Workman v. Axalta Coating Systems, LLC

Filing 83

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 5/3/19. (kld)

CLERK' OFFI U. DI COUFF
S
CE S. ST.
AT R- OKE,
VA
FI
LED

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Cas N o.5:7- v- 08
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V.

By: M i
chaelF.U r
bansd
l

AX AT, COAT I G S STEM S,
TA
N
Y
LLC,

Chi fUnie S a e Di ti t udge
e
t d t t s s rc J

D ef
endant
.
M E M O RAN D U M O PI I N
N O

Pli ifHar W ozma wa i u e b a ee ti s krc i dwhi
antf ty k n snjrd y n lcrc hoc e eve
l
e
i tln ac n y rs se a d fnd nt at CoaigS se , SrAx la'
nsal g o ve o y tm t e e a Ax la tn y tms LLC' f at'
i
)
f clt i Fr Roya,Vigi a on O ct r21,2015. or a cont ndst thewas
a iiy n ont
l r ni
obe
W km n
e
ha

s oc e be a eAxat i opel wie a e poso p oof(f 7'pugt t e
h k d cus la mpr ry rd n x l in r < ' l o he nd
M )
ofa e enson c d s i by hi t pt depowe t W or an' sud w ede .
n xt i or uppled
m o ovi
ro
km s t
l r
W hie t r wasltl diput t tt elc dc s
l he e
ite s e ha he e t hock s e m ed fom a fa i t
tm
r
lw n he
e e i cor Axala c es swhe herW orr a pr d t t s
xtnson d,
t ont t
t
lm n ove hat he hock sem m e
t
d
fom f ulywii oft X' pl a oppos d t s e unknown i lmiywih t
r
a t rng
he P ug s
e o om
nfr t t he

e e i c d. fe af - y til duelng e rs a m t pl opponuni st
xt nson or A tr ourda ta , i xpe t , nd o e
ée o

he rW or m a aj y f und f W o k n a d a r e hi $ 7 29 .2pls
a
k n, ut o
or r ma n wa d d m 4 3, 52 u

pr j g nti e e tJ Ci Aci n, No. 0.
eud me ntr s. . v. to ECF 6
Thi matri b f r t ec r ô Ax lasRe we M o i f r ud me ta a
s te s e o e h ou t n at' ne d ton o l g n s
M a t rofLa a f N e Tra,ECF N o.67.Tesi c
te
w nd or w i l
tng onduc ed by Axa t
t
la

i m e a ey afetW or a wa s ke r ve l d an ee tca ful i t e enson
m dit l t
km n s hoc d e a e
lcti l a t n he xt i
c d,s e r bet n t X P pl wie by Axat a t r s oft coz
ot om whe e wee he
ug t d
la nd he e t he d

s i d byW or an. oz a se r eec dca e i e ,Cha l M a t a ,
upple
km W km n' xpe t l t l ng ne r
tes zor na
t tfed t ther e outot rpr em swih W or a se e i cor be us i
esii ha
uld
he obl
t
km n' xt nson d ca e t
wor d wihoutfa bef e a afe t s k t W oz a on O ct r21 2015.
ke t
lw
oz nd tz he hoc o
km n
obe ,
Axat c e t tM a t a ' opi on w a unde m i d be us W or a c d
la ont nds ha
r or nas ni
s
t pe ca e
km n oul
notdefnii l esa ih t t e e i c d fmctone pr ry afe t
i tvey t bls hat he xt nson or t i d ope l t r he
i i nt A ss h, xat a guest tt tt ve di lc d al gal s fc e bass
nc de . uc A la r
ha ha he r ct a ke e ly ufii nt i.
Axat at r tvel s ksa ne ti l a gui t tt ve ditwa a i tt gr a
la le na i y ee
w ra, r ng ha he r c s ga ns he e t

weg pft ee i e c a d wa ba e o afa djr i tu to
iht h v d n e n s s d n lwe u y nsr cin.
Alhough t e
t
he venm a whe e bout oft e enson c d w e enote t ihe
l ra
s he xt i or
r
sabls d

wih c r ant ,t cour concudest t on baanc ,W or a pr ent s t néa
t e t i y he
.
t
l
ha ,
l e
km n es ed ubsa l

e i nc t s ppo tt jr ' v r itt a Ax lawa r s il f tt eee t
vde e o u r he u ys e dc h t at s e ponsb e o h lcdc
s k s f r d by W or a N ori t r a basst g a t m odon f ne t l
hoc ufe e
km n.
s he e ny i o r nt he
or w da.
Fozt r as dic s beow,t c twilD EN Y Axa t sm otons
he e ons s us ed l
he our l
la'
i .

W or a wast s d wih wordng on am e a conve s t m a t Axat
km n
a ke t
l
tl
yor yse t he
la
pantplnt Be us hi wor i ve t us ofa s' wede , lar quied t
i a . ca e s k nvol d he e
t
ud l r Axat e r he
we de t be c
l ro
onne e t apowe s cebym e nsofa XP pl Be us oft
ct d o
r our
a
n
ug. ca e he
ditnceoft s' we de t ta powers zc W oz a nee d t us an
sa
he t
ud l r o le
otr e,
km n
de o e
ext nson c d he bz
e i or
oughtwih li t Axat R- ha d Bit r a Axat ee ti in,
t lm o
la. i r tne , n
c
la lc rca

a tche t pi al d wie on t m ae e ofW or a se e i c d t a ( 7
ta d he gt ie t s
he l nd
km n' xt nson or o n K1

pl s id by Axa t A ss h, xat ' la lt tznson w het Bit rswii
ug upple
la. uc A las ibiiy t
r
her tne ' rng

wa d en g ge l. t rde tae f rt jr h w hewie t XP plg
s on e i nt Bime monsz td o he u y o
y
r d he
u,
a t tfed t ti wentf oge he pr t efor ls l ' Bit Tza Tes .ECF N o.
nd esii ha t
f t r ety f te sy.' tner i l t,
t

76,at39.A fe t XP pl wasa t c d t apowe s zce W or a r ceved a
t r he
ug
ta he o
r otr ,
km n e i
n
eec rc s k whe he t he li unpowe e s' w ede .W oz a colaps d a
l ti hoc
n
ouc d as
zd t
ud l r
km n l e nd
wa t ken by a bulnc t t hos tl
sa
m a e o he pia .

Afe t i i nt Axa t sD a d W addelpe f vne c
t r he ncde , la' vi
l t ot d onduc i t t dng on
tviy es
t ext nson c d wih t X P pl atac d. st tng z ve l c
he e i or t he
ug t he Thi esi e aed onducéviy
t
bet en gr
we
ound and hotwiesi t e e i cor whi h w a Tnott wa i
r n he xt nson d, c
s t he y t

s d be. W addelTra Tes. ECF N o 73,a 9- 0,17- Axat e pl est n
houl '
'
l i l t,
t 1
20. la m oye he
ti d t r m ove t XP pl fom t e enson c d,butt X' pl w oul not
re o e
he
ug r
he xt i or
he P ug
d
uns r w i a nor a f hi Va i wine s st s ii d t ,f an unexpl i d
ce n
m l as on. zous t s e e tfe hat or
ane
z s t XP pl wasgal d,r ltng isdias e bl by t m e usng c nne
ea on, he
ug
le eqlii t s s m y
wo n i ha l
l k ple s Bim e Tra Te t,ECF N o.76,a 42- Thede t tvenanr oft s
oc ir . t r il s .
t 43.
sruci
fpe hi

pr e swr nched ope t XP pl rï l i i pos i e t detr i t
oc s e
n he
ug, radng t m sbl o e nane he
confglr
i laéon ofisi e na wie c
t nt r l r onnec i l.W a l Tra Tes .ECF N o.73,a 1
tois ddel i l t,
t 3-

1 S g iia l, tt sp i ,t r wa nowa t tl io l l n a t
4. i nfc nt a hi o nt he e s
y
y o el m oot g t he
i
dias e bl XP pl whe heti ha be n cot ec l wied.
s s m ed
ug
t t d e
t ty t
W or a t t ned t Axat t ne da butw a t falt com pl e li
km n eur
o
lg he xt y,
s oo r i o
et zs

wor Rat r hi a s i el de t s ud we de a ot rt son W o km a s
k. he , s s ocat oa d he t
l r nd he ool
r n'
t u f hi r u n ti t llnoi . or a di noti nt yli t swhe he l t
r ck or s et r rp o li s W km n d
nve or ls ool
n
ef
Axat ,a di notl t s whe he hi e enson c d w a r ar d t issor ge
la nd d
ook o ee
t r s xt i or
s et ne o t t a

c
ompa t e on t sad wede . pon hi r t r fom Axat W or an ha t
r m nt he tz l r U
s eun r
la,
km
d he
s ud we de e r ned byism a a ar r N e s Stz W edi l , c f
t
l r xa ni
t nuf ct e , lon ad l ng, nc.whih ound
no pr e wih t wel ra i i eg a pow e c d.
oblm t he de nd t nt r l
r or
Ast t e e i cot , at
o he xt nson d lhough W or a di nots e t e e i cor
km n d
e he xt nson d
.

when he lf Axa t he beive t i wasr t r d t s r e a f éoned
e t la,
le d hat t
e u ne o e dc nd unc
wihouti i nt O n Hie e hina
t
ncde .
r ct xa i don,W or a t tfed asf l :
km n esii
olows

Q.

Afe y u di gve t e s z wed r ba k t t
tr o d i h t d l e c o he
a

f ks a N elon, di you r ui t i t t desgna e
ol t
s
d
e e t o he
i td
powet c d t t had be n us d bef e t O c obe 21,
or ha
e e
oz he t r
2015 ac i nt
cde ?
A . I bele s The r as l s y <I bele s 'i
ive o.
e on a f
ive o' s
bec us t twoul ha be n outi t s
a e ha
d ve e
n he hop;a whe
nd
n
Ibr
oughtt uni ba k,m y pa t zi m edi el putt
he t c
rne m
at y
he
fni bac i o s r i .
z t k nt e vce

Q.

Di t e e i c d g ba k i t s mebe
d he xtnson or o c n he a
d

t ti had pr vi l bee sor i on t tm ac ne
ha t
e ousy n t ed n
ha
hi ?
A . I woul ha t ha be n us W e ha t
t
d d o ve e
ed.
d o
acaal us t e enson cor
tzly e he xt i
d.

Q.

W a i a t al u e by y atr Oco r 2 ,
s t ca l s d
zy
ou fe t be 1

2015,afe i ca ebac fom N es
tr t m
k r
lon?

W he Iw a i t s
n
s n he hop,ye ,Ius i.
s
ed t

Q.

And di i pe f t a fa e sy a i ha be o e
d t ro' s lwlsl s t d f r
m

t a c de ?
he c i nt
A.

W eha no pr e wih i wha s ve .
d
pbl m t t
t oe r
)
N

Q.

S n e Oco r of2 5 ha y us d t e su
i c t be
01 , ve ou e h t d

wede wih t e s e e e i c ds
l r t hos am xt nson or ?
A.

D e miey.
f tl
4

Q. Eve ha a ypr lmssn et a cd n ?
r d n ob e i c he c i e t
A.

N o,sr
i.

W or a Tta Tes. ECF N o.65, 19,88.
km n il t,
at

U nce t i y a os conc ni t e e i cor whe i di nota com pa
rant r e
er ng he xt nson d
nt d
c
ny

t sudwede f i pe i i c cdonwih t skwsztW or
he t
l r or ns cton n onne
t hi
ti. kman' pat r
s rne ,
D ae Cha a t c s nte enson cor t t r aned e r sf i pe
l
pm n, wi e e xt i
ds o he et i
xpe t or ns cdon,but
neihe onetzned outt be t c d us d on t da W or a wa s ke A sof
t r
t
r
o
he or e
he y
km n s hoc d.
t til t e enson c d t m ane m isng.
he za, he xt i ot e i d s i l
O n c os - xa i i a whe cald by Axat a a ad r ewine si is
r se nanaton nd
n le
la s n ve s t s n t
ca e W or a c e d t thecoul notbe ce t i whet rt ext nson cor a
s,
km n onc de ha
d
ran
he he e i
d t
is wasl
sue
oaded ont hi tuck t da a t rhewa s ke a t ti w aspos i e
o st
he y fe
s hoc d, nd hg t
sbl
t ti w a l ta A xat . W or a t tfed:
ha t s ef t la
km n esii

Q.

Yo ha no i e i y u e r s w t e tnso
u ve d a f o ve a he x e i n

c d you br
or
oughtt t Axat f clt O c obe 21,2015
o he
la a iiy t r
,
a t rt da eoft occ r nc c r ct
fe he t
he ur e e; or e ?
Cor ec .
r t
+

Q.

Yo ne rr c i d t tc r ba k t t be to
u ve e eve ha o d c , o he s f

y knowl ;rght Y ou don' know one wa or t
our
edge i ?
t
y
he
ot r
he .
Idon' know .
t

Q.

So y u do tk w wheh ri wa e rpu ba k
o n' no
t e t s ve t c

i pr
n oducdon et rbe us you don' ktow i you e r
ihe ca e
t a f
ve
r ceve i ba k.
e i d t c
1N orwa t X P pl ç re a i d by t r t i d e r sasi t c d notbe f .
s he
ug ve x m ne
he e ane xpe t t oo oul
ound

5

A. I bele
ived a t tfm e t tI di r eve i.The e
t ha i ha
d ec i t
r
wa no r as f m e t beive t ti wa noti t z
s
e on or
o le ha t s
n he e
and I--

Q.

Yo ha e ' s e i snc , vey u?
u v nt e n t i e ha o

A.

ldon' know.
t

Q

You d tk w wh t ro noty uvee e us d
on' no
ehe z
os v r e

i snc t da e oft occ r nce do you?
t i e he t
he ur e ,

A.

IbeiveIdi
le
d.
+

Q.

Sr y u'esyn ,< beivei. Do y k w i?
i, o r a ig ( l t'
I e
' ou no t

A.

I' --Idon' beivei' aye ozno a w e .
ts
t le ts s
ns r

Q.

Do y u k w f af c t tt tc d wa plc d
o no or a t ha ha or s a e

i o pr
nt oduc
don f
oEowi t oc ur e e bec us y
ng he c r nc
a e ou
s w i,us d i your ef e c er ;t tyou know i?
a t e t
s l, t et a ha
t

lbeivet tsa i pos i e que ton.
le ha ' n m sbl
si
+

TH E W I ESS: The cor do notha num ber on
TN
ds
ve
s
t ,or a hi lke t t I don' -- I ha a ve y ve y
he
nyt ng i ha .
t
ve
r, r
s als
m l hop.Ive onl got t e pl es I ' not lke l
'
y
wo m oye . ts
i
ha r
ve ows a r
nd ows and t
ows of t e cor .The e'
hes
ds
rs
f z unis The e' f ext nson c ds
ptr t . t s our e i or .
+

Q.

Yours p pr s n l o yha t r e c r . i
ho e e ty nl s h e o ds One s

r s i c r ct
nisng; ot e ?
Ibele
ive.

Q.

Yo d ' k w whih c d i misn orwh n
u ont no
c or s si g
e

t f ut cor w e nns i c t ct
hat ot h d nt i sng; or e ?

Cor ec .
r t
#

Q.

W e d ' ln w i t c r wa e rr t r d t
ont c o f he o d s ve eu ne o

y w hi woul l a t t c l i we don' know
ou, ch
d e d o he oncuson
t
i i wa e r plce ba k i pz
f t s ve a d c n oduc i beca e i'
ton
us ts
t s i rght
nisng; i ?
A.

Yes
.

W or an Tra Te t,ECF N o.65,a 92;ECF N o.66 a 3- ,1 88.
km
il s .
t
t 6. 9,

W or an wr pped up li tilt tm onywih hi be ift the t hom et
km
a
ls ra esi
t s le ha
ook
he
ext i cor fom t Axat plnta t i wor d fne afe wa ds W hen a ke
enson d r
he
la a nd hat t ke i
tr r .
s d
why he hed t sbei ,W or a t s d:
l hi lef
km n e éhe
W hy do you beivet t M . W or a
le ha , r
.
km n?

A. I had no r a on not t beive i. I'
es
o le
t ts
e r t ng wa l de up i --Ibeived i.Ibeive i
ve yhi
s oa d
n
le
t
le d t
att tm e yes Eve y hi 1 t
he i , . r t ng ook t r 1 c e hom e
he e, am
wih;a i was l er detr i d I ha l t s e ve y
t nd t
at
e nnne
d ef om
r
i por a t s t r , t y we e nie enough t s
m
t nt ool he e he
r c
o end
t m bac a c
he
k oupl wee l e .
e
ks atr
s

Q.

)
N

Mr W o k n,t q e ton i,atr' a cd n
. r ma he u si s fe t c i e t
he

occ r do you --ci you or t yourknow ldge,a
ur ed,
ld
,o
e
ny
of your e pl es e r ha a pr e wih t sad
m oye ve ve
obl m t he tz
w ede ,t i e a cor a t hed t t s' we de or
l r he nt gr l d tac
o he t
ud l r
t e e i cor t t you br
he xt nson
d ha
ought hom e wi. your
t
h
fom Axat on ...O c obe 22,2015?
r
la
t r
A . W e ha no pr e s wih i whatoe r a
d
oblm
t t
s ve , nd
Pl as r e be t t t r s onl t peopl The e'
e e em m r ha he e'
y wo
e.
rs
onl t posi ltes t t c d e t do t t I woul
y wo
sbiii ha oul ve
ha . t
d
e t rbe m ys l or my pa t r a m y pa t r doesnot
ihe
ef
rne , nd
r ne
o on t r d.
he oa

7

W ot a Tral t,ECF N o.66, 24,28.
km n i Tes.
at
Cha l M a t a ,W or a se r e e rc le nee ,pi nt d t
res r or na
km n' xpe t l cti a ngi r npoi e he

s c oft s k a t X' pl he opi d ha be n nls r byAxat .Be us
our e he hoc s he P ug
ne d e iwied
la ca e
M a t a c d note n i t mi sng e enson c d,he ei i t t c d a
roz na oul
xa ane he s i xt i or
lm na ed he or s

t es tteoft s c be a s fthee tnson c d t tl d i i eofMr
h olc he ho k c u e fl x e i oz ha i nsd
g
ve
.
W or m a sw ede f done pr ry prort t i i nta a t rt i i nt'
k n' l r unc
d ope l i o he ncde nd fe he ncde .
'
M a t a Tra Tes .ECF N o. a 35. a t a ba e li opi on i pa ton t
ror na i l t,
75, t M r or na s d ls ni n r
he
f tt tW or an t d li t tt cor wasa ia e a t rt oc ur e a
ac ha
km
ol nm ha he d
valbl fe he c r nce nd
c i
ontnued t f
o uncéon.M or or nas a e t ti wasne t hi i t twa nott
t a t t d ha t
ws o m f ha s
rue.

II
.

Rue5 $)oft Fe ea Rue ofCi l ocdu ealwstepate t rne
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amo i f rj g nta amatroflw ma eund rRu e5 a f lo n ajt
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t s e , h t ubsa l v d n e e t u r t ur ' i s' At. d
'
P'h ofTe L. v.ke e 28 F. 5 8 5 2 (t Ci. 0 )( uo ig Kon l
si
nn. P. lis , 4 3d 1 , 3 4 h r 20 2 q tn
ke v.
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ng he i n,
t c tm us viw t e de e a dr w al r s bl i et nce i t lghtm os
he our
t e he vi nc nd a l ea ona e nf e s n he i
t

f vor bl t t nonm ovi pa t Lac v. a- a tSt e ,I . 240 F. 255,25
a a e o he
ng ry. k W lM r or s nc,
3d
9

(t Ci. 00 ) Thec r ma n s d ueisj g n f rt a oft ejr a d
4h r2 1.
6u t y ot ubs t t t ud me t o h t h u y n
mus u l t v z c i t r i e i nc upo wlc ar a ona l jr c ul
t pho d he e dit f he e s v de e n n h e s be u y o d
i

8

1

r t r ave di i fvoroft nonm ovi pa t .Prc v.Ciy ofCha l t,93 F.
e un
r ct n a
he
ng r y i e
t
rote
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1 41 1 4 - 0( hCi.1 6 .
2 , 2 9 5 4t r 99 )
Att s m e tm e whie acour i fc peld t a oz t ut os r pe t
he a
i
l
t s rom le o cc d he m t es ct o

j r ve cc sa te dg n e l i rviwi t m,g ijno arz be sa c n ne
u y rl t nd r a i g ty n e e ng he i s t t r tmp o ve d
i
t
b

meeyt e zet c ncuso oftejt bu rte g s ad yt rv tet
rl o ndo s he o l ins h uy, t ah t hal ut o e es he
jr v r it i t ee i e c c nno s pp ti. l . t1 5 ( tena ctéo
u y e dc s f h v d n e a t u or t7 d a 2 0 i tz l ia ns
7
r
o nte ) Kf eq si on amoto f j g n a amatroflw i t n
n itd .ç' ue t
-h
on
in or ud me t s te a s hus ot
whe he t pl i ifpr vi l s tsi d s el epr
t r he antf e ousy a ife om oos oxy,butr t rwhe he t
a he
t r he

til e ode ic sat g l s f e e ie ir bai fraz ao bl jr t ha e
ra rc r vn e l al ufkint vd ntay ss o e s na e u f'o v
e y
r a he isve dc . d R.Ci P. 0()1 ; i v. a- atS o e , nc,1 4 F.d
e c d t r itFe . V. 5 a () Cl W lM r t r s l . 4 3
ne
2 4 3 ( h Ci.1 98 . he e a he e c us to i ds i ve t pr pe ts i o
9 , 01 4t t 9 ) W t , s r , a ain s iposd , he o r e t s f
Kf oba ly 'Tea ona epr biis'Tubs a i lpr biiy' a l rt m er
fpr bii z s bl oba lt s t ntp oba lt r tx han e

f sbl y' Lo lc v. he wi W iimsCo,6 1F.d 2 0, 2 (t Ci. 9 2 .
posi it .' vea e S r n- la
i '
l
. 8 2 4 24 4 h r 1 8 )
Tli lve ofpr i r pt d t a d t Ts c a da rt ti a m a t rs
ns e l
oof s eqlie o voi he tpe i l nge ha n
te o

g ne al i c pa l ofc ranpr ofj y d cso wi beo t ebai ofs e
e r l n a b e e ti o ut e ii n l n h ss he r
y
l
s c a i uli a ey épped,i viw oft i pos i lt ofc
pe ulton, tm t l
n e
he m
sbiiy
hoosng r tona l
i a i ly
bet en m e e f sbiii ,byi rnisbl butundç s a bl r oz t s h
we
r posi ltes' mpe r s i e
r t nda e es t o uc
f ct ss a s pa hy and t lke. I
a or uch s ym t
he i ' d.
'

Axat c ntr isatc on t j yve dc o W o k n' fi et nz o a
la e es t ta k he ur r it n t ma s al o l ut
ur
e
def cti t r s i e enson c d a t s ceoft s k.To be s e,
e n he nisng xt i oz s he our
he hoc
ur

W or a di noti nt yhi eqti e upon la ngA xat a t the t the
km n d
nve or s tpm nt
e vi
la nd esi d ha
c d notbe c r an t t e e i cor wast r whe hel t ButW or a
oul
e t i hat he xt nsod d
he e
n
ef.
km n

9

t s ii d o ra ove a i t hebeive fom t s alnat e ofhi s a
e tfe ve nd r gan hat
le d, r
he m l ur
s hop nd
tzi c
le r ondnued ope a i ove e ui m ont ,t tt std wede a a s i ed
r ton
r ns ng
hs ha he tz l r nd s ocat

e tnso c r wa pr s n a f ncine js a be o e n o de t c e iAx las
x e i n o d s e e t nd u to d u t s f z .l r r o r dt at'
poston a t ssa ,t cour w oul ha t dir ga d W or a st tm ony a
ii t hi tge he
t
d ve o s e r
km n' es i
nd

i t ad viw t e de i t lghtm os f vor bl t Axat .
nse
e he vi nce n he i
ta a e o
la Theis ofwhe he
s ue
t r
t e enson c d r tr d fom Axat a ope at wihouti i
he xt i or etzne r
la nd
r ed t
nc dentt r e iey
' ns ntt l
u
on t cr biiyofW or a st fm ony.Eve t
he edi lt
km n' esi
n hough W or a di noti nt y
km n d
nve or
hi t swhe li t k l tAxat and c d notl ezpr
s ool
n as ruc ef
la
oul
at oducet e e i c d
he xt nson or
f i pec i t quesi whe he t e enson c d wasr t r d a c i d
or ns ton, he
ton
t z he xt i or
e u ne nd ontnue

t wokwa p o do ra o rbyc nsl ndt jr ha a eo ru t t
o r s r be ve nd ve ou e a he u y d mpl ppo tni o
y
as es W or a sc edi lt on t sis .Cr di lt de e f natonsa e
s s
km n' r biiy hi s ue e biiy t zni i
r

q ntse tal t pr vi eoft ejr .Se Co rv. c a rBrd e or I tl
ui e s n il he o nc h u y e nne S hr de- i
y
t n'
.

I .2 7F. d1 9 1 92 0(t Ck. 0 0. ec u t ln ditr t jr'
nc, 2 3 7 , 9 -0 4h 2 0 )Th o r wil ot sub he u ys
detr na
e mi éon t tW or a st tm ony wasc edi e
ha
km n' es i
r bl .
Axalasf uson W or a sf iur t e t bls w ih c r ant t t
t ' oc
km n' a l e o s a ih t e t i y hat he
.
e e i coz wasl de on hi tuc a t rbe ng s
xt nson d
oa d
s r k fe i hocked a s i est ot
lo gnor he her

e i nc s p tn t ejc v r c i t i c s . rti wa unc r e td t t
vde e u porig h u e dit n ls a e Fis, t s ontov ze ha
l
t r we e ro pr e swih any ofW oz a se pm ent i l lng t e enson
he e r ï obl m
t
km n' qui
, ncuci he xt i
cor be or t XP pl w a a t c d.Sec
d, f e he
ug s ta he
ond, lasW a l t the t tafe
Axat '
ddel esi d ha t r
W or a w a s ke t ext nson c d f l d aconduc t t s , ndiatng t t
km n s hoc d, he e i or aie
dviy e t i c i ha
oneofishotwieswasi pr ry conne ed t agr
t
r
m ope l
ct o
ound wie.Thid,whieBit r
r
r
l tne

t tfed t theconne ed t e e i cor t t XP pl fe f tes l ' ul e
esii ha
ct he xt nson d o he
ug ff orl sp'm dpl

10

Ata Foo S s a Sev .l . CrneNa. nd t I c, 9F.d5 7, 9 (t
ls d . nd r s nc v. a
tVe o s n .9 3 8 5 4 4h
Ci.1 96; i v. a- atSt e , nc,1 4 F.d a 3 .
r 9 ) Cl
ne W l t or s l . 4 3 t 01
M
To t e e t tAxat sm oton f ne ti li pr r s d on t s fc e y
he xt nt ha
la'
i or w ra s enie
he ufii nc
oft e de e s r
he vi nc ur oundi t e e i coz i i D EN I D f t s m e r s
ng he xt nson d, t s
E
ot he a
ea ons

a t Rue5 moto Thej yha a l op tniyt a ss t ce i lyof
s he l 0 in. ur d mpe poru t o ses he rdbit
i
W or a st s i ony t t whiehe c d notbece t i hebe ived t e e i
km n' e tm
ha , l
oul
ran,
le
he xt nson
c d i ques wasus d wihouti i nta t rhewass
or n
éon
e t
ncde fe
hocked atAxala l
t. n

a di o ot re i e es ppo td t j ysve dc. e de ewa u ipu e
d t n, he v d nc u re he ur ' r it The vi nc s nd s td
i
t tt e enson c d fm ci d pr ryprort W or a be ng s
ha he xt i or t tone ope l i o
km n i hocke
d.
W adderst Hm ony t ta hotwiew a c
l es
ha
r s onnec e t a gr
td o
ound wiewhen t c d
r
he or
w a t s e i m e a ey afe t s
s e t d m dit l t r he hock a s wa undiput Bit rst tm ony t
lo s
s ed. tne ' esi
hat
heconne t t e e i cor t t XP pl eforl sy a c r c l wa
c ed he xt nson d o he
ug f tes l nd ot e ty s

U der i d b t fc t ti t k t wo k r wih c nne l kpi r t wr nc i
n rnne y he a t ha t oo wo r e s t ha loc i s o e h t
e
a r a t rW or a w a s ke
pa t fe
km n s hoc d.Gi n t s f c s e n t
ve he e a t , ve hough t ope ai of
he t ton

t e tnson c d a trW o k n lf Axat wa s bjc t muc dia r e nta
he x e i or fe r ma e t la s u e t o h s g e me nd
de t a til i c nnotbe m ant i t tt ve ditwa a i tt c e rweghtof
ba e t ra , t a
i aned ha he r c s ga ns he l a i

t e de eo rs le i amic rig ofj t e
he vi nc r e utd n sara e usi .
c
Fi l , at clmst ti i e ildt ane ti l s d on af we j r
nal Ax la li ha t s nt e o w ta ba e
y
t
l d uy
a
i tu to Thej yi tu tons a awhoe mus f d q a eyi f r g t j yof
nsr cin. ur nsr ci , s
l, t f e u' l n o m ) he ur
a
t
t ec r ln lg l i i lswiho n ila ig o c nf ig t ej y t t
h ontol g e a prncp e t ut ase dn z o usn h ut o he
i
p eudc oft o jc pa t. S el . Da il8 4 F.d 1 8 ,1 9 (t Ci.
r j ie he b e dng ry' lv Mc n e, 2 2 3 0 3 5 4 h r
'
1 7 . z ne sjr i tu to f l ma aerve s l ajd me o yi t e
98 ) Ero ou u y nsr cins T l nd t e r a of u g nt nl f h
wi

wine s t s i d t i c d notbeuns e
t s es e dfe hat t oul
ct wed not al Ra he i t t
m ly. t t t ook wo
wot sw11 cha ll ple st wt nc a t t X P pl s h t tt
ket t1 nne ock i r o e h pa t he
ug uc ha he
c i za
onfgt éon oft i e na wie c
r
he ntr l r onnec i coul notbe det rni t r a t r
tons
d
e r ned he e fe .

Alhoug no one coul s ywhy t X P pl c d notbe dias e bl d nor al
t
h
d a
he
ug oul
s sm e
m l
y,

gve tedfiuée e o ntzdi dson c ngt M 7pl i t sc s,hej y
i n l ifc l s nc u ee n ic ne d he
a
ug n hi ae t ur
w a c r anl fe t dicountBit rst s i ony t ti we t he eforl sy a
s e ti y r e o s
tne ' e tm
ha t nt oget r f tes l nd

m a t r s bl i e e t ti ha bee c
ke he ea ona e nf r nce ha t d n onnec e i pr ry.
t d m ope l
Be aus t r i s t nta e dence die a cr um s a l t s
c e he e s ubsa il vi
, r ct nd ic t néa, o upportt
he

jr'vedc, at'rne dmoéo f j g nta amattoflw mu tbe
u ys r itAx las e we
n orud me s te a
s
D EN I D .
E
1 1.
1

Ale na i l Axat s e a ne til Thegr ntorde a ofa m odon f a
t r tvey, la e ks
w ra.
a
nil
or

ne t li e ruse t a am ate r tngi t s
w da s nt t d o nd
t r esi n he ound cic eton oft diti t
ls r i
he s rc

c tr. a wo t v. i on 8 F.d2 , 6(t Ci. 98 )(iigO1
oztW ds rh Cl , 46 2 65 26 4h r1 8 ctn d
nd
DoniinSe doi Co . Polki Lii Oc a c n , 8 F.d1 3(t Ci.
l no tve rn r v. s e ne e niz e 3 6 2 9 4h t
1 6 ). emot ma beg a t d f fe ajr til f ra r a o f rwhih ane
9 7) Th
i
on y t n e ,f tr u y ra, o ny e s n o c
a
w
ti lhashe e of ebee gr nt d i a a i a 1w i f r lc zt' Fe R.Ci P.
ra
r t or
n a e n n cton t a n ede a okr . d.
'
v. ,

5 a()A) TheUnt dSttsCo to Appe l f rt Fou t Cicz ' ls of
9()1 ( .
ie ae ur f
as o he rh rti s it
t
a e a egr
cc pt bl oundsf whih a c tm a exe c s isdic e
or c
our y r i e t s r don t gz ntane ti
o a
w tal

i l e :<1 t ev rlc i a ans t ce rweg oft e i e c , ()i ba e
ncud s T ) h e cit s g i t he la iht he v d n e or 2 s s d
(

up e i nc wlc i fle or()wi r s ti amic rig ofj dc ,e e t ug
on vde e l h s as , 3 l eul n s ara e us e v n ho h
i
l
t z m a be s t ndale de whi h w oul pr ve t die i ofave dit'
he e y
ubsa
vi nce c
d e nt he r cton
r c.
'

er ri d tt ne t ha be np eudca, sdo atve o t tc t a a
ro s eemi d o ve e rj iilbae n e iw f he e o d s
who e'W el t v. n es 7 7F.d 9 2 9 8 (t Ci. 9 3 .
l . ln on Da il, 1 2 3 , 3 4 h t 1 8 )
' i
Axat com pli ofa sngl i tucton, nc s nm a i d W or a s
la
ans
i e nsr i wli h ur rze
km n'
algai a f l :
le tons s olows

l t s c e, pli if H a r W or m a r i e a sngl c nm a i t
n hi as
antf
ry
k n a s s i e l i gans
def nda A xat Coa i S t m s LLC: t def nda ne i nty
e nt
la
tng ys e ,
he
e nt glge l
c
onnec e t pli fss t wede t t pow e s y.
t d he andf' tz l r o he
d
r uppl

Fi lur l tucinst yl tu tons), No. 7 a 1 .
nal y nsr tp d
yur nsr ci ' ECF
5,t 7
Axat ob e t t t si tu éo cnmi t t<gheonye i e epr s n e
la jc s o hi nsr c n, li ng ha fq l v d nc e e t d
t
attilby Pl i fc e ne whe he M t Bit rpr
ra
andf onc r d
t r . tne opery conne t Pl i ifs
l
c ed antf'

e tnso c r t a e p o in pr pup'M e i S p. Re we M o . o J
x e i n o d o n x l so oof l ' m.n up of ne d t f r .

a aMatrof w, No. 7 1 a 1 Ax lac lde t tfghei tu ton
s te La ECF
6 - , t 0. at oncu s ha ft nsr ci
j
'

,

s bsa éal e age De e a ' du y alwi t ejr t c ncud t a Ax l wa
u tn l nlr d fnd nts t , l ng h u y o o l e h t at s
y
o
a
notm eeyr s i e/ t c c i ma ... as z ponsbl f
rl e ponsbl or he onne éon t de but lo es i e or
c c ngalconne
he ki l
céonsbet n Pli ifswede a t powe s c 'L a 4.
wee antf' l r nd he
r oute. i t
?

Thej yi tu ton c lie o byAxat smpyr ctsW or ma s
ur nsr ci ompan d f
la i l e ie
k n'
alga i ofneg i nc .Thi i tuc
le ton
lge e
s nsr éon wasconss e wih W ot a sAm e d
it nt t
km n'
nde

Co ant wh r hecame t tfgl fnd n Ax laa ise o e swe e
mpli , e e li d ha f e e a t at nd t mply e r
d
negl nti t m anne i whi t s ud wede wa c
i
ge n he
rn
ch he t
l r s onnec ed t eec rc lpowe ,
t o l ti a
r
s iia l by m a ng i pr re e ti a conne tons a by al ng t s'
pecfc ly
ki m ope l c tc l
c i , nd
lowi he t
ud
wede t be om e e t z s t i pos d a urr a ona e da rt a
l ro c
ne gi ed o hat t e n le s bl nge o nyone who

mkh t uc i,ncudngpli if. .. Ame d Co znt ECF No. 6 a !21
t o h t i l i antf . 7 nde mpl ,
7
1 ,t( .

Alo ti wa t smei tu dongve i teprl nayi tu éo t t j y t
s ,hs s he a nsr c
i n n h ei t nstc ns o he ur,o
mi
whc W o l n di noto e t
ih rt
ma d
bjc.
Re a de s i i i o eva l t tt sngejr i tucin c ul c us t e
g r ls ,t s nc nc i b e ha l i l u y nst to o d a e h
ùs
jr t c ldet tAx lawa r s nsbl f a y fi eofW o k n' e upme t
u y o oncu ha at s e po i e or n al
ut
t ma s q i n
otf W oz a sown ne i nce The ew a no diput i t f t pr ent a til
or
km n'
glge . z s
s e n he ac s es ed t ra
t tt t wasno eec tc lpt e w ih et t s' w ede a isi e alpo e
ha he e
l ti a oblm t iher he t
ud l t nd t nt gt w t
c d otwih Axala' pr son ofpowert t oute on t plntfoot Thee ie
or
t
t s ovii
o he lt
he a l .
ntr
is i t c e s r
s ue n he as urounde t e e i cor s id by W or a conne i t
d he xt nson d upple
km n
ctng he

po rs ur eth o lto t epln foo )t t i e rlc r on t esu wed r
we o c t e ute n h a t l r o he ntg a o d h t d l e .
Axat ' onl r ewih r ga d t t te e i cor wa t conne i oft I l
la s y ol t e z o ha xt nson d s he
cton
he X 7
pl whi h W or a a gue wasfa d ba e on W a l' t tng oft cor afe
ug, c
km n t d
lwe s d
ddels esi
he d t r
W or a wa s
km n s hocke A tti lA xat a gued t tW or a c d notpr by
d. ra, la r
ha
km n oul
ove
pr ponder nc oft e de e t tt s
e
a e he vi nc ha he hock t s t d fom a miwie M 3pl a
e ule r
s td
ug, s
oppos d t a unde r t d orde a d e e i c d orW or a sc tbut y
e o n
rae
gr de xtnson or
km n' onti or
negl nc Ast e denc s rounci A xat ' r ei t c
i e. he vi e uz
ge
lng
las ol n he onnec i oft s ud
ton
he t
w ede t t powe s ce c nt r d on Bit rsc
l r o he
r our e e e
tne ' onnec i oft e e e i cor t
ton
l xt nson d o
a

t X' pl t r i no lke i
he P ug, he e s i lhood t tlsi t uc r t tngW or a s
hat li nsr éon esa i
km n'

alg to ofne l e ec u e t jr o i t si ye pa d t es opeof
le ai n
gi nc onf s d he u y r mpemisbl x nde h c
g
Axat ' pot nta labiiy.
las e il i lt

l e d t j ywa i tuce t a t eme eha nig o t a cd n dd
nd e , he ur s nsr td h t h r ppe n f he c ie t i
note l W or nan t r coverand wa f l cha ge on t i s ofconti or
ndte
ke
6 e
s uly r d
he s ue
rbut y
ne i
glgence Ea h sde f us d t i e de and a gum e on t e e i cor
. c i oc e he r vi nce
r
nt he xt nson d,

W oz a as e tng t tt e dence s
km n s ri ha he vi
howed t XP pl wa m iwied,and Axat
he
ug s s r
la

f usng on pot /lha r pos byposi ede a don oft c d is l ora
oc i
ent za ds ed
sbl gr da
he ot tef n
uns iid pr e wih t f m a epl on t ot te G i n t e ie y oft
pecfe obl m t he e l ug
he he nd. ve he ntr t
he
i t tonsa t e de e i tzsca e Axa t sc nm t tisla lt was
nsruc i
nd he vi nc n li s , la' l i ha t ibiiy

i per isbl br de d by t s a e entofW ozç a salga i i tzsi tncdon
m m s i y oa ne
he t t m
lm n' le ton n ii ns lp
i unf
s ounded. ke asaw hol,a consde e i t c extoft e de ei t s
Ta n
e nd
i t d n he ont
he vi nc n hi

c s , h c le g di tu to pr s n e no c nf in t t j yno po e a y
a e t e haln e nsr cin e e t d o uso o he ur r s d n

prj iet Ax la Thec r cnno c ncud ta t si t zt rs tdi a
eudc o at.
ou t a t o l e h thi nst ci eule n
a on
mic rigeofj tc j dfigane til
s ara
usie us yn
w ra.
1 1.
1

I s ,t cour concudest s t nta e de ex sed s
n um he
t
l
hat ubs a il vi nce i t uppor i t
tng he

j fsveditt ttev r it sno a ans tecerweg oft e i nc , nd
ur r c,ha h edc wa t g i t h la iht he vde e a
t tt veciti t sc s d snot e e e ar ic rigeofj tc . s h,
ha he rl n hi a e oe r pr s nt n sa ra
c
usie As uc
Ax lasRe we Moto f r u me a aM atrof w a d f aNe Tra,
at' ne d in o l dg nt s te La n or w ilECF
N o.67si D EN I .
s
ED

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