SNC-Lavalin Amreica, Inc. v. Alliant Techsystems, Inc.

Filing 148

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 5/3/2012. (lab)

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vi ton
1
40
M EM ORANDUM O PI ON
NI

By:Hon. e E.Co ad
Gln
nr
Chi Unied St t DititJ
ef t
aes src udge

A LLI T TECH SY STEM S,l C.
AN
N ,

De e nt Countrpl i if
f nda /
e - antf.

Thi c s i p e e tybeoet ec u t nt ern we moi n f r ud me t samatro
s a e s r sn l f r h o r o h e e d to s o j g n a
te f
lw fldb S La ai Ameia lc (S 'a dAla tTe h y tms l c (t '.Fo
a ie y Nc- v ln rc ,n .t NC' n l n c s se ,n .t
t )
i
ATK' r
)
t r as s tf t bel SNC' moton wilbe g a e i pa ta de e i pa t a ATK '
he e ons e orh ow,
S i
l
r nt d n r nd nid n r, nd
S
m o i wilbede e
ton l
ni d.
Bac ound
kgr

Thi di r iy a ton se sfom t de i n and c nsr c i ofane nirc a i a
s ve st c i tm r he sg
o tu ton
w ti cd nd

s f rca i c n e tai npln (NAC/ 'a teRa o d Vign aas n l wn db te
ului cd o c n rto a t û
C SAC' t h dfr , r ii re a o e y h
)
Unie St t Ar a ope a e by ATK .ATK a SNC e e e i o amulim ilon dola
t d aes my nd r t d
nd
nt r d nt
t- li
lr

desg buidc r c (çheConta f), s ntt whih S agee t pr dee ne dng,
in- l onta t t
t
r c purua o c NC r d o ovi ngi e
Pr ur m e , nd c tuc i s N i es
oc e nt a ons r ton e c .

SN C bega iswor on Oc o r2,
nt
k
t be 2008.Purua t t Co r c ,SNC ha 642 da t
s nt o he nta t
d
ys o

c
omplt t wor r quie t rt Contac ,n t a enc ofa tmee e i .
e e he k e r d mde he
r t i he bs e ny i xt nsons
Unf runael t pah t c pl on wa wr ug wih dea ,diput s a a lge pl n
o t t y, he t o om di
s o ht t lys s e , nd lt d a
a t r tons I t e S C di notm ee t de dlne s tf r h i t Co r c ,a t pari
le a i . n he nd, N
d
t he a i e o t n he nt a t nd he tes
di put wher t pl c t bl m e f t del ys
s e
e o a e he a
or he a .

RK
'

On Dec mbe 6,
e r 2010,SNC fl t i t nta to s e ngr i
ed he nsa ci n, e ki embm s m e f e r
e nt or xta
wor t ti wa a lge y r uie t pe f m ;d a da esr s tng fom ATK' de son t
k ha t s le dl eq r d o ror ely mag e uli r
S cii o

us a i r ssa c r t on t frttoo o t N AC/
e c d-e it nt onc e e he s l r f he
SAC;a tona c t i ure asa
ddii l oss nc r d
r ul ofun ualy s ve ewi e we he ' a c e ai c t i ure asar ul oft de a
es t
us l e r nt r at r and c elr ton oss nc r d
,
es t he ni l
ofSNC' we t rr lt d r ques f e e i oftm e ATK t n fld co e cli sa i t
S ahe -ea e e t or xt nson i .
he ie unt r am gans

S se igd ma e f rt ed lyi t p oe tsc mplto a df ric mplt a do
NC, e kn n g s o h ea n he rj c' o ein n o n o ee n /r
i de t w o k.
na qua e r

OnS p e r7 2 1 ATK mo e f rp ril u r u g n wi r s e tt c ran
e tmbe , 01 ,
v d o ata s mmayj d me t t e p c o eti
h
e t goresofda a si ntEed b SNC.The c t oresi l d dely da a esr uli fom
ae i
m ge de i
y
aeg i ncude
a m g es tng r
t c nget a i r it ntco r t a tona cossi uredasa r ul oft s ve ewi e
he ha
o c d-essa
nc ee; ddii l t nc r
es t he e r ntr
weaher a ac e e a i c t.On Ocobe 1 2011 ATK ' moto wasgr nt i pa ta
t ' nd c l r ton oss
,
t r 3,
,
S in
a ed n r nd
de ed i pa t SN c- va i Am e i a I v. li ntTe hs t s I , e N o. 1
ni n r .
La ln
r c . nc. A la
c ysem . nc. Cas
7: 0CV00540,

2 1U. Dit LEXI 1 8 1 a * 8( . Va Oc. 3 2 1.Ba e o isrve o te
01 S. s.
S 1 3 2, t 2 W D. . t 1 , 01 ) sd n t e iw f h

tr o t ep ris Co ta tlh c u t edt a ATK wa e tte t s mmayj dg n wi
ems f h a t ' nrc,t e o r h l h t
e
s n i d o u r u me t t
l
h
r s tt SNC' cai f dely da gesr s tngfom t c nget a i r it co r t
e pec o
S l m or a ma
e uli r he ha
o cd-essant nc e e.

L. a * Li s t c t l t tSNC wasba r d fom r ove i c ti c t t twe e
ds t 21. kewie, he our hed ha
,
re r ec rng eran oss ha r
i ure dtrngt pe i ofunus ly s ve ewi e we t r s h a t c t ofad tonal
nc r d li he rod
ua l e r nt r a he , uc s he oss
dii

ie t tbe a ne sayf SNC t pef a ars toft weahe condii .LL a *23.
tms ha c me ce sr or
o ronn s e ul he t r
tons ( t
On t o he ha t c t
he t r nd, he our concude t tSNC wa entte t pr e t tilo isc am f
l d ha
s ild o oce d o ra n t l i or
ac elr ton c t r s tng fom t de a ofiswe t rr lt d r ques f e e i oftme.
c e a i oss e uli r he nil t a he -ea e e t or xt nson i
I at*23d.
24.
1I i undiput d t t Contacti gover by Vigi a l .
ts
s e hat he
r s
ned
r ni aw

2

A j ytil o n e o Oco e 1 , 01 a ds a ne t ite d y .Th c u t
ur ra c mme c d n tb r 7 2 1 n p n d hre n a s e o r
bi c tdtec s it la ii a dd ma e p a e .I tela l yp a e t ej r f u di
f ae h a e n o iblt n a g s h s s n h ibit h s ,h u y o n n
ur
y
i

fv ro S o isa c lrto cam.Th j r as fun i fv ro ATK o isr ltdcam
a o f NC n t c eeain li
e u y lo o d n a o f
n t eae li

t a S b e c e tec nr c b fiigt c mp eetep o e to tme fn i t t
h t NC r a h d h o ta t y aln o o lt h rj c n i ,i dng ha ATK wa
s
e t ldt rc ve lq d tdd ma e f r3 d y o d ly.Ad i o l ,he u yfu i fv r
ni e o e o r iuiae a g s o 0 a s f ea
t
dt nal t j r o nd n a o
i y
ofATK on s ve a de i incycli s i l ng isco e cai r lt d t t m a snotfc ton
e r l fce
am ,ncudi t unt r l ms e ae o he s iia i
s tm ,c le ,se m s d, c t rpump, nd c ntolvaves
yse hilr t a ki Rih e
a o r l .

Beo et j r ra h dav r ito l b l y t p rise trdit awrte a re n
f r he u y e c e edc n i ii ,he a t n ee no itn g e me t
a t
e
pur ua t whih t y si ae t t a mtofda a sa s aed wih c ran cli s
s nt o c he tpult d o he mot
m ge s ocit
t e ti am ,

icudn ATK' d fce ycams Ac o dn l d rn ted ma e p a e tejtywa o l
n l ig
S eiinc li . c r igy, u ig h a g s h s ,h t. s ny
t
t s d wih dee m i ngt n
a ke t tr ni he mountofda a sf rwhih S C wase il t r co ron is
m ge o
c N
ntted o e ve
t

a c lrto cam.OnNo e e 3 2 1 t j r a r e S da g si t ea u to
c eeain li
v mb r , 01 ,he u y wad d NC ma e n h mo n f
$ 2,0 .0.Th tsmed y t ec t'e trdaj d me tmpe n i t ej r ' vedcsa
33 8 00
a a a ,h out nee u g n i lme tng h u y s r it nd
t pa tes wrte a e m e on dama sz
he ri ' itn gr e nt
ge .

80h p riss b e u n l tldmoin f r u g n a amatro lw u d rRue5 (
t a t u s q e ty ie to s o j d me t s t f a n e l 0b)
e
e
oft Fe r Rul ofCi lPr e e.Thecou thed ahea i ont m o i on J nua y 11
he de al es
vi oc dur
r l
rng he tons a r ,
201 Durng t he rng, hepa te we e g a e t opporuniyt fl s e nt lbre s
2. i he a i t
ris r r nt d he
t t o ie uppl me a i f .
Themotonsha now be n f l bre e a a erpef r viw.
i
ve
e uly i f d nd r i or e e

2Thej dg ntwa ltra nd dt icud ATK' se li e ce icam.Att c ncuso
u me s ae me e o n l e
S te nd x rdt li
he o l in
oft p ris e d nc ,hec ur g a tdATK' u pp e mo in f j dg n a amal ro lw wih
he a te ' vie e t o t r ne
S no os d to or u me t s te f a t
r pe t t cl m .
es ct o hat ai

St
andar o R e e
d f vi w

Rue5 ()o t Fe ea Ru e o CiiPr c d r p r t tepat st fl r n we
l 0b f he d rl ls f vl o e u e emis h ri o i e e d
e
e

moin f r u g n a ama trof a flo n t ej r ' v r it ndt ee tyo j d me t
to s o j d me t s te 1w o lwig h u y s ed c a h n r f u g n .
Thec tmus grn aRul 50( motoni t r i nol alys t e e denir bassf a
our t a t
e b) i f hee s eg l ufkint vi tay i or

ra o a ej r t fn frt ep e al gp ryo ap iua is e Fe R. v. 5 ()1 .I
e s n bl u y o i d o h rv in a t n m c lr su . d. Ci P. 0 a( ) n
i
r i o t moton,t c tmus vi t e de a dr w al r s bl i e e esi t
ulng n he i he our
t ew he vi nce nd a l ea ona e nf r nc n he
lg mos fvo a et t no o ngpa t Lac v.W a - a tSt r .l , F. 255,259
iht t a r bl o he nm vi
ry, k
lM r o es nc.240 3d

( t Ci. 0 ) a dma n ts b ttt is ud me t o ta o t ej r o ma ece i ly
4h r 2 01, n y o u si e t j g n f r h t f h u y r k rdbit
u
i
deemi to ,Prcev.CiyofChal t,93F.d 1 ,1 (t Ci.1 .Thever c mus
tr nains i
t
rote
3 241 249 4h r 996)
dit t

b u h l i t eei e ie c u o whihar ao a l j r c udrtr avedc i fv ro t
e p ed f h r s v d n e p n c e s n b e u y o l eu n r it n a o f he
nonm ovi pa t Pr c ,93 F. at1
ng ry. i e
3d 24950.
Di
scussi
on
1
.

SNC' Rul 50( M o i
S e bà ton

S h srn we ismoinf r ud me ta amatro 1w wi r s e t oATK' ma s
NC a e e d t to o j g n s te f a t e p c t
h
S s
no ik a i Riht rpmnp, ntolvave , nd c le cai s Thec t l a r se ch of
tt ton, c e
co r l s a hil r l m .
our wil dd es a
t s c a m s i tun.
he e l i n t '
A.

M ass N ot fcaton
ii i

ATK ' mas no ii a i c am i onef br a h ofc r t Spe fc l ATK cl ms
S s tfc ton l i s
or e c
ontac . ciialy,
ai
t tSNC br a hed t pa te Con r c b f lng t pr d afr alr s t m t tpr des
ha
ec
he ris' ta t y aii o ovi e ie a m yse ha ovi
f rm a snotfca i n.
o
s
ii to
To s
uppor t s c ai a ti l A TK pr e ed a c ofa r po tpr pa e b W ila N .
t hi l m t r a ,
es nt
opy
e r e r d y li m
Br
ooks a pr es i le ne r r t i b SN C t pe f r a fr pr ec i de i a l i .
, of s ona ngi e e a ned y
o r o m i e ot ton s gn na ys s

4

Th a lsswa rq ie b Unfe Fa ite Crtra (UFC' 3 6 0 01a dteEn ie rn
e nay i s e ur d y iid cl is iei3 ; ' - 0 - n h gn ei g
i
û )
Funci lSpect tons(ç 'i or rtdi ot pa te 'Conrc. I t fr pr e ton
tona
ikai t ) nc po ae nt he ris ta t n he ie otci
EFS'
r por, c waspr pa ed i Aug tof2009,Br ksi cae t tt ç l ng fr alr
e twhih
e r n
us
oo ndi td ha he t di ie n m
bui
s t m 'i t ld a t NAC/
yse 'nsale t he
SAC ç l beavoiet s t wih m a snott a i
t l
wi
c ype ysem t s ik ton

c p bit y a dta ç sp a eswil eisaldo teitro a de tro o teb idn '
a a l y' n h ts l e k r l b n tle n h neir n xe ir f h u lig.
i '
l
'

( fsTra Ex 9 a 1 ) Ha kF o s , NC' p oe tma a e , sq e t n do co s
De
il . 0 t 6. n r e e S S rj c n g r wa u si e n r so
e m i ton by A TK ' c
xa na i
S ouns lr ga d ng t fr pr e i r por . W he as d i Br
e e r i he ie ot cton e t
n ke f ooks

t
houghtt tam a snotfc ton s t m wa r uie Fr er ponde i t a fr a i
ha
s
ii ai yse
s eq r d, oes es
d n he fim tve.

( 0312 1Tra Tr a 9 . Du igco igag me tATK' c u e ag e ta tefr
1 / /01 il . t 5) rn lsn r u n ,
S o nsl r u d h t h ie
p o e to rp r dsce ra d y'a dta tml s n tfc to i r q rda c r igt teg y
r tcin e o tç la s a , n h tt a s oiiain s e uie c o dn o h u
i
'
l
t a S hrdt b tere p r. (d. t2 7)
h t NC ie o e h i x e t' 1 a 4 .
'
Forispar,SN C pr s nt d t s i on i c tng t ta m a snott a i n s t m w asnot
t
t
e e e e tm y ndi a i ha
s
i to ys e
k

r r d by t pa tes Conta t Robe t a ze t,apr e sonale ne e o by S C,
equie
he ri '
r c.
r M r ti of s i
ngi er mpl yed
N
t sii dt ther vi we t EFS a t ap iabl c
e tfe ha
e e d he
nd he plc e odesct d i t EFS,i l ngUFC
ie n he
ncudi
3 600- , t tt c
- 01 and ha he odesdi notr quiet i t lai n o am a snotfcai s t m a t
d
e r he nsa lto f
s
ii ton yse t he

NAC/
SAC.(0 2 / 01 Tra Tr a 1 5 1 6. M az ti etfe t a t ec d srq ien w
1 / 42 1 il . t 0 - 0 ) rettsiid h t h o e e ur e
t nha t d'f r lbuidi t ha ama snotfc ton s t m ,a t tt NAC/
s bie ' ede a l ngs o ve
i
s
iia i yse nd ha he
SAC doesnot
co tt ea çiha t d'buidi f pup o esoft a i a ec s snc i doesno ha a
nsiut n tn bie ' l ng or
s
he pplc bl ode , i e t
t ve

n r l c u n yo 1 pe pe (d)Du i co i gagl n, NC' c u s l o u e o t
o ma o c pa c f 1 o l. L= rng lsn r l t S S o n e f c sd n he
me
t si
e tmony elcie fom M a z ti e
i td r
r et, mphaszng t tç u ha go t ha 11peo ei o de t be
i i ha d
yo ve t o ve
pl n r r o

3The Unii Fa ltesCrt i s t pr despl ng, desgn,consr ton,s t nm e ,
fed ciii
iera ysem ovi
anni
i
tuc i us ai nt

r sorto a mod r z tonc ie i a plc bl t al p rme tofDe e s prj cs
e t ain, nd e nia i rtra p ia e o lDe a t n
f n e o e t.

r s o il t p ti ama sn tfc to s se ' ( 0312 1Tra Tr a 1 3) S Sc t e
e p nsbe o u n s oiiain y tm. 1 / / 01 il . t 9 . NC' omsl
'
not d t tat
e ha lhoughATK ha i tal c i r d f l ngt mai e nc a oac utlz b
d nii ly onsde e olowi he ntna e ppr h iied y
a sm ia plnti Ge ma whih e oye a l a ttn wor r r ponsbl f rce ng a
i l r a n r ny, c mpl d t e s e
ke s es i e o lani nd
m ant i ngt a d pr ton a e ,ATK lt rde de t r l on pr ve a i mea ur st
i ani he ci oduci r as
ae ci d o ey
e nt tve
s e o
m a gecoroson and e e t l ng-e m pe f m mwe oft plnt whi h ne es iaeda muc
na
r i
xt nd he o tr
ror
he a , c c st t
h

s le n mb ro e ly e .(d a 1 3 1 4. Ree e cn tsi n fo J rdHe d ik,
malr u e f mpo e s l . t 9 - 9 ) fr n ig e tmo y r m ae n rc

ATK' la p o e te gn e , NC' c t e e h sz dt a ATK Cus h dt wo kn (t h
S e d rj c n ie r S S omsl mp a ie h t
j t a wo r ig a t e
NAC/
SACI'a dta çtha' n tma s' (d. t1 4)
, n h t s l ts o s . 1 a 9 .
'
g
'

Th j r utmaeyf u di fv ro ATK o isma sn tt to cam.l a c r a c
e u y li tl o n n a o f
n t s oi in li n c o d n e
ka
wiht ej r ' v r ito la ii a dtep ris wrte a r e n o d ma e ,h c u t
t h u ys edc n iblt n h a t ' itn ge me t n a g s te o r
y
e
e trdj g n i fv ro ATK i t ea u to $ 9 ,3 .2
n ee ud me t n a o f
n h mo n f 2 96 94 .
l isrn we moinu d rRue5 () S a g e t tt sb e c o c nr c cam
n t e e d to n e l 0b , NC r u s ha hi ra h f o ta t li
f isasa ma trofl w, a enoneoft a ia ec pr so ct d i t EFS,a
al
te
a bec us
he pplc bl ode ovii ns ie n he
nd
i po a e i o t pa te 'Cont a t r ui e SN C t i t la m a snotfca i s t m .
ncor r t d nt he ri s
r c , eq r d
o nsal
s
ii ton ys e
Dur ng t hea i on t i t ntm o i ,ATK ag e d t tt he EFS i t l w oft l nd, f
i he rng
he ns a
tons
r e ha ç
t
s he a
he a ' or
'

p po e o t ewokr q rdu d rteCo ta t 1 1 / 01 Tr a 1 ) ATK ds g e d,
u s s f h r e uie n e h nrc.(/ 12 2 . t 2.
ia re
howe r wih SNC' ar m e t tne t rt EFS nort a ia ec pr sonsr uie
ve , t
S pl nt ha ihe he
he pplc bl ode ovii eq r d
amas notfc ton s t m .The c tuli t l pe mitd bot sde t fl s e nt lbre s
s iia i yse
our tma ey r te
h i s o ie uppl me a i f
a es i t spa tc a cli . Addii ly, hec ta f de t pm i st opporu t t
ddr sng hi riulr am
tona l t our for d he
e he
tniy o
s i a y a tona code pr s onsnec s a y f a f lunde s a ng oft c esand
ubm t n ddii l
ovi i
e s r or ul
r t ndi
he od

sa r pe tne t t is ofmas noiiain.
tndads ri nt o he sue
s tfc to

6

Ha ng r viwe t r co d,ncl ng t a ia ec r cuala co pr vii
vi e e d he e r i udi he pplc bl onta t nd de o sons
c t d by t pa te , he c tconc ude ,a a m a t rofl w ,t tSN C w a notr quie t i t l a
ie
he r i s t our
l s s
te
a ha
s
e r d o ns a l
m as notf c ton s t m .A c or ngl f t r as s tf rh be ow ,t cou tw ilg a
s ii a i ys e
c di y, or he e ons e o t l
he r l r nt

SNC' r ne d m o i wih r pec t t scam .
S e we
ton t es t o hi li
1.

T he w or r
k equi e unde t C ont ac w as bas on t EFS.
rd
r he
r t
ed
he

Pur ua t t Co r c ,SNC a e d t pe f m $alW or r quie t co plt t
s nt o he nta t
gr e o ror C1
k e r d o m e e he

d sg , o sr cin sa t pa dtsigo teNAC/ AC fcl y. .' ( nr c j31) Th
e in c n tu to , tr- n etn f h
u
S a ii . . Co ta t .. e
t
'
Con r c dei t or ' la a a1 oft s r i e nec s a yf Contacort complt t
ta t tned s k'as tny nd 1 he e v c s e s r or
W
r t o
e e he
de i a c tu ton oft f clt r pr s ntd i is30% De i a t c ryoutt i e of
sgn nd onsr c i
he a iiy e e e e n t
sgn nd o a r
he ntnt

t eCo ta t'( nrc j111. Th Co ta tfrh rp o ie ta çth 40 Dei n s al
h nr c. Co ta t .4)) e nrc u te r vd d h t ç l e 3 % sg ' h l
'
l
b teb sso t W o ku d rt eDe in u l Op inf r h NAC/ AC fcl y' ( n rc j
e h a i f he r n e h sg z id to o t e
S a ii . Co ta t
t'
11m)) l i u ip tdt tS S3 % De inwa b sdo t rq ie n sc n an di t e
.( . t s nds u e ha NC' 0
sg s a e n he e urme t o tie n h
En ie rngFu cin lS e iiains(ç 'p o d db ATK.Th p risito u e te
gn ei n to a p cfc to : ) rvie y
EFS'
e at nrd cd h
e
EFS i o e de a til
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10

mor perol ,t co ta e wih S t tt UFC pr so r f e e i t EFS do no
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t
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e r he nsala i
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ma sn tkainrq ie n . (
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01
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ve.

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ooks fr pr e ton r por a co i ai Br ksmi htha m a i t c zs of
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pr pa i t r por.Fort f l ngr s ,t co ttndst s a gume sunpe s i
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nt
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(
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u p' Br a 4 ,
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esiy t ra
ve poston n hi te .
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e nty,
nno ey
se t
f rng n xpe t pi on he s ue
s
notfc ton. Se e g. Toki M a i & Fie I .Co. N or ol & W . ,Ca e N o.98- 05
ii a i
e, . ,
o rne
r ns
v. f k
Ry. s
1 0,

1 U. App.LEXI 476,a *1 ( hCi.J n.1 1 99)(t porssai a e r opi o
999 S.
S
t 0 4t r a 4, 9 ç
Re t ttng n xpet nin
tr no a isbl wihoutt pr pa e beng pr s n i c t ot tf ast hi q ii ai as
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. Unied aes 608 2d
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12

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pe f me ptrua t j6. 2. oft EFSa UFC 3- 01 t rpor saest tC
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6. 2. (t h r a lc be dsus t ef lo n mii m fr p oe to p o iins(n ld
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r q ie v . rvie )(mp a i a d d ; C 3 6 0 01 j14(a )
e urd $ p o d d e h ss d e ) UF - 0 - , - s me .
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t i r l nt
ont nds ha i
i
he r
por is l ha e he

r q rme t frt ePrj c ' n ta S wa ç o ta t al o lg tdt . .n tl afr
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l
he itd odes UFC
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o ror 1 he
wor r c
k e omm e d i t r por,i l ngwor whi m i tf l outi t s opeoft a t
nde n he e t ncudi
k ch gh a l sde he c
he cual
c r quie e s l e t rpor is fe
ode e r m nt. nde d, he e t tel mpha iest ti û snoti e d t be a
sz ha t û
i
nt nde o
c pr ns ve r vi w ofa 1a i bl co r quie e s nori i a de a l d r vi w ofa 1
om ehe i e e
l pplca e de e r m nt ,
s t t ie e e
1

d sg d c me tto . ( f' Tra Ex. 0a j 10)I se d t erp r i dc tsta i i
e in o u n ai n' De.s il 9 t .. n ta , h e o t n iae h t t s
'
i e
ntnded io beutlz d a ade in g def rt va i e ne rng dicplne i t
ç
t
iie s sg ui o he rous ngi e i s i i s n he

c mpeinof h p oe t e ind c me t, n t b i ga tn int a yp tnil o eis e t
o lto t e rjc d sg o u n s a d o rn te to o n oe ta c d su s o
Auh rte Ha i Jzidcin. (d)Ac od n l i t ea e c o a ya pl a l c d
to iis vng l s ito ' I . c r i gy,n h bsn e f n p i be o e
r
'
c
r uie t t c tag ee wih SNC t tt me ef c t tt r po t o edt i t lai
eq r men , he our r s t
ha he r a t ha he e r pr pos he nsalton
ofam a snotfc ton s t m di no c e t abi ngc r cualoblg ton.
s
ii ai yse d t r a e ndi onta t
iai
Fort r as nssa e t c ur c l
he e o t t d, he o t oncudest tATK ha f ie t esa ih t tSNC wa
ha
s a ld o t bls ha
s
m a t by co r c ,t i t l am a snottc ton s t m a t NAC/
ndaed,
nta t o nsal
s ii a i yse t he
SAC pln .Unde t
at
r he
a i bl codepr sonsct d i t EFS,am a sno ii ai n s t m wa r quied onl i t
pplca e
ovii
ie n he
s tfc to yse
se r
y f he
pl nthadbee r i l sa f d by ee n orm o epe s me . Bec us t e de a til
a
n outney t fe
lve
r ror l
a e he vi nce t ra
r ve l t tt NAC/
e aed ha he
SAC i nor lyoc upi by onl t i vi l ,hec t ncl ,
s ma l c ed
y wo ndi dua s t our co udes
a am a troflw,t am a snottc ton s tm wa no r quiedunde t pa tes Conta t
s
te
a hat
s ii a i yse
s te r
r he ri '
rc.

Ac o dngy, NC i e t ldt j d me to ATK' cam frb e c o c nr c p ran n t t e
c r i l S s n ie o u g n n
t
S li o ra h f o ta t e tii g o h
m a snotfc ton s t m,a SNC' r ne d moton wilbegr nt wih r s c t t scli .
s
i a i yse nd
S e we
i
l
a ed t e pe t o hi am
B.

Ri ht r Pum p and Cont olV al s
c e
r
ve

I isne s tofc er li ,
n t xt e
ount ca ms ATK a s re t tt Riht rpump a con r val s
s e td ha he c e
nd tol ve
i t l by SN C d d notf nc i pr pe l a t , ha SN C ' wor w ih r s tt t s ie s
nsaled
i
u ton o r y nd, hus t t
S k t e pec o he e t m

c n t ue bohab e c o c nrc a dab e c o e p e swa rny ej r wa isn ce
o si td t ra h f o ta t n ra h f x r s ra t .Th u y s n t ztd
t
t tATK wase il d t r co ront s cai i i f und t tATK esa ihedt es e i l
ha
ntte o e ve
he e l ms f t o
ha
t bls
he s nta
eeme sofeiherca eofa ton.
l nt
t
us
ci

1
4

1.

Br ach ofC ont act
e
r

To t e e ATK s htt r c rf br a h ofc r c bas d on t non-u toni
he xt nt
oug o e ove or e c
onta t e
he
f nci ng

Riht pumpa c r vave ,s hcam wa brug ptrua t j9. oft pa te
c er
nd ontol l s uc li s o ht ls nt o 4 he ris'
Conta t Seci n 9. tte û f c i wor 'pr vi sasf l :
r c . to 4, ild t e tve ky o de
De
'
olows
l c e a W o k i d ec i i a m a m e ,orot r s noti sr c
n as ny r s ef tve n ny l r
he wi e
n tit
co or a wiht r uie nt oft Contac ora ia el wsa
nf m nce t he eq r me s he
r t pplc bl a nd

r g ai n ,
e ulto s ATK s al a t erg t i e t rj c i,e uieis
h lh ve h ih et r o ee t tr q r t
h
c re to o a c p iwi a e utbea j sme tnt eCo ta tPrc
or cin, r c e t t t n q i l du t n i h nrc ie
h
a
orot c i r ton. ATK' a ce a eofnonc or ngW o k doe
her onsde a i
S c pt nc
onf mi
r
s
notr e e Co r c o fom iswa r nt orlt ntdef toblgai .Any
elas nta t r r t ra y a e
ec i tons

W o kt a ha b e rjce o rq ie c re o s al er pa e o
r h t s e n ee td r e ur s o rdin h lb e lc d r
c r c ed by,a a t e
or e t
nd t he xpens oft Con r c or 1 ,a t rno i by
e he
t a t . f f e tce
A TK ,Conta t f ist pr pty r pl ce o co r c a de e i W or
r c or a l o om l e a r r e t ny f ctve
k,

ATK ma ()rp a eo c re ts c W o ka dc r et Co ta trt
y:I e lc r o rc u h r n hag o nr co he
c t n u rdb ATK i d i s ; i) emiaet Co ta ti
os i c re y
n ong o (i tr n t he n rc n
a c r a c wih . .h Temiainf rDea l p o iin; n (i
c o d n e t . te r n to o fut r vso a d i)
i
r quie ar duc i i prcet ti e tbl unde t cic sanc .
e r e ton n i ha s quia e
r he r um t es
A TK m a e r s a o al oft f eg ng optonsa s h e r i e
y xe ci e ny r l he or oi
i
nd uc xe c s
s l no pr cudet e r ieofa o he rght unde t sConta t
hal t e l he xe c s
ny t r i s
r hi
r c.

( nrc j9. )
Co ta t 4.

I s e i j g n a amatro 1w wihrs e tot b e c of o ta tcams S
n e kng ud me t s t f a t ep c t he ra h c n rc li , NC
e
ag e t tATK fie t c mpl wi t en tc rq ie n s t o t i j94 Thsp riua
r u s ha
ald o o y t h oie e urme t e f rh n .. i a t lr
h
c
a g e t asATK emphasze i isr pl bre , sno r ie durngti l Even i i was
r um n ,
i s n t e y if wa t as d i ra .
ft
pr ry pr s r ed,
ope l e e v howe r t c t gr swih ATK t tt a gumen i wihoutm e i.
ve , he our a ee t
ha he r
ts t
rt

Ondie te a n to , b r M az ti S Sp oe te gn ei gma a e ,etfe
rc x miain Ro et ret, NC' rjc n ie rn n g r tsiid

t th wa rs nsbef ro es engt ep oe tst t h l t'whc i e tfe ie whih
ha e s epo i l o v re i h rj c' d mc i , ih d niid tms c
p
s'
weeic mpeeo rq ie f rh rwokb fr t ec mpeino teprj c.( 02 /01 Tra
r n o lt r e u rd u te r eo e h o lt f h oe t 1 / 42 1 il
o
Tr a 96. Suc ie i l boht Ri trpumpa t c r val s M az ti
. t ) h tms ncuded t he che
nd he ontol ve . ret
a know l d t tATK notted SN C abo de e tve pum ps durng t pt h ls pr es ,a
c
edge ha
ii
ut f c i
i he mc i t oc s nd
15

t a S iv si ae t eis ewihtepl ma u a trr (d a 1 6 0 . Li e s ,
h t NC n e tg td h su t h l
mp n fcu e . I . t 0 - 7) k wie
M a ze t t tfedt the i tgae ATK' c
r ti esii ha
nvesi t d
S ompli r a di t c r vaves andt the
ant eg r ng he ontol l ,
ha

wa a r t a ATK h drt re tev l st t ema u a trrf ris e to (d a 1 .
s wae h t
a eun d h ave o h n fcu e o n p cin. L= t 08)

Ad iin ly J rdHe d ik,
dto al, ae n rc ATK' p oe tma g r tsiidt a ATK a d S ds u sd
S rj c na e ,etfe h t
n NC ic se
pr e wih t Riht rpump a co r vavesbe or t complton oft NAC/
obl ms t he c e
nd ntol l
f e he
ei
he
SAC

c mmiso i g ( 02 /01 Tra Tr a 3 - .
o sin n . 1 / 82 1 il . t 940)
Alh u hj94 o t eCo ta trq ie ATK t n tf S r g r iga yd fcie
t o g . f h nrc e ur s
o o iy NC e adn n ee tv
wor t pr son doe no r quie a y pa tc arf m ofnotc Bas d on t t tmony
k, he ovi i
s t e r n riul or
ie. e
he esi
sl a i d a
lmm rze bove, her co d de
t e r monsr t t tATK notfe SNC oft pr blm sas oca e
taes ha
ii d
he o e
s it d
wih bo h t Riht rpump a t contolvave .l t a e e ofa r r mentast a
t t he c e
nd he
r l s n he bs nc
ny equie
o
s c fct ofnotc t co ti con nc d t tt pa tes dic sonsa s e nt
pe ii ype
ie, he ur s vi e ha he ri ' s us i
nd ubs que

i tgai stsyt notc pr sonofj9. a t tS Smotonmus bede e wih
nvesi tons aif he ie ovii
4, nd ha NC' i
t nid t
r s c t t sa g e .
e pe t o hi r um nt

2.

Br ac ofA r y
e h var any

I a dii t s ki r co r unde abr ch ofc ta tt or ATK alo s
n d ton o ee ng e ve y
r ea
on r c he y,
s oughtt
o
r c rt cossofr parng a orr pl cngt Rihtrpump a c r vavesunde a
e ove ht t
e ii nd/ e a i he c e
nd ontol l
r

b e c o war nyt e r .Th b e c o warn ycam i b sdo j1 . o tepate '
ra h f ra t h o y e ra h f ra t li s a e n 51 f h ris
Conta t pur ua t w hi h SN C e es l w a r nt t tisw or t ilbe c pl t ,a c a e,
r c , s nt o
c
xpr s y r a ed ha t
kt l
w
om e e c ur t

fe fom de e t , r soromisonsi e pmen ,ma e i ,c tuc in o de in f r s d,
re r
f c s eror
s i n qui
t t ral onsr to r sg u nihe

a di c mpin ewihter q rme t o teCo ta t'( nr c j1 ..
n n o la c t h e uie n s f h nr c. Co ta t 51)
'
I mo n fr u g n a amatro lw wihrs e t ot eb e c o war nycams
n vig o j d me t s te f a t ep c t h ra h f ra t li ,
S C a gue t tt c a m s f i be a e ATK di notofe e r t tm ony t pr t
N r s ha he l i a l c us
d
f r xpe t es i
o ove he
16

e se e ofapr tdef c .Fort f l ngr as , hec tc l
xit nc
oduc e t
he olowi e ons t our oncudest tt sa g e
ha hi r um nt
i w ihoutm eri
s t
t.

Themao iyo Vignac s sctdb S aep o u t la ii a t nsi whc
j rt f r ii a e i y NC r r d cs ib ly ci n ih
e
t o
p an if s u h t rc v rd ma e frp ro a ij re rs li fo alg dyd fcie
litfs o g t o e o e a g s o e s n l nu is e ut r m le e l ee tv
ng
p o u t.S e eg, re t IR. iz rCo.l .51 S. 2 6 5( .1 9 ) J l- e Ic v.
r d cs e , ..Gar tv.. W te .nc, 8 E.d 3 Va 9 9 ; ed W m n .
Ga e 5 S, 2d393( .1 ) Log nv. ontomevW ad& Co.21 S. 2d68 ( .
mbl, 01 E.
Va 998 ; a M g r r
, 9 E. 5 Va

1 7 ) Br wnv Ho a t r .5 Va Ci. 6 ( . r 2 0 ) Top e alnap o u t l b l y
9 5 ; o . b r Co p, 7 . r 2 9 Va Ci. 0 2 . rv i i r d cs i ii
a t
a ton t rVig ni l w, t rt c ei pr m ied onawa rnt t or o ane i e
c i mde r i a a whehe he as s e s
ra y he y r glg nce

t or apli ifmus s ( )t tt pr uc c ai dadeec t trndeedit e ona y
he y, antf t how 1 ha he od t ont ne
f t ha e r tmras bl
da r usf or nar orf e e a eus ( t tt dee te sedwhe t pr tlf t
nge o or di y ors e bl e; 2) ha he fc xit
n he oduc ethe

d f n a tsh n s a d( )ta ted fc a t al c u e t epanifsij y.Log n, 9
ee d n ' a d ; n 3 h t h e e t cu l a s d h litf nur
y
a 21
S. 2 a 6 7 s eas Alv o cr sv. c n e Co.9 F.d41 , 2 (t Ci.1 9 ) I
E.d t 8 ; e lo e r ma io He hig r , 93 2 7 4 0 4 h r 9 3 . n
s c c s s çe x e tetmo yi u ual n c say. .oetbihd f ci n s o
u h a e ,t l p r tsi n s s l e e s r . t sa ls ee t e s r
g
y
ve
d n eo n s o t ep o u t (n )c u ain. ChalsE. re d P ro a l u yLa i
a g r us e s f h r d c, a d a s to ' re F in , e s n lnir w n
'
Vignaj 1 . ( de . 0 3 ; e as W rg t E1Lil & Co.6 Va Ci.1 5 2 2( . r
r ii 93 3 d 2 0 ) s e lo ih v. i l
y
, 6 . r 9 , 2 Va Ci.
20)
0 4.
The i t ntca e,ofc s ,i no apr uc sla lt a ton.l i a c
nsa
s
our e s t od t ibiiy c i
t s omm eci
r al
c tu ton c e, n whi h SNC e es l wa r nt dt tiswor woul beS m plt a ur t ,
onsr c i as i
c
xpr sy ra e ha t
k
d l
co e e, cc a e
fe fom de e t ,e sorom isonsi e pm e ,ma e i ,c tuc in orde in f r s
re r
f c s nor
s i n qui nt t ral onsr to
sg u nihed,

a i c inc wiht r rme soft c ta t' ( ta tj 1 1) Coursha
nd n ompla e t he equie nt he onrc.' Conrc 5..
t ve
r c ze t co me cilc s sivol ng a a lge vi ai ofa e e swa r nt a e
e ogni d hat m r a a e n vi n le d olton n xpr s ra y r

ditng s efom pr t labiiyca e , ndt tt yaeno ne esaiys jc t t s
si uihabl r
oducs i lt s s a ha he r t c s rl ube t o he ame
17

e de ir r quie e s e, g.RM A Lumber l v. one rM a h.LLC,Ca e. 6: vi nta y e r m nt .Se e. ,
. nc. Pi e
c .
s No. 08

c 00023,2009U. Dit LEXI 1
vS. s.
S 08346,a * n. ( . Va.
t 22 6 W D. Nov.1 2009)( clni t
9,
de i ng o
t ket postont te r t si on i r quiedt esa ih abr c ofe es wa r t
a he ii ha xpe t e tm y s e r o t bls
ea h xpr s ran y

c nan di ac mme ca c nr c) I t i c s,h c u t g e swi ATK t a aly ro
o t ie n o ril o ta t. n hs a e te o r a re t
h
h t a pes n
co d de e mi whe he ornott Riht rpum p a c r val si t ld by SNC s tsi d
ul t r ne t r
he c e
nd ontol ve nsale
aife
t e e swa r nt pr son, nd t tno e r t si o wasr r d.
he xpr s ra y ovii a ha
xpe t e tm ny
equie
Addii l t co ta e swih ATK t tt l yt si o pr s nt d byATK was
tonaly, he ur gr e t
ha he a e tm ny e e e
s fcintt e tbls isbr c ofwa r nt cli s J r d He ik t sii d t tt c r
ufi e o sa ih t ea h
ra y am . a e
ndrc e tfe ha he ontol
val ha notf tone pr ry a hede c i d t m af tons Li wie He ik
ves ve
unci d ope l nd
s rbe he lunc i . ke s , ndrc

tsiidrg r i t ed t rusfiu e o t eRih e p u s' ( 02 / 01 Tra Tr a 1 5
etfe e adng h E l o alrs f h c tr tnp . 1 / 72 1 il . t 7 ;
n me
'
1 / 82 1Tra Tr a 4 . I l h o s c tsi n , u yc u dr a o a yfn t a S S
0 2 / 01 il . t 2) n i t f u h e t y aj r o l e s n bl i d h t NC'
g
mo
wor wih r s c t t vavesa ptmpswasnot(feefom de e t , r r oromi sonsi
k t e pe t o he l nd l
tr r
f c s ero s
si n
e pm e , a e i ,c tuc in,o desg f r s d,' sr quiedby t e e swa r nt
qui nt m t ral onsr to r i n u nihe 'a e r
he xpr s ra y
pr so i t Conta t Ac r i l SNC' r ne d moto wilbede e wih r pec t
ovii n n he
r c . co dngy,
S e we
in l
ni d t es t o
t s c ai s
he e l m .
C.

C hil
ler

S as se s u g n a amatro lw wi rs e tt ATK' c u tr li fr
NC lo e k j d me t s te f a t e p c o
h
S o n ecam o
br ac ofc r tpe ti ngt t c le .Attil ATK e ubls d t tS C' c ler
e h ontac rani o he hilr
ra ,
s ihe ha N S hil

i tl to viltdteNain l e tia Co e(( EC' a d tu ,h p ris Co ta t S
nsal in oae h to a Elcrc l d t ' n ,h s t e a t ' nrc . NC
a
' )
N
e
none he es a gue t tA TK i note il d t pr va lon isbr a h ofco r c c ai ,s nc A TK
t l s r s ha
s
ntte o e i
t ec
nt a t l m i e
.

f ie t m ii t is da ag . S C e pha i est tATK c d ha r quesed a va i nc f
a l d o tga e t m es N m s z ha
oul ve e
t
ra e or

18

t NEC vi ai whi i gr nt woul ha pr ve e ATK fom i uri t c t
he
ol ton, ch, f a ed,
d ve e nt d
r nc rng he oss
r uie t r m e t i t lai n de e t
eq r d o e dy he nsal to f c .
Topr valo ac am f br a o co r c unde Vigi alw , pl i ifm us esa ih
e i n l i or e ch f nta t
r r ni a a antf
t t bls

tle ee ns ç 1 alg lye fr e beo iai nof h d fn a t otep an if ( )te
l e lme t:( ) e al n oc a l bl to t e ee d n t h litf; 2 h
r
(
g

d f n a tsvolto o b e c o ta o iain a d( )ij r o d ma et tep an ifc u e
e e d n ' i ain r r a h f h t bl to ; n 3 nu y r a g o h litf a s d
g
b teb e c o o lg to . S mieCo tn i Cae LLC v. rg t 6 S. 2 1 2,1 5( .
y h r a h f b iai n' u s n iung r .
'
W ih , 71 E.d 3 3 Va
2 0 )(n en lctto a dq oainmak o te ) I t i c s ,t su dip tdta ATK
0 9 itr a iai n n u tto r s mitd . n hs ae ii n s u e h t
s tsi d e h oft eelm e t a til S C di no de y t tisi t lai oft c le
a ife ac
hes e n s t ra . N
d t n ha t nsal ton he hilr
vi a e t NEC a t Conta t nde d,Robe t a z tia m itd t t vi a in o die t
olt d he
nd he
r c .I e
r M r e t d te o he olto n r c
e mi to l a ton, a e He i kt sii d t tt Conta tr quied c
xa nai n. n ddii J r d ndrc e tfe ha he
r c e r ompla ewih t
inc t he
NEC a t tt c r nti t la i oft c le vi aest NEC.He ik as de c i t
nd ha he ure nsa lton he hilr ol t he
ndrc lo s rbed he

a tonst tmus bet ke i or rr ciy t vi a i Ba e on t t tmony ofM a ze t a
c i ha
t a n n de e tf he olton. s d
he esi
r ti nd

He d ik,h c u tsc n ic dt a tej r h ds fiin e ie et tn S la l o
n rc t e o r i o vn e h th u y a u fce t v d nc o i d NC ibe n
A TK ' c le c ai .
S hil r l m

W hie SNC a g st tATK c d ha m ii t d isda a s t sa gume pr vi sno
l
r ue ha
oul ve tga e t m ge , hi r
nt o de

b sst d su t h j r sfn igi fv ro ATK d rn t ela ii p a e AsATK
a i o ir p t e u y' i dn n a o f
u ig h ib ly h s .
t
e
mpha iesi isbrefi o
sz n t i n pposton,t m ii a i ofda gesi notan ee e ofa b ea h of
ii he tg ton
ma
s
lm nt
r c

c r tcli t rVigi alw, a a fr ai dee et t(hepa t t tbr ac d t
ontac am mde r ni a but n fim tve fns ha t
t
ry ha e he he
c r c bea st bur n ofpr vi .. b a pr po r nce oft e de e. J l s v.
ont a t r he de
o ng . y
e nde a
he vi nc ' o m on
'

W as ngon,Ca eNo.2: v204,2008U. DitLEXI 2408 a *1 ( D. M a .1
hi t
s
07c
S. s.
S
2, t 4 E. Va. r 2,
2008 (ii Fox- lrv. ri RoofngCo.327S. 2d95( .1 ) l a to
) ctng
sade Nors
i
,
E.
Va 985). n ddiin,
Gl nlkemos afr tvedee e , tg tonofda esi notadee et t ipr n,
dul i
t fimai fns s miiai
mag s
fns ha,f ove
19

co tt e a a ol e ba t t pli tf scli . M o ha v.Obi iM e M g . r .I ,
nsiut s n bs ut r o he a n if am ' na n
'
c d. mt Se vs. nc.

628S. 2d 33 3 ( .2006) I t d,ii adefns t tma rducet a
E. 0, 37 Va
. nsea t s e e ha y e
he mountofda ge
ma s
apl ntf i entte t r c rafe la lt hasbe n f
ai if s ild o e ove tr i biiy
e ound,l ;s ealo BilrI t e
d. e s te nvesm nt
V e ur 1 .
nt e I LLC v. a at A s and Pe r e l .LLC , s N o.1 04- - TLS, 1 U .
M r hon hl
t ol lm
Ca e
: CV 477201 S.

Dit L S 1 6 6 , t# 9( D.n De . 0 2 1 (i-eDee d nso frab if
s. EXI 4 6 3 a 7 N. I d. c 2 , 01 ) çl
-h fn a t fe re ,
unde l
veoped a gume t tt Pli if ha f ie t mii t da a s a t Pli tfs ...
r
nt ha he antfs ve a ld o tga e m ge , nd he a n if '
cai ss d t r o ef i. To bes e, he ei adut t m ii a eda a si apl i ifwihes
l m houl he ef r a l
ur t r s
y o tg t m ge f antf s
t r co on ac r c .Butast Pl i if a gue, hed yt mii t i a a fr tve de e e
o e ver
onta t
he antfs r t ut o tga e s n fimai
f ns
t r duc t n oun ofda a sa de e ntmus pa notade e et labiiy ....l t
o e e he m t
m ge
f nda
t y,
f ns o i lt
f he
De e an sa ef md la et t Pl ntf sf da ge , he e de e o t Pli if 'al ge
f nd t r ot ibl o he ai if or ma s t n vi nc f he antfs le d

f l et mii t wilberlva . J on, 08U. Dit LEXI 2408 a *1 1 ( a i
aiur o tgae l ee nt' ohns 20
);
S. s.
S
2 t 2- 3 grntng

s mmayj d me ti fv ro ted fn a to isc u tr li f rb e c o c n rc, n te
u r u g n n a o f h e e d n n t o necam o r a h f o ta ta d h n
pr ee ng t c i rt pli ifsm ii a i de e ei de e ni t a ountofda a s
oc di o onsde he antf ' tg ton f ns n t nni ng he m
m ge

t whc t ed fn a t se tte )
o ih h ee d n wa nild .
I ti c s , o sse twihtef rg igc s lw,h c u t e l e t gv t j r a
n h s a e c n itn t h o e on a e a te o r d ci d o ie he u y
n
m ii to i t ci d zi t la lt pha eoftil Thec t e t ts h i tuci n,i
tgai n nsnz ton trng he ibiiy s
ra .
our not d ha uc nsr to f
ne es a y,woul begi n dti t da a sphas oft ca e. See 1 31201 Tra Tr a 23
c sr
d
ve u ng he m ge
e he s
0/ / 1 il . t

($ t ee tn t a t eesan c siyf ramiiainisr cin, wil iei a p l o te
$ h x e t h t h r ' e e st o
To
tg to n tu to l l gv t s a4 f h

d ma ep a eo t ec s .) 1 a 1 4(S lm g igt s n (h c lelcam t tejl a
a g h s f h a e' ;d. t 3 ç o ' on o e d te hi r li o h t y s
'
i
l
r
wel t
l, hough wih t t rt ndi t ti ave di i r t ne i fvo ofATK on t tcai ,
t he mde sa ng ha f r ct s eur d n a r
ha l m

t tyo wilbee ildt amii to i tucin,(nd)ha t s cilver c f r i tuced
ha u l ntte o tgain nsr to a
ve he pe a dit om nsr t

a cor ngl ' .Rahe t nha ngt j yde et meatr ofdama sa s itdwiht
c di y.) t r ha vi he ur dd he sle
'
ge socae t he
20

c ilrcam, NC ulmaeya r e , ro t rc iigtej r ' v r ito la ii ,osiu ae
h l li S
e
t tl g e d p ir o e evn h u ys ed c n iblt t tp lt
i
y
t t n oun ofda est tATK woul bee ild t r co ro isc le cli i ATK
o he m t
mag ha
d
ntte o e ve n t hilr am f
pr vaied d i t la lt phas Cons que l t pa tesdi notpr e e denc dlrng
e l urng he ibiiy
e.
e nty, he ri d
es nt vi e zi

ted ma e p a er g r igtec i e o S Smig to d fn e a dt j r wa n t s e
h a g s h s e adn h hl r r NC' t ain ee s , n he u y s o a k d
l
i
t de e mi t a
o t r ne he mountofda est tATK wa e il d t r c rt r med t i t la i
mag ha
s ntte o e ove o e y he nsa lton
de ec .
f t

Unde t s c r umsa e ,t c t sco nc d t tSNC' m oto m us bede e
r he e ic tnc s he our i nvi e ha
S in
t
ni d
w ih r pe tt t scli .Si et mii ton ofd ge i no a a fr tvede ens t
t es c o hi a m
nc he tga i
nma s s t n fima i
f eo
labiiy,a snc net rt c lerca m nort mii ton de e ewa pr en e durng t
i lt nd i e ihe he hil li
he tga i
f ns s es t d i he

d ma e p s , NC i n t n ildt j g n a amatro 1w o tebai o t sd fn e
a g s hae S s o e tte o ud me t s te f a n h ss f hi ee s .
S eBa c c v. ls uhAd e . Pu ' Co p, 4 F.d7 , 6( t Ci. 0 )(çu g n a
e b o k Bel o t v r & b g r .3 8 3 3 7 4h r 2 03 s d me t s
l
ama troflw i a o it onl whe t pa t hasbe n f lyhea d on a is a t r i no
te
a s ppr pra e y
n a ry
e ul
r
n s ue nd he e s

lg l s fiin e i e tayb ssf rara o a l j r t f df rt a p ryo ta is .)
e al u fce t v d nir a i o e s n be u y o i o h t at n h t sue'
y
n
'
(u tn Fe . Ci P. 0 a( ).Ac odigy S Srn we mo inwi as b d ne wih
q o ig d R. v. 5 ()1) c r n l, NC' e e d to l lo e e id t
l
r pe tt ATK ' c le cl i .
es c o
S hil r a m

I.
I

ATK' Rul 50( M oi
S e b) ton

Fo isp r,
r t a tATK ha mo e fr u g n a amatro 1w o S Sa c lrto
s v d o j d me t s te f a n NC' c eeai n
cl m ,hr
ai t ough whih SNC s
c
oughtt r c rc t t ta os whe ATK r us t gr n a
o e ove oss ha r e
n
ef ed o a t n
extnso oftm ef weahe -e aeddelysa r uie SNC t a r t t orgi ld dlne
e i n i or t rr l t
a nd eq r d
o dhe e o he i na ea i

stf rhi t eCo ta t ej r f t i fv ro S o ti cam a da r e d ma e i
e o t n h nr c.Th u y omd n a o f NC n h s li n wad d a g s n
t a mtof$332, 00.I se ngj me asamatroflw,
he mot
800. n e ki udg nt
te a ATK ague t tSNC was
r s ha
r r d t pr de t tde a notc ofa c t u tve or rt ac e er t ' a t tATK f ied
equie o ovi t - ni l i e
pos
ons r c i
de o c l a e, nd ha
'
al

t 1151t sr uie .( Br i Supp.ofM ota 1) ATK as aguest tt e de e
o t. hi eq rment ATK .n
1
.t .
lo r
ha he vi nc
21

wa i u fce t o ar a o a l j r t fn t a S p o el rq e tdat e tn ino ta
s ns fiin f r e s n be u y o id h t NC r p ry e u se i x e so r h t
me
ATK t e onabl f l orr f edt g an t r quesed e e i Fo t r s t t
mr as
y aied e us o r t he e t xtnson. r he ea ons ha
f l t cou tfndse c ofATK ' a g e t u r uasve.
olow, he r i
ah
S r um n s npe s i
A.

T he E l m e sofC ons r tve A c el r i
e nt
t uc i
c e at on

Ac l rto ca msf l it t ge r lcae i : a msf acuala cee a i whih
ce e ai n li al n o wo ne a tgores cli or t c lr ton, c
a iewhe aco r c o ha be n e e sy or r t pik up t pac ofwor a c am sf
zs
n
nta t r s e xpr s l de ed o c
he e
k; nd l i or

c n tu t a c lrt n, ihaie a i ti c s,t e ac n rco ha aj siidcam f r
o sr ci c eeai whc rs , s n h s a e i n o ta tr s u tfe li o
ve
o
wh

a e tn ino t , u i r q ie t ic ra dt n l x e s sbe a et p oe to e
n x e so f i b t s e urd o n u d io a e p n e c us he rjc wn r
me
i
r f s st ga thee tn in a drq ie tec nr co t c mplt tep o e t yteo iia
eu e o r n t xe so n e urs h o ta tr o o ee h rj c b h rgn l
c ein dae. Shema R.SmootCo. Stt ofOhi 736N. 2d69,78( oCt App.
omplto t ' r n
'
v. ae
o,
E.
Ohi .

20 0 ; e as En r tc Co . Teme seValyAuh.71 F. u p. 9 1 2( . Ky.
0 ) s e lo vioe h p v. l se l
e t , 5 S p 1 0, 9 W D.
1 8 (-h b ssf rrc v rn frc nsr ciea c lrto i t thec nr co e c u trd
98 ) tl e a i o e o e ig o o tu tv c eeain s ha t o ta tr n o n ee
ta e us bl de a butt c r ci ofi e woul notg a tatm ee e i t r ove t l t
n xc a e ly
he onta tng fc r
d
r n i xt nson o ec r he os
t . .
l

Thepa te ha notciedt a ca e 1w fom t Unied Stt Cour ofAppe l f t
ris ve
t o ny s a r he t a es
t
a s or he
Fourh Cic to t Vigi aSupr m eCo tr c zi o a yi ac t u tveac e e ai n
t r ui r he r ni
e
ur e ogni ng r ppl ng onsr c i
c l r to

cam .No eh ls , o tu t ea c lrto Gsrc g ie i ma yj rs ito , M t d c &
li
n t ee s c nsr ci c eeai n û e o nz d n n u id cins' l o k
v
i
' r
S n Co sr.n . . h e Ge rl n t.I c, 61F.d 8 7, 41( t Ci, 0 6 , n t e
o s n t.Ic v Go e n nea Co sr.n .4 3 3 8 7h r 2 0 ) a d h
pa tesdo notdiput t ts acai i vi eunde Vigi a lw,
ri
s e ha uch l m s abl
r r ni a 6
6Acc di t t pari , t onl deci on by af alcour i Vigi a i vi a cl m of
or ng o he tes he y
si
eder
t n r ni nvol ng ai

c sr tv a c lr to i M c vt & Sr e Co. Ma ro t p, 3F. pp. 6( D. .1 9 .
on tucie c ee ain s De it te t v. rit Cor .71 Su 90 E. Va 98 )
l isbrifdicusson oft scl m ,t M cDevitCour sat t tda contac orm a onl r
nt e s i
hi ai he
t
t t ed ha ç
r t
y y ecove f t
r or he

i r s dc sso a c lr toni ic ne tbls t r eprdiaes $1 ta a y d lysgvi rs t t
ncea e o t f c eeai f t a sa ih h e e c t : ( ) h t n ea i ng ie o he
o d rwe ee u a e,2)t t h c nta t wa o dee t a c lrt , n ()t tt ec nta t i fc
r e r xc s bl ( ha t e o rcor s r r d o c eea e a d 3 ha h o rcor n a t
a c lrt dpef r nc a ic r de tac ss''d. t91 ( uo i No arEnc' Cor v. td
c ee ae ro ma e nd n ure x r o t.'l a 5 q tng r i
a p. Unie
Stt , 6F. 5 5 ( . .1 :.Th Cou tutmaey h l t c n rcorsa c lrto cam
aes 66 2d 46, 48 Ct Cl 981
e r li t l ed he o ta t ' c eea in li
f l becauset c r ordi note
aied
he ontact d
ncount any excus e del . l
er
abl ays d.

22

Th mao iyof a e iv li camsf rc n tu t ea c lrto h v b e lt ae i
e j rt c s s n ovng li o o sr ci c eeain a e e n ii td n
v
g
t f de a a nc a
he e r l ge y ppea s boa ds a t Unie St t s Cour ofFe r Cl m s a ha
l
r nd he t d a e
t
de al ai , nd ve

i ve co tuci orpr ur m e co r c swih t f r lgove n t Se Stve G. .
nvol d nsr ton
oc e nt nta t t he ede a
r men . e e n M

St n,Consr ci La P 6. ( xiNe s201 ;Bar B. a e& M i e T.Calha
ei
tu ton w, 12 Le s xi 2) ry Brmbl
cha l
la n,

Co t cinDea Cli ,j6.5( e ta 2 2 .Th t e r h sas b e uiie , o v r
nsnzto lv ams 0 W slw 01 ) e h o y a lo e n tl d h we e ,
z
i c s s i vi c ai sa i tprva e co r c or ,a w e lass a e a l lgove nm en
n a e nvol ng l m ga ns i t nt a t s s l
t t nd oca
r
t
e ii . Se e. , ur k & Sons Co t . l ,461F. a 838,M c e t & Stee Co.
nttes e, g. M doc
nsr. nc.
3d t . D vit
'
r t v.

M a i t Co p.71 F. u p. 0 91 ( D. . 9 9 ; vr tc , 5F. u p. t1 ;
n ot r , 3 S p 9 6, 5 E. Va 1 8 ) En io e h 71 S p a 91
She m a R.Sm ootCo. 7 N. 2d a 72; u- n Cop . St t ofllnoi ,5 11 Ct Cl 5 51
r n
, 36 E. t Fr co
v. a e li s 0 1. . . 0,

(1. . . 9 6 ; p' o Trn p v. i Co sr Co, 6 A.d7 3 7 6( . mmw. .
11 Ct C1 1 9 ) De t f a s . Ano n t. .6 6 2 5 , 5 Pa Co
Ct
1 .
995)

l rzigo ATK' moinf rs mmayj d me t t r s e tt t scam,h c u t
n tn n
l
S to o u r u g n wi e p c o hi li te o r
h
r cog z d t dif r ntf mul to ha be us d i s ti f t t r quiieeeme sof
e nie hat fe e or ai ns ve en e n e tng orh he e st l nt
c t c i a c l r ton.Theco tuli a ey a pt d t sn r s tf t byt Unied
onsnltve c e e a i
ur tm t l do e he fnda d e orh he t
St t sCour ofAppea sf t Se nt Cic ti M ur k & SonsCo tu ton. nc.461F.
ae
t
l or he ve h r ui n
doc
nsr c i l ,
3d
a 8 whi h a s i l d ac tu ton dip ebewe n t prva ee iis Spect al t
t 40, c lo nvove onsr c i s ut t e wo i t ntte .
ik ly,he
c t l t tSN C woul ber uie t pr t f l ngelm e t i or rt pr valon is
our hed ha
d eq r d o ove he olowi e n s n de o e i t

c tu tveac elrtoncam:( )t tSNC expeinc a exc a edea e ilngit a
onsr ci c eai li 1 ha
re ed n us bl ly ntti t o

tmee tnso ()t a S p o e l r q e tdtee tn in ( )ta ATK fie o rf e t
i x e in; 2 h t NC r p ry e u se h x e so ; 3 h t
ald r eusd o
g a therq e tde tnso ( ) h t
r n t e u se xe in: 4 t a ATK d ma d dta tep o e t ec mp ee b te
e n e h t h rj c b o ltd y h
orgi c ei de dlnede piet e usbl dea a ()t tS a ualya ceeae
i nal omplton a i s t he xc a e ly; nd 5 ha NC ct l c lrtd
t wor i or rt c eet prjc b t orgi lco ei daea i ure a d
he k n de o omplt he oe t y he i na mplton t nd nc rd dde

23

c ssa ars l.S eMu d c 46 F.da 8 0(eerdt b tep risi t i c s a te
o t s e ut e r o k, 1 3 t 4 rfre o y h a t n hs a e s h
e
S ur kt f' 7
t doc es )
M

l mo n f r u g n a amatro lw,
n vig o j d me t s te f a ATK agu s a i ddo s mmayj d me t
r e, s t i n u r u g n
a a ti ,t tç tde a notc ofac tu tveor rt a elr t 'i a es e ta e e nt
nd t ral ha ç - ni l ie
pos
onsr c i de o cc e ae' s n s n i l l me

o c n tu tv a c lrto a d tu ,h theMu d c ts i ic mp ee ( Br i Su . f
f o sr cie c eeain n ,h s t a t
r o k et s n o lt. ATK .n pp o
Mo . t12. ATK ctst eUntdS ae Co r o Ap e l f rt F dea Cic i' d cso i
ta - )
ie h ie tts u t f p as o he e rl ruts e iin n
F a e Co t. . UntdS ae , 4F.d 1 5 ( d Ci. 0 4 ,nwh c teCo r stf rh
r sr nsr Co v. ie tts 38 3 3 4 Fe . r 2 0 ) i ih h u t e o t
fveelm e st tmus be s tsi d i or rt pr vai on ac tu tveac e e ai cai .For
i e nt ha
t a ife n de o e l
onsr c i
c l r ton l m

t f t ee ntt Cour sae t tdhegove n nt( t i itjonco ei oft
he ourh lme ,he
t ttd ha '
t
r me mus) nssl
mplton he
c r twihi ape i s trt n t perod t whih t co r c orwoul be e ild by
ontac t n
rod hore ha he i o c he nta t
d
ntte

t ki i o ac ountt pe i ofe us bl de a a trwhi ht c r corr uslnottvlt
a ng nt c
he rod xc a e ly, fe
c he onta t m t il he
go nme t ti r ar d t al edor rt a c l r t asa c tuci c ng t t
ver nt ha t eg de he leg
de o c e e ae
onsr tve ha e o he

c nrc . l a 1 61(mp a i a d d .Reyn o F a e a dohe d cso ivovigcams
o ta t' d. t 3 e h ss d e ) lig n r sr n t r e iins n l n li
'
agans t Unied St es ATK m ant i t ti tde a notc ofaco t c i o de t
i t he t at ,
i ans ha i - ni l i e
pos
nsnztve r r o

a c lrt'i û e urdb lw. ( Br i S p . f o . t1)
c eeae's t q ie y a ' ATK .n u p o M ta .
r
'

1I M ur k, t Sevent Cicui r i upon t el e sdes ri by t Ohi Cour of
n
doc he
h r t eled
he em nt c bed he o
t
Appeal i Sher R.Sm ootCo. 736N . 2d at78. Thesamet thasbee utlzed by ot c s,
sn
man
,
E.
es
n ii
her ourt
i udi t Unied St esDiti Cour f t W eser D it itofKent t a t Cour ofCl m s
ncl ng he t
at
srct
t or he
t n src
ucl nd he
y
t
ai
ofIlnoi SeeEnviot 715F.Supp.at1 Fr con Cor ,50 11 Ct Cl at93. Li s t e ies
li s.
r ech,
92; up. 1. . .
kewie, r ats
on consr ton 1 ha s f t t s ebasc el e sne sa y t e t blsh a cl m f cons r i
tuc i aw ve et orh he am
i em nt ces r o s a i
ai or
tuctve

a c lrto Se ,ec, sr to La a P 6.2CTheba i elme sofac tu tvea c lrto
c ee ain. e ..Con tucin w t 1
sc e nt
onsr ci c ee ain
cam aewel sa ih d:( )e u a edea ( no iet t dee a toft e u a ed lya
li r le tbl e 1 xc s bl ly; 2) tc o he fnd n he xc s bl ea nd
s
r q s f ra e tnso oftme ( )rf a o f iu et g a tt r q se e t n inwihi a
e ue t o n xe in i ; 3 eus l r alr o r n he e ue td x e so t n
r a o bl tme ( a e r s o i le or rt a c lrt ; nd( )a t a a c lrto ' ;
e s na e i ; 4) n xp e s r mpid de o c ee ae a 5 c u l c ee ain.)
'
Consr ci Dea Cli a j6. (a ) s eas S e e B. se & Da e L. al c The
tu ton ly ams t 05 s me ; e lo tph n Le s r
nil W l h,
a
Twel Deadl Si An OwnersGui t Avoi na Li lw Forl pled Oblca i DurnMt
ve
y ns:
'
de o
di
abii
m i
i tons i he

Con tuci ofaPr e t TheCo tuci La r 28Co t. wye l ,W itr20 (etn f t
sr ton
oic,
nsr ton wye,
nsr La r 5 n e 08 stig orh
t s mefveee nsne e s r t prval acam f c nsr c i a c lrto .
he a i lme t c sa y o e ion li or o tu tve c ee ain)
24

W hie t ac e e a i c e de i edby t Fe r Cic ta t Boa dsofConta t
l he c l r ton as s c d
he de al r ui nd he r
rc
A ppea s a e i t uc i ,t c r i una e t c urwih ATK ' s
l r ns r tve he ou t s bl o onc
t
S ugge to t tt y a e
s i n ha he r

c r lng i t i t ntc e,sncet y i vecli sa ns t Unie St t .Asnot d i
ontoli n he nsa as i he nvol am gai t he t d aes
e n
s ve a oft m or r c ntc t uc i a c e a i c s s i vi cl i sag ns t f de a
e r l he
e e e ons r tve c el r ton a e nvol ng a m
ai t he e r l

go r nt i udi Fr s r s h cli sa ns t Unie Stt sa ebr
ve nme , ncl ng a e , uc am gai t he td a e r oughtpur ua t t
s nt o he
sa r c nge ca e, c i r quie f rm os f de a co tu ton c r c s pur ua t 48
t nda d ha s lus whih s e r d o
t e r l nsr c i onta t, s nt o

C. R. 5 2 3 4.S eFrs r 3 4F.da 1 6 ( oi t t cam frc n tu t
F. j 2.4 - e a e, 8 3 t 3 0 n t ha a li o o sr ci
ng
ve
a c eai (aie t rt c ng clus ' sealoAz ev. t Stt ,Cas No.96c elrton çrs s mde he ha es a e); e s ur Unied aes e

5 5 1 9 U.. p.
0 4, 9 7 S Ap LEXI 2 3 5 a * ( d. r Oc. 4 1 9 )(s e t esa ad
S 9 6 , t 7 Fe Ci. t2 , 9 7 ç r h tnd r
und
c nge c a e c a ne i t sc nta t t gove nme m a m a ac nget t c r t
ha s l us onti d n hi o r c , he
r nt y ke ha
o he ontac,

i cu i ga o d rt a c lrt wo k a dma ea e utbl a j t n f rt wo k.)(i n
n ld n n r e o c eeae r , n k n q i e dusme t o he r ' ct g
a
' i
48C. R.j5 .4 - ) Edg Co t. v UntdS ae , Fe . . 0 , 21( e . . 01 )
F. 22 3 4 ; e nsr Co. . ie tts 95 d Cl4 7 4 F d Cl2 0
(ç c lr t n-a ta o c n tu tv - i ab ssu o whc ac nrco mih bea l t
ç eeai
Ac
o cu l r o sr cie s a i p n ih o ta tr g t be o
r c ve d ma e fru us al sv r we t e .)(iig4 C. R. 2.4 - )
e o r a g s o n u ly e e e ah r' ctn 8 F. 5 2 3 4 .
'
Se ton 52. 4 oft Fe r Ac ston Re a i s cii al pe mist
ci
243he de al quiii
gultons pe fc ly r t he
co r c i ofi rt is ac ng o de die tngac e e ai n i t pe f r a eoft wo k,
nta tng tce o s ue ha e r r r c i
c l r to n he r o m nc
he r
a e e syr uie aco r t t s t ti no ii dt c r ci ofi e t ti r ga de
nd xpr s l eq r s ntacor o how ha t tfe he onta tng fc r ha t e r d
a ot wrten o o alc
ny her it r r omm unia i c usng a c e a i a ac ng or r Ther gulton
c ton a i c elr ton s ha e de .
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y t e wrt n r rl r e whc a usd n h s aa rph b) icu e
t
dr cin,nsr cin itmrtto o d tr n to ) r m teCo ta t
ie to i tu to ,ne eain, r eemiain fo h nr ci
ng
Ofk e t tc us a c ng s l be te td a a c nge or runde t s
t r ha a es ha e hal r ae s ha
de
r hi
c a e;pr vi t t t Conta t gi t Co r c o wrte notc
l us
o ded ha he
r cor ves he nta t r itn ie

saiz( )t ed t , ic msa c s a ds u c o teo d ra d ()ta te
ttn 1 h ae cru tn e , n o re f h r e n 2 h t h
Cont a t r a dst or rasa c ng o de .
r c or ec r he de
ha e r r

48C. R,j52. 4(mphassa d)
F.
243- e
i dde .Coursa c
t nd omme aor ha r ogniedt tii t s
ntt s ve ec z ha t s hi
r ul ton t tpr de t ba i f t notc r uie ntr er nc d i Fr e . Se e. , u
eg a i ha ovi s he ss or he ie eq r me ef e e n as r e, g.Fr -

Co Co sr Co p. UntdS ae , 3F d C13 6 3 9 3 5n 5 ( e . .1 9 )(iigt e
n n t. r v. i tts 4 e . . 0 , 2 , 3 . 0 F d Cl 9 9 ctn h
e
c rc pr vii ba e on48C. R.j52. 4ande szi t tçhec rc r quie
onta t o son s d
F.
243mpha i ng ha ç onta t e rd
t
pli ift pr dem itnnotc i ...tbeive iwasbengdiece t a c eael;Caf
antf o ovi
te ie f i le d t
i r td o c elrt' lon

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n t.I . Un td àts 8 . . 2 , 3 C1Ct 9 9 tf e a e lu e tts h t
d'
i t c r t r cevesdie to fom t c r c i ofk e t tc nge t c r c a i
f he ontacor e i
r ci n r he onta tng t r ha ha s he onta t nd s
no a ompa e by af malc ngeor r t con r c o mus pr d wrte no i t t
t cc
nid
or
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de , he ta t r t ovi e itn tce o he

c nrcigo fc rta i c n iest eo d rac a g i t ec nr c. J hnCiii, r, lh
o ta tn fie h tt o sd r h r e h n e n h o ta tl; o
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nitai f venme
r cs 4, 4t d.

2 0 )(o igt t4 C. R. 5 .4 - *)ûe ur sm itnn tc o c n tu tv a c lrto
0 6 n tn ha 8 F. j 22 3 4 i q ie te oie f o sr ci e c eeain
r
o d r' Go r me tCo ta t: w. mi itainPr c d r j283 0( atrW is ne )
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e lo d.
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Le iNe i 01 ) çn h o tx f o sr cin o ta tt o ta tr t lo h w h t
1
i notfed t c r c i ofi e w ihi 30 da t tt go r e ' a e e a i n or rwasa
t ii he ont a tng fc r t n
ys ha he ve nm nt s cc l r to de

c tuci c nge' (ii 48C. R.j52. 4 .
onsr tve ha .) ctng
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F.
243-)

26

UnlkeFr s ra t c esct d t r i t f de algo nme i notapa t t t
i
a e nd he as ie he e n, he e r ver nt s
ry o he

c nr c i t ei sa t a e a dteei n id c to t a t Co ta ti oh r s s be to
o ta t n h n tn c s , n h r s o n iain h the nrc s te wie u jc t
j52. 4.Acc di y,t c trmai c vi e t tFr e i notcontoli i t i t
243or ngl he our e ns on nc d ha asr s
r lng n he nsnnt
c e,a t tl tde alnotc ofac tu tveor rt a ee ae'i no t e r d b l w'i
as nd ha t - ni
pos
ie
onsr c i de o cc lr t ' s t t quie y a ' n
r

e eya to ivovn acam o c n tu t ea c lrto . (
v r cin n lig li f o sr ci c eeain' ATK' Br i S p . t1)
v
S .n u p a .
Ale na i y,ATK as t c t o r e asm a troflw,t tt Conta t is l,
tr tvel
ks he our t ul,
te
a ha he
r c ,t ef
r quied SNC t pr d wrte no iet ti r ga de ATK ' a tonsa an a c e a i or r
e r
o ovi e itn tc ha t e r d
S ci
s c elr ton de

a da A' drce c n et teCo ta t (
n n T ie td ha g o h n rc. ATK' Br i Su p. t6. Ha n c rf ly
KS .n p a ) vig ae ul
r vi
e ewedt a iabl pori oft Conta t howe r t co ti t bl t do s Unlke
he pplc e tons he
rc,
ve , he ur s ma e o
o. i

48C. R.j5 2434,whihex esl a e s d hang ....( ieci ac elrtoni t
F. 2. c pr sy ddrses ç es
c
djr tng c eai n he
pe f ma eoft wor 'andwhih s c fc l r quie ac r c ort gi ç it n notce...
ror nc
he k,'
c pe ii aly e r s onta t o ve ç te
wr
i

t a t eCo ta trr g r sg c n tu t eod r oa c lrt)a ac a g od r'ter lv n
h t h nr co e a d a o sr ci r e t c eeae s h n e r e , h ee a t
v
'
pr s ons i t i t ntCo r c do noti l s h l ng e. I t ad, he onl t -K - i e t
ovi i n he ns a
nt a t
nc ude uc a uag ns e t
y W l D r c ed
-

Cha s'eer t i t Conta taet itnor rs, b whihATK S kes c nge
nge 'rfred o n he rc r s te de ll' y c
wr
'
s g) ha s
ma
wihi t ge r s
t n he ne al copeoft t pesofs r c pr de byt Conta t unde t sConta t'
he y
e vies ovi d he
r c or
r hi
r c.
'

( n rc a j1 1) Th p o so frh rsae ta teCo ta trC h l i e n tec a g
Co ta t t 2.. e r vii n u te tts h t h nr co t almplme t h h n e
s

8A St Courtnot i Fr con, t e fc o d n n aj t idt e t n ina , t hes me
he
ed n uhe fe t f e yig usi e i x e so nd a t a
f me
tme,hol ng t contac ort t orgi compl i dat i e iy pe cei es aly i acas s
i
di he
r t o he i nal
eton e, s asl r ved, peci l n
e uch
ast s wher t cont a orf t pos biiy ofbei r ponsbl f lqui ed damagesi t
hi,
e he
r ct aces he si lt
ng es i e or i dat
f he

prjc i no c mpltdo tme Fr- n,5 11CtCla 93.I a atmptt a oi lquiae
oe ts t o ee n i , uco 0 1. . .t n n te o v d i d td
da g s t c ta t wili l a c e aeispe f ma e Se l (t e f c ofs c ap iino
ma e ,he on rcor l lkey c elrt t ror nc . e d. 6 fe t u h osto n
The
a contac ori f rl obvi
r t s ai y
ous. l lqui ed da agesar pr de f i t cont ct aswast cas
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ra ,
he e
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et
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ibl

f rlqui t dda g s' ;s eas No arEnM zCo p. Unie Stts 6 F.d 5 ,5 ( . .1 )
o i dae ma e .) e lo r i ' r v. td ae , 66 2 46 49 Ct CI 981
'
(ç ep e s r a id e ni iwe eme ey i ii . .sp riulrysr gwhe eIqudae
$
Th r s u e pple , ve f t r r l mplct . i a tc al ton
r i i td
da g sho ri t eb c r un ' .
ma e ve n h a kg o d.)
'
27

i a c r a c wihteisr cin fo ATK. (d)Th c u t g e swi S t a t eei
n c o d n e t h n tu to s r m
' L= e o r a re t NC h t h r s
'
h
not ng i t spr son,ora ot rpr s on w ihi Se ton 1 whi h e es l r quies
hi n hi ovi i
ny he ovi i
t n c i 2, c xpr sy e r

SNC t pr det tde a notc ...ha i i e pr t d ATK ' a tonsasor rng
o ovi t - nil ie t t t ntr e e
pos
S ci
de i

a c lr t n. ( Br i S p . fMo . t6)Ac odngy,hec u t e isc n i e ta i
c eeai ' ATK .n u p o ta . c r i l t o r rman o vnc d h t t
o '

p o ryrle u o teM u d c ts t isr c t ej r a til
r pel eid p n h r o k e t o n tu t h u y tra.
B.

T he Suf i e y oft Evi nc
fci nc
he de e

A TK alo a g t tt e de w asi uf i n t s ts y t e e e s ofc t u tve
s r ues ha he vi nce
ns fc e t o a i f he l m nt
ons r c i

a c lrto t t r i ld di t ec u tsj r isr cins F rt ef lo ngr ao ,h
c eeain ha wee ncu e n h o r' u y n tu t . o h olwi e s ns te
o
cour co l st tATK' e d nta y c le sa ea s wihoutm e i.
t ncude ha
S vi e ir ha lnge r lo t
rt
The c tsfnali t u tons o co t u tve ac e er ton r d,i pe tne pa t a
our ' i nsr c i
n nsr c i
c l a i ea n r i nt r, s
f l s
olow :
Topr va l isa c e a i c a m , C m us pr ve t f l i el m e t
e i on t c el r ton l i SN
t o he olow ng e n s
by apr ponde a eoft e de e:
e
r nc
he vi nc

1.

Tha SNC e re e a e us bl dely e ilng i t atme
t
xpe i nc d n xc a e a ntti t o i
e e i t de t co r c ;
xt ns on m r he nt a t

2.

Tha SNC pr ry r que t d t e e i
t
ope l e se he xtnson;

3.

Tha A TK l r s na y f ied o r us d t gr nt t r quesed
t
m ea o bl a l r ef e o a he e
t
ext on;
ensi

Th tATK d ma d dt a tep oe tb c mpee b t o iia
a
e n e h t h rjc e o ltd y he rgn l
de dlnedes t t e us ede a a
a i
pie he xc abl ly; nd
Tha S C a t ly a cee a e t wo k i r pons t an
t N
cual c lr t d he
r n es e o

u ra o a l d n a o tee tn ini o d r oc mplt tep o e t
n e s n b e e il fh x e so n r e t o ee h rj c
byt orgnalde dlne a i ureda ii nalc t.
he i i
a i , nd nc r dd to
oss
Fo pur esoft fr tel m e ,It l y t tt de t pa te c r t
r pos
he i s e nt e l ou ha m r he r i s' ontac ,

S wa e tte t a e tnso o t t t c mpeetep oe ts be tooh r
NC s nild o n xe in fhe i o o lt h rjc, u jc t te
me
c r c ual e r m e s i SN C e pere e nuna i bl de a i c pl tngt
ont a t r quie nt , f
x i nc da
vo da e l y n om e i he

prj tontmet tr ule fom a e n t twa ()be
oec i ha es td r n ve t ha s 1 yondt c r ofSNC;
he ontol
28

a d( ) t h rs t f n a to o i cinb S o t o er s o sbet S
n 2 no t e eulo a y cin r na to y NC r h s e p n il o NC,
i l ngiss nta t s
ncudi t ubco r c or .
Thecon r c i l
ta t ncudesa ls ofe nt orcic tnc st tm a pr dea
it ve s
r umsa e ha y ovi
bas sf a e e i o t c r c tm e i o he c t a t lr quie e sa e m e .
i or n xt ns on f he onta t i f t r on r c ua e r m nt r t
I ude i t ls i i
ncl d n he it s t ual s ve eweahe 't ti
unus ly e r
t r'ha mpacst tmel c
t he i y omplton
ei
oft wo k r uie unde t con r c .
he r eq r d
r he ta t
Unus l s ve e we t r i s ve e weahe t ti une c e ba e on
ualy e r a he s e r
t r ha s xpe t d s d
r e we t rpa tl sf t tm eofy a t pa tc a l ton i que ton.
ec nt a he te' or he i
n
em' t he riulr ocai n si
Youmus a s decdewhehe SNC pr ryr quese a e ensonoftme.
t lo i
t r
ope l e t d n xt i
i
I t sr a d, mus de e mi wha a tonsS wa c r c a l r quie t
n hi eg r you
t t r ne t c i
NC s onta m ly e r d o
t kei o d rt r ues a e e i of hec r ttm e, nd w he he SN C c pled
a n r e o eq t n xt ns on t ontac i a
t r
om i
w ih t e r quiem e s
t hos e r nt .
Addii ly, orpur e oft f t ee e t lt lyo t tyou ma fnd
tona l f
pos s he ourh lm n , el u ha
yi

t tATK d ma d d ta S c mpee t p oe twi i te o iia tme f r
ha
e n e h t NC o lt he rjc t n h rgn l i o
h
c pl ton i A TK t e t ne t a s slqui t da a aga ns S C.Li wi e,
om e i f
hr a e d o s es i da ed m ges i t N
ke s
f pur e oft f t elme , t l t tyo ma fnd iwa pr rf ATK
or pos s he ourh e nt I elyou ha u y i t s ope or

t d ma dS t c mplt t ep oe t ti h o iia tmefr o lto iy u
o e n NC o o ee h rjc wi nte rgn li o c mpein f o
h
tndt a S wa n te t ldt a e tnso o t t c mpeetep o e t
i h t NC s o ni e o n xe in f i o o lt h rj c.
t
me
( c e No 9 a 1 - .
Do k t . 2 t 9 21)
l t sca e t pa tes Conta te e sy pe mitdtm ee e i f t
n hi s , he ri '
r c xpr s l r te i xt nsons or t ua l
unus ly

s v r we te , ( n rc j 1 .) a i i u ds ue ta S e c u trdu u ual sv r
e ee ah r' Co ta t 22 , nd t s n ip td h t NC n o n ee n s l e ee
'
y
we t rwhi wo kngo t NAC/ AC p oe t l d e , NC' we t e e p r, o s
ahe l r i n he
e
S rj c. n e d S S ah r x e tTh ma
Pa t t tfedt tt wi e of2009/ 0 wa t sxt c des a s c s wi to
ton, esii ha he ntr
201
s he i h ol t nd e ond no es n
r or wih ove 50 i sofs
ec d, t
r nche
nowf li t Ra or a e fom De e be 2009 tz
al n he df d r a r
cm r
h ough
Fe ua y 201 a tleel sr thesofve y c d a c i ai. l i as undiputd t tS C
br r
0 nd lr ong tec
r ol r tc r t s lo
s e ha N
notte ATK on Fe ua y 25, 0 t ts ve ewit rwe t rwasi c i ispe f ma e;
ii d
br r
201 ha e r n e ahe
mpa tng t ror nc
t tS C f r a l r ques e a 30- y e e i n oftm e;a t t ei t e d ysl t r A TK
ha N o m ly e
td
da xt ns o
i
nd ha , gh e n a a e ,
de e t r que tf e e i oftm e a t e t ne t i pos lqui t d dn a i t w or
ni d he e s or xt ns on i nd hr a e d o m e i da e m ges f he k

29

wasno c plt d byt da es tf t i t Con r c .Addii ly,
t om e e
he t e orh n he ta t
tona l ATK doe no diput t t
s t s e ha
S C a t l a e e aed ispe f ma e.
N cualy cc l r t t ror nc
W hieATK a guest tSNC di notpr ry r que tatme e e i a t tt
l
r
ha
d
ope l e s i xtnson, nd ha he

rq e twa n tu r a o a l d ne , oh o t eeis e we es uaeyp e e tdt tej r f r
e u s s o n e s n by e id b t f h s su s r q rl rs ne o h u y o
c nsd r t n.Th c u t o cu e o sl r j d me tt a t eCo ta twa a iu u a
o ie ai
o
e o r c n ld d, n t
mmay u g n ,h t h nr c s mbg o s s
t t e e o notc r r d t obt i a e e i oftmeunde t Conta t a t tt
o he xt nt f ie equie o an n xt nson i
r he
r c , nd ha he

j r mus d cd wh t e S p o el rq e tda e tn in.Attila s t o t a o ,h
u y t e ie eh r NC r p ry e u se n xe so
ra, s e f rh b ve te

j r wa s e iial i tu tdta i h dt d tr n wh t cin S wa c nrcu ly
u y s p cfc l nsr ce h t t a o eemie a a to s NC s o ta t al
y
r quiedt tke i or rt r que ta e e in oft Co r c tm e a whehe S C c
e r o a n de o e s n xt nso
he nta t i , nd
t r N omple
id

wi tos r q ie n s Th j r wa as s e iial isn ce t a ih dt d tr n
t h e e urme t. e u y s lo p cfc l n t ztd h tt a o ee mie
h
y
whe he ATK unr a ona y f ie orr f edt g an t r quese e e i
t r
e s bl al d e us o r t he e t d xtnson.

Th j r utmaeyf u di S Sfv ro b t o t e eis e , ndt ec u tsu be
e u y li tl o n n NC' a o n o h f h s su s a h o r i na l
t c n ld t tte ewa n lg l s fiin e ie tayb ssfrtej r t d s .A
o o cu e ha h r s o e al u fce t vd n ir a i o h u y o o o
y
r a o a l j r c udh vea o tdS Sitrr tto o t ev ro n tc p o iin a d
e s n be u y o l a d pe NC' n ep eain f h aius o ie r v so s n
c l d t tSNC pr ry r quese a e enson oftmeon t bassoft t ualy s ve e
oncude ha
ope l e t d n xt i
i
he i he mus l e r

witrwe t e.Lie s , a e o t ee ie c p ee td ara o a l j r c u dh vef t
n e ah r k wie b s d n h vd n e rsn e , e s n be u y o l a omd
t tATK unr as bl f ie orr f s dt gr n t r ue t d e e i n.
ha
e ona e a ld e u e o a t he eq se xt nso

Fo t e er ao s tec u t e i c n i c dta ATK i n t n ildt j d me t sa
r h s e s n ,h o r rmans o v n e h t
s o e tte o u g n a
m at roflw on SN C' a ee ai n cli .Ac r ngl ATK' r ne d m o i unde Rul
te
a
S cc lr to am
co di y,
S e we
ton
r e

5 ( )wil ed n e .
0 b l b e id

30

Conc us on
l i

Fort r a o satd,SNC' Rul 5 b)moto wilbegrntdi pa ta de edi
he e s ns t e
S e 0(
in l
a e n r nd ni n
par,a ATK' Rul 50( motonwilbede e nac or nc wiht c tsr lngs t
t nd
S e b) i l
nid.I c da e t he our' ui ,he

j r v r ita dj d me ti fv ro AT o isma sn tfc to cam wil es tai ea d
u y e dc n u g n n a o f K n t s oiiain li l b e sd n
j dg n wil ee trd i fv ro S o t a cam.
u me t lb n ee n a o f NC n h t li
TheClr i die t d t s nd c rii d co e oft sm e a l opi on a
e k s r c e o e e tfe pi s hi mor ndlm ni nd
t a c pa ng fnalor rt a lc
he c om nyi i
de o l ouns lofr co d.
e
e r

ENTER:ThiY d yo Ma 2 2
s
a f y, 01 .
,*
.<

.

ChifUnie Stt sDititJ e
e
td ae src udg

31