Linkous v. Craftmaster Manufacturing, Inc.

Filing 22

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 7/16/12. (med)

CL
ERK' OFFI U' DI COU)
S
CE S. ST.
.,
AT ROANOKE,VA
FI
LED

I TH E U N I
N
TED STA TES D I
STRI CO U R T
CT
FO R TH E W ESTERN DI
STR I O F V I I I
CT
RG N A
R O AN O K E D I ISIO N
V

JUL 16 2 1
22
J
U
1Y;
3

,
DUD

CL
ERK
x

JEFFREY LI K OU S,
N

C i lA c i n N o.7: CV - 07
vi t o
10- 001

Pl nt f ,
ai i f

M EM O R AN D UM O PI I N
N O
C R AFTM A STER M A N U FA CTU RJN G ,
IN C.
,

By: H on. m esC .Tur
Ja
k
Seni Unied St es D i ri Judge
or
t
at
st ct

Def
endant.

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po iinwil o d f a amoi nfrs mmayj d me tAn es nv. bet Lo b lc, 7
sto l n t ee t to o u r u g n . d ro Li rv b y,n .47

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S. 4 , 5 1 8 ) A u r u g n to h ud o b r ne ç ls h nie
u
r c r s wsarg t oj g n wihs c caiya t la en r o f rc nr v rya
e o d ho
ih t ud me t t u h lrt s o e v o o m o o to es nd
e t bls a fr a i y t tt a r e pa t ca tpr va lu ra cic uns a es'
s a ihes f i m tvel ha he dve s ry nno e i nde ny r t t nc .
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Ca
mpbelv.He t,Colma & Asoc ,l ,21F. 52,55(t Ci.1 4) Summay
l
wit e ns
s s. nc.
3d
4h r 99 .
r
j
udgme s dbee e e howe r i t Co ttnds atrasr ousr viw oft r c d,
nt houl
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he e or

t a n r ao a ej r c u dr tr av r it o ten n mo i gpat S eEv n v Te hs
h t o e s n bl u y o l eu n ed c f r h o - v n ry. e a s . c .
Applc tons& Se v.Co.80F. 954,958(t Ci.1 .
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r
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1 1 A na ys s
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l i
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ai if ams ha ) r he
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r a o bej rrc udc n l eb s do t i rc r ta CrfM a trfrdh m b c u eo h s
e s na l u o o l o cud a e n h s e o d h t a t se ie i e a s f i
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i
l de e m i ng whe he pa r s s i a di a lt und t A D A , r vi w oft c e 1 w
n t r ni
t r nle i s s biiy er he
a e e
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how ha he e r
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orpa u es s i a di abiiy r cog z und rt A DA . a ntf c t t t e ng c e on s
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Se

Coc a v.Hol r 436F.App' 227( hCi.2011 ( di t tt ADA Ame
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ri nt ri
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t p y ia o me tli ar n ta s b tn ilyl t o eo mo emao lf a t te o
( h sc l r n a mp ime t h t u sa tal i s n r r j r ie ci is f
a
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s h i vi .' U. C.j 1 02.Thepl nifi t rquie t ma at eepa ts ng
uc ndi dual'42 S.
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las o mao lf aci t a ( t tt lmiai i s tni . Hei v.Col
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4t r 2006)
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l de e m i ng w he he a di abiiy ha be n e t bls unde t A D A , he Su e e
n t r ni
t r s lt s e s a i hed
r he
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pr m
Courtcr ed a ldem andi sandar 'i Toyot M ot M f v.W ilnm s,534 U . 184,197eat
i
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or M.
li
S.
98

( ) bysrcl i epr tngt sdei tont rquiet tt ha adia lt one' tha
2002 , tity ntr ei hi fnii o e r ha o ve s biiy, ç
mus ve
a i pai ntt tpr ve sor s ve e y r t i t t i vi ua f om d ng a tvii t ta e of
n m nne ha e nt
e r l esr c s he ndi d l r
oi c i tes ha r

c ntali tnc t mos peo e' dal lve .'e
e r mpora e o t pl s iy i s'(mphassa d) TheSuprmeCour we ton
i dde .
e
t n
t hol t tm e el ha ng a m e c li paim e doesno m a one di a e f t pu pos s of
o d ha r y vi
di a m r nt
t ke
s bl d or he r e
t AD A .l W he he a i vi
he
d.
t r n ndi dualha a di a lt de nds o t ef e toft i pa r e ,not
s s biiy pe
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he m im nt

t dignoss 1 l t ca ea ha pli if sonl e de t thehasa i nne a al i
he a
i. d. n he s t nd, a ntf ' y vi nce ha
n mpai nt t l s
hi ow n t tm ony.H e ne rdi c s d hi i pa r e twih hi e pl rore s
s
esi
ve s us e s m im n t s m oye
ver oughta c
dvi e
a uti f om a m e c lpr e s ona . ar es , ven i pl i ifhad be n di gnos d w ih
bo t r
di a of s i l Reg dl s e
f a ntf
e a
e t
pa u es s t de e m i ton ofw he he he ha a di a lt w oul c e f om t efec t
r r i , he t r na i
t r
d
s biiy
d om r he f t he
pa ur i ha on t pl ntf ,nott f c t the ha pa ur i . s Cou tw ila s e
r es s d
he ai if
he a t ha
d r es s Thi
r l s um ,
a g ndo,t tpl ntf ha m e t f r tpa tofhi r quie btr n t the ha C n i pa r e t'
r ue
ha ai i f s t he is r
s e r d tde ha
s ' m im n .
a
'

Pli ifmus alos t thi i r nta f tdamaorlf a tviy.l Hei t
antf t s how ha s mpaime fece
j ie ci t n ko,he
FourhCic tdee ne t tt û lmi tonofbodiywat'wa amaorlf aci t Hei
t rui tnni d ha he t i nai
e
l se' s j ie tviy. ko,
7

43 F. a 255. urna i i a elmi to ofbodiy wa t ,pl i ifhasm e t s condpa t
4 3d t
As i ton s n i nai n
l se antf
t he e
r
ofhi r r s i
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e he hid r
a n if e uie
de a n if
t how t thi
ha s
i pa r e ca e a s t ntallm ia i on hi a lt t urna e.
m im nt us d ubs a i i t ton
s biiy o i t Unde t Supr m e Cour '
r he
e
ts
i m a ng' s a r i Toyot ,a i pa nne tm us d e nto s r l r s rd ' a a viy t
d
de ndi ' t nda d n
a n m i n
t i ve r eve e y e ti ' n di t o
pr
be a s t n i llm ia i Toyot ,534 U . a 1 98.l H e ko, he Fourh C ic thel t t
ubs a t a i t ton.
a
S. t 97- n i t
t r ui d ha
( por di orot r s t m por r i pa r e sdo notq lf a s t nta lm ia i . Hei
t a c
s
he wi e e
a y m im nt
ua iy s ubs a i l i t tons ' ko,
'

434 F. a 257.
3d t
Unde t sfa e k, antf cn tme tt t r r quie s
r hi r m wor pl i if nno e he hid e r d howi t thi
ng ha s
lm ia i i s t nta , nd hi c ai t the ha a di a lt unde t A DA f is
i t ton s ubs a i l a
s l m ha
s s biiy
r he
a l.
l t pr s ntc s ,pl i ifgi onl one s c fc e m pl ofbe ng c pl t l una et
n he e e a e a ntf ves y
pe i i xa e
i om e e y bl o

urna ebe a eofhi di or r whi h wa durnghi obs r d dnl t t hiepl ntf cli s
i t c us
s s de , c
s i
s e ve
g es.W l ai if am
t the e r e e di fc t i publc urnal o w he a ke t urna e unde diec obs r ton,
ha
xpe i nc d f i uly n
i i s r
n s do i t
r r t e va i
he wasa e t m a ge t s di fc tesby s m pl us ng a ba hr
bl o na he e f i uli
i y i
t oom s a la c osng t doo ,
t l nd l i he r or
us ng t r s r
i he e t oom w he ot r we e no pr e . a n ifpr s nt no e de e t thi
n he s r t es nt Pl i tf e e s
vi nc ha s

i ime pr ve e ors ve ey r src e hi a lt t urna ea wor ori t communiy,
mpa r nt e ntd e r l e tit d s biiy o i t t k n he
t
whi h c
c ouns sagai tfndi hi i pa r e w a s t nta .1Pl ntf ss ce sa m a i
el
ns i ng s m im nt s ubs a i l ai i f uc s t nag ng
hi ditc t w as s n by t f tt the ne no ii hi l t r e pl rofhi
s fi uly
how
he ac ha
ver tfed s ong-e m m oye
s
pa ur s sors
r ei
oughtm e ca t e t e f hi di or r
di l r a m nt or s s de .
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a ntf m t a e
y
xa e
e t i ton e r nough t ac ualy
o t l
pr n hi fom be ng a e t urna e a al, s h, s i pa nne i a m os d por c, a i
eve t m r
i bl o i t t l as uc hi m i nt s t t t adi ' nd t
s
'
lw he de em i ng i apl ntf s fr as t ta lm iaton u rt ADA ,t coreci m e s e t tt
n t r ni f ai if ufes ubsanil i t i nde he
he r tve a ur s ha he

i vi ha e o d a er e ntt t dee mi ton.Sutonv.Unie Ailnes l . 527 U. 47l(1 99) l a
ndi dual s mplye r elva o he tr na i
t
td ri . nc,
S.
9 .f
pl ntf e plysco r tvem ea ur t ts f inty bl tt i c oft i im e ,he t pl ntf i no
ai if m o
reci
s es ha ufk e l un he mpa t he mpar nt t n he ai if s t
dia e unde t ADA be us t plitf i r e doe notrs t as tntallm iaton.l a 482- l
s bld
r he
ca e he an ifs mpaim nt s
ie o ubsa i i t i d. t
83. n
t pr e tca e Li
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ndia e nl
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ns a e,
s e o tga e s m im nt
i
t l n m y e toom

8

c nnotqualf asa s t i lmiai He ko, F.d a 257.l Roha v. t ks
a
iy
ubsantal i t ton. i 434 3 t
n
n Newor

Pr e ainsLLC,375F.d 266,268- ( hCi.2 , pli ifs fr dfom epiode whee
esntto
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nt a tng t t r , c
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tc t e s

dior ra s ve ede es i f lwi c l
s de nd e r pr son olo ng hidhood s xua a e. Fourh Cic thel t t30
e l bus The
t r ui d ha
oft s e s ,whi h l t a m uc as30 m i e ea h,w e e ts adi ' a t tt s
he e pi odes
c ased s
h
nut s c
r ipor c ' nd ha hi

v lmewa Sns fiin t e tbihas b tnili tt no amao lf a t t ' I a 2 6
ou
s i u fce t o sa ls u sa ta lmiai n j r ie ci y. d. t 7 .
i
o
vi '
Li
nkous salege c to a heha d m onsr td onl one i t nc wher hewaspr ve e
' l d ondii n, s
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e nt d
f om urna i i m uc m or s a c a c nnotbe c i r d i ubs a i ' unde t s
r
i tng, s
h
e por di nd a
onsde e t t ntal'
s
r hi
pr e nt
ec de .
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tona l he di n ha how ha ve i t tons ha ve e r m t

on ape s n' lf ca bef
r o s ie n ound nots t nta e ugh t co tt e adia lt Des t t f c
ubsa il no
o nsiut
s biiy. pie he a t
t tRoha sc ii r
ha
n' ond ton ende e herc pl t l i a bl ofi e a tng w ih ot r , he Fo t
rd
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urh

Cic tf md e n t ss ve e lmiai n di notq iy a as t nta lmia i l
r ui ot ve hi e r i tto d
ualf s ubsa i l i tton. d.

Si lry,i Boes v. n. il Ope ai sI .25F. x. 408(t Ci.
mial n rt Ge M ls rtons nc,
App' 403, 6h r
zoo t
zlunpubls ,hecour f t tt lmiainofpl ntf' se t bewee t a
ihed)t
t ound ha he i tto
ai ifs lep o t n wo nd
f hour perni C i notrs t t lvelofadia lt und t ADA.' spli ifha
our s
ghtl d) ie o he e
dl
sbiiy er he
'Thi antf d

h sa iiyt e g g i amao l ea t t c t nh l, n tec ur f u dt a t swa n t
i b l o n a e n j r i ci y u i af a d h o t o n h thi s o a
t
f vi
s t nta lm ia i Li
ubs a i l i t ton. nkous s i pa nne ,whi h he c ai sha c us d hi di fc t o y i
' m i nt
c
lm
s a e m fi uly nl n
c o de r toom sand a urna s i m uc l s s ve e t n m a i pa r e st tw e e f
r w d esr
t i l,s
h e s e r ha
ny m i m nt ha r ound
nots t nta eno h t c tt e di a ltes
ubs a i l ug o onsiut s biii .

Ast pli tf i Hei wa f undt acualy ha a s tntallm ia i a o
he a n if n ko s o
o t l ve ubsa i i t ton, nd ne

afeci t s memao lf a tviya t twhihLiko cams ac rs bewe nt
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9

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de l
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t
ih he qui l n
i to
ko d o ns r
ne dl i o hi s gi ly- a hi d f sul a t t rhi s l t a di l i m a ne t r
e e nt s ur ca l f s one i t a nd e he m e f o
a ys s chi h ee
a tr
fe noons pe w e k, or a t a oft ee hour . He ko, 4 F. a 257. he e H e ko had t
r e f
ot l hr
s' i 43 3d t
'
W r as i
o
unde go t spa ns a ng pr s t ( i t ' a a l pl i i fdo notc ai t tt r i a hi
r hi i t ki
oce s o t na e ' t l, a ntf es
ur
l m ha he e s nyt ng

t tphysol c ly sopshi fom urna i lke a ne es Hei f l c pa eofurnai as
ha
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i tng i nyo le. s uly a bl
i tng
l a he ha a m ea ur ofprva y, c a sal doorore pt r t oo c e iy pr vi .
ong s
s
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i c whi h t l
m y es r m an asl o de
H e ko s w st tt bur n t esabls a di a lt i e pe i l hi h.Pl i if si pa r e
i ho ha he de o t i h s biiy s s c aly g
a ntf m im nt
doe no c e c os t t l ve ofs ve iy ne s a y t cons iut a s t ntallm iaton ofhi
s t om l e o he e l e rt ce s r o
tt e ubs a i i t i
s
a lt t urna e.
biiy o i t
Li
nkoushasf ie t s
a l d o how t thi i pa r e c us s a (s t nta lm ia i ' o t
ha s m im nt a e tubs a i l i t ton' t he

maorlf a tviyofurnai Hi i i nti as a mos tpo a c,' nds e nty
j ie ci t
i ton. s mpanne s lo t t k r di 'a ubs que l
s
c nnotqualf a s t nta . ddii ly,i pa r e sm or s ve e t n t tf o whi h
a
iy s ubs a i l A tona l m im nt
e e r ha ha r m
c

pli ifc am shes f r ha be n f
antf l i
ufe s ve e ound nots t i .Pli ifc nnotmee t bur nt
ubsantal antf a
t he de o
e t bls t thehasa C s biiy'unde t ADA . pl ntf i notdia e unde t ADA,he
sa ih ha
t a lt '
di
r he
As ai if s
s bld
r he
c n ha no cl i f wr
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a m or ongf di c r ba e o hi a l ge di a lt
ul s ha ge s d n s le d s biiy.
B . Pl ntf Til VII R et i i C l m
ai irs t e
alat on ai

Pl ntf alobrngsaTil V1 c am alegngt thi t na i n wasi r ala i f r
ai if s i
te l l i l i ha s enni to
n et iton o
hi r e i a i i ntofs xualha a s e a hi pa tc pa i asa w ine st r of Til Vl '
s ol n n nc de
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r s m nt nd s r i i ton
t s he e . te l s
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nt -e a i ton ovi i o bi n m oye r
s rm na i ga ns n m oye û a e
be
he hasm a a cha ge t s i i d, s s e orpa tc pa e i a m a ri a i tga i n,
de
r , e tfe as i t d,
ri i t d n ny nne n n nves i to

pr ee ng,orhe rngunde t ss
oc di
ai
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ptr'
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e a i to pl i if s he nii l de o s a ih
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ma ngat e pa t howi ( )t thee
ki hre- r s ng 1 ha ngage i apr e tdaci t ,( CrfM a tra t
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10

a rel ag ns hi a ( t prt tdaci t wasc us l c
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t Li
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l gii a e,
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s r m nat y ea on or he dve s m o nt to ' H l Loc
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Ma tnLocitc M g .l ,35 F. 277,285( h Ci.200 .Clhi blr n, ve ,sa
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Hil354F. a 285( i Re vesv. ndes nPl ncPr .l ,530U. a 1 .See
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Sa ro umbi ods nc.
S. t 43)

as Da vs a v.Gr e ,404F. x.8 8 (t Ci.201 .
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Pl i tf hass
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ENTER: s /e d yo J y 2 2.
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J
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15