
983 a uis ediat d
ion oncii
eqlie fpe ii prvaton
i e
hu n ne d'W i onv. et r 5 U.. 9 , 5( 9 1 . Co
ma e . l
' s
S ie , 01 S 2 4 30 1 9 ) The mmon at c ul ha e
we lh o d v
r tonal det mi d t t s t rlm iai pe i f ope l a ount f t f ctt t
a i ly er ne hat he hor e i t tons rod '
pz ry cc
s or he a ha
11
c dto - -o me tcamsd nottk a lngt sufc a ot tpes a-nur
on iinsofc nûne n li o
a e s o o k a e s he ton lij y
c am st ta i eouti oft prs cont xt'Br Com m onw eat Va.l e ve D e e e
li ha rs
sde he ion
e . .
?
lh
nt r noz f ns
Va Co e j80 - 4 2 ECF No. 9 a 1 .
. d . .1 2 3.,
3,t 2
W i. t e sat d z i lsi nnnd,
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?