Scott v. Montgomery County School Board
Filing
34
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 8/5/13. (med)
- R/S OFFI U.s.Dl
CE
AT ROANOKE sT. cotllr
R
Fi
LED
I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FO R TH E W ESTERN D I
STRI T O F V I G I I
C
R N A
R O AN O K E D I I O N
V SI
JUDI SCOTT,
TH
I
VA
AL 95 2 1
C
23
JUL
BY;
. DL
D
c -
PUR CLERK
CASE NO .7:
08CV000645
Pl ntf
ai if,
M EM O M N DU M O PI I N
N O
5'
S.
M ONTGO M ERY CO UNTY SCH OOL
BO A R D ,
By:Jam esC .Turk
Se or Unie St e Di t c Judge
ni
t d at s s ri t
D ef
endant
.
Plitf J dt Sc t (s o1' rt anif)Eldti a to a ans he f r re lye,
anif u ih o t ç t'o i itf ' e h s ci n g i t r o me mp o r
sc
pl
M o gomey Co y Sc Boad (ihe Boad') a s tng a ntmbe ofemplyme -eltd
nt r unt hool r s
t
r ', seri
l r
o ntr ae
cams He Co litd e n tls spaaec t s b tc n an aj i t i elsigh rcams t
li . r mpan o s o it e rt omt, u o tis o n tt itn e li ,o
l
wi :ç a m f r i ous ha a s e ,di c i i ton,r t i ton a w r uldi c r ' ECF
t k i or elgi
cl
r s m nt s rm na i
e ala i nd ongf
s ha ge.
'
No.1a 3 Ba e o t ep ris sz r j g n fln s t eCo r wi te tt Co lita
t . sd n h at ' l
e mmay ud me t iig ,h u t l ra he mp an s
l
a s ri t f lwi cams ( )a cam unde Til VI oft Ci lRiht Ac of1 as
s etng he olo ng li : 1 li
r te 1 he vi g s t 964,
n
mende 42 U. C. j2000e (ç-l Vl' ,i whih s a srs t t he c rc was not
d,
S.
tli e l' n c he se t ha r onta t
-t
)
rn we a ar s to r l iusd srmiain;()ar tl to cam,i wh c s a s rst a
e e d s eul f ei o ici n to 2 eai in li n ih he se t h t
g
a
he c r twa notrne d a a r ul ofhe c ant ofr lgi haasme ;a ( a
r ontac s
e we s es t
r ompli s ei ous r s nt nd 3)
hosie wo k e r
tl r nvionme cli t r Til V 1 ba e on he r lg o Se ae r l ECF No.
nt am mde te I s d
r ei i n. e ne aly
27.1
P ndn beo et eCo r i teBo r smoin f rs mmayj g n . No. 4; e
e ig fr h u t s h ad' t o u r ud me t ECF
o
2 se
as ECF No. 5 (u po t me rnd m) Th Bo r c ne sta i i e tte t j g n
lo
2 s p ri
ng mo a u . e a d o tnd h t t s n ild o ud me t
1I iss
n t uppori m em or ndum ,Def
tng
a
endantquesi
toned whe herPl ntf w a al brngi as a e
t
ai if s so i ng t t
.
lw wr ngf dic r e cam,a d t t ee t n s wa , ve f rs mma yj me tont tcam. n
a o ul s hag li n o h x e t he s mo d o u r udg n ha li l
he r pons Pl ntf di not r pond t t s ar e or ot wi e pur ue a cl m f wr ul
r es e, ai if d
es
o hi gum nt
her s
s
ai or ongf
dicha ge underVigi a l .Accor ngl t Cour doesnotconsr t Compl ntas satng s a
s r
r ni aw
di y, he
t
tue he
ai
t i uch
cl m .
ai
a a m al r of lw as t a1 of Se ts dam s Sc thas tl a r s e t t m o i f
s
te
a
o l
ot' i . ot
ied e pons o he ton or
sz r j
lmmay udgme ,ECF No.27,a t Boa dhasfl arpl ECFNo.29.TheCotr he r
nt
nd he r
ied e y.
tt a d
or l a gum e on J y 1 201 and t mal r i now rpe f diposton.For t r as
a r
nt
ul 5, 3,
he te s
i or s ii
he e ons
dic s d he ei De e nts M oton f r S'm ma y J
s us e r n, f nda '
i o l r udgmen i GR ANTED I PART a
t s
N
nd
DEN I I PA R T.
ED N
L FA C TU AL B AC K G RO UN D
A . G eneral
Pl i ifs dam sa lse fom he al gai t tt ts e re d t ue r lgi
antf
i l tm r
r le tons ha ha he xpe i nce md ei ous
pr s ur fom heri me a e s pe v s ,Ni Donohue.Sc t washie by t Boa d i 1
es e r
m di t u r ior na
ot
rd
he
r n 992
a w or t r untlJ m e 2006, a whi h tm e he a
nd
ked he e i t
t c i
r nnua c r c w a not r ne ed. Sc t
l ont a t s
e w z ot
De a 1 Scot wor d i s ve a postons f t Boar butwa wor ng as a a ssa
p. t 3.
t ke n e r l ii
or he
d,
s
ki
n s itnt
m e a a d i t Blc bur M i e Sc
di i n he a ks g ddl hool lbr y whe Do hoe was hied as t d
i m'
n no
r
he f a
medi
s i ls' i 1
pec ait' n 995.Do hoeDe a 8.
no
p. t Donohoewases e ily t s hoolslbr ra Do hoe
s nta l he c ' i a i n, no
De a 8 9;K not D e a 1 a J y Sc t w a t lbr r a s s a .Fr 1
p. t t p. t 0, nd ud
o t s he i a y s i t nt om 995 untl J m e
i t
2006,t t wor d t e he i t Blc blr M i e Sc
he wo
ke og t r n he a ks zg ddl hoollbr r Sc ts c r wa
i a y. ot' ontad s
r we ea h ye r untlJ 2006,whe t Boa d di no r new he a
ene d c a
i une
n he
r d te
r nnua c r tf t
l ontac or he
20062007 yea ba e on t r om m e ton of t pr nc pal of B l c bur M i e Sc
r sd
he ec
nda i
he i i
a ks g ddl hool
,
Damy Knot.Knot' de ii n,i t n,wa ba ed o i
r
t
ts c so n ur
s s n nputa r c
nd e omm e tonsfom As it nt
nda i r
ssa
Prnci lSpe e W el ra Donohoe,a
i pa
nc r ie nd
mong ot r .SeeECF No.25- Knot De at1 ECF
he s
9,
t p. 0;
No 2 - , elrDe la ! 212 .
. 58 W i
e c. t ! - 3
2I s
n ome cas , t e may be a l galy sgnik antdif r e bet n t t m i i orfrng of
es her
wee he er naton ii
e l i t
f e enc
an empl
oyee, on t one hand, and t non-enewal of he contact on t ot r.Her howe ,
he
he
r
r
r ,
he he
e,
ver
Def nda doesnotdiput t tt non-enewalofScot' contac wasan Sadver e empl
e nt
s e ha he
r
ts
r t
t
s
oymentac i '
ton.'
I t s opi on,t Courtwil occasonaly us t t m çer i i 't r er t t non-e
n hi ni he
l
i l e he er E m naton' o ef o he
t
r newalof
Scot' contact
ts
r .
Dona c i r herf ih t be Co t
hue onsde s
a t o çrhodox Chrsi niy,'c nt e a ound t pe s of
ita t ' e er d r
he r on
J us Chrs, a bei ves t t J s Chrs c m e t t e rh, wa c uc fe di d, was
es
it nd le
ha e us
it a
o he a t
s r ii d, e
r ureded,a a c nde t he ve Do hoeD e a 1 1 Do
es r
nd s e d o a n. no
p. t 3- 5. nahue des rbe he c c as
c i d r hur h
di o
ha
ha
a e
n vangeia c ch,andhe sl a a e ngelca.L= at16.Accor ng t her,t tm eanst t
lc l hur
ref s n va i l d
.
i s e i tn ac n e sto wi s me o y, n (h qfe g!t a te ei a o e d o f rs me
f h s t o v rain t o b d a d s e e ls h t h r s n p n o r o o
i
h
s r o a c n e sto t a (he mih s ae et rwh t (e) b le s se i o a k te
o t f o v rain, h t s l g t h r i
he a h r eif y tm s r s h m
quesi a utt r. 1 Thedoorwo dbeo n ç ta a1t tmewhe s onehas
tons bo heis' d.
'
ul
pe jus bout 1 he i
n ome
s wn ge li s mewa t a t yas wo l b aCli ta 'JL
ho h r n o
y h the lo u d e u sin. 'I
.
Sc t by c r s,des rbe he s l i he de ii asûs rt ,'butdia
ot
onta t c i d r ef n r poston çpiiual'
s vowe t
d he
t r t it a ' e a ni t ts t
e m s s i n,' xpl i ng ha he hough t w o d icl s i n' has a l tof ne tve f elngs
chr
t he r l ui ta '
o
ga i e i
a t c d t i,a t ti ha ç oo m a bad co m e t d f e i .'I a 21 22.She t s ii d t t
ta he o t nd ha t s ç
t
ny
r c e e lngs ' d. t e tte ha
s was t ne of t t wor ç hrsin' whe s bega wo ki wih Donohoe i 1
he
ur d f o he
d t ita ' n he
n r ng t
n 995
be a e Donohoe wa t r f ce uli herbelef v 1 a 21 25.She a s e ai d t ts
c us
s d y or f n
ve
i s' d. t '
lo xpl ne ha he
doe not pa tc a l lke or ni d r lgi bec us s f el (lke t r ha be n a 1 of
s
r i ul r y i
ga ze e i on
a e he e s çi he e s e
ot
hy r s ' l a 28.
poc i y. d. t
'
Sc t t siid t a s e al n e v ro s( sl Pr tsa t c l c e g o n u a d i
ot e tfe h t h te d d a iu mo ty o etn) hz h s r wig p n n
r
t e ry ye sofhe mani e,i udi a tndi as rt lr te ti t lt 1
he a l ar
r
ag ncl ng te ng piiua er a n he a e 980s 1 a 20. d. t
23,29.She a he hus
nd r band had so d beng aci i a c c i a oxi a ey 1 4,
t ppe i
tve n ny hur h n ppr m t l 99
howe r be us t f tlket y s nta l oftm eaway fo t i c l en a t y wa ed
ve , ca e hey el i he pe
ot i
r m hez hidr nd he
nt
t ha mor tmet s nd wih t i c l r 1 a 27.
o ve
e i o pe
t her hid en. d. t None he e s he belefs t m i l
t l s , r i yse ncudes
a bele i God a a be ift ttGod a Chrs a t Hol Spii ar one.'Sco tDep.a 27.
if n
nd
le ha t
nd
it nd he y rt e
' t
t
A ddii l she s at t s pr
tonaly,
t ed hat he ays.1 at28.
d.
D e e nta guest tt a l ed r lgi dicrm i ton m us be vi w e i co e a
f nda r
ha he leg e i ous s i na i
t
e d n nt xt nd
a an tt e a p o rae ba k r p,wh c i t tSc t a Do o u wee ç ft e s me fihg
g is h p r p it c d o
ih s ha o t nd n h e r t h n at ,
o
)
k e e c oh ra k e o e c oh rsfihbeo ete wo k d t g t r, a d ... r e
n w a h te nd n w f a h te ' at f r h y r e o ehel) n
wo k d
t ge he f rm a yea s be or is s a os .'Se ECF No.25 a 2.Spe ii a l Sc tt sii d
o t r o
ny r f e s ue r e' e
t
cfc ly, ot e tfe
t ts fr tm e Donohuei 1 1be us Donohoelve on t s m e sr e whe ePli tf a
ha he is t
n 98 ca e
i d he n te t x a n if nd
he hus nd we e o r tng a s le ho e f rki .Sc tDe a 13,1 Chtr hes a ot
r ba
r pe a i
het r m o ds ot p. t
6. lc
nd her
r lgi gr
e i ous oups a sse t s tr I a 18.Att tme,Pl ntf shus nd wasa a ssa
s it d he hele . d. t
he i
ai if
ba
n s itnt
pa t a W ese n M e hoditChlr h i Bl c btr Vigi a.l a 15.He ha a s s r ed asa
sor t
l ya
t s
zc n a ks tg, r ni d. t
d lo e v
pa t a a W ese n M ehoditChur h i Hn pt Vigi a i t m i 1 .L o at20.A s a
sor t
l ya
t s
c n m on, r ni n he d- 980s d
.
.
r s t o t s co c i ,Donohoe a t Boa d c e t t D onohoe r as bl be i ved
e ul f he e nne tons
nd he
r ont nd ha
e ona y le
Sco tw asopen t r i o o r lr .Se D onohoe D e a 36.
t
o elgi us ve tzes e
p. t Thus a c di t t Boa d,t
, c or ng o he
r he
o rur we e net rha a sng nordi c i naor
ve t es r ihe r s i
s rmi t y.
B. Spec f AlegatonsofH ar s e
ik l i
as m nt
Be or t ni t a m o e c onol ca des rpton ofe nt a is ,t Cour pr vi
f e ur ng o
r hr ogi l c i i
ve s t s ue he
t o des
a ove v e of Sc t s a l to of r i o ha as n e . 1 he s v n C ns v r t
n
r iw
ot ' lega i ns
elgi us r s l nt n r s or t x e s o
l e r t i s Sc t lsed a numbe of i i nt t t s alege c tt ed ha a s e by
nt roga ore , o t it
r
ncde s ha he l s onsiut
r s m nt
Donohoe ba e on r i i Fis ,s contndst ti Augus 1 whe Donohoe wa hie
sd
elg on. r t he
e
ha n
t 995
n
s r d,
D onohoe a Sc ts w ea h ot ri a s or a D onohoe t d Sc ts w a t d t s a t hei day
nd ot a
c he n t e nd
ol ot he n e o t r t r
wih a da l de i a pr yer Sco tDe a 45- Sc te es e he dic f q a s i
t
iy voton nd a . t p. t 46. ot xpr s d r s om or nd ad
s ej s dd t hn t a wa a p o raea s h o . d Ats mep iti 1 9 , n h ea k di
h u t in't ik h t s p r p it t c o l Lu o on n 9 8 Do o o s e f
.
s
s coul pr a s d t Sco ' û know you a e not com f t bl wih i.'1 a 46. Sc t
he
d ay nd ai o
t ç
t l
r
or a e t t' d. t
ot
r s o d d ç s y u ae rg t Im no. gnd Do o o le ti. I .Sc t po ist a t e e
e p n e , t , o r ih , ' t' a l n h e é f t' d o t st h t h s
Ye
'
l '
i i nt s
nc de s how t tD onohue kne Sc ' wasnoti e e t d i r lgi a tvii .
ha
w ot
t
nt r s e n e i ous c i tes
D es t t s pur t know l
pie hi
pored
edge by D o hoe Sc t a r t t Donohoe co i d t
no , o t ve s ha
ntnue o
4
a tm ptt coe c he t e age i pr era Bi e sudi si s hool an lf r lgi m ae il
te
o r e r o ng
n ay nd bl t e n c , d e t e i ous tra s
f Sc t t r vi w . See ECF N o. 27,Ex. 13,Ans r t l e r t i a 3.l Aprl2005
or o t o e e
we s o nt roga ores t n
i
,
Dono
hoe a ke i s c d pr y f Scot a s lcied pr yer fom Sco t l Dono
s d f he oul a or t nd o i t
a
r
t. d.
hoe a
nd
ot r as as d Scot t a t a Ch ita c e e e i t s i of 2005. J . s e as
he s lo ke
t o tend
rsin onf r nc n he prng
#=; e lo
Donohoe De a 41 43. Sc t de lne t a tnd,but Donoho a ot r t a he s br ht
p. t ot c i d o te
e nd he e c r oug
rlgo ie (n ldn a a itpe b o ,a d c mpa tds )fo t c n ee c a d g ve
eiius tms icu ig n udo a , o k n o c ic r m he o fr n e n a
t m t Sc t . ECF N o. 1 A ns r t I e r t i a 3;s e a s D onohoe D e a 41 43.
he o o t
27- 3, we s o nt r oga ores t e l o
p. t - 3
Alo,t oughoutt pe i oftme Do hoewa he s r s r Sc 'woul fnd not s
s hr
he rod i
no
s r upe vio , ot
t
d i
e,
pr ye lssa rlgiusmaeil lf i aea whee s woke J I M ac 2006,Donohoe
a r it nd ei o
tras e4 n r s r he r d.A n rh
l f a s i ky not f Scot t t had t wor i a s ' w rte o i,whi h Sco t i t r e e a
e t tc
e or
t ha
he
d ç i e ' it n n t
pr
c
t n e pr t d s
m e ni tpr i e G od.'1 D o hoe a s t d Sc tdurng a e ua i m ee i t s f l a
a ng s a s
' d. no
l o ol ot
i n val ton
tng hat he e t
ç i eo a r't
i ght us nge ' owar he ,whih Sc t i e r t d a r e ng t a Bi i a or r i ous
r
d r
c
ot ntm e e s ef ni o
blc l
elgi
c e ofa r4
onc pt nge .
3 Scot a1o cont
t s
ends t t t har s e i uded an i dent i whih Donohoe a tmpt d t
ha he. as m nt ncl
nci
n
c
te e o
vi t Scot a Scot' son i t hos t upon l r ng t t son had been t
si
t nd
ts
n he pial
ea ni hat he
aken t t em e gency
o he
r
r .Scot t tfed t ts f tt s was a i i ofherf l sprvacy and beleves t tt onl
oom
t es ii ha he el hi
n nvason
amiy' i
i
ha he y
r on Donohoe ca e w as t i was he Cchritan dut ' Ther i no evi
eas
m
hat t
r G si
y.'
e s
dence t t vi t was
hat he si
r i ousy- i t howe ,ot r t n Scot' belef t e yt ng Donohoe does i r i ousy
elgi l motva ed,
ver he ha
ts i hat ver hi
s elgi l
m otvat Thus t Cour doesnotconsi t san i t
i ed.
, he
t
der hi
nsance ofr i oushar s ent
elgi
as m .
4I lng o t Boad' s mma yj dg ntmoi ,t Co t tc nsnz a1e i e c i t e
no i n he r s u r u me
ton he ur mus o t e l v d n e n h
lghtmos f abl t Scot.l i worh notng,t
i
t avor e o
t ts t
i hough,t tDonohoe diput t accur ofm a of
ha
s ed he
acy
ny
Scot ' alega i For e
ts l tons.
xampl Donohoe deni t s lftsc i ur orpr ye lss i Scot ' wor
e,
ed hat he e rpt es
a r it n
ts k
ar a i t ad t tfed t t w e e i herown pe s
ea nd ns e esii hat hey r n
r onalwor s e,alhough s adm it t t r
k pac t
he
ted hat he e
wer tm es w hen ot s S i ha s t t e' i s was not i t lbr r Donohoe des rbed t
e i
her < ght ve a her ' f he
m
n he i a y.
ci
he
cicul i des i t lbr y as cont ni t ee ar one i t m i e t twas Donohoe' per onal
r aton k n he i ar
ai ng hr eas,
n he ddl ha
s s
wo ks a e on ont rg t twa ac mp trt a Sc t ofe wor don (lho h Sc t as ha h r
r p c , e he iht ha s o u e h t ot tn ke
at ug o t lo d e
o o fc b hid t cr ulto d s ) a at r ae t th s d a o he c mp e n a te bo
wn fie e n he ic ain e k , nd hid r a ha ou e n t r o utr e r h okdr whi waswher bookswer c
op, ch
e
e omm onl chec i DonohoeDep.at50- Donohoet tfed t
y
ked n.
52.
esii hat
t not a s i ur ver es we e l tonl i herpe sonalwor pace.Si iary,s deni t teiher
he es nd crpt e s
r ef y n
r
ks
m l l he
ed ha t
t ç aie' not or t com ment about he ( i eous anger'wer r ed i r i on. l t
he ç s ' e
pr
he
r t ght
r
'
e oot n elgi nsead, she
as ered t tt çpr s 'not was a r i r t her el t pr i e Scot mor The rght
s t ha he t aie' e
em nde o s f o a s
t e.
i eous a r was
nge
m eant by her i t s e t t s was çangr f a re on t s e hi has bee done t you t
n he ens ha ht
ç y or
as hat om t ng
n
o
hat
m aybe- m a yourrght ha been i r d on.'DonohoeDep.at1
ybe
i s ve
ntude
'
04.
5
C. W or Rel i hi Bet n Donohoeand Sc tThr
k atons p wee
ot
ough Spr ng 2005
i
Fr t tme Donohoe was hied untl a oxi ael t s i of 2005, t t o
om he i
r
i ppr m t y he prng
he w
wom e wor d r ltvel we lt t r Alhough t r wa s m e lm ied t tmony r ga di
n
ke ea i y l ogehe . t
he e s o
i t esi
e r ng
t i o dit uly i t e ye r ,5i a
ens on r fk t n hos a s t ppea s t tt bul oft dit uli be w e n Sc ta
r ha he k he fk tes t e
ot nd
Do o u (n c ranyt eb l o t alg to s p o t Se t' dams b g n i t s rng
n h e a d e ti l h u k f he le ains u p ri o ts i ) e a n he p i
ng
of2005, rt e oft 200 2005 s
nea he nd he 4choolyea .
r
Prort t ttm e Sc t e tfe t ts a Donohoewe eE re y' a ha wor d as
i o ha i , ot t siid ha he nd
r s i ndl ' nd d ke
f
( t n , butt ts di no Sha a de p r l tons p w ih' D onohoe.Sc tD e a 1 Li
t em '
a
'
ha he d t t ve
e e a i hi t '
ot p. t 89. ke
Do o o , S o ttsiid t a t e p o e bewe n te t o t m be a i e r s ( r
n h e c t e t e h t h r blms t e h wo f he
f
g n n anet o
wo sne sgniia l i M a 2005.ECF No.27- 4 a 3 (ta hme t EEOC c r ,sai
re d i fc nty) n y
1 t atc nt o
hage ttng
ta t e so pe wo knga ade m'i M a 2 0 ) S o td s rb st icd n st a s esys
h t h y tp d r i s ç n 'n y 0 5 . c t e cie wo n ie t h t h a
t
r aly a r d Donohoei M a 2005.I t fr t whih occ r d on M ay4,
e l nge e
n y
n he is, c
ure
2005,Sco tt sii
t e tfed
'
ta Do o o ha d c ose 'ay t bo a o t e rngu ab o a d ake f rSc tt j i h r
h t n h e d û c td' omg y b u tai p o k n s d o o to on e
a
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n r dm nihm nt ot p.
4, e s
1 t
ot s r ed t
D o hoe' tea m e of t c l a i t d quo e ba k t D o hoe s m e hi f om t
no
s r t nt
he hid nd ns ea
t d c o no
o t ng r
he
r lgi c er nc ma e i l Donohoe ha g ve he ,s ehi t t e f t ofho Sc t
ei ous onf e e t ra s
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w ot
wo d n tltt i cd n ç ta ge)j y' ECF No 2 - 4 a 34.Co s q e ty Do ho
ul o e he n ie t t e l h r o .
s
'
. 71 t n e u nl , no e
be a ela dwih Scot a be ni i he . 1 I t s c Sc tt ug t tDonohoe
c me rr ge t
t nd ga gnorng r 1J n he e ond, ot ho ht ha
.
5Forexampl , Donohoet tfed t she and Scot fl i or compl nt agai tea ot
e
esii hat
t ied nf mal
ai s ns ch her
i appr mat y 2001r at t i ubor na i and Scot' r f alt r pec Donohoe' abiiy t diec
n
oxi el
el ed o ns di ton
ts e us o es t
s lt o r t
her wor Donohoe Dep.at 84.Addii l Scot t tfed t s had fl an i or al compl nt
k.
tonaly,
t esii hat he
ied
nf m
ai
a ns D onohoe Ei t e l yea s,'butdi notr e be whats wr edown orwhats c
gai t
tn he ary r '
d
em m r
he ot
he ompl ned
ai
about s fcaly. Scot Dep.a 80.She t tfed t t t compl ntwas Er e i r i on becaus
peoii l '
'
t
t
es ii ha he
ai
goot d n elgi
e
( oh ij sa nc a r ,un nd. L- S t as t siid t tt r wee icde s o r lg o
Don oe s t u h, ng y ki ' d. co t lo e tfe ha he e r n i nt f eii us
'
har s
as ment be wee 1995 and 2005,but t s coul t r l t
t n
hat he
dn' ecal hem a t s had t own out
nd hat he
hr
ever hi when t y m oved t anew s
yt ng
he
o
choolar
ound 2002 or2003.Sc tDep.a 57.
ot
t
6
ha ove hea d he i a c
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rai
t re n
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ne r1tDonohoe fay ha 'on he ,a Donohoe ha a r nty do f a he t c ra t
ve e
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d ppa e l ne or not r ea he t he
shoolJ a 4.Aee di t Se l Donohoebe a çs ttmpeeda a upt'wihhe a t
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or ng o ot,
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t tLha.d
o
Alo i t Aprla M a 2005 tme-r m e,
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i f n Donohoer pe t dl i t d Sc tt atnd a
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ei o onfrnc t r nd o oi
bl t y oup t he o . t p. t
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p. t
Dono
c
e ng ha he nd hes n r ha
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ca i
nvied
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l
r
ec r t
t s hool a t ts a ohe shad as d Sc tt a tnd ar i ousc e enc i t s i
he c , nd ha he nd t r
ke ot o te
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onf z e n he prng
o 2 05 . c t d cie b t ivtto , u tsiidt tDo o o s e dt g ta g ira dt
f 0 ) S ot e l d oh n iains b t etfe ha n h e e me o e n re n o
n
c ii Sc ts pe f m a m o e ha s y a t r Sco tr f s d t pari pa e i t e e nt .ECF
rtque ot' r or nce r r hl f e
t e u e o tci t n hos ve s
N o.27-1 at3.
4
The Boa d pa nt a dif r tpi t e ast t r c us oft pr e s be wee t t o
r i s f e en c ur
o he oot a e he obl m
t n he w
wome Acc di t Donohoe,Sco tswor pe f r a e be n t deci i J nua y 2005asa
n. or ng o
t'
k r o m nc ga o lne n a r
r s tofpr e s Sco tw a ha ng i he per o llf D onohoe D e a 65- Sc thad bee
e ul
obl m
t s vi n r s na ie.
p. t 66. ot
n
a vi l t a w o k,co i t w or c yi a s ti i f ontofhe c put rf up t t ry
ni ng a e t r
m ng o
k r ng, nd ilng n r
r om e or o hi t
mi e a a tme cyi l a 65.Donohoe t tfe t t s noe t be nni of a
nuts t i r ng. i t
esiid ha he td he gi ng
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r kdow n i he f i nds p w ih Sco tw he i M a 2005,Sc t a upty l f t lb a y a t r
n r r e hi t
t
n, n y
o t br l e t he i r r fe
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ompl i ngt ts i oul tt ket sa
ani ha he d dn' a hi nymor 'l a 62- 4.Shorl t e fe ,Sc trt ned
c
e.' d. t 6
ty her a tr ot eur
t t lbr r t t l D o
o he i a y o e l nohoe t ts had t ke wih an as i t nta i sr t and w a l vi
ha he
al d t
s s a dm ni t a or
s ea ng
wor f t da J=a 64k or he y.- .t 65.
#
Att e oft tda Donohoer pored t be vi t W e lr t As it ntPrnci l
he nd ha y,
e t he ha or o ie , he ssa
i pa .
I a 70.A c or i t D o hoe s i or e A s i t nt Prnc pa W e l r a
d. t
c d ng o no , he nf m d s s a
i i l ie bout a num be of
r
7
pr e soris st ts bele Scot washa ng wih he wor pe f
oblm
s ue ha he ived
t
vi
t r k ronnawe. Donohoe Dep.
l
a 70- 83.I r pons W e lri tuc e Do hoet pr pa e als ofherc
t 73,
n es e, ie nsr t d no
o e r it
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r nd o a
e l hi
t 75;
Sc tasdet a es t m.Lss at73.Appar nty,t sw asdone.D onohoe D ep.a 74- see
ot i o ddr s he d
.
aloECF No.27 1 a P1 ( antf e ani t ti he J 2005e l to wih Donohoe
s
- 2 t 53 Pli if xpli ng ha n r une
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s si s woul Cr t do betr).Att e oft shoolyea,W elr ake f a
he ad he
d çy o
t
te'
he nd he c
r ie s d or n
a s s m e , c Donohoepr vi Donohoe De 76;ECF No. 7 a 10.
s e s nt whih
o ded.
p.
25- t
W e lr t n wr t a l te t Sc t i J 2005,s mmi i t c
ie he
o e e tr o ot n une
um
z ng he once ns r s d by
r aie
Do hoe. The lte wa maie t Sc t,butwasr tml d be us t s ho di notha a
no
e tr s ld o o t
et e ca e he c ol d
ve n
u d td a d e sf rhe .
p ae d r s o r ECF No. 5- ,W elrDe l a ! 8 a6& Ex. t eeo Ac o dngy
2 8 ie c. t ()
A h rt . c r i l ,
So tr v i d i whe s r t ed i Aug tt be n t 2005ot e e vt t n he eum
n
us o gi he
2006 s hoolyea .l r pons t
c
r n es e o
t l t e , Pl i if t tfed t t s m e w ih W e l r a t d hi t n t t s be i ve t
he e t r a ntf es ii ha he t t
ie nd ol m he ha he le d he
is r ie by Donohoe a docl ntd i t lte we er i i l m o i t d.Scot De a
s ues a s d
nd lme e n he e tr r elg ousy tva e
' p. t
t
7778.
D . The 20052006 Sc
hoolY e and Sco t s C om pl nt o Di cr m i i
ar
t'
ai s f s i nat on
Ea l on i t 2005ry
n he
2006 s hool ye r t r w as an i i nti whi h Sc tr c ve a
c
a , he e
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ot e ei d
ve ba r prm a fom W e lr f a lgedl a ce sng Donohoe' pe s nal c
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omput r tl s
e ie
wih u Do o o ' pe sin.ECF No 25 8 W elr De l a ! 8 b .Ac o dn t S o t
t o t n h es nniso
. - , ie c. t ( ) c r ig o c t,
Donohoe ha l f a doc e whi evaua e Sc ts pe f m a e on a co
d et
um nt ch l t d ot' ror nc
mput r t t ma
e ha ny
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pl ed, w he s r o, nd oul cc s . t s ve
tpl e ons o
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he cc s e he ocum e .She t d t Bom',i t of i ldi c i i ton c pl i s l t r
nt
ol he
d n he fc a s rm na i om a nt he a e
fld,t ts t
ie ha he houg s ha alea s e t i or ton i t doc
ht he d r dy e n he nf ma i n he umentbutha f gote
d or tn
s e t ngs t t s w a e t r c l s s o ne i .ECF N o.25- a 1 Bu s a s has
om hi
ha he nt d o e al, o he pe d t
4 t 2. t he l o
6M r.W eier' Decl aton cont nst pa agr
l s
ar i
ai wo r aphsbot number wih an 8. The Cour r f st
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(.
8
sa e t t s beleve i wa no pr r f t doc e - whih c ane prvae a
t t d ha he i d t s t ope or he
um nt
c ont i d i t nd
pe s na i o ma i a
r o l nf r ton bouthe- t be l ton a c
r o ef
omput rwhe e o he scoul us age rcl
e
r t r
d e
ne i ogon
a s ei a s wa ups tbyt s J ECF No.27- 4a 4.
nd e t nd he s e hi.Z)
1 t
A ddii ly, W eie a D onohoe de e m i ea l on i t ye r t t Sco t woul
tona l
l r nd
t r ned ry
n he a ha
t
d
rc i mo tfe u n e auains i ta o j to en n a e l to a t ec n in o t e
e eve r rq e t v l to ,nse d f us n n u l vauain t h o duso f h
yea - wha t pari ha r f r d t as S o m a i e l tons. A c r ng t W e l r t
r
t he tes ve e ere o
û r tve va ua i ' co di o
f
'
ie , he
pur es of t s e l tons K r t a t
pos
he e vaua i
t e o tempt t co r t is wih M s Scols wo k
we
o rec s ues t
. t'
r
pe f r a a t ga he s t c e ti or a i t pr par M s Sc t ' a
x o m nce nd o t r ufi i n nf m ton o e e . o ts nnua e l ton. ECF
l va ua i '
'
No 25 8 W elr De l a ! 9 1
. - , ie c. t ! - 0.Th d c me tto r fe t t a S otwa t e o wh
e o u nain elcs h t c t s h ne o
r quese t tt a i sr to be i ve i t e s s i ,a Donohoe a e wih t
e t d ha he dm nitai n
nvol d n hes e sons nd
gr ed t he
s esi
ugg ton.
D urng t e eva ua i , W eie obt i w rte i
i hes
l tons
l r a ned it n nput f o bo h Donohoe an Sc t
rm t
d ot
a hel s ve a m e tngs w ih t
nd d e r l e i
t hem dlrng t yea t di cus s r ng hs a w e knes e i
zi he
r o s s t e t nd n
ss n
Sc t' j b p ro ma c . W elr a e s ta i wa ç afe te c e to o t i fr tv
ots o ef r n e
i v r h t t s s ltr h r ain f hs omaie
e
l
e l ton pr s , t tSc tt d hi t tt is i t M edi Ce e we e t r s tof
va uai
oce s' ha ot ol m ha he s ues n he
'
a nt r r he e ul
Do hoe' vi ctvene sa be us Sc tha soppe goi t c lc L. a ! 11 She as
no s ndi i s nd ca e ot d t d ng o htrh. ds t .
,
lo
c
ompli d t hi t ts bei ve Donohoewasbei c de a ls i tng snces wo d
a ne o m ha he le d
ng ol r nd e s nvii i he ul
no at nd a Bi e g oup,a s c
t te
bl r
nd he ompli d t tDonohoe a o he swe e c
ane ha
nd t r r onduc i a Bi e
tng
bl
sudy o s hoolpr ry a trhour . L=a ! 1 .
t
n c
ope t fe
s p t 27
W e lra r he s ns d t tthe r lgi c ac wa we c
ie ve s
e e ha i ei ous ont t s l omed by M s Sc tt i M s
t
. ot mtl .
Sc tc et rmo he s ffom t tciceofi vi l gndlwhe s c et dot t M s
ot hos o e ve rel r ha rl ndi duas a
n he hos o ha, .
Scotfl c li efe to he pe s na rltons p wih M s Do hoe' I a ! 1 W eier
t et hilng fc n r r o l eai hi t
. no .' d. t 5. l
7 Scot alo acknowl dged att tme t s had be ha ng pr em swih herchidr t t
t s
e
hat i hat he
en vi
obl
t
l en ha
had caused he ,duri t 2004r
ng he
2005year t be It t wor orne t lave ea l
, o ae o
k
ed o e
ry.
9
sae t the i tgae Sc lsdam ofhaa s nt( i rl i a m',by s ki wih
tts ha
nvesi td ot' i
r sme prmaiy, t ppe s
pea ng t
Do ho a o h rsho la mi srt r)a d s o e wi Do o e a u i,a v sn b t o
no e nd t e c o d nitao s n p k t n ho bo t t d ii g oh f
h
t m t tû nditve s a r i oushaa s ntwoul no bet eaed.' Z a ! 1 W ei r
he ha ç ci ne s nd elgi
vi
rsme
d t olrt 'J t 6. l
e
.
co e t t he di not obs r e a e de
ntnds ha
d
e v ny vi nce of vi ci nes or r lgi ha as me by
ndi tve s
ei ous r s nt
Donohoe,a r lg o hosiiy dieced t r Sc ti t M edi Ce t ror a
ny e i i us tlt r t owa d ot n he
a ne
nywhe e i t
r n he
shoolby Do hoe or a ohe pes or a obedi e denc of rlgi haa s nt
c
no
ny t r ron, ny j ve vi e ei ous rsme
agans ScotL.a ! 1 20.
i t t.d t ! 8z
O n Feb ua y 8,2006,Sc tal o s nt a e a lt D r Ande s t Su rnt nde of
r r
ot s e n m i o .
r on, he pe i e nt
Sc
hool , i w hi h Sc t pr m a iy com pl ne a
s n
c
ot i r l
ai d bout a l be t s D o hoe ha a ke he t
a l a k no
d s d r o
pe f nn,be a e Sc tf l i wa physc ly ha a dous Sc tDe 1 I o s nt nc oft t
ro
c us ot et t s
i al z r
. ot p. 67. n ne e e e ha
l t r ho ve , Sc t sae t t Donohoe' ç tong r lgi viws ha be n a s c of
ete , we r ot t td ha
s tr
s
ei ous e
ve e
our e
c n e to a d t a j s ma e me l o e e mo e lk a sl r' 1 ;S otDe a 1 9 Dr
o tni n n h t u t k s
o k v n r i e i . d. c t p. t 6 . .
me '
A nde s s onl r s
r on'
y e pons w as t a s Pl ntf t t t pr nc pa of t s hool ha es
e
o dvi e ai i f ha he i i l
he c
ndl
pe s
r onnelis s 1
s ue . d.
On M a c 23,2006,Sc tfld aç por ofDic i nai n/ r s m e 'wih t Boa d,
rh
ot ie k
Re t
s rmi to Ha a s nt' t he r
sa i t s beleve Donohoe wasdic i nai agans he .ECF No.25- a 1 1 The
ttng hat he i d
s rmi tng i t r
4 t 0- 2.
doc ntdi no me i r lgi howe r e e t s y t t Donohue ha s d s ha a
mne
d t nton ei on,
ve , xc pt o a ha
d ai he d
lihtous a e ' a ns Sc td i a e uai meei J Sc tltr me wih t
ig e
r
ng r' gai t ot urng n val ton
tng. #. ot ae t t wo
pe s f om t a i sr tve of i t di cus he co pl nt The bot i e vi w e he bu
r ons r he dm ni t a i
fce o s s r m ai . y h nt r e d r t
i or e he t the c pl i w a uns t nta e Sc tDe a 1 - 02.
nf m d r ha r om a nt s ubs a i t d. ot p. t 01 1
As f r t f mai e l to pr es ,t r c d c ai one wrte ( ma i '
o he or tve vauai n oc s he e or ont ns
itn Tor tve'
e l ton,aswelasa tna e uai ECF No.25- a 6- 26- CTomai e l to '
vauai
l
s l val ton.
5 t 7, 27
r tve vauain'
dae Dec mbe 1 2005 a fna 20052006 e l ton) Thee wee alo n r
td
e r 9,
nd i l
vauai . r r s umeous
10
docume spr rd by boh Donohuea Sc tr adi Scotsj peror nce e isa
nt epae
t
nd ot eg r ng t' ob f ma , mal nd
not s be we n e h a W el r a s ve a meei hed durng t ye z whe e t t ee o
e t e ac nd ie , nd e r l tngs l
i he a
r he hr f
t
hem dic s Sc ts pe f ma e. Donohue r peaedl not d pr em s wih Sc t beng
s us ed ot' ror nc
e t y
e obl
t
ot i
tns di t 't r he or f ii t wor c
i ubor nae' owa d r
i
a lng o
k oope a i y wih he .I he fna e ua i
r tvel t r n r i l val ton
i ,pr pa e i Aprl2006,Donohoe a kno e d t ts
nput e r d n
i
c wl dge ha ome oft co r t t s ha
he nce ns ha he d
r ie ea le i t yea ha bee a es e a c r d.Fore mpl s s d f ort mos
a s d ri r n he r d n ddr s d nd ortde
xa e, he ai % he
f
t
paq g o ts wor ont Li ay daaba ea wih booksha be npr ,a c ae,ne ta
r sc t'j k he brr t s nd t
d e ompt c urt a nd
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hor h, ha r te nc ae nd
'
t lt d mpr
nd ha he s ki
te
us ofhe tm e.
e
r i Donohoe a s i ntfed a e nee ng i pr m e ,s h asSe tne ng t be
lo dt ii z as di m ove nt uc
ot edi o
mor Shor ug 'i he wor whi h was de c i d as t udy ne ds t r d dal l s pl ns
e t o h' n r k, c
t
s rbe
ç
l
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t oughl a f l t s i t uc i ns e ty.She ne dst a k ques i w he i dou . l
hor
y, nd olow a k nsr to xac l
e o s
tons
n n
bt' d.
'
The r m ani ar a ne di i pr m e a lr a e t wea s si Sco tsr a i hi wih
e i ng e s e ng m ove nt 1 elt d o
knes e n
t' eltons p t
Do
nohoe.lt. e mpl Do hoes i t tScotwa çr ue ty t eaa ,notco tous
t For xa e, no
ad ha t s t eq nl mpl snt
f
ure ,
a not t c f l i he r l to hi wih Ni ' a wa çofe t re, unfi ndl a
nd
a t u n r e ai ns p t
na, nd
'
s ç tn e s
re y nd
t c m uni tve ' Acc di t D onohoe,Sc tnee d t û or c
m om
ca i .' or ng o
ot
de o ç k oope atvel wih N i ,no
w
r i y t na t
j s oh r, t b mo er c p iet s g e to sa dt r a t r p stv l t ciiim. d
u t te s' o e r e e tv o u g si n n o e c mo e o iiey o rtcs I .
'
Att e oft 2005he nd he
2006 ye r W e lr se ua i r omm e d t tScot' co r c
a , ie ' val ton ec
nde ha
ts nta t
no be r w e ECF N o. - a 26- N ot bl t
t ene d.
25 5 t 27. a y, hough,t fnale l ton i c t s t tSc t
he i va ua i ndi a e ha ot
wa f liln j b rq ie n si t emao iy o 2 ae so e auain, u ta s ef e dld
s uflig o e ur me t n h j rt f 7 ra f v l to b t h t h l e e l
n
i ove nt'i 8 aea .L l t co nt s ci W el wr t, $ s Scothas had
mpr me ' n r s i n he mme s e ton, ier oe $ . t
M
di fc t w ih her r a i hi w ih t m e a c nt r s r i o ,M s D o hoe A s a r ul of
fi uly t
el tons p t he di e e upe v s r
. no .
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t s c lc ,M s Sc t r e ved l e r tngs i a e t t a es he i t r to w ih M s
hi onfi t
. o t ec i
ow r a i
n r as ha ddr s r n e ac i ns t
.
D onohoe. 1 a 27.
' d. t
'
Apparnty,t n- i i lDa Knot ( wasne t t s hoolt tyea)ma t
e l he prncpa nny
t who
w o he c
ha r de he
r commendai t t Boa d t not r ne Sco ts c r c , a t Boa d ado e hi
e
ton o he
r o
e w
t' onta t nd he
r
pt d s
r omm e ton wiho a i pe ntas e s e oft is . S eW elrDe l a ! 2 - 3
ec
nda i
t ut ny nde nde
s s m nt he s ue e
i
e c. t ! 2 2 ,
.
Kno tDe a 1 Scot wasi or
t p. t 0. t
nf med oft sde ii n s ve a wee be or t e ofs hoola
hi c so e r l ks f e he nd c
nd
s e pl t t s hoolyea . or ng t Sco t whe s s w W eie a trt yea ha e d
he om e ed he c
r Ace di o t ,
n he a
lr fe he r d nde
a as ca e e t h g v he ah ga dt l he t t ek e s eG i ag o j b'Sc t De . t
t o il v n , e a e r u n od r ha h n w h t d o d o . ot p a
d
'
1 87. eie andKnot alobot wr t Sc tf vor bl lte sofr omm e ton.
86- W lr
t s
h o e ot a a e e tr
ec
nda i
Sco t tl d a tmel c r of dicrmi to wih t EEOC,r ceved a rghtt s
t ie
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e i
i -o-ue
notc a tme y fl he Co a n .
ie, nd i l ied r mpli t
l .ANALYSI
I
S
A . Sum m ar Judgm e St ndar
y
nt a
d
Summayj me i pr rwheeçheei no ge neis a t a maera fc a
r udg nt s ope
r t r s
t
nui sue s o ny t il a t nd
t emo a ti e tte t j g n a amatro lw. Fe R. v. 5 () A g n i is o
h v n s n i d o ud me t s te f a ' d. Ci P. 6 a . e une sue f
l
'
m a e il f c e ss whe a r tona ti r of f c ,co i rng t e de e i t r c d as a
t ra a t xit
n a i l re
a t nsde i he vi nc n he e or
whol c d fnd i f vor oft non- ovi pary.Ri c v.De e a 557 U. 557, 58
e, oul i n a
he
m ng t
ci
st f no,
S.
6
(
2009) t z r j me i a o it onl i tki t e de a a1 r s e
. s mmay udg nt s pprprae y f a ng he vi nce nd 1 eaonabl
sl
i e e sdr wn t r r i t lg m os f vor bl t t nonmovi pa t $ m a e ilf c s
nf r nce a he efom n he iht t a a e o he
ng ry, no t ra a t
a ed s u e a dt emo igpat i e tte t j d me ta amatro 1w.' n yv. r el
r ip td n h vn ry s n ild o u g n s te f a ' He r Pu n l
'
,
652 F. 524,531( h Ci.2011 (n ba )( i Aus nnan v.Ba ofAm.Cor ,352
3d
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nk
p.
F.d8 6 8 9( t Ci. 0 3 ) Pu dfee ty sl r j dg n s o l bee trdi teCo r
3 9 , 9 4h r 2 0 ). t ifrn l, l
mmay u me t h u d n ee f h u t
fn s atrar v e o t rc r a awh l, h tnor a o a l j r c ud rt r av r i f r
id , fe e iw f he e o d s
oe t a
e s n be u y o l eu n edd o
t non- ng pa t Se Eva v.Te hs Applc tons& Se v.Co. 8 F. 95 95859 (t
he
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r 996)
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B. R e i ous D i c i i t on Cl m Bas d O n t N on- e w a ofSc t s Cont ac
lgi
s r m na i
ai
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he
R ne l
ot '
r t
The pa tes a
r i ppea t a ee t tt gene a f a e or go r ng m os Til V l c a m s
r o gr ha he
r l r m w k ve ni
t te l l i ,
whih wa trtd s rb d i M c l l Do lsCo p. Gre ,41 U. 7 2 8 7 ( 9 3 ,i
c s is e cie n Domel uga r v. e n 1 S. 9 , 0 1 7 ) s
a iabl he e.
pplc e r Unde t sbu de s fi fnmewor a pli ifal gi dic i i ton hast
r hi r n-hitng r
k, a ntf le ng s rm na i
he
i t a bur n t es a i h a m i a f de v e.I a pl i if es a i hes hi prm a f c e ca e t
nii l de o t bls
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as f
a ntf t bls
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de hi t o he m oye o ri ul t e tm t
s rm na or ea on or he ve s
a ton.( ft e oye doe s t pl ntf mus t n s w t tt e oye ' sa e r a ons
c i t he mpl r s o, he ai if t he ho ha he mpl rs t t d e s
l
wer notistuer s ,butwe e apr t tf dic i i ton. Bondsv.Le vit 629 F. 369,
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o e nsrt rtx meg s t he li t u d n f rua ig he o r t a t e litfl
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ha bee t vitm ofi e i ldic i na i ' Lete iv.Euua l . 478 F. 640,646s n he c i
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'
nt nc,
3d
47
(t Ci.2007)(iai andi ena quotto maksomit .
4h r
cttons ntr l ain r
ted)
1. Pri a Faci Case
m
e
De e
f ndan tr s t Co tt utlz a f z- r prm a f c e t t ba e on t o i na
t lge he ur o iie otrpa t i a i es, s d
he rgi l
M c nnelDoucl fa wok,whi rquie apli ift s
Do l
as rme r
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1 he s
mbe
p oe td ca s ( )s e s fe e a a v ree ly n a to ( )s ewa pef r ngh r o
rt ce ls ; 2 h u fr d n d e s mpo me t cin; 3 h s ro mi e j b
stsacorl a t tmeoft a re a to a ( t the poston r mane ope o wa
aif t iy t he i
he dves cin; nd 4) ha r ii e i d n r s
fle by a smia l quaii d a iantou sde t pr t t ca s ECF No.25 a 3 Utlz ng
il d
i lry
lte pplc
t i he o eced ls .
t 4. iii
t st t De e ntdoes notdiput t tt non-e walof Sco ts c r c was a a r e
hi es, f nda
s e ha he
r ne
t' onta t
n dve s
e o e ac i buti a guest ts ha f ie t e t bls t ot rt e elm e soft
mpl ym nt ton,
t r
ha he s a ld o sa ih he he hr e e nt
he
ts.
e t ECF No.25 a 3
t 4.
I anal ng Pl ntf s cl m ,how ever,t Courtagr w ih t Tent Cicui Courtof
n
yzi
ai if' ai
he
ees t he
h r t
13
Appeas t tt f e ng t t doe not S ty ft'a dai s h a t one he e,whe e a
l ha he or goi es
s
t l i'
nea
m uc s he
r
r
pli if a lgest t s was dic i i t d a i tbe us s di not s r he s pe viors
antf le
ha he
s rm na e gans ca e he d
ha e r u r s '
r l i u beif. h poi v Lo Almo Na' La .9 2F.d 1 3 ,1 3 - 0 ( 0h Ci.1 9 )
ei o s les S a l . s n s tl b, 9 2 0 3 0 7 1 38 1 t r 9 3 .
g
a
l t d,t Sha i Co t a pt a modii prma f i e e i s h c e ,r quii a
nsea he
pola ur do ed
fed i ace as n uc as s e rng
p an ift s w ( )ta s e wa s b e td t s me a ves e o me ta to ( )ta, t h
litf o ho 1 h t h s u j ce o o d re mply n cin; 2 h t a t e
tme t e ly n a to wa tk n,h rj b p ro ma c wa s tsa tr ,a d ( )s me
i he mpo me t cin s a e e o ef r n e s aif co y' n 3 o
addii levi nc t s
tona de e o uppo tt i e enc t tt e pl e ac i w e e t ke be us ofa
r he nf r e ha he m oym nt tons r a n ca e
dic i naor m o i ba e upon t e pl
s rmi t y tve s d
he m oyee' f l e t hol or f l her e oye '
s aiur o d
olow
mpl r s
r lgi usbelef . F. a 1
ei o
i s 992 2d t 038.
TheSe nt Cic ta l rco t wihi t Fo t Cic tha a s ado edt st s
ve h r ui nd owe urs t n he urh r ui ve lo pt hi e t
i de lng wih apli if scli st tan e oye dic i natd a i thi bec us hedi not
n ai
t
antf' am ha
mpl r s rmi e gans m
a e
d
s r t e pl r sor s r s ' r lgi be i f .See. g. Sa tr v.M ot r a. nc. l F.
ha e he m oye '
upe vi or s e i ous le s
e. , ta
o ol 1 , 38 3d
1 6 1 6 - 0 ( t Ci.1 98 ;He e a v.S a s Ro b c & Co. 9 5 F.S p .8 3 8 6 3
1 4, 1 9 7 7h r 9 ) n c r e r . e u k
,6
u p 3 , 3 -7
( D. . 1997 (ole tnga hort ad esi whehe aTil VI dici nai a ton les
N. W Va. ) c lci ut iy dr sng t r te l s rmi ton ci i
whe a pli ifalege t ta a s e oy e de ii r s t d fom he f iur t s e
n
antf l s ha n dver e mpl m nt c son e ule r
r al e o har
t emplyersrlgi viwsandconcudi t ti does;Ya e v. ' Ct.on l tt ins
he
o ' ei ous e
l ng ha t l nc y Natl r nsiuto
& Ale tv s 9 6F.S p 9 5, 4 ( M d 1 9 ) a fd 1 9 W L 1 6 3 (t Ci.1 9 )
tmaie , 8
u p. 4 95 D. . 9 7 , f . 9 8
9 7 3 4h r 9 8
(ol wi t He g r c u ts la a d a o tn t s me ts fo S a la .Se as
f lo ng he ne a o r' e d n d p ig he a e t ' m h poi) e lo
r
La e v.M ar.l ,955 F. 902,9 06 ( h Ci.1 2)( r pl ntf cai hewa
wrnce
s nc.
2d
05- 4t r 99 whee ai if l med
s
ds h r e b c u eo h sr l in, h p i f ce c s r q ie hi t t 1 p o et a hi j b
ic ag d e a s f i ei o t e rma a i a e e ur d m o d ) r v h t s o
g
(
pef manc was stsacor a ( prs ntdie t o i rc e de e whos c ai
ror e
aif t y, nd 2) e e rc r ndie t vi nc
e umultve
pr bai f c s
o tve or e upporsaras bl i ee t thi dic r wasdici nao f' (iai
t e ona e nfrnce ha s s hage
s rmi tr ) cttons
omitd)
te .
14
The Cour c udest tt si a a o it prma f ci c e t us i t ca e a ba .
t oncl
ha hi s n ppr pra e i a e as o e n he s t z
Undert st t t r i no r quie e tt tPli ifbeam e rofapr eced cas ,snc ûti
hi es, he e s e r m n ha a ntf
mbe
ot t l s i e t s
i
t e rlgo s beif o te e o e,a d t e fc t a ( anit d e no s ae t m,t a
h ei iu les f h mply r n h a t h t Pli t l o s t h r he h t
f
consiue t ba i of t cam . Sha i 992 F. a 1
ttt he ss
he li ' pola,
'
2d t 038.Put dfee l it hee
ifrnty, twl r
di c i i ton i no t r e e aga ns a pa tg a r l g on,but a i tt e w ho do no s r a
s r m na i s t a g t d
i t
r i ul r e i i
ga ns hos
t ha e
pa tculr r i i us belef t us oft pr e t cls f t i i ppr ra e' I ;s e a s
ri a elg o
i , he e
he otc ed a s acor s na op it .' d. e lo
Ve esv.CiyofDephi 1 F.d 956,972(t Ci.1 )(nc e ofsmia dici naor
ntr
t
l , 23 3
7h r 997 i ontxt i lr s rmi t y
tr n to cam,é h tmatr .. i n ts mu hwha (h pli ifs o r l i u b l f
emi ai n li çwq a t s . s o o c
l
e
t t e ant q wn ei o s ei s
f
g
e
wee b tg rs pevs rs a sre p r e to t ts dd n ts aeh so ' i s c ac s
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'
,
t plitf ç e d n tp ta lb lo h ro rlgo sb le s (h ln e o l s o t a h r
he an if l e o u a e n e wn eiiu eif, s e e d ny h w h t e
n
p r eve r lgo s s o to n s( e u wi ig e st srv f rs lain a r rs p r io )
e c i d ei iu h rc mi g h r n l n n s o tie o av to s he u e vs r
l
unde sood i,f e
rt t or xampll'pr e he dic ge.Si lry,t r i no r quie ntt
e' omptd r shar ) mial hee s e rme hat
Pl ntf s w s wasr pl c wih s m e out i t pr e t d das .
ai if ho he
e a ed t o one sde he otc e
s
Tt- ng t n t t e de e ast ea h oft elm e soft Sha i prm af ci c e,
uni he o he vi nc
o c
he e nt
he pola i a e as
i i undiput t tan ad r eaci n wa t ke a i tSc ti t f on t non-e walof
ts
s ed ha
ve s to
s a n gans ot n he onu
he
r ne
he ann c r c .Si fc nty,he c r c pr ous y ha be n r ne ed e h ye r f m or
r ual ont a t gnii a l
r ont a t evi l d e e w
ac a or
e
t t n ye r . As not d, t Boa d doe no c le
han e
as
e he
r
s t ha l nge t t t s e e e ha be n m e . Se
ha hi l m nt s e
t e
ce r lv ECF No.
ne al
25.
Ast t s co e e nt t Cour c l
o he e nd l me , he
t oncudest tt r i a diput off c ast whe he
ha he e s s e a t o
t r
Sc t'j bp roma c wa s tsa tr a tet h rc nr c wa n t e e d. ranl,he
ots o e fr n e s aifco y t h i e o ta t s o r n we Ce ti y t
me
Boa d ha putf rh a e e de et tPli ifwashavi peror ncepr e s Butt r i
r s
o t mpl vi nc ha antf
ng f ma
obl m .
he e s
as s
lo ome e de ,a s fcint e de e fom whi a ra ona e j y co d fnd,t t
vi nce nd ufi e vi nc r
ch e s bl ur ul i ha
Pl i if s pe f r a w as s ts a t r Fis a f e os ,bo h oft i vi ua s w ho m a
a ntf ' r o m nce
a i f c o y. r t nd or m t t
he ndi d l
de
15
t de son not t r w Pl i ifs c r c wr t he f vo a e lte s of r co me to
he cii
o ene
antf' onta t o e r a r bl e tr
e m ndai n
i e ae y afe s wa t r naed.Se ECF No.27- ECF No. 27- Thes l te s pr i e
mm dit l tr he s e mi t
e
20,
21.
e et r a s
Pl i ifa he w o k pe f m a e a a e a s c it ntwih Pl i ifst tmony t tW eie
antf nd r r ror nc nd r lo onsse
t antf esi
ha
lr
t l h rs o t a trs ewa tr n td < k o y uddag o o . Sc t De a 1 6 8
od e h rl fe h s e miae ,t n w o i o dj b' ot p. t 8 - 7.
y
1
'
De e ntha i pl edt Cour t l k a wha t r co e to lte sdono s y.
f nda
s m or he
t o oo t t he e mm ndai n et x
ta
SeeECF N o.29 a 5- 8.Fo e mpl De e ntpont outt to oft lte sdoe notsa e
t 6,
r xn e, f nda
i s
ha ne he e tr
s
tt
t ti acualy tec
ha t t l E omme 'Scotf anyj b andt tnet rlte e esl sae t tScot
r
nds' t or
o
ha ihe elr xpr sy tts ha t
wa pef r ng stsa t rl f rteBo r o i h rp e e t o 1 Bu i ve n b t lte s
s ro mi aifco i o h a d r n e rs n j b. d. t n iwi g oh etr
y
f om t pe s c i ofa f ur pot ntale pl r who r c ve t m ,t m es a c
r he r pe tve
ut e e i m oye
e ei d he he
s ge onveye i
d s
m uch sm pl r (sco tw as a g ea e pl e. Forexa pl ,Knot ' l teri ude t s a e e ,
i e :ç t
r t m oye '
'
m e
ts e t ncl s he t t m nt
ûshe ha a pr e so lde nor a wor t as it al sa fa sude st t be tof he
t
s
of s i na mea
nd
ks o ss l tf nd t nt o he s
r
a lt .' ECF N o. 27- 8 W e l r s l te gi s Sc t 1 s r
biiy '
20.
ie ' e t r ve
ot $ t ong r om m e ton f
a
ec
nda i
or
e ly n . ECF No 2 - .I sae ,i p t t a lsh ma e fin e sl ml ofr
mpo me t'
'
. 7 21 t tt s n m' h t t l e k s re ds a i d fe s
,
g
y
s
uppor t t fculy and sude s'a t s hoola t ttg e us ofhe i epes na s ls
t o he a t
t nt' t he c
nd ha tbqca e
r ntr ro l kil
a snc r co en f ot r,s wilbe s ey mis d a t shool' Ja I i udest
nd i ee nc r or hes he l
orl s e t he c .' .. t ncl
p
he
sae nt t t tll wil pr t be a val bl a st t a or ni to ' a t t he
ttme ha çshe l ove o
ua e se o ny ga zain' nd ha
t rnteg)s wilbrngt sa lt t c
t a e s he l i hi biiy o onnec wih ohe st adif e or niai wiht
gua
t t t r o fernt ga z ton t he
s me postvei ct' 1 M or ove ,net rl te gve a f t e e oye a r as t t lk t t
n
ii mpa . d. e r ihe e tr i s u ur mpl r e on o hil ha
'
Sc t w as no pe f m i s ts a t r l
ot
t r or ng a i f c o iy.
t co r r bot l te s a e e r m el
he nt a y,
h e t r r xt e y
c plm e a y. The pr de t r f e a l s s m e e de e t t s w as pe f r i
om i nt z
y ovi , he e or , t ea t o
vi nc ha he
r o m ng
s t s ac or l A ddii na l Pl i if t s ii t t W eie t d he ,a t he t m i t o t the
a i f t iy.
to ly, a ntf e tfed ha
l r ol r fer r er na i n, ha
k e s eh dd n ag o j b. c t De a 1 6 8 .
n w h a o e o d o S ot p. t 8 - 7
8Def ndantur t E o t bes ofhera lt 'qualfesa di i s t sat e . ECF No.
e
ges hat t he t
t
biiy'
ii nd m nihes he t em nt
29 a 5.Butt se enc alo i udest wor çal saf,'whih woul i udeDonohoe.
t
he nt e s ncl
he ds G l t f' c
d ncl
16
Sec
ond,Pli ifse l tonsha bee good a e n he fna e l ton wasmosl
a ntf vaua i
d n
nd ve r i l vaua i
ty
postve. l ed, Sc ls fna pe f manc e ua i s
ii nde
ot' i l ror
e val ton hows t t s r ceve t hi t
ha he e i d he ghes
pos i e m a k i ne ry al a e t t we e not i c e by he r l i hi wih Donohoe.
sbl
r n a l 1 r as ha
r
mpa t d
r eatons p t
Ac or ngl t ei s t inte de et e t bls t s co m o ofaprm af c eca e.
c di y,her s ufk e vi ne o sa ih he e nd ng
i ai s
W he he o notPl i ifhasputf r h s t i nte de oft tna e em e ofhe prm a
t r r
a ntf
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r i
f ci ca e i a c os r c l I l ng ata lt e de e be or t Cou t t r i c ranl
a e s s l e al. n ooki
l he vi nc f e he
r, he e s e ti y
s t nta e denc t ts
ubs a i l vi e ha ugge t t tSc tsw or pe f r a w a t r as he c r tw as
s s ha ot'
k r o m nce s he e on r ontac
notr ne d.Butt r a e a s f c ss
e we
he e r l o a t uppo tng Sc tscli t tt r as f he t r i ton
ri
ot' a m ha he e on or r e m na i
wa r lgi dic i i ton.
s ei ous s rm na i
I pa tc a ,Do hoe' i
n riul r no s nputwa c u i li t decson t no r ne Sc tsco r c ,
s r c a n he ii o t e w ot' nta t
a Donohoe i t i vi ua who pur t y pos e s d t r i ous a musand e ge i
nd
s he ndi d l
poredl
s s e he elgi
ni
nga d n
t har s m e . W hie Do hoe m i not ha bee Sc ts s r s r f r pur e of
he
a s nt
l
no
ght
ve
n ot' upe vio o
pos s
de e m i ng vi a i la lt i a ha a s en s t s V a e v.B a l St t U ni , 1 S.Ct
t r ni
c r ous i biiy n
r s m t ui, ee nc
l ae
v. 33
.
2434,2439( ) a wa nott pe s t tf mal madet de iin nott rnew Scot'
2013, nd s he ron ha or ly
he cso
oe
ts
c r t Donohoe c ranl plyed ac ucilr ei t dec son t t nni t Sc t Ast Fom'
ontac ,
e ti y a
r a ol n he ii o e na e ot. he
t
h
Cic tha e pl ne çlil VI ...( )notlmi t dic i nai i uiyt t acinsor
rui s x ai d, s-te 1 does
i t he srmi ton nq r o he to
sae e s of f mal decsonmake s f r t e pl r' b c n a s i l a s or nae
t tm nt
or
ii
r o he m oye , ut a l o ncude ub di t
'
e oye i t s di t wa l i pa l r ponsbl 'f t pl ntf sfrng. l,354 F.
mpl e f he ubor na e s i nci ly es i e' or he ai if ii Hil
pr
3d
a 28 , 9 ( u tn Re ve v. a d ro Plmbn Pr d .J c,5 0 U. 1 3 l ( 0 0 (
t 8 2 0 q oi g e s S n e s n u ig o ss n . 3 S. 3 , 51 2 0 :.To
slvves mmayj d me t a a g iv d e lye wh rss ge)d srmiain cam u n
t i u r u g n , n g re e mp o e o et h r ici n to li po
r
t dic i i t y motva i of a s di t e oye m us c e f wa d wih s fc e
he s rm na or
i tons
ubor na e mpl e
t om or r t ufii nt
e de t t t s di t e oye pos e s d s h a ho iy as t be viwed a t one
vi nce ha he ubor na e mpl e s s e uc ut rt
o
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s he
prnc paly r ponsbl f t de i i ....' d. t29l
i i l es
i e or he c s on
'I a
.
l t scae,Pl ntf ha stsidt tbm de f pur e ofs
n hi s ai if s aife ha
n or pos s ummayj
r udgme .twa
nt l s
Donoho w ho fr t br
e
i s ought t t a t nton of t a i sr t s t t s ha c
o he te i
he dm ni ta or ha he d once ns a ut
r bo
Scol spe f m a .I wa Donohoe who m onio ed,prm a iy e l t and o r a Sc ts
t' ror nce t s
tr
i rl vaua ed,
ve s w ot'
pe f ma e i he fnalye r Li wie i wa Donohoe' i
ror nc n r i
a . ke s , t s
s nputt twasc i r by a ld
ha
onsde ed
nd e
t t d ii by bo h W el ra Knot t f ma de ii m a r he e M or ove ,alt
o he ecsons
t
ie nd
t he or l c son- ke s r .
e r l he
a e ofw ea s no ed b W e l rw e e a e s ofdif c t t tSc tha i he r a i hi w ih
r as
kne s t y ie r r a
fi uly ha ot d n r el tons p t
Donohoe.
As t whehe ornotDonohoe pos e s d a r lgi a must r Sc t t Cour
o
t r
s s e ny e i ous ni
owa d ot, he
t
ac
know l dgest tD onohoe de ese rha a s ng ordi crm i tng a ns Sc ton t bas s of
e
ha
ni ve r s i
s i na i gai t ot
he i
r i o A sD onohoe e a ns i,he hi t r wih Sc tga he no r s t t nk t tr i ous
elgi n.
xpl i t r s o y t ot ve r ea on o hi ha elgi
ove t e we e i a wa unwe c e Tha hit y i l
rur s r n ny y
l om . t sor ncuded pr yi t t r s rng t i f ih
a ng ogehe , ha i her a t
t t ra c
oge he , nd onductby Sc the s f s h a gi ng Donohoe a ca d i whi s wr e t t
ot r el, uc s vi
r n
ch he ot ha
D onohoe w ashe i i ta s s e ' a w rtng,i a 2004 Chr sm as c r t the ç a r'f
r d si n it r' nd ii n
chr
it
a d, ha r t ye ' or
pr
Do o o wa p a e a dj yf rDo o o a d h rf miy Ba e o alo t s Do h e sae
n h e s e c n o o n h e n e a l . s d n l f hi, no o ttd
t ts C d no r as t beleve t tM s Sco tdi notweco e my e e so ofr lgi
ha he t
ha
e on o i ha
. t d
l m
xpr s i ns e i on
whe s s waml e ese t m t me. ECFNo.25- Do hoeDe l a !7.
n he o r y xpr s d he o '
'
7, no
c. t
The Co ttnds how e r t tt r i a l s a di put off c o t s i s ,snc Sc t
ur i ,
ve , ha he e s t ea t s e a t n hi s ue i e ot
h sp e e td u d s u e e i e c t a s ed d n tj i t eBi esu y g o p whe a k d a d
a r sn e n ip td v d n e h t h i o o n h bl td r u
n se, n
di no atndt r lgi rtea whe a ke Shealo t d Do hoe( c i 1 t ts
d t te he ei ous er t n s d.
s ol no ba k n 995) ha he
w a no c f r a e be nni e ch da wih a pr r or de i lbef r wor a D onohoe
s t om o t bl gi ng a
y t
aye
votona
oe
k nd
e e s d t Scot i 1 t tDonohoe kne Sco tw a n' c f t bl pr yi a w o k.Ba e
xpr s e o
t n 998 ha
w
t s t om ora e a ng t r
sd
o t e efcs teCo r c n ld st a ara o a ej r c ul tn t a: 1 Do o o k e t e
n h s a t,h u t o cu e h t e s n bl u y o d i d h t ( ) n h e n w h
ove t eswee notweco a nonehel spe sse i ma ng t m;( t tt c i d
rur
r
l me nd
t es ritd n ki he 2) ha he ontnue
18
rj cin o t e eo e t e ld Do o o t e laea d ciiiePlitf swo k mo eh rhy;
ee to f h s v rurs e n h e o vau t n rtcz anif r r a s l
and ( t t wee i no f Donohoe' ciiims a has e l tons Pli ifs c r c
3) ha, r t t or
s rtcs nd rh vauai , antf onta t
woul ha be n r we I t Cou ts viw ,t e de s
d ve e ene d. n he
r ' e he vi nce uppori a c us llnk be we n
tng a a i
t e
t rj ce r lgo so e trsb Do o o a dt eno r n wa o S otsc n rc i we k b t
he ee td ei iu v rt e y n h e n h n-e e l f c t' o ta t s a , u
l
s tcintt wihsa s
ufi e o t tnd ummay j me .See e. ,Eva ,80 F. a 960 (nsr tng t t
r udg nt s g. ns
3d t
i tuci ha
whe t heevi nc cr a esa cos cal...wem us r m e rt tûhebur n ofe t bls ng a
nl
t
de e e t
l e l ,
t e mbe ha s
t
de
sa ihi
prmafci ca eofdipa aete t nti notone o ' ( t i o te .
i ae s
s rt rame s
r us' ciaton mitd)
)
2. Pret
ext
Ha ng c l d t tSc thasesa ihe aprm af ci ca e t Cour ea iy fndst t
vi oncude ha ot
t bls d
i a e s , he
t sl i ha
t Boa d ha m e isbur n o pr ton a putf rh a l tma e no dic i i t r r as
he
r s tt
de f oduc i nd
o t egii t , n- s rm na o y e on
f he t r na i Thus t Cour' fna i uiy i whehe t r i s fcinte de et tt
or r e mi ton.
, he
ts i l nq r s t r he e s ufi e vi nc ha he
r as gi n i a pr t f a di c i i t o A ga n,t f vor e l t e s of r c m e ton
e on ve s
e ext or
s r m na i n.
i he a abl el r
e om nda i
s ppor Pl ntf s ar um e of pr t xt Se e. ,J m s v.W a - a tSt r s Eas L. ,201
u
t ai i f g nt
e e . e. c. ol on
lM r o e s k P.
3
W L 1 6 51 ,* ( . N. 2 3 ( e yng dee d n ' s mmay j d me t moin whee
1 3 1 7 W D. C. 01 ) d n i
fn a ts u r u g n to
r
e de e of pr t xt i ude f tt t s vior tnni tng pl i if ofe e hi a l te of
vi nc
e e ncl d ac ha uper s e na i
antf f r d m
e tr
rc
e omme to at
ndain, lhough noi t t t ofe ima ha be n nohi mo e t n Ehe
tng ha he fr i y ve e t ng r ha t
s r s 'je i lrs ns t tr nai a find' M o e r t s me e de t t
upeviors motona epo e o emi tng re ). r ove , he n vi nce ha
s ppore t fna e e e of Pl i ifs prma f ce c e es i l whe co e wih t
u
td he i l l m nt
antf
i
a i as , pecaly
n upld t he
e de e of pr txt i alo m i ma l s fce e de e t s w t t t r al r as f
vi nc
ee , s s
ni ly ufi int vi nc o ho ha he e e on or
Pl i t f s non-e a of he c r c w a r lgi
a n if
r new l
r ont a t s e i ous di c i i ton. Se e. , Re ve v.
s rm na i
e. c. e s
Sa ron Plz ng Pr s l ,530 U. 1 1 (
ndes tmbi oducta nc.
S. 33, 48 2000)(t pli ifsprmaf ce ca e
ça antf' i a i s ,
c ne wih s fce e de et lndt tt e oye ' a s tdj ttc ton i fle,ma
ombi d t ufiint vi nc o i ha he mpl rs sere usiiai s as
y
19
pemi t tiroffc t co l t tt e oye unlwf l dici nae l.
r t he re a t o ncude ha he mpl r a uly s rmi td' g
At t s
he umma y j
r udgme sa t Co ts ts i t dee ne whehe t r i
nt tge, he ur' a k s o tnni
t r hee s
s fi in e ie c fo whih ara o a l j r c u dfndf rSc t, ft eds u e fcswee
u tce t vd n e r m c e s n b e u y o l i o o ti h ip td a t r
r s l di he fvo . ra1 ft f r g igra o ,heCo r c n l d sta ar a o a l j r
e ove n r a r Fo 1 o he o e on e s ns t
u t o cu e h t e s n be u y
c ul s tn ,a d tusi DENI te Bo r ssl r j d me tmoin a t te rlg o
o d o id n h t
ES h ad' l
mmay u g n to s o h eiius
dicrmi ton cai i t no r wa ofSc tsc r t
s i nai l m n he n-ene l
ot' ontac .
C.Re ai i Cl m
t laton ai
The f n e or f a l ng Sc ts r t la i c ai i s m ia t t e e e s of a
r m w k or na yzi
ot ' e a i ton l m s i l r o he l m nt
prm a f ci ca e ofdic r dic s i t pr c di s to Specfc ly,t pr aprma
i a e s
s ha ge s us ed n he e e ng eci n.
ii a l o ove
i
faci ca ef rtlai a e oye mus s w t t ( )s e ge i apr ece a tviy;
e s or eaiton, n mpl e t ho ha: 1 he nga d n ot td ci t
( )te e l y rto a v re e ly n a to a an tte e o e ;a d ( )a s fiin
2 h mp o e o k d e s mp o me t ci n g i s h mply e n 3 u fce t
c us l co
a a mwc i e ss bewe t pr t t d a tviy and t a r e e pl e t aci n.
ton xit t en he o ece c i t
he dve s m oym n to
Leteiv.Equa ,I .478 F. 640,6 50& n.2 ( h Ci.2007) Br ntv.Ai n Re onal
tir
nt nc,
3d
494t r
4 va
ke gi
M e ca Ce es l ,333 F. 536,543 ( h Ci.2003) As wih he e rircam,tgq t
di l ntr. nc.
3d
4t r
.
t r ale li sif he
panife tbih sg)p i fcec s ,te b r e s it t te e lye ...io a t u ae a
litf sa ls e a rma a i a e h u d n h fs o h mp o r
t ri lt
c
l ii a e nondic i i t y r s f rt a s e oy e a ton.' Le te i 478 F. a
eg tm t ,
s rm na or ea on o he dvere mpl m nt c i '' tir,
3d t
646 ( tng Hilv.Loc dM a tn Loasi M c .l ,354 F.d 277,285( h Ci.2004)
quoi l
khee ri
itcs mt. nc.
3
4t r
(n b n l;s e as t .a 65 (p yn t p ee ta ay i t rt l to cam) Th n ûhe
e a cl e lo 4 t 1 a plig he r tx n lss o eai in li . e , û
a
t
bur n r tuns t t pl i if t s
de e t ' o he a ntf o how t t the e pl rs pr f r d pe m i s bl r s f
ha t m oye ' of e e
r s i e ea on or
9 The Boar f es heaviy on Pl ntf s s
d ocus
l
ai if uppos (adm ison' t Knot t m i t her
ed d s i ' hat
l er na ed
b c us ,a af r rc a h h viwe h ra t ( a plye . Se ECF No. a 8( s u sn S o t
e a e s o me o c , e e d e s he t k a r' e
we
'
29 t dic s ig c t
De a 1 7- 8 .Butt s( d s in' c n tb a t weg t e Bo r a sg t i.S o tma h ve
p. t 8 8 )
hi ç miso ' a no e r he iht h a d s ins o t c t y a
a
beleved s wast w ea pl asbet
i
he
he ker ayer
ween he and Donohoe and t i oneoft hadt befr or
r
hat f
hem
o ied
tans e r i was goi t be her I t onl r on one oft
r f r ed, t
ng o
. f he y eas
hem had t go,how e r was becaus of
o
ve ,
e
r i ousdicrm i ton,t n t f tt Scot admis s w aseasert r acedoesnotdoom hercl m .
elgi
s i na i he he ac hat
t
t he
i o epl
ai
Putdif enty,i t pr em si t wor ng r atons p we e m anuf ct ed or c
fer l f he obl
n he ki el i hi r
a ur
oncoc ed by Donohoe
t
becaus Scot r us her r i ous overur ,t Scot' satm entdoes notequat wih an adm i i
e
t ef ed
elgi
t es hen
ts t e
e t
sson
t r i on wasnott ca e ofhe t m i ton.
hat elgi
he us
r er na i
20
tl a a re e oyme a ton i a t ly a prtxt f dicrmi ton.' L a 646
adng n dve s mpl nt ci s cual
ee or s i nai '' 4. t
( i Hil354F. a 285)
quotng l,
3d t .
l a r e decson,t Supr m eCour ha e
n ec nt ii he
e
t s mphasze t ta Til VI r t la i cli
i d ha
te I e a iton am
r quiest t co pl ntbe t butf c us oft r t la or aci Uni ofTx.Sw.M e .
e r hat he m ai
he -or a e he e a it y ton. v.
d
Ct.v.Na s r l S.Ct 251 2534 ( 3 .Thati,a Til V1 r aiton pli ifmus
r
s a, 33
. 7,
201 )
s
te 1 etlai antf
t
e t bls t t ç pr e e a i t w a a butf c e of t a l ge a r e ac i n by t
s a ih ha t
her ot ct d ctviy s
- or aus
he le d dve s to
he
e ly r' a d n tmeey a ç t aig fco . S e L= Ag i dth ut t q e to i
mpo e y n o rl t i t a tr' e d. an, ç j e lmae u sin s
'
mo v n
'
l
i
whehe t e oye i e inal (et itdl a pr t tûhe e o rspr fr d ras
t r he mpl r ntnto ly r alae , nd oof ha t mplye ' ofe e e on
i unpe s i or e n obvi l c rved,does no ne es a iy esa ih t tt pl i iFs
s
r uasve, ve
ousy onti
t c s rl t bls ha he antf
pr fr d r s ...i co rc.'Ree s 530 U. a 1 47 (uoi St Mar s 5 U. a
ofe e ea on
s re t'' ve ,
S. t 46- q tng . y', 09 S. t
5 4 .d i n te o g .. t d s eiv t e lye; h fcfn e mus b le etep anifs
2 ) Et s o n u h . o ib le e he mp o r t e a tid r t eiv h litf
l
e a t o 'ofr t i ton.St M ar s 509 U . a 51
xpl na i n' e ala i
. y' ,
S. t 9.
As dic s d,Sc t al ge t t a tr s co pl i d a utt alege dic i i t y
s us e
ot le s ha fe he m ane bo he l d s rm na or
aci ofDo hoe (is t W eieri Augus or Se e
tons
no
frt o l n
t
ptmberof2005 ,a agan dtrng t
) nd i li he
f m a i e l ton pr e s as wel as t ough he f m a com pl nt t t Boa d i M a c
or tve va ua i
oc s ,
l hr
r or l
ai o he
r n
rh
2006,s was t r na e
he
e mi t d.The Boa d c t nds t t t r i no c us e de
r on e
ha he e s
a al vi nce lnki he
i ng r
c pl nt ofr lgi di c i i ton t he t m i ton.ECF N o.25 a ECF N o.29 a 6- l
om ai s e i ous s rm na i o r er na i
t
t 9. n
pa tc a ,i poi soutt tSc tspe f r nc pr e sha ale y bee notd a cal d t
riul r t nt
ha ot' r o ma e obl m
d r ad
n e nd le o
he a t n i n w he s fr tc pl i d a
r te to
n he is om a ne boutr i ousdi c i i ton by D o hoe l a s poi s
elgi
s r m na i
no . t l o nt
t t s me pe f m a e pr e s i r le on a is no dic i i t y r as f he
o he a
ror nc
oblm t e is
s t n- s rm naor e on or r
t na i
enni ton.
Agan,aswih Pl ntf scli ofdipa ae te t nt t Cour beive i a c os ca e
i
t ai if am
s r t r a me , he
t le s t l e s
whehe t r t i ton ca m s ul be pe mitd t c i t ti l I pa tc a ,t Co t
t r he ealai li ho d
r te o ontnue o ra . n ri ulr he ur
21
fnds i c i ust tScot' frtc
i
t uro ha
ts is ompl n ofha as me ba e on r i on di notoc t untl
ait
r s nt s d
elgi
d
ctr i
a t r s ha r c ve t l te i A ugus 2005 s ti f t pr e s wih he pe f m a e t
f e he d e ei d he e t r n
t
e tng or h obl m
t r r or nc he
pror s hoolye . Se ECF N o.27- 3 a 4.N one he es ,f t s m e r a ons de c i when
i c
ar e
1 t
t l s or he a
es
s rbed
dic sng he dic i i ton i t r nai n c am ,t Cour concudest r a e diput off c
s us i
r s rm na i n e mi to l i he
t
l
he e r s es a t
a t whehe Sc twa tr naed be us ofherown j pe f ma e,orwheheri wa
s o t r ot s emi t ca e
ob ror nc
t t s
Scot' c pl nt a
t s om ai s boutr i i har s m e t tc us d he t r na i
elg ous a s nt ha a e r e mi ton.
Ac o dn l ,h Cou t
c r ig y te r DENI sl r u g n o Plitf' r tlaincam.
ES l
mmayj d me t n an ifs eaito li
D . H os ie W or Envi onm e r aras m e C l m
tl
k
r
nt
s nt ai
l he t r a fnalcl i ,Sco ta l ge t ts e re d di c i i ton i t f m
n r hi d nd i
am
t le s ha he xpe i nce s rm na i n he or
ofa hosie wo k e r
tl r nvionmen ba e on r i on.To s ce d on he r lgi har s m e tcai ,
t sd
elgi
uc e
r ei ous a s n l m
S otmu td mo srt ta ar a o a l j r c ul fn t e h r sme t ()t lo ;()
c t s e n tae h t e s n b e u y o d id h a a s n : 1 mwec me 2
bec us ofhe rlgi ()ts fce l s vee orpe va i t atrt c tonsofpl ntf s
a e
r ei on; 3
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