Martin v. U.S. Bank National Association et al

Filing 25

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Norman K. Moon on June 19, 2012. (sfc)

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PAUL A .M ARTI
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Pl nf
aitf
M EM OM NDUM OPm I
ON
U . BANK N ATI
S.
ONAL A S OCI ON AND
S ATI
SAMUEL 1 W HI P. .
. TE, C ,

JUDGEN ORMAN K .M OON

Dee d ns
f n a t.

Thi mat ri be or t Co ton am o i t dim isf f l e t sa e acli fld by
s te s f e he ur
ton o s s or aiur o tt
a m ie

Dee tU. Ba Nai Asociton ($ S.Ba '. On Marh 21 201 Ic
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On Aprl4,201 M a tn fl d hi a e d c
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Sa ue 1 W hie P. wastr i td a adeenda i t sm at o M a c 21 201
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e m nae s f nt n hi ter n r h , 2.

L BACKGROUND

Thi aci a iesoutofU . Ba sf e os e and s l ofa hom ei M one a, r i a
s ton rs
S. nk' or cl ur
ae
n
t Vig ni
t twa f me l owne by M a tn. The f c sa lge i M a tn' a
ha s or ry
d
ri
a t le d n ri s mended c pli ,whih a
om a nt c t
t ss a lm us a ce ast u a e asf l s
hi t ge
t c pt r e, r
olow .

l Fe ua y 2011,M ari f t tr ttme,f ied t ma t m ont y pa e on t
n br r
tn, or he i s i
a l o ke he
hl ym nt he
home morga l n heha obti d fom U. Ba i 2009.l Aprl M a tn,
t ge oa
d a ne r
S. nk n
n
i, ri who wa byt t
s ha
tm e t m ont de i ue i m a ng pa e s on t m or g ,c a t d U . Ba l i o de
i wo
hs lnq nt n ki
ym nt
he
t age ont c e
S. rk n r r

t r ques a l n m odi a i A U. Bal r e e atve wih whom M a tn s
o e t oa
fc ton.
S. rk epr s nt i
t
ri poke t d hi
ol m
t ti or rt be e i bl f ra i a ng Hom e Afor bl 'l n modii a i M a tn woul
ha n de o
lgi e o s ki
M
s f da e' oa
fc ton, ri
d
ne d t be i deful f t e m ont . Howe r i J y 2011 U. Ba notfe M a tn t the
e o n a t or hr e
hs
ve , n ul
, S. nk ii d ri ha
ha bee de ne f t EM a ng HomesAfo da e'l n m odii a i bec us t tpr a
d n di d or he t ki
f r bl' oa
fc ton a e ha ogr m

onl a id t l nscl e prort J nuay 2009 ( a tn' l n had cos i M ac 2009 .
y pple o oa os d i o a r
M ri s oa
l ed n rh
)
How e r o J y 27, 2011 U . Bal of e e M a tn a opporuniy t a y f a (l n
ve , n ul
, S. lk f r d
ri n
t t o ppl or toa

wor ' pr r m . On Aug t2,2011 M a tn s
kout' og n
us
, ri ubmit hi l n wor
ted s oa
kouta ia i t U. .
pplc ton o S
Bnn M a tn cli t t fom t da e un i Nove r 1 2011 he r a l c
k. ri a ms ha , r hat t tl
mbe 4,
egulry omm unia e
c td
,

wih U . Ba vi e lc r s
t S. nk a mai ore ponde a t lpho c ls
nce nd ee ne a l.
By l te t hi da e Se e be 29,2011 U .S.Ba i onued M a tn t thi ei biiy
e t r o m t d pt m r
,
nk nf
ri ha s lgi lt

woul be de e ne wihi t ry c e rda , a t tdurng t tm e t ti wa pr es i
d
t nni d t n hit alnda ys nd ha
i he i ha t s oc sng
hi a plcai n,i woul no r f M a tn' l n t f ecos eorconduc a s he e f e l ur
s p i to t
d t e er ri s oa o or l ur
t c dul d or c os e
s ei t l wasar dy i f e os e.U .S.Ba f t sa e i t l te t ,n t e nt
al f he oan
lea n or cl ur
nk urher t t d n he et r hat i he ve
i di nota o M a tn f a f r c os e at r tve M a tn woul r ceve a non- ppr
t d
ppr ve ri or o e l ur le na i ,
ri
d e i
a oval
notc a M a tn c e ,a opporuniy t a a U .S. Ba s dec s on. By l te da e
i e nd, ri ont nds n
t t o ppe l
nk'
ii
et r t d
Nove be 3,2011 a r ceved by M a tn on Nove
m r
, nd e i
ri
mber1 , 2011 U . B a i onue M a tn
0
, S. nk nf
d ri

t ta tr ltons p mana r'ha bee a sgne t as ithi . M a tn a s rs t tU . Ba
ha sea i hi
ge ' d n s i d o ss m
ri s e t ha S. nk
ne ra f r hi a o
ve f o ded m n pporuniy t s k wih t si vi ua .
t t o pea t hi ndi d l
M a tn a lgest ton N ove r 9,2011 he c le U. Bank a r se an u t
ri le
ha
mbe
, a ld S.
nd eque td
pdae
on t sat ofhi a iato A r pr e ai t d hi t hi a i a i was silbei
he t us
s pplc i n.
e es nt tve ol m hat s pplc ton
tl ng
r vi wed. W he M a tn c l aga n on N ove b 1 2011 a U . Bank r pr s nt i t d
e e
n r i aled
i
m er 4,
,
S.
e e e atve ol

hi t hi a i ton ha be n de e a t thi pr ry ha be n s d a af e l ur s l
m hat s pplcai
d e ni d nd ha s ope t d e ol t or cos e a e
e ri r t tmor ng. Ale dl t r pr s nttve t l M a tn t thi a ia i ha be n
a le ha
ni 2 l ge y, he e e e a i o d ri ha s pplc ton d e
de e bec us t val oft pr ry exc ede t o sa ng prncpa owe on t l n,
nid a e he ue he ope t
e d he ut tndi
i i l
d
he oa
a be aus M ari sl n pa e c d no ber e by l orm or M a tn cai st he
nd c e
tn' oa ym nt oul t educ d
0%
e. ri l m hat
di notr c ve U. Ba l s non- ppr lnotc whih wa da e N ove be 1 2011 untl
d
e ei
S. rk'
a ova
i e, c
s td
m r 0,
, i
N o be 28 2011.
vem r ,
On t ba i of t e f t ,M a tn c ai s t t U .
he s s
hes ac s
r i l m ha S.Ba i e i ly m i l d hi t
nk nt ntona l
se m o

bele t thi pr ry woul notbes d ata f e os e s l untlhe ha trtr e ve a nonive ha s ope t
d
ol
or cl ur a e i
d i s ec i d
a ova notc a oppor t iy t a alt tde s on,a c nc t e or ot r a t m a i s t
ppr l i e, n
tm t o ppe ha ci i
ha e o xpl e he le tve o
f e l ur a a o
or c os e, nd n pporuniy t brng hi m orga c r nt I t s ve n,M a tn m a nt i t t
t t o i
s
t ge ur e . n hi i
ri
i a ns ha
he de rm e a l r le on U . Ba s m i r pr s nt tons W ih r s c t r i ,M a tn s e
t i nt ly e i d
S. nk' s e e e a i . t e pe t o elef r i e ks
a o derde l rng t s e of hi pr r y n la voi and he a kst tIr i t t hi m orgag
n r
c a i he al
s ope t ul nd d,
s ha e ns a e s
t e
upon pa e oft o s andi prnci a i e e tow e on t l n.3
ym nt he ut t ng i pal nd nt r s
d
he oa

2M a tn co e t tt oughoutt tm e t the w a tyi t obt n a l n m odiiato , U . Baz ha be n
ri nc des ha hr
he i ha
s r ng o ai oa
fc in S. lk d e
r i l s dulng hi pr ry f f e os e s ls snc Augus 20l1 Evi nty,prort t Nov
outney che i s ope t or or cl ur ae i e
t
. de l i o he
ember 1 ,
4
20l1s e,ea h tmet pr ry wa s hedul t bes d,U. Ban woul notf M ari a oxi t yt da
al c i he ope t s c
ed o ol S. k
d iy
tn ppr mael wo ys
beor ha t ti wa posponi t s e i lghtoft f c t thi a iaton f a l n modika i wa sil
f e nd ha t s t ng he al n i
he a t ha s pplc i or oa
t ton s tl
bengr ewe
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3Pl nl, i t c s of a ndi hi c
ai y n he oure
me ng s ompli ,M a tn has dr
ant ri
opped hi cli t da
s am o mage fom U .S. Bank.
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Ho v r ta fc d e n tdv s teCo r o isdiest j rs ito o e ti a to . P s-e v le e t,
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y
icu ig te a n ig ofa c mpan i o d rt rd c te a u ti c nr v ry b lw tej rs ito a
n ldn h me dn
o lit n r e o e u e h mo n n o to es eo h u idcin l

trs l,d n todn rl d p iefd rlc u t o dv ri j rs ito (su ng a i tec s h r,h tsc
h ehod o o riai e rv e ea o rs f iest uidcin a s mi , s s h ae ee ta u h
y
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midcin xse t h l f e v l. e t u r uy n e
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mildpary.'Howarhv Roc n
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t . kigham Publ' Co.20F.Su 2d959,970 ( . Va.1 )
g ,
pp.
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998 .
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ton t s
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te s o
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ba f s y a s e hi t thi elgbiiy f t l n m odii ton woul bede e m i d wihi
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S. nk ega di he t t
s pplc ton.

Howe ,t e i no hi i t lterdeca i t tt t ry- y tm e lmi woul be n o
ver her s t ng n he e t
lrng ha he hit da i i t
d gi n
Se e be 29. To t conta y,t l te s a e t t t t ry days w oul begi t r onc
pt m r
he
r r he e t r t t s ha he hi t
d
n o un
e

M ari sa plca i pa gewasde e m i d t bec
tn' p i ton cka
t r ne o
omplt ,a M a tn doe notal geon wha
e e nd ri
s
le
t
da t tmi htha be n.M or ve ,t lte doesnots
y ha g
ve e
eo r he e tr
ugges t t i t r viw pe i we et
t ha , f he e e
rod r o
t ke l
a onge t n t ry da , a pendi f r c os e s l w o d ne s a iy be pospo d o
r ha hi t ys
ng o e l ur a e ul ce s rl
t ne r
c nce ed.5
a l

Se ond,M a tn c am s t tt Se e r 29,2011 lte fom U . Ba r pr e e
c
ri l i ha he pt mbe
e tr r
S. nk e es nt d
t ti t e nthi a i ton wa de e hewoul be gi n t r as f hi i lgi lt as
ha n he ve
s pplca i
s nid,
d
ve he e ons or s nei biiy
we la a opporuniy t et ra
l s n
t t o ihe ppea t te i biiy de son orbrng hi m org cu r n . I
l ha lgi lt cii
i
s
t age r e t n
pe tne pa t t l te s a es
r i nt r , he e t r t t :

4I i pr pe t c i rt ltera t ssa , frac p o awrt ni tu n t ti a e hi tt apla ig(n
t s o r o onsde he e t t hi tge o o y f it nsr me tha s n x bi o e dn i
e

t sc s,Ma t ' a n e c mpan)i d e d a p r o ta pla ig. Fe . R.Ci.P.1 () T mp o v
hi
n
at f h t e dn
d
G ae ri s me d d o lit s e me
v
0 c; ho s n .
r e c 4 7F. d2 3 2 8( t Ci. 0 5 .
c n , 2 3 6 , 6 4h r 2 0 )
5I i notcla pr ciel whe M a tn' l w e i o f r cl lr ;ho e r i hi r s e t U . . Ba s moton
ts
er e s y
n ri s oan nt nt o e osze w ve n s e pons o S nk'
i
,
t dimis M a tn sae t tdurng t pe nc oft r viw ofhi l n m odii ton a ia i , U . Ba
o s s , ri t ts ha
i he nde y
he e e
s oa
fcai pplc ton S. nk
pospone s ve a s dul f r cl ur s lsofhi pr ry,begi ng i Augus 2011.
t d e r l che ed o e os e ae
s ope t
nni n
t

Durng t tm e yo r ue ti beng pr e s d,we wilnotr e yo l n t
i he i
ur eq s s i
oc s e
l
ef r ur oa o
f e os e o c
or cl ur r onduc a s he ed f e os e s e i yoz l n i alea i
t c dul or cl ur al f lr oa s r dy n
f e os e. l yo r e ve a N o Appr
or cl ur
f u ec i
noval N otc you m us c a t us
i e,
t ont c
i m edi t l t di cus t r a on f non- ppr l i you w i h t a
m
a e y o s s he e s or
a ova f
s o ppea our
l
de i i
c s on. Onc t de i i ha bee m a t t you a e not a oved f an
e he c s on s n de ha
r
ppr
or y
at r tve t f ecos e,we wilr gr ta y pur ue f e os e a t s l of
lenai o or l ur
l e e tbl
s or cl ur nd he ae
yourhom e i you ar una e t pa yourm or ga orbrng i cur e .
f
e bl o y
t ge
i t r nt
Am .Co pl Ex.B. W hie t s lngu mi ht a fr tbl h,i pl t tM a tn ha a rg t
m .
l hi a age g , t is us m y ha
ri d iht o
a alor brng hi m or ga c lr pr ort a f e l ur s l ,a cl e r adi r ve s t tU .
ppe
i
s
t ge tr ent i o or c os e a e
os e ng e al ha S.

Ba di no afr tvey saet ti woul rfai fom f ecosngon( s lng t pr ry
nk d t fimai l tt ha t d er n r or l i
or eli ) he ope t
afe de alof t a i a i
t r ni
he pplc ton. l ot w or ,t l te does no cont n a r pr e a i t t
n her ds he e t r
t
ai
e es nt ton ha
M a tn w oul be gi n tm e t pur ue ot r optons i t eve t t hi a i aton f a
ri
d
ve i
o
s
he
i
n he
nt ha s pplc i or

mo fc ton wa de ed. l f c,depie t lte ' rfr nc t t potntalf a a al#diiai
s ni n a t s t he etrs ee e e o he e i or n ppe
M a t w e e t r ce ve a non- ppr
ri
n r o e i
a ovalno i ,U . Ba e i il s a es t ti w oul pur ue a
tce S. nk xplc ty t t ha t
d s

f e l ur s eGl-ncet de sonhasbe madet tyouaenota ovedf a ale tve
orcos e al Gbl he cii
en
ha
r
ppr
or ny tmai
t f e os e.'I (mphassadde .
o orcl ur ' d e
i
d)
Furhe ,t l te does nots a e t tU . Ba w oul wai t c
t r he e t r
t t ha S. nk
d
t o onduc a f e l tr s l
t or c oste a e

untla trM a tn r c ved hi non- ppr va notc W hie t lte s
i fe
ri e ei
s
a o l i e.
l he e t r ugge t t r i a wa t
s s he e s
y o
a a de al of t a ia i a r fom i t c i t borowe t c a t U. Ba
ppe l ni
he pplc ton, pa t r
nsnltng he
r r o ont c S. nk
i e a ey,t lterdoesnote tbls a gr eperod durng whih U . Ba pl dge t t
mm dit l he e t
sa ih ny ac
i
i
c S. nk e d ha
i woul notmove f wa d wih a pr vi l s hed e f r c osze s e oft pr ry. To t
t
d
or r t
e ousy- c uld o e l tr al
he ope t
he

e e t tM a tn as e t t ts h r pr s nttonswe e m a i phone conve s tonswih U .S.
xtnt ha
ri s rs ha uc e e e a i
r
de n
rai
t
Ba r pr s nttves he ha f l t al ge t naur of t e ca l wih t de e of
nk e e e ai ,
s aied o le he t e
hos ls t he gr e

s cfct de
pe iiiy mande byFe a Rul ofCi lPr e e9( .
d
derl e
vi oc dur b)
Thid,M a tn alege t tU. Ba mir pr s ed t c ent of t non- ppr
r
ri l s ha S. nk se e ent he ont s
he
a oval
notc A c or ng t M a tn, he notc w a s
i e. c di o r i t
i e s uppos d t i ca e t r as n he w asi i i e f
e o ndi t he e o
nelg bl or
t l n m odii a i t r by a l i hi t r m e t detc e y. I i t t t
he oa
t c ton, he e
low ng m o e dy he i i nc
t s rue hat he

Se e be 29,2011 lte saes t ti t eve M ari wasdeer i d t be i i bl f a
ptm r
e tr t t ha n he nt
tn
t m ne o
nelgi e or
l n m odiiato a non-ppr lnotc satng t r s f hi i lgi lt woul be is d.
oa
fc i n,
a ova
ie t i he ea on or s nei biiy
d
s ue

Ho v r a lh vej s de cie ,U. Ba k d e n tsae i t S p e e 2 lte t ti
we e , s a u t s rb d S. n o s o tt n he e tmb r 9 etr ha t
woul wai f M a tn t r ce ve t non- ppr
d
t or r i o e i he
a ovalnotc be or pr e ng w ih a f e l ur
i e f e oc edi
t
or c os e
s l m uc l s a pr vi l s he e f e l ur s e as w a e de l t c e he e. l t
a e,
h es
e ous y- c dul d or c os e al
s vi nty he as r n he
non- ppr va notce ofN o m be 1 2011 whi h M a tn r ei d on N ove be 28,2011 U .
a o l i
ve r 0,
, c
r i ec ve
m r
, S.
Ba l e a ns t t i de e M a tn' a i ton on t bas s of i onna i n ga he e f om
rk xpl i ha t ni d
r i s pplca i
he i
nf
to
t rd r
na i lc edi r pori a nc es The non- ppr lno i goes on t s a e t tU . Ba twil
tona r t e tng ge i .
a ova tce
o t t ha S. nk d l
r gr ta y pr e t ough t f ec os e pr es i yo l n i notbr
e e t bl oce d hr
he or l ur oc s f ur oa s
oughtcur e o pa d of
r nt r i f
pror t a s he e f r c os e s l .' O f c s by t tm e M ari r ce ve t s notc ,hi
i o c dul d o e l ur a e '
our e, he i
tn e i d hi
ie s

home ha ale y bee s d. Ac di y,he a gue t t U. Ba di no afor hi t
d r ad
n ol
cor ngl
r s ha S. nk d t f d m he
opporuniy i i id he woul ha t brng hi l c r nt
t t t mple
d ve o i
s oan ure .But t f c r m anst tdes t
, he a t e i ha pie
M a tn' cl i s t t c r r t Se e be 29 l te di no g r nt e t the w oul r ce ve
ri s a m o he ont a y, he pt m r
e t r d t ua a e ha
d e i
m or de a l d i or a i i t non- ppr
e t ie nf m ton n he
a ovalnotc t the woul be gi n tm e t a es t
i e, ha
d
ve i o ddr s he

c us ofhi i lg biiy,or t t he woul be pr vi wih a opporuniy t brng t l n
a e
s nei i lt
ha
d
o ded t n
t t o i he oa
c r ntupon r ce ptoft non- ppr
ur e
e i
he
a ovalnotc
i e.
Fi ly, M a tn c a m s t t U . Ba s as i ent of a r l to hi m a ge t hi
na l
r i l i ha S. nk' s gnm
e a i ns p na r o s

ac
c ountpr de hi wih a f s s ns ofs c iy,l di hi t beleve t tno f e l ur
ovi d m t ale e e
e urt ea ng m o i
ha
or c os e
s l woul oc ur wihou die tcontd fom t s r pr s nt tve. H ow e r t N o m be 3,
ae
d c
t t rc
a r
hi e e e a i
ve , he ve r
2011 l te t t U . Balk s t M a tn t i or hi t t t r l i ns p m a ge had be
e t r ha S. z ent o r i o nf m m ha he e ato hi
na r
en

a sgne i l
s i d ncudes no a s a es t tt sr r s nttve woul c a tM a tn i t e nthi
s ur nc ha hi ep e e ai
d ont c
ri n he ve
s
l n modii a i a iato wa de e . Rahe ,t l t onl sa e t tt r a i hi
oa
fc ton pplc i n s ni d
t r he eter y t t s ha he eltons p
m anagerw oul ser as t sol poi of cont f accounti onnat on, a i ad s s M a tn
d ve he e nt
act or
nf
i
nd t vi e
ri

t c l ors a e m a li he ha que tons
o a l end n - i f
s si .

I s i doe nota a t a oft l t s t f m t bass of M a tn' faud
n um, t s
ppe r hat ny
he eter hat or he i
ri s r
cli c ai f ler pr e a i . Ac or ng t M a tn,t Se e r29,2011lte 1 hi
am ont n as e es nt tons
c di o ri he pt mbe
e tr ed m
t be i ve t t by a yi f a l m odii a i a oc as ona l ca lng t c k on hi
o le ha
ppl ng or oan
f c ton nd c i ly li o hec
s
a i aton' s a us he w a doi al t t w a ne s ar t Pr nt a f ec os e s l .
pplc i s t t ,
s
ng l ha
s ce s y o eve
or l ur a e

Addii ly,M a tn beleve t the woul ha a wi
tonal
ri
i d ha
d ve
ndow ofopporuniy t fx hi a ia i
t t o i s pplc ton
i t e nti w a de e or a l as a c nc t br ng hi l c r . W hie t s as um ptons
n he ve t s ni d, t e t ha e o i
s oan ur ent
l he e s
i

ma no havebe n unr as
y t
e
e onabl t we e uli t y i e e st tdi no c r pond t a
e, hey r tma el nf r nce ha d t ores
o ny
s c fc r pr s nt tonsm a i t l te s f om U . Bar
pe ii e e e a i
de n he e t r r
S. l
k.
Se a e y,as 1 pr ous y m e i d,a c ai f a t l f a r r t pl i if t
par t l
evi l
ntone
l m or c ua r ud equies he a ntf o

al get ther le on t pur td m ir pr s nt to . I tki no a ton t mana o r par
le ha
ei d he pore s e e e ai ns n a ng
ci o
ge r e i
t de i nc of hi l n, M a tn cl i s t t he r i on U . Ba l s s a e e i t
he lnque y
s oa
r i a m ha
eled
S. rk' t t m nt n he
Sep e be 29, 2011 l t t t i w oul not c pl t a f ec os e s l w hie hi l n
tm r
eter ha t
d
om e e
or l ur a e
l s oa
m odii to a i ton w as bei r e e How e ,M a tn' a e
fca i n pplca i
ng evi w d.
ver r i s m nded com pl i i de d
a nt s voi

ofa as e tonst the ha t m e t brng hi morg c r nti t e ntt tU. Bal
ny s ri ha
d he ans o i
s
tage ure n he ve ha S. rk
de e hi a m odii a i M or ove ,M a tn does no a l ge t t as de f om t l n w or
ni d m
fc ton.
e r
ri
t le ha , i r he oa
kout
pr a ,he w a i e esed i or c d q lf f r a ot r l s m ii ton ale na i ot r
ogr m
s nt r t n, oul ua iy o , ny he os t ga i
t r tves he

t n a f e l ur Thus M a tn has notpl d f t s
ha
or c os e.
, ri
e acs howi t t he woul ha a t d a
ng ha
d ve c e ny
dif r n l i he ha notapple f t l n modii a i pr a ori t r had bee a l r
fe e ty f
d
i d or he oa
fc ton ogr m
f he e
n onge
pe i oftme be wee de alofhi a i a i a t f e l ur s e ofhi home. W hie
rod
i
t n ni
s pplc ton nd he or cos e al
s
l
M a tn' l s ofhi pr r y c r a nl r pr s nt t s r o de r m e t ta ac ualfaud ca e
ri s os
s ope t e t i y e e e s he o t f t i nt ha n t r
us

ofa on r quies he ha nota l ed f ds s
di e r ,
s
leg a howi t the woul ha ot r s be n a e t
ng ha
d ve he wie e bl o
ke p t pr r y upon t de a ofhi a i to The ef e on t bas s oft f c s he ha
e he ope t
he ni l
s pplca i n.
r or ,
he i
he a t
s
a l d,i s r t hesr a on f r M a tn t a gue t the r le on t r pr e a i ofU .S.Bank
lege t te c
es o
ri o r
ha
e id
he e es nt tons

i isco r ponde e wih hi , i heha t whe e t lt brng hi s l ou oft a r a a
n t res
nc t m as f
d he
r wiha o i
m ef t he r e r ge
i o w hi h he r a l a ishe ha f l n.
nt
c
e diy dm t
d ale

Bec us M a tn has i deq el a l ed r la e o f le r pr en a i ns he ha f l
a e ri
na uat y leg ei nc n a s e es t to ,
s aied
t s fci nty pl d a l as t o el m e s of a a t l f a c us of ac i
o uf i e l ea t e t w
e nt
n c ua r ud a e
ton. A s s h,he ha
uc
s

f ie t sa e a cai f a t lfaud,a U. Ba sm oton t dimi si pr pe l g a e a
al d o tt l m or c ua r
nd S. nk'
i o s s s o ry r ntd t
t ss ag
hi t e.

I .C ONCLISI
V
J ON

For t f e ng r as ns U . Ba s moton t dimi s s l be gr nt d. An
he or goi e o , S. nk'
i o s s ha l
a e
a o i t o de a ompa e t sme or ndum opi on.
ppr prae r r cc
ni s hi m a
ni
The Clr oft Cour i he e die t d t s nd a c rii d c oft s m e a
ek
he
t s r by r c e o e
e tfe opy
hi mor ndum
o ni a t a com panyi or rt a lc
pi on nd he c
ng de o l ouns lofr c d.
e
e or

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