SNC-Lavalin Amreica, Inc. v. Alliant Techsystems, Inc.

Filing 54

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/13/2011. (lab)

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M EM O R AN D UM O PI I N
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ALLI T TECH SY STEM S,l C.
AN
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By: on.Gl n E. o ad
H
e
C nr
Chi fUnie St t s D it i tJ
e
t d a e s rc udge

D e e nt Cot e - a ntf .
f nda / mt r pl i i f

S La ai Ameia l c ($NC' fldti dv riya to a ans Alint
Nc- v ln
rc , n .t ' i h s ie st ci n g i t l
S ) e
a
Te h y tms I . t TK', s et gcamso b e c o c nr c, n u te rc me t a
c s se ,nc (W ' a s ri li f ra h f o ta t u j s n ih n , nd
)
n
pr i s y es o
om s or t ppel The a ton s e sf om t desgn a c t u ton of ane nir c a i a
.
c i t m r he i nd onsr c i
w ti c d nd

s f i acdco ntai plnt(E SAC' a t Ra o d, r ni are lo dbyt
ulurc i nce rton a C
NAC/ ' t he dfr Vigi a s na wne
)
he
Unie St t Ar y a o r t d by A TK . SN C a A TK e er d i o a m i t n c r c
t d a es m nd pe a e
nd
nt e nt
te ont a t
pur ua t w hi h SN C a e t pr vi e ne r ng, oc e e ,a c t u ton s r i es
s nt o c
gr ed o o de ngi e i pr ur m nt nd onsr c i e v c .
Thepr m a y s ce oft i t ntdi put i SN C' de a f rpa e f addii lc t t t
i r our
he ns a
s es
S m nd o ym nt or
tona os s ha

t ec mp n alg dyic re a ars lo ( )a A' - ie tdc n et t etp o fo r
h o a y le e l n u rd s e ut f 1 n l dr ce ha g o h y e f l o
x
c aigu e o t efrt l o o t eNAC/ AC; n ( )
o tn s d n h is fo r f h
S a d 2 ATK' d na o ar q etde tn i n
S e il f e u se x e so
oft co r c tm e due t s ver w i t rw e t r
he nt a t i
o e e n e a he .

Thec s i p e e tyb f r tec ur o ATK' moinf rp rils mmayj d me t
a e s rs n l eo e h o t n
S to o a t u r u g n .
a
Theco t l ahea i on t m o i n o Ocobe 4,2011 Fort r as t tf l w,t
ur hed
rng he to n t r
.
he e ons ha olo he
m oton wilbe gr ed i pal and deni i par .
i
l
ant n 4
ed n t

Fact B ac
ual kground

1
.

TheParisandt Pr e t
te
he ojc

ATK i a D e a a e c por ton wih isprnc palpl e ofbus ne s i M i a i ,
s
l w r or a i
t t i i
ac
i s n nne pols
M i e o a SN C i a Col a c or ton wih isprnc palpl e ofbus nes i Pit bu g
mz s t .
s
or do om a i
t t i i
ac
i s n ts r h,
Penns vani
yl a.

ATK o r t t Ra or AnnyAmm u ton Plnton b hafoft Ar y. The
pe aes he df d
nii
a
e l he m

NAC/ AC c mp n n t a i t es b e to t eisa t cin i a a i pr c s iga drc ci g
S o o e t h t s h u jc f h n tn a to s n cd o e sn n e y ln
fciiy.Thea i fom t pl nti us d t ma acur e osve andpr pe lnt .
a lt
c d r he a s e o nuf t e xpl i s
o la s

l 20 5,
n 0 ATK hie t c n uln fr o W ahngo Gr u l c (C G1't a vs
rd he o s t g im f s i tn o p,n .( ' o d ie
i
W )

ATK o temo enz t n o t eNAC/ AC.Th p oe ticu e a e laino te
n h d r iai f h
o
S
e rj c n ld d n vau to f h
e pm e tfoora t N A C/
qui n l
t he
SAC,w hi h ha be n desr d by ye r ofe
c d e
toye
a s xpos et c r i
ur o or os ve
m a e i sl a ng f om pi s a m a hi r
t ral e ki r
pe nd c ne y.

W GIa dATK prpae t es e iiain frt eNAC/ AC mo eniainp oe ta d
n
e rd h p cfc to s o h
S
d r z to rj c n
i or ae t m it t Engi rngFunci lSpe iiai (û ' t tfr dt
nc portd he no he neei
tona cfc tons 4EFS' ha o me he
)

b s l efrt eprjc .Th p po eo teEF wa t p e e ta1 % d sg ta t bd ig
a ei o h oe t e ur s f h S s o r sn 0 e in h t wo idn
n
gr upsc d utlz t c t uc a 30% des g Fr m t c pe i 3 des gn s i sons
o
oul ii e o ons r t
i n. o he om tng 0%
i ubm s i ,
ATK ,W GI a t A r y s e e a w i ng de i buid t m . SN C w on t c pe ii
, nd he m el ct d
nni
s gn- l ea
he om tton,
a ong w ih ist c
l
t t e hnol y pa t r a G e m a c pa by t na e ofPlnke.
og rne ,
r n om ny he m
i
l.
I

The C o r t
nt ac

On Ocobe 2,
t r 2008,
ATK a S e ee i oawrte desg b l co rc (he
nd NC ntrd nt
itn in-uid nta t t
tco r c' , s ntt whihSNC wa e ge t prvi e neei pr e nt a
d nta t' purua o c
)
s nga d o o de ngi rng, ocurme , nd

c tudin sr ie f t NAC/ prjd.TheConta ti c rs dofanumbero
onsr o e ve s or he
SAC oe
rc s omp ie
f

do u ns icu i gt etl r a dCo dto Fo De in u l Op in Co ta t t-e ms
c me t,n ld n h d- ms n n iins r sg m id to n rc' tl r
-e
' da Condii '.
nd
tons'
)
Se to 1 oft Ter s a Condii go r c ngest t Contac . Pur ua tt
c i n 2 he m nd
tons ve ns ha
o he
r t
s n o

j1 1 tte d lo- rce Cha s'ATK S y, ta tme,b wrte or ra wihou
2.,ild d - Die td nge ,
A-l
'
i a ny i y itn de nd t t
ma
notc t t s e i ,m ake c ng w ihi t ge r ls ope oft t pe ofs r i espr ded by
i e o he ur tes
ha es t n he ne a c
he y s e v c
ovi

(NCI' rt Contac.S i r uie t i e nts hcha si ac or nc wih
S 'unde he r t NC s eq rd o mplme uc nge n c da e t
ATK' i tuci .tremsa Condii j1 1)
S nsr tons ' r nd
tons 2..
Cha est t Contac Ti ar c rdbyj 1 2oft Temsa Condiins Tha
ng o he r t me e ovee
2. he r nd
to . t
s c i n pr desasf l w s
e to ovi
olo :
Ti e i oft e s nc i t pe f m a e oft s Cont a t A l W or m us
m s he s e e n he r or nc
hi
r c. l
k
t
be co pl t d w ihi t Contac Ti e a s tf t i t Contac . I ,
m e e t n he
r t m s e orh n he
r t f

dtrngt c s ofpef ma e, e n oc ur t ti 1 be
li he oure
ror nc an ve t c s ha s ) yondt
he
c r ofCo rcora 2)no t r ulofa a tonori ci by
ontol
nta t nd
t he es t ny ci
na ton
Conta t ort er ponsbl t t Co r c o , ncudi is
r c or hos es i e o he nta t r i l ng t

s b o ta t r,h nteCo ta trs al ee tte t al dusme t ote
u c nrco s t e h n rco h lb nild o ra j t n t h
Co ta tTi (ube tt oh rr q rme t h ri ) otee tn t eei
nrc me s jc o te e uie n s een t h xe t h r s
et ru a od bed lyo atmesvig t tePrj c S he uea dte
i n v ia l ea r i a n s o h o e t c d l n h
he
pr e e a e f l e b t Con r c or Suc c ngest t Cont a t
oc dur s r olow d y he
t a t . h ha
o he
rc
Ti e m a be pe m it d i a oft f l w i c r um s a s i pa tt
m
y
r te f ny he olo ng i c t nce m c he
tm el c pl to oft W or
i y om e i n he
k:

()
a

Is nceofa A'x- rctdCha Or r
sua
n l die e
nge de;

(
b)

Sus nsonofW or pe Se to 1 0 o t sContac;
pe i
k r cin 4. f hi
r t

()
c

DifrngSieCo tonpe Se to 110oft sConta t
fei t ndii r cin . hi
r c;

(
d)

AcsofGodoroft publce my;fr ;foods
t
he i ne ies l ;
e d m i ; r tne r ti tons s rke un e a e t
pi e cs qua an i esr c i ' ti s r l t d o
,
Co r c o ' c
nta t r s onduc 'feghte r ;a unus ly
t r i mba gos nd
,
ual
s e wea her.
ever
t

(
e)

A brac oft Conta ttr byATK;
e h he
rc ems

OC

()
f

Acsoromisonsoft Govenme ,i l ngc ngest
t
si
he
r nt ncudi ha
o
gove nm e r g a i .
r nt e ul tons

t msa Condii j 1 2.
Ter nd
tons 2. )
Chang t t Conta tPrceaedic sdi j 1 3oft TemsandCo to .Tha
es o he r c i r s use n 2. he r
ndiins
t

s cinprv d st a t Co ta t rc ih l o l b c a g d(u j c t o h rrq ie ns
e to o i e h the nrc P ie ç al ny e h n e s be t o t e e urme t
s
heen)a ar ul ofaras yun d emaei i ras ordece ei t Co r cors
ri s es t
e onabl avoiabl tralnce e
ras n he nta t '
c tofpe f mi t W o k t tr ulsf om one oft f l ng e nt ':
os
r or ng he r ha es t r
he olowi ve s'
I s nc ofa A ' - r c e Cha Or r
s ua e n l die t d
x
nge de ;

(
b)

Sus nsonofW or pe Se ton 1 0oft sConta t
pe i
k r ci 4. hi
r c;

()
c

DifrngSieCondii pe Se ton 1 0oft sConta t
fe i t
ton r ci 1. hi
rc;

(
d)

A bra oft Contac tr byATK;
e ch he r te ms

()
e

Commodiyprc i r s sde ra e pe Secin 1 8bel or
t ie ncea e/ ce s s r to 2. ow;

(
9

Acsoromiso oft Gove n nti l ngc nge t gove n ntl
t
sins he
r me ,ncudi ha s o
r me a
r ul tons
eg a i .

t r a Co dto sj 1 ..
Te ms nd n iin 23)
Se to 1 4 a 1 5oft Te msa Con tonss tf t t notc r quie nt
ci ns 2. nd 2. he r nd
dii e orh he i e e r me s
a i a e t c ngest t Contac Prc orConta tTi e Sec i 1 4 s a esasf l
pplc bl o ha
o he
r t ie
r c m . ton 2. t t
olows:
W he Conta t be m e a r ofa c nge c ton t tm a r ul i
n
r c or co s wa e
ha d ondii ha y es t n
t i r s orde r as i t Conta tPr c orConta tTi e,Con r c or
he nc ea e
c e e n he
rc ie
rc m
ta t
s l pr m pty notf A TK ofs h cic s a es l no c r l s a e
ha l o l
iy
uc r um t nc . n
iclm t nc s
m a s h no i be pr vi d m or t 1 da fom t da e t
y uc tce
o de
e han 5 ys r he t he
Contac orbec esa a e oft e n s gi ng rs t t c nged
r t
om
w r
he ve t vi i e o he ha
c ndii Fa l e t pr d no i e w ihi t pr c i d tm e pe i wil
o ton. iur o ovi e tc t n he es rbe i
r od l
s r asa abs ut ba and c m pl t wai rofCont a t ' r gh t
e ve n ol e r
o e e ve
r c or s i t o
r
ecoverf any i easesi t Cont actPrce orCont actTi e r uli
or
ncr
n he
r
i
r
m es tng
f om t change.
r he

t r a Condii j1 4.
Te ms nd
tons 2. )
4

S ci n 1 . sae t th n tc p o ie p ru n t j 1 4 ûhal o af r b ll
e to 25 tts ha te oie r vd d u s a to 2. d lbe n o m ody
s
e il d ç i e ofPot ntalCha ,' a d us bea a ditnc ntm be .' The s to f t r
ntte Notc
e i
nge '' nd k t r s i t l r'
m
ec i n urhe

saest tûwl r posi e t Notc s dprvi aROM (oughor rofma t )
tt ha ç he e sbl,he ie houl o de
g
r
de
gniude
e tm a e oft c toft c ng a a s a e e tofwhe he t r i pot ntalf r de a t t
si t
he os he ha e nd t t m n
t r he e s e i o l y o he

p oe t c e ue' ( r a Co dto sj 1 5)
rj c s h d l. Tems nd n iin 2..
'
Se to 1 7 oft Te m s a Co tons dic s s a r e ent t c nge or r . The
c i n 2.
he r
nd ndii
s us e g e m s o ha
de s
pr son r quiesA TK t pr pty i s a w rte c nge or rm e or a i i a a e m e t
ovi i e r
o om l s ue
it n ha
de m i lz ng ny gr e n
upon a c ng i t w or a a r s tng c ng i t Co r c Pr c orCont c Ti e. l
ha e n he
k nd ny e uli ha es n he nt a t i e
at m
n
t e ntt pa te ar una e t ag e upon a opra e c nge t t Contac Prc o Ti e,
he ve he ri s e bl o r e
ppr i t ha s o he
r t ie r m

t matrmus beha e unde j20oft Te a Condii ,whihgovensdipue .
he te t
ndld
r
he nns nd
tons c
r s ts
The s c i f t rpr dest t a e a a r m e on a cha or r S C t t l ha a du y t
e ton ur he ovi ha , bs nt n g ee nt
nge de , N t il s
s
t o

pr e dwiht W or a diece byATK pe ngrs ui oft diput ' t nusa
oc e t he k s r td
ndi e olton he s e.' Te nd
Co tonsj 1 7.
ndii
2. )
Se ton 20 oft Te m s a Condii nsdiec st pa test a t m ptt r s ve a
ci
he r nd
to
r t he ri o te
o e ol ny

diput t ough ne i to I t e ntt pa tesa euns ce sul t hepari ag e t tt
s es hr
gota in. n he ve he ri r
uc s f ,t
t
tes r e ha he
f m a ve f ran ac i n atl w ore t a i i outoforr a i t ' he Conta ts l be
onz nd nue o y t o
a
quiy r sng
el tng o' t
r c ha l

t fd rlo saec u t i Vigni t two l oh r s h vej rs ito o r h matr
he e ea r tt o rs n r i a ha u d t ewie a u id cin ve t e te.
t r a Condii j20. ) Thepa te lke s a e t tt Conr ts l bei ep ee
Tems nd
tons
2.
ris i wie gre ha he tac hal ntr rtd
a govene byt 1w o Vigni t r a Condiinsj1. )Nowihsa ngt
nd r d he a f r i a. Tems nd
to
4. t t tndi he
e s e e ofa di put be w e n t pa te ,S C i r quied t S r or a die t d by ATK i a
xit nc
s e t e he ri s N s e r o d f m s r c e
pe
n

diie ma ra wihou dea ' l e' a Condii j20. )
lg nt nne nd t t ly. ' l nd
' r ms
tons
3.

11
1.

Com m uni a i R e di A c d- e i t C o re e
c t ons gar ng i R s s ant nc t

A spr vi l i c t d,SN C wasr pons bl f c e tng a 30% des g pl n ba e on
e ousy ndi a e
es i e or r a i
in a s d
t s c tca i nsi t EFS. l J of2007, he EFS s c fed e
he pe ii to n he
n une
t
pe ii poxy- oa e c r t f t
c t d onc e e or he
t NA C/
he
SAC ' g ound foor The c e c tng wast be w a r nt d f r pa rorr pl ce e
S r
l .
hos n oa i
o
r a e or e i
e a m nt
f t ee yea
or hr
rs.

W he S C s it is30% de i t ATK,t desgn i l
n N ubm ted t
sgn o
he i ncuded ar nde i o t
e rng f he
g ound fooroft N AC/ C t tf a ur c r t foorng co r d by a e
r
l
he
SA ha e t ed onc e e l i
ve e
n poxy c tng m a
oa i
de

by Ca bolne.ATK a e ed SNC' 3 de i s
r i
cc pt
S 0% sgn ubmi son f t g o foor i udi t
s i or he r und l , ncl ng he
des g ton ofa Ca bolne foorc tng,a t 3 de i w asi or a e b r er nc i o
i na i
r i l
oa i nd he 0% s gn
nc por t d y ef e e nt
t Oc obe 2,2008 Cont a t
he t r
rc.
On J nua y 1 2009,SN C i s d a r que tf r i o m a i t A TK ,i w hi h i a ke f r
a r 2,
s ue e s o nf r ton o
n
c ts d o
cl rfca i oft dt a lt e c e oft e
a ii ton he l biiy xpe t d he poxy c tng us d on t gr
r
oa i
e
he ound foor l
l .n

r s ns ATK i c t d, ort frttm e t tt c tng s d wihsa s l e
e po e,
ndia e f he is i , ha he oa i houl t t nd pil xpos ef r
ur o
f holr
our zs.

SNC' ve sp e r d Car i s mpl st s nd t ATK f t tng on t f t- r
S ndor r pa e
bolne a e o e o
or esi
he otrhou
pr oc . A fe a 1oft s pl f ie t w ihsa s l e
ot ol t r 1 he am es a l d o t t nd pil xpos e f r f urhou s SN C
ur o o
r,

c ule nume ousma a t e s No oft ma a t e shad a e
ons t d
r
nuf cur r . ne he nuf cur r
n poxy c tng t tc d
oa i ha oul
pa st f s he our hourt s .
et
Dur ng t pa tes 60% de i m e tng i Apr lof2009, TK a ke SN C t e or
i he r i '
s gn e i n
i
A
s d
o xpl e
dif r ntfoorc tng optons O n J 2, 09, C pr de r h or rofm a t
fe e l
oa i
i .
une 20 SN
ovi d oug de
gniude

(t ' etmae frt atr tve .Thefrtc it ofa ngaVionc tngi hi
(
ROM ' si ts o wo lenai s
)
is onssed ddi
t oai n gh
rsk areas't second i uded t use ofaci r st concr e on t frs and second foor
i
, he
ncl
he
d- esi ant
et
he i t
l s,
6

aong wi aVion coai i hi rs a e s SNC no e t tt decson t i e ntt
l
t
h
t
tng n gh ik r a .
t d ha he ii o mpl me he
s on atr tvewoul nee t bemadea s a pos i e,a t tt c tuc in s he e
ec d le na i
d do
s oon s sbl nd ha he onsr to c dul
c d bei ced de ndi on t c e foo i opton.
oul
mpa t
pe ng he hos n l rng i
Byema ldaedJu 11 2009,
i t
ne ,
ATK a ke SNC t pr deesi a eprci f t r e
s d
o ovi
tm t i ng or l e
z
foorng o i ,a lofw hi h w oul i l e t us o ac d- e i t ntc r t on t g o foor
l i ptons l
c
d nc ud he e f i r s s a onc e e he r und l

oft NAC/
he
SAC. SNC r ponde t t r que to J 24,2009 b pr vi ng ROM prci
es
d o he e s n une
y o di
i ng

esi t f e c oft t eeo i .l islte,SNC e
tmaes or a h he hr ptons n t etr
mphasze t ttlj de sont us
i d ha tthe cii o e
(cd-essa )c rt ne t bema r ai l s a t swok i c rntybei
a i r itnt oncee eds o
de eltvey oon s hi r s ure l ng

tn ee 'a dt a aûtia d cso s o l b ma etref u we ksi a v n eo t mie d rd, n h t t ln l e ii n h ud e d h e -o r e n d a c fhe d
'
l
Se e rtr tdae(or t swor ' ( Af. t h.C.
ptmbe age t f l hi k. Yu fAtac )
'
By l te da e J y 1 2009, TK ad s SN C t ti w a i t r t d i t t r
e t r t d ul 5,
A
vied
ha t s n e es e n he hi d
foo i opton pr vi l di c s d by t pa tes The opto co it d ofG R c r t t 2
l rng i
e ous y s us e
he r i .
i n ns s e
C
A onc e e op

gnc s oft L1grdesa 'a aI tntp c ton 1 % oft Lla 12 foor a pa .'
i he l he
a lbr nd k o o oa
'
vi
00
he nd . l s nd ds'
( Af. tc D)
Yu f Ata h. .
Afe r c i ng a tonali ta ft t rdie ton f om A TK ,SN C w e t wor
tr e e vi ddii
npu nd t he r c i r
r
nt o
k
r es g ng t g o f oor The de i c nge i l d t us oft e i hesofa ded i ni he r und l .
s gn ha s nc ude he e hr e nc
ci

r itntc r t 'aVio m e a bewe n t a i r ssa c r t a t sr t a sa
essa onc e e
, t n mbr ne t e he cd-e it nt onc e e nd he tucur l l b;
a ex e i te ng,c tng,a e pm e tde i t pr e ta i tac d pe ta i The
nd t ns ve r nchi oa i nd qui n s gns o ot c ga ns i ne r ton.
desgn c ngeswe e a ove by ATK , t pa tesw e e una e t a ee on t addii l
i ha
r ppr d
but he ri
r
bl o gr
he
tona

c t r q r d t i t l t a d-e it ntco r t No t l s SN C pr e t pe f m t
oss e uie o nsal he ci r ssa
nc ee. ne hees ,
oce ded o ror he
r
eques ed upgr
t
ades.

I
V.

Com m uni atons Rega ng W i e W e her
c i
rdi
nt r at

A fe SN C be i t li t a i r s s a co r e,
tr
gan ns a lng he c d- e it nt nc et Radf d expe i nc d s ve al
or
re e e r
s ve e s
e r now s o m s a be ow a r e t m pe a ur s n De m be of2009,J nua y of201
tr
nd l ve ag e r t e .l ce r
a r
0,

a Fe u r of201 t r we eove 40da o s
nd br a y
0, he e r
r
ys f nowf l,wih ove 20 i hesofs
al t
r nc
now i
n
De m be a o .
ce r l ne

By lte daed Fe ua y25,201 SNC r que t d a30- y e e i f t c
et r t
br r
0,
e se
da xt nson or he omplton
ei

o t ep oe td et s v r witrwe te .Aln wiht elt r S p o ie we t e d t
f h rj c u o e ee n e ah r o g t h et , NC r vd d ah r aa
e
frt 90-aype i i grphi a tbulrfr ( Af.Atac E) ATK de edt
o he d rod n a c nd a a om. Yu f t h. .
ni he
r q s e e e i o M a c 1 201
e ue t d xt nson n r h 5, 0.
V.

SNC ' D el Cl m
S ay ai

On J y30,201 SN C s te adr tdea cai t ATK,s e ng o r$4. m ilon
ul
0,
ubmitd af ly l m o
e ki ve 1 li
i dea da es S as e td t tt da a sr s t fom t s ve e wi e we t ra
n ly mag . NC s re ha he m ge e uled r he e r ntr a he nd
t c nge i f oo coa i f om e
he ha
n l r tng r
poxy t a i r s s a co r t On Se e be 30, 0,SN C
o c d- e i t nt nc e e.
pt m r 201

s te afnalde a cli t ti l d a i r as d de a of$ 7m ilo
ubmit d i
l y am ha nc ude n nc e e m nd 4. li n.
ProceduralH i ory
st

SN C tl d t i t ntac i on D e e be 6, 0,a s ri cl i s ofbr c ofc r c ,
i e he ns a
ton
c m r 201 s e tng a m
ea h
onta t

u j t n ih n , n p o soye tp e.l teb e c o c nrc c u t, NC s e s
nus e rc me t a d r mis r so p l n h ra h f o ta t o n s S e k
pa ntf re r wor t ti wa r quie t pe f m a ATK' die ton and a ar s tof
yme o xta k ha t s e r d o ror t
S rci
s e ul
c nge c ndii . SN C al o c e t tA TK br a he t c r tby f ii t gr nta
ha d o tons
s ont nds ha
e c d he ontac
a lng o a n
e e i oftm e f rt s ve e w e t r a t tS C i ur e a tonalc t r s tng f om
xt ns on i o he e r a he , nd ha N nc r d ddii
os s e uli r
t d ni d e e i
he e e xt ns on.

8

On Fe ua y 1 2011 ATK fl d c e c amsa i tSNC. Thecoun e cli si l
br r 4,
,
ie ountr l i gans
t r am ncude
cl m s f br
ai or each ofcont act pr i sor esoppel and br
r , om s y t
,
each ofw ar ant
r y.

Th c s i p e e tyb f r t c u t nATK' moinf rp rils mmayj d me t A
e a e s r sn l eo e he o r o
S to o a t u r u g n .
a
j r til ss h d ldt b gno M o d y Oco e 1 , 01 .
uy ra i c e ue o e i n n a , tb r 7 2 1
St
andard ofRevi w
e

Ana r o s
wad f umma yj g n i a p o raetftemo n s o t t h r i n
r ud me t s p rp it û h va t h ws ha t ee s o
i
g n ied s uea t a ymaeil a ta dt emo a t se tte t j d me ta amatro lw.
e un ip t s o n tra fc n h v n i n i d o u g n s te f a '
l
'
Fe R.Ci P.5 a .Forapa t se de et rieage neis ofmaeilfc t a d
d. v. 6()
ry' vi nc o as nui sue
tra a t o voi

s mmayj d me t imu tb t u hta ara o a l j r c udrt r av r itfrt e
u r u g n ,t s e i c h t e s n be u y o l eu n e dc o h
s
n n mo igp ry' An es nv. b rvLo b . n .4 7U. 2 2, 48( 9 6 .l d tr nng
o - vn at. d ro Lie t b y lc, 7 S. 4 2 1 8 ) n ee mii
'
whehe t grntamotonf s
t ro a
i or ummayj me ,heco t tviw t rc di t lg
r udg ntt ur mus e he e or n he iht
m os f vor bl t t non- o ng pa t Te r sFl rFa hi .l v. lngt n I
t a a e o he
m vi
ry. r y' oo s ons nc. Bur i o ndus . nc.
.I ,

763F. 604,61 ( hCi.1 5)
2d
0 4t r 98 .
D i s on
scus i

ATK h smo df r rils mmayj d me t t r s e tt c ranc tg re o
a ve o pa t u l u g n wih e p c o e ti ae o is f
a
da a ou lne i S C' e r r por . The c t goresi ude del y da age r s tng f om
m ges ti d n N S xpe t e t
a e i ncl
a m s e uli r
t c nge t a i r i t n co r t a to lc t i ur e a a r ul oft s ve e wi e
he ha
o c d- es s a t nc e e; ddii na os s nc r d s es t he e r nt r

we t r a a ee ai n c t i ure a ar s toft de a oft r quese e e i n of
a he ; nd cc lr to oss nc r d s e ul he ni l he e t d xtnso

tme ATK h sas mo e f rs mmayj d me t t r s e to S Su j s e c me t
i .
a lo v d o u r u g n wi e p c t NC' n u t mi h n
h
cl m .
ai

9

1
.

C hange t A c d- t s s antConc et
o i l e it
r e

To t e e t t S C s e da a sr uli fom A TK ' de a i de i ng t i t l
he xt nt ha N e ks m ge es tng r
S l y n c di o ns a l
a d- e i t ntc r t a t a tona tm e r q r d t i t l t s foorc r ng, TK a gue
ci r s s a onc e e nd he ddii l i e ui e o ns a l hi l
ove i A
r s

t ts da a sa eba r dby S C' f iu et c
ha uch m ge r r e
N S al r o ompl wih t Con r c ' wrte notc
y t he
ta ts itn ie

rquie nt. Assae above j1 oft Te msa Condii co anspr so rquii
e rme sl ttd
, 2 he r nd
tons nti oviins e rng
SN C t pr d wrte no i w ihi 1 da ofbe om i a a e ofa c nge c ton t t
o ovi e it n tce t n 5 ys
c ng w r
ha d ondii ha
m a r s ti an i r s ordec e e oft Co r c Prc orCont a tTi e. The Te m sa
y e ul n
nc ea e
r as
he nt a t i e
rc m
r nd

Condii alo saet tt Eljiur t pr denotc wihi t prs rbe tmepeidwil
tons s tt ha he ûfal e o ovi
ie t n he e ci d i
ro l
s r e asa a ol ebara c pl t w a ve ofContac or sr g t r co rf a i r as i
ev
n bs ut
nd om e e i r
r t ' i ht o e ve or ny nc e es n

t Co ta t ieo Co ta tTi rs t fo tec n e' Temsa dCo dto sj1 4)
he n rc Prc r n rc me eulng r m h ha g . r n n iin 2..
i
'(
Co t a yi Vi g ni 1 w ha he d t t i t a e e ofwai r w rte notc
ur s ppl ng r i a a
ve l ha , n he bs nc
ve , it n i e
r quie e t a e bi ng and e or e bl .A st U nie St t s Di t i tCour f t Ea t r
e r m n s r ndi
nf c a e
he t d a e sr c
t or he s e n

Ditit fVignae haie i W etv UntdS ae Po tlS r ie 9 7F. u p. 5 ( D.
src o r ii mp sz d n s . ie tts sa ev c , 0 S p 1 4 E.
Va 1 )
. 995 .
N um e ous c esha co e be or t co t w he e a co r c orha be n
r
as
ve m
f e he ur s
r
nt a t
s e
de e r c r f a tona wor und ra c ta tbe a e o f iur t
ni d e ove y or ddii l k e on r c c us f al e o
gi t r qui e notc oft coss be or t w o k w asdone. l s h
ve he e r d i e he t f e he r
n uc
ca est c t ha g ne aly hed t tgi ng t notc r quiessrc
s he ours ve e r l l ha vi he ie e r tit
co pla e a g vi oft notc i a c to pr e nt
m i nc nd i ng he i e s ondii n ec de .

I.a 1 s eas M c vit& Ste tCo,v. arot Cop.71 F.
.a t 59; e lo De t
p.
re
M ri t
, 3 Supp.906,91 ( D. .
9 E. Va
1 ( di t tt c r co ' fiur t prvi wrte notc r q r t rt c rc
989) hol ng ha he onta trs al e o o de itn ie e uied mde he onta t
bardiss e ntcam f ra tona c
re t ubsque li o ddii l ompe ainl Unie Sttsv.Ce tx Co t. ,
ns to ; td ae
ne nsr Co.
'Durng t cour e ofltgaton, ATK and SNC r sol t rdiput r r ng SNC' cl m f
i he
s
ii i
e ved hei s e ega di
S ai or
t diec cossofl and m aeral i r i i t lng aci r santc et SNC' cl m f
he r t t abor
t i s ncured n ns ali
d-esit oncr e.
S ai or

d lyd ma srs tngfom t c ngei t s j c o t eisa moto
ea a ge e uli r he ha s he ub e t f h n tnt in.

6 8F. u p 41 , 3( . Va 1 8 )(mp a iigt a t r i ac u t ha eu h l ( a g
3 S p . 1 41 W D. . 9 5 e h szn h tt gni o rs v p ed d ma e
vi
noiiai ca esbewe nc rcor a s onta t sf ne ryahundrdye r'a
tfc tonl lus t e onta t s nd ubc r cor or al
e a s' nd

hodn t a tes b o ta t rscamsf ra dto a p y n swees be t ods sa f r
l ig h th u c n rco ' li o d iin l a me t r u j c t imis l o
fi r t c mpywihtec nrc' n tc p o iin .
al e o o l t h o ta ts o ie r vso )
u
l t i t ntc s ,i i undiput d t tSN C f l t pr vi f m a , rte notc t t
n he ns a a e t s
s e ha
aied o o de or l w it n i e ha

t de ii t i t l a i r ssa tc r t de a d SNC' wo k,o t tt a lge a tona
he cson o nsal c d-e it n onc ee lye
S r r ha he le d ddii l
tmer quiedt i t lt c r t de a d S C' wor 2 I a a tm ptt a d s
i e r o nsal he onc e e lye N S k. n n te
o voi umm ay
r

2l r
n espons t ques i fom ATK' counseldurng hi deposii , Kevi W alac SNC'
eo
tons r
S
i s
ton
n
l e,
S

ViePrsd n a Ge rlMa g rrs nsbl frteNAC/AC prjc,ep e a flows
c eie t nd nea na e epo i e o h
S
oe trsond d s ol :
Q.

Theo h rd lywa ad lya s it dwiht efc t tit oks ve we kst
t e ea s ea socae t h a t ha t o e n e o
döt AR (cd r ssa t c nceewo kv ruson we kt twa a tcp td
he a i-e itn ) o rt r e s e e ha s n iiae
f t epoxy wor cor e ?
or he
k, r ct
Corect
r .

Q.

W he wa tefrtwrte no ieoft td a pr i dt ATK?
n s h is itn tc ha ely ovde o
A syou'e wor ngt ...Idon' know i t r wasf malnotce pr ded t
r
di hat
t
f he e
or
i ovi o
ATK . lam confdentt ti woul ha been di c e on an ongoi bas swih
i
ha t
d ve
s uss d
ng i t
t a r vi
hem nd e ewed i ourwee y mee i w ihA TK .
n
kl
tngs t

Q.

Oka Butnof r n iei t ef m r q rd i t c ta twa e r
y.
o mal otc n h or e uie n he onr c s ve
pr ded,was i?
ovi
t
To t bes ofm y knowl
he t
edge,no.
Now,t r i a t r dely t you have t ked aboutt y and yes e day t
he e s hid a hat
al
oda
tr
hat
in' i uded i t cl m ,and t i adety a oci t wih t tme i t t
s t ncl
n he ai
hat s
a ss aed t he i t ook o
deci wha t do w ih t AR c e e,cor ec ?
de
to
t he
oncr t
r t
Tha ' corect
ts r .

Q.

Andwa f mal itnn iee rp o d dofta dea
s or wrte otc ve r vie
h t ly?

W e di tpr de notceaswe,you know,undert ATK wasawar oft
dn' ovi
i
sood
e he
cicum sanc
r
t es.

( alc De 3 - .
W la e p. 3941)

j d me t t r s e t oi cam f rd lyd ma e r s ligfo tec a g t a i-e itn
u g n wi e p c t t li o ea a g s eutn r m h h n e o cd rssa t
h
s
c r t ,SN C a gue i w asnotr qui e t c pl w ih t Cont a t sno i pr vi i ,snc
onc e e
r st
e r d o om y t he
r c ' tce o s ons i e

t d ii t us a i r ssa conc e ewa a t l - r c e Cha ' Ale na i y,S C
he ecson o e c d-e it nt
r t s n t x Die t d
Ange. tr tvel N
'
co e t tATK ha a t notceoft de a r lt d t t de i in t i t l acd-essa
nt nds ha
d cual i
he l ys e ae o he c so o nsal i r itnt
c r t a t ,t tSN C w a e us d f o pr vi ng wrte notc Fort f l i
onc e e nd, hus ha
s xc e r m o di
it n i e.
he olow ng

r a ons t c tc ude t tb0 h a gume sa ewihoutm e i.
e s ,he our oncl s ha t r
nt r t
rt
A s s a e abo ,t Cont a tbe wee t pa te i gove ned b V igi a l . U nde
t t d ve he
r c t n he ri s s
r
y r ni aw
r
V igi a l w , he i e pr t ton ofa c r c i a que ton ofl w . Se Pal e & Pa m e Co. LLC
r ni a t nt r e a i
ont a t s
si
a
e m r
l r .

v. aefo Ma i Consr.l .662S. 2d77,80( 2008 .S he aco rc i ce ra
W trr nt rne
t. nc,
E.
Va. ) s n nta t s la nd
W
una bi uous i i t c tsdut t i e pr tt c nt a t asw rte ' l l s doi t
m g
, t s he our ' y o nt r e he o r c ,
it n. d. n o ng, he
'
c t us tc ns de t c t a ta a whol a ... pl c e phas son i ol t d t r s '
our m t i o i r he on r c s
e nd not a e m
i
s a e e m .'

Ouad os& Asoc .P. v. t ofHa o 5 S. 2d90,9 ( 2004)
r
s s- C. Civ
mptn, 97 E.
3 Va.
.

A q eto o fc f rrs lto b t ej r i r ie o l wh r tec nr c' tr ae
u sin f a t o e ouin y h u y s as d ny e e h o ta ts ems r
a bi uous The i s ofwhe he a co r c i a bi usi one ofl . Poca asM i ng
m g
.
s ue
t r nt a t s m guo s
aw
hont
ni

LLC v.CNS GasCo.666S. 2d527,531( .2008 .A c ta ti notambi
,
E.
Va
) onrc s
guousmeey
rl
be a et pa tesdia eea t me ni oft c rc' tr .I l t d,çll
c us he ri sgr bouthe a ng he onta ts e ms d. nsea çan
a bi uiy e s sw he t c r ts l ngua i ofdou f i por ,i s ce i e ofbe ng
m g t xi t
n he ontac ' a
ge s
bt ul m t s us ptbl
i
u r t od i m o e t n one wa orofha ng m or t n one m e ni orr e st t o o m or
nde s o n r ha
y
vi
e ha
a ng, ef r o w r e
t ngsatt s m e tm e ' l k n de e m i ng whe he di pu e c r c ua t r sa e a bi us
hi
he a i .' d. t t r ni
l
t r s t d ont a t l e m r m guo ,

Lhec tmus)co iert wor e oye byt patesi ac or nc wiht i us l
t our t nsd he ds mpl d he ri n c da e t her ua,
odi r a populrme ni ;g owo dorplrs e oye i ac r c wilbete t as
r nay, nd
a a nf' nl r
la e mpl d n onta t l r aed
m eani es i a r onabl m eani can be as gned t i.' 1
ngl s f eas
e
ng
si
o t' d.

Appl ng t s prncpl , heco tc l t tS C wasr uie t pr vi m it n
yi he e i i es t
ur oncudes ha N
eq r d o o de te
notc oft pot n i i pa ta s i t w ih t de i i t i t l a i r it ntc r t e n
i e he e tal m c s oc a ed t he c s on o ns a l c d-es s a onc e e, ve
i t de i i w a a ç - - r c ed Cha e, a t tS C ha f l t es a i h t tt
f he c son s n ç l Di e t
A x
ng ' nd ha N
'
s aied o t bls ha he

a ia e c r c pr sonsa eambi
pplc bl onta t ovii
r
guousi t sr ga d.W he c i r d i ise tr t
n hi e r
n onsde e n t n ie y,

j1 oft Ter andCo tonsst outt pr dursbywhihSNC wast r eve
2 he ms
ndii es he oce e
c
o ec i
c pe a i f c ng i t Conta tPr c ,a e ens o oft Contac Ti e, es tng
om ns ton or ha es n he
r c i e nd xt i ns he
r t m r uli
fom a va i t ofc tons o c r um s a e . A ' - i e t d Cha s a e t fr tc t go y of
r
rey
ondii
r ic t nc s I D r c e
x
nge r he is a e r

c ng dic s i j1 a t frtlse i t rs tvelssofe nt i jj1 2a 1 3
ha es s used n 2, nd he is itd n he epeci it ve s n 2. nd 2.

t tc udj tf a i ce s i Co ta t ieo Co ta t me
ha o l usiy n n ra e n n rc Prc r nr c Ti .
W hieSNC mait nst tt Co r c s d bec t u d i s h am a rt twoul
l
n ai ha he nta t houl
onsr e n uc
nne ha
d

rquieonet la fom j 1 1t j 1 7f A' Die tdCha s SNC pr de no
e r
o ep '
r
2. o 2. or l rce
xnge ,
ovi s

p ru sv j si t n fri ra i o tec n rc, n Vign alw p o i iss c as lcie
es a ie u tt i o t e dng f h o ta ta d r ii a r h bt u h ee tv
ka o
s
i eprtto Se Oua os& Asoc .P. ,597S. 2da 93($ ec i rt c r c a a
ntr eain. e dr
s s. C.
E. t ç onsde he onta t s
W
whol a dono plc e
e nd
t a e mphassonioltdtlns' 1,a S s
i s ae en . f s NC uggess t Conta t
l.
t,he rc
c tmpl e s ppi ove jj 1 2t oug 1 6i t e ntofanA' - r cedCha ,he
one atd ki ng r 2. hr h 2. n he ve
l Die t
x
nge t n
t pr vii nsdefni t ba esf ac nge i Conr c Prceo Contac Ti ewoul notls
he o so
i ng he s or ha
n
ta t i r
r t m
d
it
A' - r t d Cha
l Diec e
x
nges
.

Si ysaed,SNC prvi novai bassf t postont tjj 1 1a 1 7a pl t
mpl tt
o des
ld i or he ii ha
2. nd 2. p y o
A' - r tdCha ,butt tjj1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,a 1 6dono .AsATK e
I Diece
x
nges
ha
2. 2. 2. 2. nd 2.
t
mphasze
is

i isrpl bre,jj 1 1a 1 7aemeel pat oft e ieCha espr dur Se ton 1 1
n t e y if 2. nd 2. r r y rs he ntr ng oce e. ci 2.
em powersA TK t diectchangest t wor t tar w ihi t generalscope oft Cont act l
o r
o he k ha e t n he
he
r .t

13

doe nots a t wha ha nsa trATK i ta e ac
s
pe k o
t ppe fe
niit s hanget t Con r c . l t a t ti s t
o he
ta t nse d, ha s e
outi t r m a nde oft Cha
n he e i r he
ngespr vi i .
o s ons
Se ton 1 7,o t ot rha de c i show t pr e e f r Cha s e . Eihe
c i 2. n he he nd, s rbe
he oc dur o
nge nds t r
t pa te ag eet t c nge a A TK i s a c ng or rm e or a i i t a e m e t or
he r i s r o he ha
nd
s ues ha e de
m i lz ng he gr e n ,

t pa te diage a c i t t dipue pr ce r oulne i j20.Se ton 1 7i no
he ris s re nd ontnue o he s ts o du e ti d n
ci 2. s t

a atr tv c a g p o e u e l se d S c n o ra h j1 7wi u frtc mpeigt e
n lenaie h n e r c d r . n t a , NC a n t e c 2. t t is o ltn h
ho
se i jj1 2t ough 1 6.Theco ta r e wihATK t tSNC' i er eai wo dfr
tps n 2. hr
2.
ur g e s t
ha
S nt prtton ul oce
t c tt inoet pli lng geofjj 1 2a 1 3,o c e t a alenaeCha es
he our o g r he an a ua
2. nd 2. r r ae n tr t ng
pr ce ur t tw a notc e pl t by t pa te a t tm e t co r c w a e c e For
o d e ha s
ont m a ed he r i s t he i he nt a t s xe ut d.

t s r s ns t cou tc ude ,a amat roflw, ha t wrtenno i pr sonsa yt
he e ea o , he r oncl s s
te
a t t he it
tce ovii
ppl o

A' Die tdCh n e .S eM c vt & Sre, 3F. u p. t91 (ee tn t ec nr co '
I r ce a g s e De it te t 71 S p a 9 rj ci g h o ta t rs
Ka gum e t tf m a w rte notc w a unnec s a y b a e t m odii a i a i s wer
r
nt ha or l it n i e s
e s r ec us he
f c tons t s ue e

ma eb teprj c o e ' o ac i c)
d y h o e t wn rs wn rht t.
e
Rec nii t tt r i no e de et ti pr de f m a wrte notc ofa dea
og zng ha he e s vi nc ha t ovi d or l it n i e ny lys
orde a da age as oc a e w ih A TK ' de i i t i t l a d- e it ntc r t ,SN C
ly m s s i td t
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e
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a
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nsalto lys nd t l a o tr ne hei mpa t' S
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a t notce a SN C ciesno V igi aca e l w t s
c ual i , nd
t
r ni s a o uppor t pr
t he opos ton t ta t lno i e
ii ha c ua t c
wile us a co r d or sf l e t c pl wih a c r t sw rte notc r quie e . I ee
l xc e
nt a ' aiur o om y t ontac ' it n i e e r m nt nd d,
w hen pr
esent w ih a publc cons r ton cas i vi a s at or w rtt notce r r ent
ed t
i
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t Vi g ni Supr m e Co tr c nty he d t twrte notc w a r quie a t ta t lnotce
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o d t a i f he t t or t c e r m n .Sç
m
at A
vi.

699S. 2d499,506( 201 )
E.
Va. 0 .
Ba e on t f e ng, he c t oncl st tt Co r c ' w rte notc
sd
he or goi t our c ude ha he nt a t s it n i e

r quie nt a yt A-K- r ctd Cha s a t tSNC' f iur t c
e r me s ppl o f Die e
nge , nd ha
S a l e o ompl wih t wrte
y t he itn
notc r quie nt a ef t lt isc am f de a da
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s es tng r he ha e o cdr s s a c r t A c or ng y, he c tw ilg a A TK ' m oton f pa tals m a y
e i t nt onc e e. c di l t our l r nt
S i 0r r i um r

j d me t t r s e tot scam.
u g n wi e p c t hi li
h
lI.

Se
vere W i er W eatw r
nt
l

ATK h sas mo e f rs mmayj d me t t r s e tt a yd ma e rltdt t e
a lo v d o u r u g n wi e p c o n a g s eae o h
h
s ve ewi e we t rt tRa or e re d,i l ng t a c e a i c t t tSNC
e r nt r ahe ha df d xpe ince ncudi he c elr ton oss ha
a l ge y i ur e asa r ul ofA TK ' r f alt e e t Conta Ti e. Fort f l i
le dl nc r d
es t
S e us o xt nd he
r ct m
he olow ng

r a ons t co tc l st tgen neis ofmaera f tpr cl t e r ofsl r
e s , he ur oncude ha
ui s ues
t il ac e ude he nty tmma y

j d me t ntecam f ra c lrto c ssa s cae wiht ed nil ft erq e td
u g n o h li o c eeain o t s o itd t h e a o h e u se
e e i t t e e tt r que twa ba edon sve ewit rwe t r Themoton f rpa ta
xtnson, o he xt n he e s s s
e r n e a he .
i o ril

s
ummayj
r udgme wilbegrnt wihr s ctt ot raset we t rr ae da es
nt l
a ed t epe o he s red ahe -eltd mag .
Asi i a e a
nd c t d bove t Co r c per istmee e insf unus ly s ve ewi e
, he nta t m t i xt nso or
ua l e r ntr

we t e.S cin 1 2sae ta aç h n e ) oteCo ta tTi ma b pemitdi
ah r e to 2. tts h t û a g g t h nrc me y e r te f
c
( ual s veewe t r i cg)t tmeyc ei oft W or ' t r a
unus ly e r ahe) mpa ts he i l omplton he k.' Te ms nd
Condii j1 2. Unlket tsctonoft Te andCo to ,j1 3,whihgovens
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c tc l st tS C i ba r d fom r c rngt c t t ti i ur e durng t pe i of
our onc ude ha N s re r e ove i he oss ha t nc r d i he rod
s ve e w e t r i l ng t c t ofa tona ie st tbec m ene es a y f SN C t pe f m
e r a he , nc udi he os s ddii l t m ha
a
c s r or
o r or

a ar s toft we t r a a c t a s aedwih l tpr tviy durng t ttm e See
s e ul he a he , nd ny oss s ocit
t os oduc i t
i ha i .

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a a ni
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riulr em r
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s vi nc ha he ris ntnde o xcude ha tm.' ke s t ur oncud ha
)
S C i pr c ude f o r c
N s e l d r m e overng da ag r s tng f om w e t r r l t d de a . O n t ot r
i
m es e uli r
a he - e a e l ys
he he

ha t t e tntt tSNC c e t tATK bra hedj 1 2oft Contac byde i is
nd,o he xe ha
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ha
s ntted o o e
t ti lon iscl i f ac el r ton c t r s tng f om t de e e e i
o ra
t a m or c e a i os s e uli r he ni d xt ns on.

SNC' a cee ai n cl m i pr miedon t t or ofc tu tve a cee ai Suc
S c lr to ai s e s
he he y onsr c i c lr ton. h

cam ç r ia i aie wh n te(wn r rq ie t ec nr co t a h r t teo ii a
li l dn rl rss e h o e) e ur s h o ta tr o d ee o h rgn l
o
y
pe f m a ede i s tf t i t c r c ,e n t
ror nc adlne e orh n he onta t ve hought c r c pr vi t conta t r
he onta t o des he
rco
wih pe i ofe us bl de a t te il t c r c o t a l rpe f r a pe i '
t rods xc a e l y ha ntte he onta t r o onge r o m nce rod.'

Mu d c & So Co sr.nc v Go e n Ge Co sr.n .461F.d8 7 8 0( t Ci. 0 6
ro k
ns n t.l . . h e n. n t.lc,
3 3 , 4 7h r 2 0 )
(mp a i i o iia)(nena ctto o te ) Alh u hd fe e t o muain h v b e
e h ss n rgn l itr l iain mi d . t o g ifr n f r lto s a e e n
t
us d i s ti f t t e e e sofc t uc i a c e a i t c tc ude t ti t
e n e tng orh he l m nt
ons r tve c el r ton, he our oncl s ha n he

c t xto t sca e i vi ac r tbewe t prva ee ii s t f mul ton s tf rh
on e f hi s , nvol ng ontac t en wo i t ntte ,he or ai e o t
b t Se nt Cic ti mos a opra e Spe iialy,t co tc l st tSNC mus
y he ve h r ui s t ppr it . cfc l he ur onc ude ha
t

etbls t f l ngfveelme si or t pr valonisc tuci a eeain cam : 1
sa ih he olowi i e nt n der o e i t onsr tve cc lrto li ( )

t tS e re e a e a edea e ilngi t atmeextnson;( t tSNC pr ry
ha NC xpe inc d n xcusbl ly ntti to i
e i 2) ha
opel
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ATK de nde t tt prj c bec ee byt o i na compltonde dlnedes t t
ma d ha he o e t ompltd he rgi l
ei a i
pie he
16

e u a l d ly' n ()t a S a tal a c lrtdt ewok i o d rt c mp eet p o e t
xc sb e ea , d 5 h t NC cu l c eeae h r n r e o o lt he rj c
a
y
by t orgi com pl i da e and i r added cos s as a r t 1 ;s al o St
he i nal
eton t
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esul. d. ee s even G . .
M

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en, tucin w
1 sti orh he orgoi t c lme s'
bas
onsr tve
ac eeai cam)
c lrton li .
Appl ng t e e e e s t c ur fndst tge ne i s ofm a e i lf tpr cl t
yi hes l m nt , he o t i ha nui s ues
t r a ac e ude he

e t o s mmayj d me to S Sc nsr ciea c lrto cam,ot ee tn s c cam i
nl f u r u g n n NC' o tu tv c eeain li t h x e t u h li s
y
ba e on SN C' w e t r r l t d r ue tf r e t ns on oftm e l i undi put t tSN C no ii
sd
S a he - e a e eq s o x e i
i . ts
s ed ha
tfed
ATK on Fe r lr 25, 0 t ts ve e w i e w e t w asi pa ng ispe f m a e,a t t
b ta y 201 ha e r nt r a her
m di t r or nc nd ha
S C f m a l r ue t d a 30 da e e i oftm e. l i a s undi put d t A TK s e nty
N or ly eq s e
- y xt ns on i
t s lo
s e hat
ubs que l

de edt r ques f e e i oftmea t r a e d t i pos lqui t d da
ni he e t or xt nson i nd l e t ne o m e i da e mage i t wo k
z
s f he r
w a notco pl t d b t da e s f t i t Con r c . A ddii ly, ti undi put d t tSN C
s
m e e y he t et orh n he
ta t
tona l i s
s e ha

a t l a c e a e ispe f r a e f l ngt de a oft r quese e e i To t
cualy c elr t d t r o m nc olowi he nil he e t d xt nson.
he
e e SN C s
xt nt
ugge t t tt w i e w e t rw a no unus ly s ve e e
s s ha he nt r a he s t
ua l e r nough t cons iut a
o
tt e n
t xc a e del y, ort tSN C di d o r y ' e ue tt e e i oftm e, he c t ncl s
t us bl a ' ha
e
'
d ' pe l ' r q s he xt ns on i t our co ude
pr

t a s c is e mus bed cd db aj r .
h t u h su s t e i e y u y
I pas i t c tnot st tA TK ciest o s par t notc pr vi i c ai d i t
n s ng, he our e ha
t w e a e i e o s ons ont ne n he
Contac t s
r t o uppor isa g l e t tS C' wr te r ques f a ext i n wasi pr pe .
t t r tm nt ha N S it n e
t or n ens o
m o r
H a ng r vi d t pr sons t c r c l
vi e ewe he ovi i , he ou t onc udest t w he co i r d t t r t
ha , n ns de e oge he , he

pr sonsaea g us Aspr vi l dic s d,j 1 5pur t t stf t t r quie nt
ovii r mbiuo .
e ousy suse
2. pors o e orh he e rme s
f t notc t beus w hen t c r t be om e a a e ofa cha d co to t tm a
or he i e o
ed
he ontac or c s w r
nge ndii n ha y

rs ti a i ras i t Conta tTi Thi pr sonsae t ttt heeposi e,he
e ul n n nce e n he
r c me. s ovii tts ha swl r sbl t
N otce s d pr de aR O M ...estm at oft cos oft change and a sat entofwhe her
i houl ovi
i e he t he
t em
t

t eei p tn ilfrd lyt t ep oe tshe ue' t r a Co di o sj 1 5 (mp a i
h r s oe ta o ea o h rj c c d l. Te ms nd n t n 2.) e h ss
'
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a d) l isrpl bre,ATK ctst a he notc prvii c ai i j7. oft Tems
dde . n t e y if
ie o not r ie o son ont ned n 5 he r
a Co ii .Unlkej1 5 whihrquiesa esi t oft cos oft c ngei tme
nd ndtons
i
2., c e r n tmae he t he ha n i
û eposi e, j7. sae t tac nta trSs l prvi a esi t oft c tofbrngi
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wher sbl ' 5 tts ha o rco ihal o de n tmae he os
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i ng

tePrj c b c o s h d l ao gwi t erc v r sh d l. Te msa dCo dto sj75
h oe t a k n c e u e ln t h e o ey c e u e' r n n iin .)
h
'(
(mpha i a d) l lghto t i itntlngua c ai di t s t pr so ,he
e ss dde . n i f he nconsse a ge ont ne n he e wo oviins t
c ltfndst tt r i s e am bi t ast t e e ofnotc r quie t obt n a e e i n
otr i ha he e s om
guiy o he xt nt
i e e r d o ai n xt ns o

o t u e t eCo ta t a dt a aj r mus d cd wh t e S p o ryrq e tda
f i nd r h nrc , n h t uy t e ie eh r NC r pel e u se n
me
ext i
enson.

Fo t eer a o s t emoinf rp ril u r j d me t lb d ne t tee tn
r h s e s n ,h to o ata s mmay u g n wil e e id o h x e t
t tSNC s e a cee ai n c t r uli fom t de a ofiswe t rr a e r que tf
ha
e ks c lr to oss es tng r he ni l t a he -elt d e s or
ext on oftm e.
ensi
i

11 Unj tEnrc nt
1.
us ihme

ATK h sas mo df rs mmayj d me t t rs e tt S Scam f r j s
a lo ve o u r u g n wi e p c o NC' li o unu t
h
elih n .Be a s awrte c nr c e it bewe n ATK a d S c v rn t es mes be t
r c me t c u e i n o ta t xss t e
r
t
n NC o ei g h a u j c
matra t eu j s e rc me tcam,h c u t g e swihATK t a S c n o rc v ru d r
te s h nu t n ih n li te o r a re t
h t NC a n t e o e n e
i u j s e rc me tte r .Se , ..LinAso s. v. withpsS ib id r.
t n u t n ih n h o y e eg, o s c .LLC S fs i hp u le s LLC,
s
No.
11 CV1 9 2 1 U. Dit LEXI 1 5 9 , t* ( D. . c 2 , 01 )(; eCo r g a t
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S 3 0 5 a 2 E. Va De . 0 2 0 (
Th u t rns
Dee d n ' M oinf rS mma yJ d me t nPlitf su j s e c me tcam b c u e
fn a ts to o u r u g n o an if n u t mi h n li e a s ,
unde V igi a l w ,q s - ontac ualc ai s a e pr bie whe e,a he e t r i a e es
r r ni a ua ic r t l m r ohi t d
r s r , he e s n xpr s

c r tt tgo r t pa te 'rltons p,rght,a r s i ltes'l Commo at
ontac ha vens he ris eai hi i s nd eponsbiii . ;
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DitLEXI 6 65 , t* 4 2 ( . Va Au . , 0 7 ( ic si rto l frn t l wig
s.
S 4 2 a 2 - 6 W D. . g 31 2 0 ) ds u sng ainae o o al n
o
unus e ihme cli wheet r i a e esc ta tbewe nt pa tes.Ac or ngl
j t nrc nt ams r hee s n xpr s onrc t e he ri ) c di y,
t motonfrpatals
he i o ri ummar udg twilbega e wihrs c t t scl m.
yj men l rntd t e pe t o hi ai
Concl i
us on

Fo t era o ssae ATK' moinf rp ril u r j dg n wil ega tdi
r h e s n ttd,
S t o a t s mmay u me t l b rn e n
o
a
pa ta de e i pa t The Cl r i di e t t s nd c r ii c esoft sm e or nd
r nd ni d n r .
e k s r c ed o e e tfed opi
hi m a um
o ni a t a om pa yi or rt a lc
pi on nd he cc
n ng de o 1 ouns lo r cor
e f e d.

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