Andrews v. Staples The Office Superstore East, Inc.
Filing
26
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 7/1/13. (med)
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M EM O M N D UM O PI I N
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STA PLES TH E O FFI SU PER STO R E
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EA ST,I C .
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By:Jam es C .Turk
Seni Unied St es Di t ctJudge
or t
at
s ri
D efendant
.
Pli tf M ag rt An An rws (An r ws' fld t i a to a ans he f r r
anif r ae n d e s d e ' ie hs cin g i t r o me
t
)
e o e , fnd n Sa lst eOfieSu eso eEa t I c (ûtp e ',a s rig an mbe o
mply r Dee a t tp e h fc p rt r s, n . û a ls' se t
S
)
n u rf
e ly n-eae cams t wi:()ah siewok e vio me tcam u d rTil Vl o te
mpo me trltd li ,o t 1 o tl r n r n n li n e te I f h
Ci lRi sAc of 1 4,a a nde 42 U. C.j 2000 basd on he s a ii fom t
vi ght t 96 s me d,
S.
e, e
r ex, rsng r he
c n u to amaec wo k rt a s ecamswa n t e d e a trs ec mpli da o ti; ( )
o d c f l o- r e h t h li
s o r me id fe h o ane b u tl 2
a hosiewor e r e cai ba e on he r i o Cl si t a ii fo a i i nti
tl
k nvionm nt l m s d
r elgi n, ui taniy, rsng r m n ncde n
whih s e rppe o a page fom her Bi e a t t Bi e a a he i whih
c om one i d ut
r
bl nd ook he bl, nd not r n
c
s one c tt c d t t r di on whih s s tme lse t Clrsin musc;()a
ome
u he or o he a o
c he omei s itned o tita
i 3
cam f ritn in lifito o e to a d sr s u e Vigni lw;a d ( )a cam t a
li o ne to a n lcin f moi n l ite s nd r r i a a n 4 li h t
St pl s r t la e a i the whe s r pored t ale ha a s nt by r i he wo k
a e e a it d gans r
n he e t he lged r s me
educng r r
hour ,i vi l ton ofTil Vl.
s n oai
te I
Pe dn beo eteCo r i Dee a tStp e ' moinf rs mma' j dg n . No.
n ig f r h u ts fnd n a lss to o u l u me tECF
y
1 .S a lsc ne d t ti i e tte t j d me ta a ma tro lw a t alo An rwss
6 tpe o tn s ha t s n ild o u g n s
te f a s o l f d e '
1 A Sdicus ed i mor de ai he ei , t conduc by t mal co- or , Jacob Elas, i uded
s s n
e t l r n he
t he e w ker
i ncl
r t d i dent whe e he changed i o hi wor unior i t br k r
epea e nci s r
nt s k f m n he ea oom oft sor i f ontofhe
he t e n r
r
and ot em pl
her
oyeesaswel asot rbeha ordiec edt
l
he
vi r t owar hert Andr f
d
hat
ews ound t ea e ng or
hr t ni
ha as i Se i r a 4r sng. e nfa t 8.
.
t isc n iu d t c n ei t eb'a r o ' J- se as De n Af. 3 (x anigt a,i
ç a o tn e o ha g n h l k o m. #s e lo a f ! e pli n h t n
El
e
' ;
rs
e pons t Andr s s c pl i ,t s or m a ge e t a c
e o
ew ' om a nt he t e na m nt e m ouns l Ela nott cha i
e ed i s
o
nge n
t bra r a ma a he s ce a ia e t hi f c ngi t ma ge ' r ;
he e k oom nd de not r pa valbl o m or ha ng, he na rs oom)
ECF No.21 Ex.C,W rghtAf.! 5 (xpli ng s ) Acc di t And e ,ho ve,t
,
i
f
e ani nme. or ng o
r ws we r he
m a ge ' r m whe e Ela w a pe m it d t c nge had a gl s w i
na r s oo
r
i s s r te o ha
as
ndow i i. On
n t
a o m a e y t ee oc as o ,s w a ke up t t doora c d s Ela i hi boxe s t
ppr xi t l hr
c i ns he l d
o he
nd oul ee i s n s
r hors
t o h t wi
hr ug he ndow.ECF N o. , B a 3; A a 2.
21 Ex. t Ex. t
Stri i ea l J y,t r wasa pe i ofm o hs whe e Andr wsdi nots e Elasa
a tng n ry ul he e
rod
nt
r
e
d
e i t
a l a di no obs r hi e ngi cot s
l, nd d t e ve m ha ng l he .ECF No. ,Ex. a 2;Ex. a 3. n,a s
21
A t
B t The t ome
p itte ma a e ' r o wa t o v re it a tc r o t tx c mp trsa d t ( l)
on h n g rs o m s t n e td n o e h o m o i o u e s n he mae
c
e oyeewor ng t r ...yel a Elasa t d hi he c d no c ng t r a s d
mpl
ki he e
led t i nd ol m
oul t ha e he e nd houl
c ngei t bahr m.'ECF No.21 Ex.C,W rghtAf. 5. t tpoi ,whihwa lkel i
ha n he t oo '
,
i
f! At ha nt c s i y n
l t Se e be o e r y Oc obe , i a r n l bega c ng ng i t br a r
a e pt m r r a l t r Elas ppa e ty
n ha i n he e k oom aga n.
i
Theonl tndls)tmeAndrwsobs ve Ela c ngi cohesi t bra r m wa
y a at i
e
er d is ha ng lt n he e k oo
s
on Oct r 1 2009.On t t da e,A ndr w s was l vi wor a w a he di t t l unge a
obe ,
ha t
e
ea ng
k nd s a ng o he o
s
a he e pl ,J m e Cha l wa sa ng be we n t hal a t br a r m .Cha l
not r m oyee a s nnel, s t ndi
t e he l nd he e k oo
nnel
lo e a h ra s ewa h a i it telu g a d si ,t , o d y u'ej ti tmef rte
o k d t e s h s e dng n o h o n e n ad < g o , o r us n i o h
Oh
pa s s w . And e De 37 38.As Andr ws wal d t t r fi r t ,s t ned a o
nt ho '
' r ws p. e
ke o he e rge aor he ur
r und
a s i ç ha ?'a t n s w J e tki hi cot of .Ac or ng t Andr ,bo h
nd ad ; t ' nd he a a ob a ng s l hes f o di o
W
ews t
Cha l a Elas s a t l ug ng a s r n outof t l m ge c yi She a r nty l f t
nne l nd i t red a hi nd he a
he ol
r ng.
ppa e l e 4 he
sore i m edi el w ihoutt lng a m anager w hat had happened,and w as s tups ' t she
t m
at y, t
eli
o t et' hat
s
is eportaboutt s behavi t
hi
or o
S d t go sr i htt t docor .'J at40.She al o m ade her fr tr
û o
ha
ta g o he t s'J
-.
.
St pl ' H um a Res c de rm e t t da pr vi l ha ng c pl i d onl t s o e
a es
n
our es pa t nt ha y, e ous y vi om a ne
y o tr
m anagem ent
.
She a s t d herhus nd wha ha ha ned. M r Andr w s w as u eta w e t t
l o ol
ba
t d ppe
.
e
ps nd nt o he
sor t t k w ih Ela s
t e o al t i s oon a t r A nd e s ha l f t go t t doc or s ofi .At s e poi
fe
rw
d eto
o he
t ' tce
om
nt
dtrng hi vi i,e t r M r A ndr w s or t s o e m a ge ca l t polc A c or ng t Dea
li
s st ihe
.
e
he t r
na r led he i e. c di o
n,
M r A ndr w s a rved a t s o e a w a e t s a w ih Ela ,a a s i or ed D e n t the
.
e
ri
t he t r nd nt d o pe k t i s nd l o nf m
a ha
woul bec li t Roa
d alng he nokeCount Polc a posi ec r s( t ri c nte tr
y ie bout sbl hage whehe nde e xposle
ors xua ha a s nt.SeeECF No.1 Ex.A t Ex.2,Dea Sttme . polc we ec l
e l r sme )
8,
o
n ae nt The ie r aled,
at
lhough t r i a di put ove whe he Dea ca l t m , as a s e r o w he he M r
he e s
s e
r
t r
n led he
af gua d, r
t r .
And e s di The polc i e vi w ed bot M r Andr w s a Ela and no c r w e e e
rw
d.
i e nt r e
h
.
e
nd i s
ha ges r ver
br htag ns a neasar ul oft i de .Seej a
oug ai t nyo
es t he nci nt
.
l
W ih r ga d t a1 oft cl hesc ng ng i de s i i worh e m i ng i s
t e r o l he ot - ha i nci nt, t s t xa ni n ome de al
ti
te mn ne i whih t e t o p a e S e i c l t e s mmay j d me trc r ,icu i
h
n r n c h y o k lc . p ct al h u r u g n e o d n ldng
i y,
Andr w s s de ii t s i o
e ' pos ton e tm ny, r fe s t t dif r nt e pl es wer pr s nt dlrng t
e l ct ha f e e m oye
e ee
z i he
dif r t c o he - ha i i i en s a t t Ela c ng d cl t i f on of bo h m a e a
f e en l t s c ng ng nc d t , nd ha i s ha e o hes n r t
t
l nd
f m a e e pl s Elasal o co i t nty ofe e t e a ton t the di notw a t c nge
e l m oyee . i s ns se l f r d he xpl na i ha
d
nt o ha
i t r toom be us i was t d ry,a r s unr l t d t ge
n he esr
ca e t
oo i t
ea on
e a e o nder Se A ndr w s D e 3
. e
e
p. 4.
Andr
ews a it t tEla wasnotna d a a poi durng t c ot - ha i butw oul
dm ted ha i s
ke t ny nt i he l hes c ng ng,
d
srp down t hi boxe s t.ECF No.21 Ex.B,AndrwsSttme a 2 (ee ng t Ela
ti
o s
r hors
,
e
ae nt t rfni o is
srppi downt hi û r ''ECFNo.21 Ex.C,W rgh Af. 4 ( s rbi Ela c ngi
ti ng
o s d s',
boxe l
,
i t f ! de ci ng is ha ng
do t hi S rs t'.Theei no e de et tEla ma a co nt,saeme s or
wn o s t
boxe hors'
) r s vi nc ha is de ny mme s tt nt,
gesur s of a s xualna ur or ot r s - a a y tm e w hie cha ng,nor di he wal a ou
t ee
t e
he wi e t n i
l
ngi
d
k r nd
i a st e of undr
n
at
ess. See A ndr s D ep. 39- A ddii l Andr s t tfed t Elas
ew
40.
tonaly,
ew es ii hat i
c nge clt r ai l quikl AndrwsDe 3 3 40(epo ngt q si a how
ha d ohes eltvey c y. e
p. 4, 9, r s ndi o uetons bout
l Ela wasundr s e be or heputhi St pl t f m on,Andr wssa i '
ong is
esd f e
s a es mior
e t tng '
Howe rl
ve ong
itkess
t a omebodyt putt i cl he on.'.
o
her ot s '
)
A fe t O c o r 1 2009 cl hes c ng ng i de a And e s s r por t H um a
t r he t be ,
ot - ha i nci nt nd
rw ' e t o
n
Res zc , Tr c y W ila s f o t St pl ' Hum a Re o c s D e rm ent s
olr es a e
li m r m he a es s
n s ur e
pa t
poke w ih
t
Andr w s di e ty. A fe i s i tng, W ila s a s d s or m a gem e t i s Elas a
e
r cl
t r nve tga i
li m dvi e t e na
nt o s ue i
wr te co m s i c er ng cha ng i t br k r ,w hi w a done.ECF N o.18,Ex.2,
it n t elng onc ni
ngi n he ea oom
ch s
De n Af.!5.i a Ex. W ila Af. 1 1 Afe t tc ms lngwa is d,heewee
a f , d. t 3, lims f !! 3- 5. tr ha ot ei
s sue t r r
no f rhe i i t of Ela c ngi c ot s i t br k r
u t r nc den s
i s ha ng l he n he ea oom or e s w her w he e And e s
le
e
r
rw
c d obs r hi .Andr wsalo a knowldged t tmana me ma s m e a tmpt t ke p
oul
e ve m
e
s c
e
ha
ge nt de o
te s o e
he a Elas a r i Oc obe a N o m be 2009, a r ng ng t i s he e s t tt y di
r nd i pa t n t r nd ve r
by r a i he r c dul s o ha he d
no ove l p.A ndr w s De 76.Som e i e ,ho e r he w o d c e i e ry anyw a a s
t ra
e
p.
tm s w ve ,
ul om n a l
y, nd he
woul s hi J
d ee m..
Z
A t he de ii M dr w s t tfe t t her a l ga i of s xua ha as m e wer
r poston,
e
es ii d ha
le tons
e l r s nt
e
' xcusvel r aedt hi undrsi a c ngi cot i fo ofg rl'And e De 51.
t l i y elt o s e sng nd ha ng l hes n r nt he ,' r ws p.
e
She m e i
ntoned a tona be vi r by Ela t t bo he e her how e r a a r nty now
ddii l ha o
i s ha t r d
,
ve , nd ppa e l
c e t the hos ie w or e r nm e c ai i l est sad to lbe vi .Spe i a l
ont nds ha r tl
k nvi o nt l m nc ud hi dii na ha or
c fc ly,
boh An rwsa d W rg th v prvie a fd vt i c nu cin wi t es mma yj d me t
t d e n i h a e o d d fi a is n o j n to t h u r u g n
h
m o i n t tde c i Elas c i up be nd onl f m a e em pl s a s r a i s
t o ha s rbe i om ng
hi
y e l
oyee nd c e m ng udde y i
nl n
anatmptt fi e t ECFNo. ,Ex.C,W rghtAf. 1 seas AndrwsDe 44te o rghtn hem.
21
i
f ! 3; e lo
e
p. 45.
l t i s a e e s bo h w om e ave t t Ela di not do t s t m e 5 A ndr w s a it ,
n he r t t m nt , t
e
dm ted
n
r ha i s d
hi o n.
how e r t tElasenga d i sm ia i m a ur t s ng-ype be vi wih m a e e pl es as
ve , ha i
ge n i l r m t e, ea i t
ha or t
l m oye ,
5 A s poi ed outby Def
nt
endant i is r pl , Andr
n t e y
ews t s ii at her de ii t t s was
e tfed
poston ha he
unawar of whe her he alo a t ed t f i en any ot empl es mal or f m al t tf ng t I
e
t
s tempt o rght
her
oye , e
e e, esiyi ç
don' know i he di i wih ot r peopl 1was i t bac m os oft tm e.'A ndr ws Dep.45;ECF
t
f
d t t he
e.
n he k
t he i '
e
No. a 2( tplssr pl b if r frncn t si y)
22 t Sa e ' e y re ee e ig etmon .
we l Fore mpl Andr wst tfed t tEla oncehi a m ae c wor r sc i i t c ii
l.
xa e,
e esii ha i s
d
l o- ke ' har n he e lng
oft br k r . ndr w sD e 45- Ot rbe orby Ela die t d a A ndr w s whi h s
he ea oom A e
p. 47. he havi
is r c e t
e , c he
consnz d as t untng,i l de hi s ng t he t m i s you s m uc 'w he he c m e t t
t e
a i nc u d m ayi o r i s
l
o
h'
n
a
o he
sor o a d hewa of fom wor grz ng orsa i a he a ohe tm e ,a lughi whe
t e n ay
s fr
k, imi
trng t r t t r i s nd a ng
n
s as
he ked,t o you ha a pr bl m ? ' r ws D e 49- 9 93.
$
D
ve
o e ' And e
p. 50, 2Fi l bot A ndr w s a W r g t tfe t t s m e of t m e i t w or a
naly, h
e
nd
i ht esii d ha o
he n n he
kpl ce
(ncl ng Ela )us d f ,c relngua a s a wor fe nty a t tma oft
i udi is e oul oas a ge nd we r ds rque l nd ha ny he
wo n i t wor a ewe eofe dbyi.ECFNo.21,Ex.C,W rg Af.! 1 ,t.,Ex.D,
me n he kplc r fnde
t
iht f 5. t
k
And e Af.! 9. Alho h Andrws doe not a r t t s c ane t a
r ws f
t ug
e
s
ve ha he ompli d o nyone i
n
ma
nage ent a
m
bout t us of s h l g ge W rgh t s i i d t t s t d Dea i ha A M
he e
uc ml ua , i t e tfe ha he ol
n t t
t
Andr a ot r wome ha s i t we e ofe d by ghe fe nt us of fula
ews nd he
n d ad hey r fnde
t rque e
o nd
ofe i lng gebyElasa s ot rmaee oye ja t tma ge nts dputa
fnsve a ua
i nd ome he l mpl es nd ha na me houl
so t i,butt tma e ntdi nohi 'ECF No.21 Ex.C,W rghtAf. 1
tp o t
ha nag me d t ng.
'
,
i
f ! 5.
C . A le i o R e i ousH ar s e
l gatons f lgi
as m nt
And ews as as e t a hosie wo k e vionme c am ba e on he r lgi She
r
lo s rs
tl
r n r
nt l i
sd
r e i on.
e anst the c wor r knew s wa a Chrsin be us s wo d s ei e lse t a
xpl i ha r o- ke s
he s
ita ca e he ul om tm s itn o
Chr s i r di sato a w or s r ad he Bi e durng br a or l h,a s w o d pr y
itan a o t i n t k, he e
r bl
i
e ks unc nd he ul a
bef r s a e.A ndr w s D e 53- 4.I he de ii n,Pl ntf t s ii d t tt onl i de s
o e he t
e
p. 5 n r pos to
ai i f e tf e ha he y nci nt
s pori he r lgi dici nai cam i ve ()a i ienton De mbe 1 2009i
up tng r ei ous srmi ton li nvol d: 1 n ncd
ce r 6,
n
whih s
c omeonec t c d t he rdi ( whih s s tmeslse d t Chrsin musc ;
ut he or o r a o on c he omei itne o ita
il
a ( a i i ton De e r21 2009,i whih s onetr apag ou ofhe Bi ea
nd 2) n ncden
c mbe ,
n c ome oe
e t
r bl nd
t pe i t he des a t n s ol t Bi e.Andr w s D e 5 55,59.Andr
a d t o r k, nd he t e he bl
e
p. 4ews s pe t t ti
us c s ha t
w asElasw ho com m it bot act ,butshe w as unabl t pr i,
i
ted h s
e o ove t
8
The De embe 1 2009 i i nti ve he r di buta s ot rpr ry ofhe s On
c
r 6,
ncde nvol d r a o,
lo he ope t
r.
t tda e A ndr w s r pored f w o k a di c r d t ti om e ha c up a lt pi t esof
ha t ,
e e t or r nd s ove e ha s
s one d ut
l he c ur
( r hus nd a t e yea- d da trt tghejke on ( r de k i t wae e.The
hej ba nd hre rol ughe ha s
pt hej s n he rhous
pice weesr a r st de k.Thepes s hadaloc t po rco dst my rdi cD
e s r tewn c os he s
ront)
s ut he we r o
a o/
pl yer hea er a des f n, ECF N o. 21 Ex. B. A nd e s St t e a 4. A nd e s w a
a , t , nd
k a '
'
,
,
rw
a em nt t
rw
s
e r l upsta tcidg r e out'1 Shei dit yrporedt i i n t As itnt
xtemey e nd sre hel yes . d. mme ael e t he ncde t o ssa
'
M a ge De n a when s a ked i J ob ha c
na r a nd
he s
f ac
d ome i t ni htbe or ,De n S
n he g
f e a ' te t t
admitd ha
Ja ob ha c
c
d ome i of t coc t hel a c t r' Shet d De n s woul ha t t ket
n f he l k o p usome .
'
ol a he
d ve o a he
day o f a l f . She alo r po t d t i de t Cli ' i St pl s' Hum a Res c s
f nd e t
s e r e he nci nt o t-na ' n a e
n
our e
depa t e t tm or ng.She eve ua l s
rm nt ha
ni
nt ly poke w ih W ila s w ho t d he t Com pa w a
t
li m ,
ol r he
ny s
s il i tga i t i de .1 A ndr w s t tf e a he de ii n t t w hoe r c m it d
tl nves i tng he nci nt d.
e esi i d t r pos to ha
ve om te
t ac ofc tng up he f m iy' pi t e w a s nglng he ou t s ar ,i i i t ,a t r orze
he t uti
r a l s c ur s s i i
r t o c e ntm da e nd e r i
her Andr w s D e 8 83.She s i t t s t t c uc t be di e t a he s c t c ly,
.
e
p. 2a d ha he ook he ond t o
r c ed t r pe ii a l
andnotbec us s wa afmaeo aChrsin.. at83.
a e he s e l r
ita J
Z
On D e e be 21 2009, ndr w sr t d t wor a f
cm r ,
A e epore o
k nd ound t ts e
ha om body ha rpped a
d i
page f om her Bi e a t pe i t he de k.A ddii l he Bi e w a g
r
bl nd a d t o r s
tonaly, r bl
s one a a r nty
nd ppa e l
hasno be n r co r d.ECF No.21 Ex.B,Andr ws St t me a 5.She a i r po td t
t e e ve e
,
e
a e nt t
gan e re he
i de t De n,whoçre t c l g r down'be us s C ss ki a cyi s ba '
nci nt o a
d id o am heq
t
' ca e he t ha ng nd r ng o d.
wa
'
J. Shet d hi s ha t la a got t docor t whih De n a r ty rs
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w a ts f c e l s ve e or pe v s ve t ale t c to of pl i if s e pl e a t
s çuf i i nty e r
r a i o t r he ondii ns
a ntf m oym nt nd o
c e t an a i wor envionm e t' M os
rae
bus ve
k
r
n .' by-Gr nt 630 F. a 334.Even i ac e e astue i
a ,
3d t
f c pt d r n
t i e iey (ncudi t algai i he afd vi a sae ntt t EEOC) Pli ifs
her ntrt i l ng he le tons n r fia t nd ttme o he
, antf'
ale tons of ha a s e do not m ee Til V l ' de a ng s a r f a hos ie w or
l ga i
r s m nt
t te l s m ndi t nda d or
tl
k
e r e ,W hie t Cour i no way co nes t alege t e t e of t Pl i if a
nvionm nt
l he
tn
ndo
he l d r a m nt
he a ntf , nd
1 St Pl cont ndst tt e i no bassf i i labiiy t i, be e i aced pr
0 a es
e
ha her s
i or mputng i lt o t caus t t
ompty t
l o
end t har s e once Andr w s r t i.Andr w s sr
he as m nt
e epored t
e
tenuousy diput t , and poi s t her
l s es hat
nt o
r t d com pli saboutElast sor -evelm a
epea e
ant
i o t el
nagementbegi ng i Apri and contnui i Juneand
nni n
l
i ng n
J y each tme t t Elas changed i o hi unior i t br r .l i cl t t s e seps wer
ul
i ha i
nt s f m n he eak oom t s ear ha om t
e
t ken t r
a
o emedy t cl hescha ng i dent ats poi ,even i t y wer notcom pl el efec i
he ot - ngi nci s ome nt
f he
e
et y f tve
i soppi Pl ntf fom s ng Elasc
n t ng ai if r eei
i hangi cl hes.Forexampl alhough Andr hast tt t
ng ot
e, t
ews
esiied hat
t e was no r pons f om manage ent a er t frt i dent a s e poi afe t J and J y
her
es e r
m
ft he is nci , t om
nt tr he une
ul
i de s,s or managem e pr ded Elas s e r ele t change,and t e wer no mor i dent
nci nt t e
nt ovi
i om whe e s o
her
e
e nci s
i t br r
n he eak oom f mont Pl ntf t tfed,however t s s ilacci
or
hs. ai if esii
, hat he tl
denu ly obs ved Elas i a
l
er
i n
s a e of undr s on se aloccasons t ough a wi
tt
es
ver
i hr
ndow i t ale na i r ' door Then,afert
n he t r tve oom s
.
t he
alenai plc El ha be n gv n be a una ia l ( et te ma hewa c n ng i fon o
tr tve a e i d e ie c me valbe du o h n
as
s ha gi n r t f
obetng,he o e a i c n d i t bra ro But atrt Ocob r 1 20 9 i ie ta d
jci )
nc gan ha ge n he ek o m. , fe he t e , 0 ncd n n
Andr sr tt St pl sHum a Res cesdeparment Elasw asgi n a wrten couns i and no
ews' epor o a es'
n our
t , i
ve
it
elng,
addii
tonali de s i vi hi cha ng cl hes occ r Thi may have been s f entt r ive
nci nt nvol ng m
ngi ot
ured. s
ufki o ele
St esofr ponsbiiy,alhough t Cour need notr h t tis her Cf.Xe xesCor ,639 F. a
apl
es i lt t
he
t
eac ha s ue e.
r
p.
3d t
67 (ç anif ofe f e ta t ere o rc l h ved nemor t r me yt a v ree f cso t
4 ç itfs tn e l h t h i mplye oud a o
pl
e o e d he d e s fe t f he
empl
oyee' conduct ButTil V1 r quiesonl t t e pl t sepsr asonabl lkel t sop t
s
.
te 1 e r
y hat he m oyer ake t e
y i y o t he
haa s n .)
r sme t' .
'
15
whie m uc of Ela ' be vi w as i ppr pr a e a i m a ur i he e i a lne be w e n w ha
l
h
i s s ha or
na o i t nd m t e, d r s i
t
t e
t
c nj siibybec l ds x a h r sme t ndwh ti meeycu eb ha ir'Zikev Mi t,
a u tfa l
al e u l a a s n a
e
a s rl r d e v o . s i . nea
'
547 F. 220,228 ( h Ci.2008 .I e Til V1 i nota t ne a ci lt code'be a ei
3d
4t r
) nde d, te 1 s
l r l viiy
ge
' c us f
t tweet c ed wo dbeltg tngpas s
ha r he as t
we ul iiai
t undowni e rs ma cic tnc s'Ln ve o ny rumsa e .'ds
u
Sinfc n l, whi tee i n l e ie e ta Ela ' c n u t wa s b e tv l
g iia ty
l h r s mpe v d nc h t iss o d c s u j ciey
e
u et g t An rws t b a t n be t e c n u t mu t as h v b e o j ci ey
ps ti o d e , o e ci a l, h o d c s lo a e e n be tv l
n
o
u e ona e.1 The Fourh Cic t has sa e t tt dee ne whe he a r as
nr as bl 1
t r ui
tt d ha o tnui
t r e onabl pe s n
e ro
woul fnd a wor e r m e hosie,c t l i t a1 t cicu sa s i udi t
d i
k nvion nt tl ours ook l 1 he r m tnce , ncl ng he
a
f eque
r ncy of t di c i i t y c
he s rm na or onduc , is s rt whet r i i phys ca l t ea e ng or
t t eve iy,
he t s
i ly hr t ni
hu ii tng, or a m e e of e i ute a e; a whet r i unr as
m la i
r f ns ve t r nc nd
he t e onabl i e f r wih a
y nt r e es t n
empl swor pe f ma ' Si et v.Den' o Cor.Educ. l1 F.App' 119,1 ( h
oyee' k ror nce. ngl on
'
tf r
, 5
x
22 4t
Ci.2 0 ) ( n u ls e ) ( u t Faa h r v Bo a Rao 5 4 U. 77 , 7 7 8 ( 9 8
r 0 4 u p bih d q oi
ng r g e . c tn, 2 S. 5 8 - 8 1 9 :.
A not rf c ort be co i e i t r l tve pow e be w e n t ha as e a t vi tm . s e
he a t o
nsder d s he e a i
r t e he r s r nd he c i Ziki ,
5 F. a 22747 3d t
28.
He e,t c
r he onductalege by Andr s i l des Ela ,a m al c w or r c ng ng i t
l d
ew nc u
is
e o- ke , ha i n he
br a r
e k oom o a pr m a el s n oc as o . M os oft s i t e oc r ed ove a pe i of
n p oxi t y eve c i ns
t he e nsanc s cu r
r r od
we ks butt n t r wasabr a o s ve a m o hsbef r t fna i i nton Ocobe 1 2009,
e ,
he he e
e k f e r l nt
o e he i l ncde
t r ,
1 Plitf mit k nl r l s o W rg ts afd vi a pr oft tt e c ndu twa obe tvey
1 an if sa e y ei n ih ' fia t s o ha h o c s j ci l
e
unr onabl and specii l on he t tm ony t tl my opi on a bas on my expere as a
eas
e,
fcaly
r es i
hat çn
ni nd ed
ince
Hu n Re o r e Su e vs ra S r (o o ye r,t a rge wo n woul be o fnd d b Ela
ma s u c s p r io t eas f r ne a q he ve a
ma
d
fe e y is
cha ng hi cl hesand pa si al ton,lket br ak r ,wher ot em pl
ngi s ot
nt n oca i i he e oom
e her
oyeescoul s hi ..
d ee m
'ECFNo. , C, rg tAf. 1 's eas i ( issc nd tSsce ryofe iet mos wo n,
'
21 Ex. W i h f ! 1 e lo /s Ela ' o uc d lal fnsv o t me
,
i
a i was o ousy o fnsve t And e a a woma ' .An e ' r la e o t st si n i
nd t
bvi l fe i o
r ws s
n' drwss einc n hi e tmo y s
)
.
m ipl ed f a l tt r ons.Fis ,t det m i i ofwheherconduc i s fci l s ver and
s ac or t eas wo eas
rt he er naton
t
t s ufi enty e e
p l sv t ce t a obe tv l ho tl o a sve wo k e r me r q rs t Cou tt c sde
eva ie o r ae n j ciey si r bu i
e
r nvion nt e uie he r o on i r
v rou fco s a dic s d h r i Cf Ho kisv. li r Ga a Elc.Co.77F. 7 ,75 ( h
a i s a tr , s s use e en. . p n Batmo e s nd e
,
3d 45 3 4t
Ci. 1 6) Th ,W rg ' pes a o nin a u wheh r o i i n mi tbe o fnsve t mo t
r 99 . us ihts ron l pi o bo t te ne ncde t gh
fe i o s
wom en i notdiposii Second- and t lngl nowhe e i W rght' afi vi does s s y t t
s
s tve.
eli yr n i s fda t
he a hat he
cl hes changi i f tofended he orany ot wom an ot t Andr w s See gene aly i
ot ng n ac f
r
her
her han
e .
r l d.
16
and afe t t t r we e no m o e cl hesc ngi i i nt .Ela a s woul co e up be nd
tr ha , he e r
r ot - ha ng ncde s is lo
d m
hi
he a s r m t f i e he ,a t s c
r nd c ea o rght n r nd hi onduc oc ur e a ut o e a w e k durng t m on hs
t c r d bo nc
e
i he
t
s s hi . H e a s w oul s m e i es s a e a grn a he .Andr w sal o f tha as e by t
he aw m
lo
d o tm
t r nd i t r
e
s el r s d
he
me i t sor (ncudi Elas usng c reand cudelngua at ug s a ted t t
n n he t e i l ng i ) i oa s
r a ge, lho h he dmit ha
s ne rc pli d a
he ve om a ne boutt sco uc t a
hi nd t o nyone.She a s poi st t i i n s o pr ry
lo nt o he ncde t f ope t
t m pe i as S r s m e y' pl nl sa e i he de ii n t ts di notc i rt e t
a rng d a s nt' but ai y t t d n r pos to ha he d
ha
ons de hos o
be ha a s e ba ed on he ge r
r s m nt s
r nde .
A lhough A ndr w s t s ii d t t s f t phys c l t ea e d by Ela ' co uc , he
t
e
e t fe ha he el
i aly hr t ne
i s s nd t r
de ci i ofhi c
s rptons s onduc ( i ng,sai s yi C misyous muc 'a e t cl hes
t grnni trng, a ng û s
I
o h, nd ven he ot '
c a ig d no i v leo j ciey ih e tn n 'c n u t p y ia o oh r s . in fc nl
h ngn ) o t n ov b e tv l d rae i g' o d c, h sc l r t e wie S g iia ty,
t
mor over t r wasno physc c a ta a tme bewe n Elasa Andr ws hene rm a
e , he e
i al ont c t ny i
t e i nd
e ,
ve de
a s xua c m e s t w a d he ,a he neve e
ny e l om nt o r r nd
r xpos d hi ge t la t he .A ndr w s D e 51
e s nia i o r
e
p. 52.
M o eo r t s oc asona i i en s s e d overa pe i ofm ont a e no s fci ntt
r ve , he e c i l nc d t pr a
rod
hs r t uf i e o
c e t a wor pl ce t t i d r e t d w ih di c i i t y i i i a i n,r di ul a i ul.'
rae
k a ha s i m a e
pe
t s rm na or ntm d t o i c e nd ns t'
Ha rsv Fokl tS . I c,5 0 U. 1 , ( 9 3 (n en lq tto sa d ctto so te )
ri . r i ys, n . 1 S. 7 21 1 9 ) itr a uoai n n iain mi d .
f
t
Rah r te aee mplso t r d b h vir'ç o il sr a teS c a i n lo fc lr o e
te ,h y r xa e f d u e e a o , k rsme s' nd h i c so a f-oo j k
c
' bo
'
o
or c m e ' t t t Fourh Cic thas f m d i uf i i ntt gi r s t a Til V 1 cl m of a
om nt' ha he
t r ui
ot ns fc e o ve i e o
te l ai
hosiewor e r nme .Ziki 5 F. a 228.M or ove , her l tveç
tl
k nvio nt s e, 47 3d t
e r t e ai ç
powe ' bewe n Ela
r' t e i s
a Andr ws does no c rbut t ma ng t c uc mor svee. Se j a at 227nd
e
t onti e o ki he ond t e e r
e;
28
..
(xpli ngt sf dor.Ela wa ac woker no as r s ,hewa yo rt n Andrws
e ani hi a ) is s o- r , t upevior
s unge ha
e
ked n f er
m s
by about ffeen year 1 t ey w or i dif ent depart ent , and A ndr s w as a l t
it
s,2 h
ew
ong-enn
1 A 1dr
2 1 ews De . 5 ( srbi hes f a 38 y a s od) ECF No.21 Ex.B a 2 ( r ws
p 3 de ci ng rel s
er l ,
'
,
t And e
e tmai J c b wa i hi lt te ore ry 2 )
si tng a o s n s ae e ns a l 0s.
17
em pl
oyee a t c pa whie Ela ha onl be n e pl d t r f a f w m on hs w he t
t he om ny, l i s d y e m oye he e or e
t
n he
cl hes c ngi i i nt be n ha ni
ot - ha ng nc de s ga ppe ng.
The onl f c or t t s
y a t ha uppor s a tndi o s ve e a pe v i c
t
i ng f e r nd r asve onduc i t t t
t s ha he
co
nduc a is he e di i f c i e f r wih Andr wsspe f ma e ofhe dute ,bec us i
t t s ue r d n a t nt re e t
e ' ror nc
r is
a et
w a s ups t i t he . The Cour ha t ns t not t t i does not doub t s ve iy o
s o
e tng o r
t se o
e ha t
t he e rt r
ge ne s of A ndr w s' r ac i n t M r Elas s c
nui nes
e s e t o o . i ' onduc , or t t i i nt i vi t
t
o he nc de s nvol ng he
desnz ton of he pe s na pr pery. I d, s ha pr e a e e de e t t t s
t ci
r r o l o t ndee he s oduc d mpl vi nc ha he e
i de s we e ge ne y u e tng t he .1 Butnote r w o k a e agg a to gi r s t a
nci nt r nui l ps ti o r 3
ve y r pl c
r va i n ves i e o n
a to be lg lcam.S eEEOC v.S n etRe tl,l c,5 F.d 3 6,31 ( t Ci.2 0 )
cina l e a li e
u b l n as n . 21 3 0 6 4h r 0 8
(i o k a e aen tawa sh r no slc ls a d e e icd nsta wo l o j cieygv
s rplc s r o l y amo iu o ae , n v n n ie t h t ud b e tv l ie
W
rs t br s or w ounde f e i wil no on t t ac ot t s t s y t s ve e or per a i
i e o uied
d e lngs l t
ha c m a i f he e r
v s ve
sa d r .S me r lig wi t e p n h si fc o wo k lc lf.) I ta ,te o j cie
tn a d o oln t h u c e sa a t f r pa e ie' . nse d h b e tv
h
'
pr
ong of t t t i û i d t di f vor c a m s bas d on a i vi ' hy r s nstviy.'
he es s t gne o s a
des
li
e
n ndi duals pe - e ii t '
EEOC v.Far ook M ed.Clni P. ,609 F. 320,328 ( h Ci,201 ) The Cour t
ibr
i c. A.
3d
4t r 0 .
t hus
c n ld s ba e o al h r lv n f co s ta t eei n te o g e ie c fo wh c aj r
o cu e , s d n 1 t e ee a t a tr,h t h r s o n u h vd n e r m ih u y
c d tnd t c
oul i he onduc a i s t be s t c e l s ve e a pe va i t be a tona e.
t t s ue o
ufi i nty e r nd r s ve o
c i bl
Se nd,Pl i ifhasf ie t pr e s fc e e de es
co
antf
al d o oduc ufii nt vi nc howi s
ng how t tt al ge
ha he le d
ha a s e w a be aus of he g
r s m nt s c e
r ende a ' r s m e due t pe s iy c lc s w il no
r nd û a s nt
ha
o r onalt onfi t l t
s t c ' Zi ki 5 F. a 226. se a ned by a t rdi ti tc t
ufi e. s e, 47 3d t
'
A xpl i
no he s r c our ,
t r a e a l a t t e pos i e e de t a y a nues ope t a
he e r t e s hr e
s bl vi n i r ve
n o
pl ntf t dem onsra e t t aleged har
ai if o
t t hat he l
assers conduct w as
'
çbecaus of sex.'Fis t pl ntf m ay show t t aleged
û
e
' r t, he ai i f
hat he l
har ers behavi
ass '
or constt ed
iut
an
ea t s
rnes
exual
1 Def da r er
3
n
r em
i sor
e
buse s f r by Pl ntf . See
uf e ed
ai if
en nt ef encesi gene altr sa prorhit y ofs xuala
ECF No.1 at 15 & n. An i vi
8
2.
ndi dualwih s a hit y mi wel experence t i dent atisue
t uch
s or ght l
i
he nci s s
he e dif r l t aper on wihouts a hit y.
r f e enty han
s
t
uch sor
18
s iia i Se ond,t pli tf m a de
olct ton. c
he a n if y monsr t t tt ha as e
ta e ha he r s r
diply d ag nea ho tl y t ge ls i te wo k lc . id,
s a e e rl sit o fmae l n h r p a e Thr
i
und ce t n c r um s a es a pl ntf m a of e diec
er rai ic t nc
ai i f
y
fr r t
com pa atve e d e a
r i vi enc bout t ha as ers t e t e of m e a
he r s ' r a m nt
n nd
W 0m Cn.
Engls v.Pohal o Cha il l ,1 F.Supp.2 833,8 ( D.Va.2002) (ntr
ih
rka f ntlvs nc. 90
d
43 E.
i enal
t
al nc. 21 3d
ciains paenheial and fot e omit )1 Se as Sunbel R ent s. l ,5 F. 306
tto , r t tc s
o not
ted .4 e lo
( h Ci.2008 (s mpl nt pr mied on not ng mor t n nz te t ntby cowor s
4t r
)k
co ai s e s
hi
e ha de r ame
ker,
ca l be vi by one s s r or ,or a r i di f r e of opi on a pe s iy c l c
lous ha or
' upe i s
outne fe enc
ni nd r onalt onti t
wihone' s nis aen0 a tona eunde Til V1' (ntr lctto a qu ain maks
t
s upe or r t ci bl
r te 1' i ena iains nd otto r
)
omitd)
te .
I t sc s , an ifh sn to frd s fiin p o ft s n h rc s t aj r u d ra y
n hi a e Plitf a o fee u fce t r o o e d e a e o u y n e n
of t e t e e de i y i s . Fi s , t r i no e de
hes hr e vi ntar s ues r t he e s
vi nce a a l t t a hi Ela di
t 1 ha nyt ng i s d
c tt t d a e r t s
ons iu e n a nes exua s i ia i n a not ng a
l olc t t o nd hi bout t m a r i whi h he c nge
he mw n
c
ha d
cot s wa s xua o vul r M or over Elas m a no c
l he
s e l r ga .
e , i
de
omm e s t he r r ng s x or
nt o r ega di e
r ga di he ge r no a c m e sa a 1t he ofa s xua na ur ora uthe ge
e r ng r nde , r ny om nt t l o r
e l t e bo
r nder
.
Sec t Cour c l est r i i ufi inte de et tElas( ot r a Stpl )
ond,he
t oncud hee s ns tce vi nc ha i or hes t a es
dipl yed a ge r lhos iiy t w a d w om e i t wor ac A lho
s a
ne a
tlt o r
n n he
kpl e. t ugh And ew sc pl i now
r
om a ns
t t t r w e e m e usng coa s or c ude l ngua i t w o kpl c s ne r c pl ne
ha he e r
n i
re
r
a
ge n he r a e, he ve om ai d
about t t be vi t a
ha ha or o nyone i m a ge e w hie e pl d nor di s of e a s ii
n na m nt l m oye
d he f r ny pec fc
exam pl t i cat t cr l
es hat ndi e he ude anguage w as di ect t ar wom en or i ved com m ent
r ed ow d
nvol
s
aboutw om e eihe ge r ly or a
n, t r ne a l
bout he i pa tc a . A s a he c tf c w ih s m ia
r n r i ul r
not r our a ed t i l r
f t r s d,C t
acs ea one t hough ghe t tmonyesa ihest tt ofe i lng gewaspe v sve,
Al
t ) esi
tbls ha he fnsve a ua
rai
1 Alhough t Engls cour a m os oft cas cied i t f egoi quot i wer deajng
4 t
he
ih
t nd
t he es t n he or ng
aton e
i
wih s e-ex har s ent t s
t am s
as m , he umm ar ofm ehodsf pr ng har s e wasçbe e ofs 'a e not
y
t
or ovi
as m nt
d caus
ex' r
lm ied onl t s
i t
y o ame- ex har s
s
as mentc es
as .
.
19
i as s
t lo howst tt lnguage wa ge r i d s a i notdie t d ve ba at c bas d on
ha he a
s ne alze we rng,
r c e r l ta ks e
s orr lgi pl ntf ha nots it a a f da tnoran ot r e denc s
ex e i on; ai i f s
ubm ted n f i vi
y he vi e ugge tng t tt
s i ha he
pr a l ng ge was di e t a he be a e s w a a w o a o be us s w a a Chr s i n.
of ne a ua
r c ed t r c us he s
m n, r ca e he s
i ta
The ef e pl n ifs c ai ...f l t ove co e s onzt tm ony i t r c d esa i hi t t
r or , ai t f l m
ais o r m w
es i
n he e or t bls ng ha
t of e i l ngua a i s w a m e e y t ge r us of pr a t t t pl i if f
he f nsve a
ge t s ue s r l he ne al e
of niy ha a ntf ound
o fn ie' W i ims v Ha v y 2 0 W L 2 5 4 6 a * ( D.Va Aug 21 20 6 .i
fe sv . l a
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4 6 0 , t 7 E.
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l e t a es
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a ea le i de i w hi h he Bi e was hi de l w a not un i s tl d he a f da t i
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i
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t s ve f
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s eq n l r oc ur . 1
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ai if s a l o ef e a e vi nc ha t nves i ton
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a es
i y ohi tng elgi us r s m nt nd
oc dur n a or e r i uc
haasme .ECF No.18a Ex.3,W ila Af.! 7- a Ex.B t rt a 9,11 1 1swrte
r s nt
t
lims f ! 8 nd
heeo t - 2.t itn
handbook a s pr c ude t m pe i w ih ordes r to ofano he as oc a e' pe s lpr
l o e l s a r ng t
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t r s i t s r ona opery.
t
l at Ex.B a 3 A fe Pl i i f c pl i a t t e t o i i nt , i i undi put d t t
d.
t 2. t r a ntf om a ned bou hes w nc de s t s
s e ha
Tr ce W ila s of St pl ' Hum a Res c Depa t e t c
a y li m
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l
t r w as no m i t n r por pr
he e
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d
ha nvesi a i
li m ve s ha he nt r e d
sor m a e s a e oye , r viwe so e s he es a ve ii d t t t r we e no
t e nag r nd mpl es e e d t r c dul , nd rfe ha he e r
c measi t a e i quesi ECF No.1 a Ex.3,W ila Af. 1 Andr ha ofee
n r n he r a n
ton.
8t
lims f ! 6. ews s frd
not ng t diput t tt s i si a i was do ,ot r t n t a e e ofa wrte r po t
hi o s e ha hi nve tg ton
ne he ha he bs nc
it n e r.
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t
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s
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s e po i e ' t tubs a i t
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alo ECF No.18,Ex.2,De n Af.!9 (xpli ngt the wasno a et deemi who wa
s
a f
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s
r pons bl f t i de i w hi h a pa f o Pl i if s Bi e ha bee r m o a t r t
es
i e or he nci nt n
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bl d n e ved nd he es
oft bookwa misng .M oeo r i i undipue t tafe t De e r21 2009i i nt
he
s si ) r ve,t s s td ha, tr he c mbe ,
ncde ,
t e w er no addii
her
e
tonal i dent of any r i ous har sm ent or any addii
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as
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24
St pl s t Co tc udes t t t labiiy cn no be i putd t i f t e a t .Xe xe
a e , he ur oncl
ha he i lt n t
m e o t or hes c s r s
Cor ,639F. a 674 (l il V1 r quiesonl t tt e oye tkese r s na y lkeyt
p.
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tfte 1 e r
y ha he mpl r a tps ea o bl i l o
so t h r sme t). c r i l ,h Co r ga t De e d n ' s mmayj d me tmo ina
t p he a a s n . Ac o dngy te u t r ns fn a ts u r u g n to s
'
t Pl ntf ' r lgi usha a s e c a m .
o ai i f s e i o
r s m nt l i
C . R et i on Cl m
alati
ai
Top o aprmaf cec s f rrtlain, n e ly emus s w t a: 1 s ee g g d
r ve i a i a e o eaito a mpo e
t ho h t ( ) h n a e
i apr eced a tviy;( t e oy t a ree o ntacin agans t e o ;
n ot t ci t 2) he mpl er ook dves mplyme to
i t he mplyee
a () a s fce c us con ci exit bewe n t pr ece aci t a t a re
nd 3 ufiint a al ne ton ss t e he ot td tviy nd he dve s
emplyme a ton.Lete iv.Egua t l ,478F. 640,649- & n.2( h Ci.
o nt ci
tir
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v.Ai n Regi M edialCe e s l ,333 F.d 536,543 ( h Ci.2003 .$ft pli if
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l
c
no s rmi t yr a onf t a ree oyme a to '' tir,47 F. a 6 ( i
ndici naor e s or he dves mpl nt cin.'Le tei 8 3d t 46 quotng
Hilv.Loc dM a tnLogsisM g .l ,35 F. 277,285 ( h Ci. 4)( nba l;s e
l
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ha t
m oye ' of e e
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or a ng n dve s
e o nta toni a t ly aprtxtf dici nai ''L a 646( i Hil 354F. a
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quotng l,
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mphasze t ta Til V1 rtlain cl m
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25
wor wih is prs mptons a bur ns sppea gl a t s e r mai ng is (s
k t t e u i nd de --dia rs, nd he ol e ni sue i)
dici nai vel non.'Re ves 530 U. at 1 (ntr quotto maks a cttons
srmi ton
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S.
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rua ng he re
a t ha he e nt ne i ly
dic i naed g rtlae a ns t plitf r mansa a1 tmes wih t pli if' Tx.
srmi t or eaitd) gai t he anif e i t l i
t he antf.'
De tofCmt Afar v.Bur ne 450 U. 248,25 ( 981.Onc t dee ntpr uc sa
p'
v. fis
di ,
S.
3 1 ) e he fnda od e
nondi c i i t y e a ton, t pl i if i a f r d t o runiy t pr ve by a
s r m na or xpl na i
he a ntf s f o de he ppo t t o o
pr pond a e oft e denc t tde e nts e a t o i m e e y a pr t xtf r di c i i ton
e
er nc
he vi e ha f nda ' xpl na i n s r l
e e o s rm na i
d s i t t t e pl r s pr f r e a t o i unw o t of c e nce. Re ves 530
ç how ng ha he m oye ' of e ed xpl na i n s
by
r hy
r de ' e ,
'
U. a 1 ( tng Bur ne 45 U. a 256 .il uli t quesi i whehe t e oye
S. t 43 quoi
di , 0 S. t ) s- tmae ton s t r he mpl r
-he
i e to ly geaitdl a pr t tûhe e oye ' pr fr ras i unpes sve,or
ntninal rtlae , nd oof ha t mpl rs ofeed e on s
rua i
e n obvi l co rved,does notne es a iy es a i h t t t pl i i f spr f e r as ...
ve
ousy nti
c s r l t bls ha he a ntf ' ofer d e on
i c rc .'Re ves 530U. a 1 47( i S . a ys 5 U. a 524) çti no e h .
s ore t'' e ,
S. t 46- quotng t M r ', 09 S. t .ç s t noug
l
t dibe i ve t e pl r t f c tnde m us be i ve t pl i if s expl na i ' of
o s le he m oye ' he a ti r
,
t le he a ntf
a ton'
ret i i St M ary' ,509 U . at519.
alaton. .
s
S.
A s di c s And e s a l ge t ,a a r ul ofhe co pl i s a utElas c ngi i
s us ed, r w le s hat s es t
r m a nt bo
i ha ng n
t br k r ,St pl r t laed a i the byr ducng he ho sfom a oxi ael 25ho s
he ea oom a es e a it ga ns r e i
r ur r ppr m t y
ur
pe w e k t 15 hour pe w ee f t pe i be w e n Oc obe 30,2009 a D e m be 22,
r e o
s r
k, or he rod t e
t r
nd ce r
h u
20 ,6 At t e s mmay j dg ent heming, Ande ' c t e d s rb d h r alg to a
091
r u m
rwss oms l e cie e le ain s
es e i ly be ng t t s t l St pl s s c d notw or i c t i a e s bec us s nee d t
s nta l i ha he o d a e he oul
k n era n r a
a e he de o
avoi Elas and m anagem entr ponded by cuti herhour
d i ,
es
tng
s.
St pl s a g st tAndr ws c nnotesa i h a pr m a f c e c e be us s ca ts
a e r ue ha
e a
t bls
i a i as ca e he nno how
a ca a lnk be w e n her c pl i s and he s he e Alhough And e s t s ii d t t i was
us l i
t e
om a nt
r c dul . t
r w e tf e ha t
1 Andr t tfed t s wor d hera oxi el 25 hour weekl bef e Oct r 30, a
6
ews esii hat he
ke
ppr mat y
s
y or
obe
nd
aferherr ur fom herdiabiiy l
t
et n r
s lt eave i M ar 201 untls s r ed fom empl e .
n
ch 0 i he epa at r
oym nt
26
d s bl ' t the c pl i s a
i i e ' ha r om a nt boutEla r s t i he r uce hotr ,A ndr w s D e 10 s
pos
i s e uled n r ed d ls
e
p. 5, he
ha not pr s nt a ot r e de e ot r t n he o n s c ato M or o r St pl s has
s
e e ed ny he vi nc he ha
r w pe ul i n.
e ve , a e
s c s uly a tc a e a A e tm a e nondi c i i t r r as f t adve s e pl m e
uc es f l ri ul t d û gii t ,
l
s rm na o y e on or he
r e m oy nt
a ton' ha A ndr
ci ' t
-t
ews c d no wor durng t bus e tpe i be aus he doc ort d he s
oul t k i he i s r od c e r t ol r he
c d no wor i t c
oul
t
k n he opy ce e or a t c ck- t a e .1 I poi s t A ndr w s s ow n
nt r
t he he ou r a 7 t nt o
e '
t tm ony t ts t d he m a ge s s c d notw or i ce t n a ea ,a he c es i t t
es i
ha he ol r na r he oul
k n rai r s nd r onc s on ha
pr di bac i t e a ea wasr quie oft ve yone'a pa t t i du i .
ovi ng kup n hos r s
e rd û r
e
' s r of her tes Andr wsDe
e
p.
70.She wa t d w he s s a e s c d notw o k i t e a ea t the hour w oul hav t
s ol
n he t t d he oul
r n hos r s ha r
s
d eo
be c be us t 11 a - 1 pm tm e f a e t tus d t be pa tofhe s hedul was a bus tm e
ut ca e he
m
i r m ha e o
r
rc
e
yi
t tr r d e r ne t be av l e t w or i t c s e a e a c py c nt ra ea.
ha equie ve m
o
aiabl o
k n he a hi r r a nd o e e r
The e i s m pl i ufi e e de e t t t s e a ton was a m e e pr t xt f
r s i y ns tci nt vi nc ha hi xpl na i
r e e or
r tla i Fis, t f c t t Andr ws had r pe t dl co ai d a
ea iton. r t he a t ha
e
e a e y mpl ne bout Ela ' c ot s
i s s l he -
c ngng i i nt monhseale (n J a J y)a herhour we eno c a t tpoi
ha i ncde s t rir i une nd ul nd
s r t ut t ha nt
u nni s a a gum e ofpr t xt l t d,he hour we e notc untls t d t sor s
nde ne ny r
nt
e e . nsea
r
s r
ut i he ol he t e he
was una e t pe f m dutes e c e of a 1e pl es durng t s or s bus hour .N ot bl
bl o r or
i xpe t d
1 m oye
i he t e'
y
s
a y,
m or ove , ndr doe notpoi t a ot re pl e w ho r f e t wor i t e a e s a
e r A ews s
nt o ny he m oye
e us d o
k n hos r a nd
w ho w a pe m i t t s ilw or durng t e hotr .
s r ted o tl
k i hos
ls
A ndr w s poi st he t tm ony t t r a e ot r a ea s c d ha wor i t d
e
nt o r esi
hat he e r he r s he oul ve
ked ns ea
andt the prmayj di noti udewoki i t eaea .Stpl mihtha be n betr
ha r i r ob d
ncl
r ng n hos r s a es g ve e te
s r e (nd i d,avoi d art itoncl m alogehe)ha i pennitd Andr t co i
e v d a ndee
de ealai ai t t r d t
te
ews o ntnue
1 St pl makesr
7 a es
epeat r f encest t f tt t act doc or, not i noti t r cor .
ed e er
o he ac hat he ual t s e s
n he e d
Forpu po esofs
r s
umma yj dg n,h ve ,heCo t e tee d n ei t lgh mos fvo a et
r u me t owe r t ur viws h vie c n he i t t a r bl o
Andr w s t non- ova . See Henr 652 F. at531.She has t tfed t s i çpr ty s e' s
e , he
m nt
y,
3d
es ii hat he s ç e t ur ' he
pr ded a doc ors not and has r pea edl r f e d t t i was a medialr r m ent t s not
ovi
t '
e
e t y e er nce ha t
c equie
hat he
wo ki t os ae s Thu ,aj ' c ul s fn
r n h e r a . s ul o d o id.
y
27
t w o k he f ls he e a t wor i t e ot rar a .Bu ispolcy i no s r d c ousa t
o r r ul c dul nd o
k n hos he e s t t
i s t o i i ul
so
be e de l pr t xt a t Cour ' vi w of t w i dom of t s pari ul r de i i n i
vi nty e e ual nd he
ts e
he s
hi
tc a
c so s
ir l va ,s l ng a t dec s on w a not m a t r a i t a i t Andr w s f he co pl i
r e e nt o o
s he i i
s
de o et la e ga ns
e or r m a nt
aboutEla .Cf De ale t v.Cor ng l ,1 F. 293,299 ( h Ci.1 )(i-l sCour
is . l rlte
ni . nc. 33 3d
4t r 998 kg-hi
l
t
does no s t as a ki of s pe - r om w l de t e w e ghi t pnz nc of e pl e
t i
nd
u rpe s
parm nt i ng he
de e
m oym nt
dec s onsm a by fr s c r ed w ih e pl e di c i i ton ....l i no o pr nce t
ii
de
im ha g
t m oym nt s r m na i
t s t ur ovi
o
det r i w he he t r s n w a w ie,f i,o e n c r c ,uli a e y,s l a i t u y w a
e m ne
t r he ea o
s s a r r ve or e t tm t l o ong s t r l
s
t r s n f t ' ad re aci (ntr quotton maks a cttons omi e .Hee
he ea o or he' ves ton) i enal ai
r nd iai
t d) r,
l
A ndr w s a it t t t ve yone' ha t w o k i t e a e , a t t f c t t St pl s
e
dm ted ha d r
e
' d o r n hos r as nd hus he a t ha a e
co d have alo e he t w or e s w he e doesno m ea t tr us ng t a l he t do s w a
ul
lw d r o
k le r
t
n ha ef i o low r o
o s
a rt it y a ton.l s tt r i no s fcente de e fom whih aj y c d c l
ealaor ci n hor, hee s t ufii vi nc r
c ur oul oncude
t tt r s he hour w e e c w a be us s c pl i d,ort t St es gi n r as i a
ha he ea on r
s r ut s ca e he om a ne
ha apl ' ve e on s
m e e pr t xtf r a i ton.
r e e Or et la i
Fo te er a o s t eCo r g a t d fn a t's mmayj d me tmo in wi r s c
r h s e s n , h u t rn s ee d n s u r u g n to t epe t
h
t J ndr A s' r t i ton cl in.
o t e v s e ala i
ar
D . lnt onallnni i ofEm otonalD i ress
enti
ct on
i
st
Pl n i f s fnal c a m i a cl i f r i t ntona i l c i of e o i
ai t f i
li s
a m o n e i l nti ton
m tonal di tes .U nde
sr s
r
V igi a co m on l w ,a pl ntf a l gi i e i li lc i n ofe otonaldi t e sm us pr
r ni m
a
ai i f le ng nt ntona nf i to
m i
sr s
t ove:
( he wr
s
t
ongdoer s c
' onduc i i e i na orr c e s t c
t s nt nto l e kl s , he onduc i ou r geo or i t e a e,t
t s t a us n ol r bl he
a l ged w r ul c
le
ongf onduc a e otona di tes a e c us ly comz c e a t di tes i
t nd m i l sr s r a a l
e t d, nd he s r s s
s vee'W oma kv. drdn 21 Va.338,3 ( 1 .' a lt ha be n f ndonl whee
e r'
c El i e, 5
42 Va. 974) ' biiy s e ou
Li
y r
t conducthas been so out ageous i char er and s ext em e i degr ast go beyond al
he
r
n
act ,
o r
n
ee, o
l
possbl boundsof decency,and t be regar as atoci ,and utery i ol abl i a ci lzed
i e
o
ded
r ous
t l nt er e n
vii
28
c m uniy. 1 Thi t tûi C f vor d' i t l w . Rus o v. W hie,400 S. 2d l 16
om
t ' d. s or çs not a e n he a '
'
' s
t
E. 60, 2
( 1 ) ctngRut v. ec r 377S. 2d41 41 ( 1 )
Va. 991, ii
h Flthe ,
E. 2, 5 Va. 989 .
A s r l va he e, a pl ntf who f is t e t bls c
e e nt r
ai i f
a l o s a ih onduc s fci nt f a hos ie
t uf i e or
tl
e r e cam cn ,asa m at rofl esa ih a ca m f t i e i li lc i of
nvionm nt li
nnot
te
aw, t bls
li or he nt ntona nfiton
emotona dites ba e on t tsmec
i l sr s s d ha a onduc.Ha telv.Duplx,1 F. 766,774 (t Ci.
t rs l
e 23 3d
4h r
1 ) Assae i Dwve,i i unras bl f acam of f tage nes't pe ss o et
997 . ttd n
r t s e ona e or li
s r ous s'o rit nc he
ou
di t i t cour ha de e ne t t t co
s rc
t s t nni d ha he nduc was no s fci nty eg e ous f a c ai of
t
t uf i e l r gi
or l m
çhosie'e r nt Dwve v.Smih,8 F. 1 1 4 ( h Ci.198 .Ast Co tfnds
t tl' nvionme .
r
t 67 2d 84, 9 4t r 9)
he ur i
t tSt pl s s c
ha a e ' onduc di no c ea e a hos ie wor e r e ,ba ed on e t r s x orr lgi
t d tr t
tl
k nvionm nt s
ihe e
e i on,
t Cour a s fnds t tt A ndr w s scl i f i e i li lc i ofem otona di tes f is
he
t l o i ha he
e ' a m or nt ntona nf i ton
i l sr s a l
as a mat of lw. Cf t. The c
ter a
. qs
onduc alge hee smpl doe
t le d r i y snotrs t t lvelo
ie o he e
f
out a ous s r quied t s t i s h a c a m .
r ge ne s e r o us a n uc
li
1 1 CO N C LU SI N
1.
O
For t sae r s ns dee nt' s
he ttd ea o , fnda s ummay j
r udgmen moton ( . No. 1 i
t i Dkt
6) s
G R AN TED i ise ie y.The Cl r i diec e t s nd co e oft sm e or nd o ni n a
n t ntr t
e k s r td o e
pi s hi m a um pi o nd
a om pa ng or rt a 1c m s ofr co d.
cc
nyi
de o 1 ot el e r
E T RTi( dyfu,03
N E :hs' aoJl21.
f
y
Z J
Jm
a
. lk
Ttr
Se orUnie St e D it i tJ
ni
t d at s s rc udge
29
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